Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
*********************************************************************
Both goals and objectives are important because they help to identify the expectations of
what the police are doing and how productively (efficient and effective) they perform.
An effective police manager must be concerned with the productivity of police work teams and
their members.
Productivity means the summary of measures of the quantity and quality of police work
performance achieved, with resource utilization considered.
Good police managers establish and support the conditions needed to ensure high productivity
for themselves, for individual contributors, for their work units, and for the organization as a
whole.
This involves a commitment to the accomplishment of two different, but complimentary, police
performance outcomes:
Police Effectiveness, which measures whether or not important task goals are being
attained
Police Efficiency, which measures how well resources are being utilized.
*********************************************************************
The formula illustrates that one outcome is not enough, achieving high productivity requires
both performance effectiveness and efficiency.
Planning – is the process of setting performance objectives and identifying the actions
needed to accomplish them.
Organizing – is the process of dividing the work to be done and coordinating results to
achieve a desired purpose.
Leading – is the process of directing and coordinating the work efforts of other people to help
them accomplish important task.
Controlling – is the process of monitoring performance, comparing results to objectives and
taking corrective action as necessary.
Police Managerial Activities and Roles
*********************************************************************
The three primary areas in the development of the classical approach are:
1. Scientific Management
(Frederick Taylor, 1856-1915)
Scientific Management sought to discover the best method of performing specific task.
Based on his studies, Taylor believed that if workers were taught the best procedures, with
pay tied to output, they would produce the maximum amount of work.
With respect to this philosophy, the role of management changed abruptly from the earlier
use of the “rule of the thumb” to a more scientific approach, including scientifically selecting,
training, and developing workers, and ensuring that all the work would be done in accordance
with scientific principles, thus scientific management strongly adhered to the formal
organization structure and its rules.
2. Bureaucratic Management
(Max Weber, 1864-1920)
The concept of Bureaucracy is generally associated with the work of Max Weber, who
was the major contributor to modern sociology.
He studied the effect of social change in Europe at the end of the 19 th Century and coined
the term BUREAUCRACY to identify the complex organizations that operated on a rational
basis.
Weber believed that such an approach was a means of lessening the cruelty, nepotism,
and subjective managerial practices common in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution.
(for example, it was a standard practice to hire relatives regardless of their competence and
to allow only individuals of aristocratic birth to attain high-level positions within government
and industry)
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 4
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Henri Fayol (1841-1945) – in his most influential work “Industrial and General
Management”, 14 principles of efficient management was identified.
Division of Work - work specialization can increase efficiency with the same amount of effort.
Authority and Responsibility – authority includes the right to command and the power to require
obedience; one can not have authority without responsibility.
Discipline – Discipline is necessary for an organization to function effectively, however, the state
of the disciplinary process depends upon the quality of its leaders.
Unity of Command - employee should receive orders from one superior only.
Unity of Direction – there should be one manager and one plan for a group of activities that have
the same objective.
Subordination of individual interest to general interest – the interest of one employee or group
of employees should not take precedence over those of the organization as a whole.
Remuneration of Personnel – compensation should be fair to both the employee and the
employer.
Centralization – the proper amount of centralization depends on the situation. The objective is to
pursue the optimum utilization of the capabilities of personnel
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 5
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Scalar Chain – the hierarchy of authority is the order of ranks from the highest to the lowest
levels of the organization. Besides this vertical communication should also be encourage as long
as the managers is in the chain are kept informed.
Order – materials and human resources should be in the right place at the right time; individuals
should be in jobs or position that suits them.
Equity – employees should be treated with kindness and justice
Stability of personnel tenure - an employee needs time to adjust to a new job and reach a point
of satisfactory performance; high turnover should be avoided.
Initiative – the ability to conceive and execute a plan (through initiative and freedom) should be
encouraged and developed throughout all levels of the organization.
Espirit de Corps –“union” Unity is strength; Harmony and teamwork are essential to effective
organizations.
Planning – working out in broad outline the things that need to be done and the
methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise.
Organizing – establishment of the formal structure of authority through which
work subdivisions are arranged, defined, and coordinated for the define objective.
Staffing – personnel function of bringing in and out training the staff and
maintaining the staff the favorable conditions of work. Filling the organization with the
right people and right position.
