Discussion

history

Outline of the story told historically. Basic ideas that even young children now know. Keep
everything to an introductory level.

 There are rocks that attract other rocks, but only if they're of the right kind
 These rocks will try to align themselves north-south (roughly speaking)
First comes Thales of Miletus (635–543 BCE) Greece (Ionia). Miletus is now on the
western coast of Turkey in what was then a region of Greece known as Ionia (source of
the chemical term ion, but that's another story).
 The stones of Magnesia (μαγνήτης λίθος)
 Μαγνησία now Manisa, Turkey
 Magnetite. A piece of magnetite with an exceptionally strong magnetic action is sometimes
called a lodestone.
A nice quote from Thales would be nice here.

Magnetite is a naturally occurring magnetic mineral

Some minerals such as magnetite (Fe3O4) are obviously magnetic.

Chinese navigators knew that magnetic rocks align themselves north-south (the south-
pointing spoon).
The compass in real sense was created by a Chinese
geomantic omen master in late Tang Dynasty, who
originally used it for divination.

The north magnetic pole of a compass points in the

general direction of the north geographic pole of the Earth.
Since opposite magnetic poles attract, this means that
the south magneticpole of the Earth is somewhere near its north
geographic pole.

type spin alignment examples

iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium,

ferromagnetic all spins align parallel to one another
dysprosium, heusler alloys

most spins parallel to one another, magnetite (Fe3O4), yttrium iron garnet
ferrimagnetic
some spins antiparallel (YIG)

periodic parallel-antiparallel spin

antiferromagnetic chromium, FeMn, NiO
distribution

spins tend to align parallel to an oxygen, sodium, aluminum, calcium,

paramagnetic
external magnetic field uranium

spins tend to align antiparallel to an nitrogen, copper, silver, gold, water,

diamagnetic
external magnetic field organic compounds

all spins align antiparallel to an

superdiamagnetic meisner effect in superconductors
external field

Types of magnetic behavior (in order of decreasing strength)

Electric Field
Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit charge. The direction of the field is taken to
be the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test charge. The electric field is radially
outward from a positive charge and radially in toward a negative point charge.
The Electromagnetic Force

One of the four fundamental forces, the electromagnetic force manifests itself
through the forces between charges (Coulomb's Law) and the magnetic force, both
of which are summarized in the Lorentz force law. Fundamentally, both magnetic
and electric forces are manifestations of an exchange force involving the exchange
of photons. The quantum approach to the electromagnetic force is called quantum
electrodynamics or QED. The electromagnetic force is a force of infinite range
which obeys the inverse square law, and is of the same form as the gravity force.

The electromagnetic force holds atoms and molecules together. In fact, the forces of
electric attraction and repulsion of electric charges are so dominant over the other
three fundamental forces that they can be considered to be negligible as
determiners of atomic and molecular structure. Even magnetic effects are usually
apparent only at high resolutions, and as small corrections.

Transformer Basics
Transformers are electrical devices consisting of two or more coils of wire used to
transfer electrical energy by means of a changing magnetic field
 here:
 VP - is the Primary Voltage
 VS - is the Secondary Voltage
 NP - is the Number of Primary Windings
 NS - is the Number of Secondary Windings
 Φ (phi) - is the Flux Linkage

Question 6
Calculate the voltage output by the secondary winding of a transformer if the
primary voltage is 230 volts, the secondary winding has 290 turns, and the
primary winding has 1120 turns.
Vsecondary =
Hide answer

Vsecondary = 59.6 volts

Question 5
Suppose 1200 turns of copper wire are wrapped around one portion of an iron
hoop, and 3000 turns of wire are wrapped around another portion of that same
hoop. If the 1200-turn coil is energized with 15 volts AC (RMS), how much
voltage will appear between the ends of the 3000-turn coil?
Hide answer

37.5 volts AC, RMS.

Problem:
An ideal transformer with a 300 turn primary connected to a 480 V, 60 Hz
supply line needs to output 120 V from the secondary. If a 100 Ω resistor is
connected across the secondary, determine: A) How many turns the
secondary must have to output the desired voltage. B) The current through
the resistor, C)The current drawn through the primary. D) The maximum
flux in the core of the transformer
Question 1
Calculate the voltage output by the secondary winding of a transformer if
the primary voltage is 35 volts, the secondary winding has 4500 turns,
and the primary winding has 355 turns.
Vsecondary = 443.7 volts
Question 3
Calculate the number of turns needed in the secondary winding of a
transformer to transform a primary voltage of 300 volts down to a
secondary voltage of 180 volts, if the primary winding has 1150 turns of
wire.
Nsecondary = 690 turns