Directing – task of making decisions and embodying them in specific and
general orders and instructions and serving as the leader of the enterprise
Coordinating - the all-important duty of interrelating the various parts of the
work.
Reporting – is keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as
to what is going on, which thus includes keeping himself and his subordinates
informed through records research and inspection.
Budgeting – with all that goes of budgeting in the form of fiscal planning,
accounting, and control
*********************************************************************
The behavioral science approach utilizes scientific method as the foundation for testing and
developing theories about human behavior in organizations that can be used to guide and
develop managerial policies and practices.
Theory X Assumptions
The average person inherently dislikes work and will try to avoid it
Most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment
to get them to work towards organizational goals
The average person prefers to be directed, wants to avoid responsibility, has
relatively little ambition, and seeks security above all.
Theory Y Assumptions
Work, whether physical or mental, is as natural as play or rest, and most people do
not inherently dislike it
External control and threat of punishment are not the only means of bringing about
effort toward organizational goals, people will exercise self-direction and self-
control when they are committed
Commitment to goals is a function of the rewards made available
An average person learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek
responsibility
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 7
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Police managers who believe in theory X will set up strict controls and attempt to
motivate workers strictly through economic incentives. Employees are most likely to respond in
an immature manner that reinforces the manager’s assumption.
By contrast, police managers who believe in theory Y will treat employees in a mature
way by minimizing controls, encouraging creativity and innovation and attempt to make work
more satisfying high order needs.
Extensive researches (like those of Likert, 1967) has concluded that managerial system
should shift to Theory Y assumptions to make better of human resources and enhance both the
effectiveness and efficiency of organizations. This approach help managers to develop a broader
perspective on workers and the work environment, especially regarding alternative ways of
interacting with police officers and of recognizing the potential impact of higher level needs in job
performance.
Contemporary Approaches
This is the movement towards quality management. Theorists have incorporated the
influences of the behavioral science and other earlier school of thoughts.
1. The System Theory - It simply means that all parts of a system are interrelated and
interdependent to form the whole. A system is composed of elements or subsystems that
are related and dependent upon one another. When these subsystems are in interaction
with one another, they form a unitary whole.
2. The Contingency Theory – This approach recognizes that many internal and external
environmental variables affect organizational behavior. In this case, there is no best way
for structuring and managing diverse types of organizations. So the underlying theme of
this theory is that it all depends on a particular situation. The task of managers then is to
determine in which situations and at what times certain methods or techniques are the
most effective. In this way, the approach is more pragmatic although it encompasses
relevant concepts of both classical and behavioral theories.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 8
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Police organizations are replete with stories of organizational restructuring and re-
engineering. As a common trend in these stories are retrenchments or rightsizing (in police
parlance are called attrition) as sometimes called. The direct outcome is that employees are
expected to ‘do more with less’ and the creation of an atmosphere of uncertainty, insecurity, and
fear of future retrenchment. For this, it is difficult to sustain high levels of employee commitment
and loyalty. Thus, the challenge is to rebuild high loyalty and commitment for high level of
performance.
The individual’s willingness to perform is directly related to the needs, expectations and
values held by the individual, and their link to the incentives or aspirations presented by the
organizational reward system.
If the outcome is positively reinforced through goal attainment then the individual
experiences a reduction in pressure or tension and the expended effort to achieve the outcome is
positively reinforced through goal attainment. On the other hand, if outcome is frustrated, the
individual experiences goal frustration and has the option to exit, renew, or adopt a negative
response.
Bernstein, et al (1991) offered that at any time, many motives might guide a person’s
behavior. What determines which ones will? Abraham Maslow has given a perspective that
addresses this question. He suggested basic classes of needs, or motives, influencing human
behavior. These motives are organized in a hierarchy.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 9
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Abraham Maslow has suggested that human needs form a hierarchy from the most basic
biological requirements to the needs for self-actualization – the highest of all needs.
The pyramidal structures of human needs from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy, the
levels of needs or motive according to Maslow, are:
Biological or Physiological Needs – these motives include the need for food, water,
oxygen, activity, and sleep.
Safety Needs – these pertain to the motives of being cared for and being secured such
as in income and place to live.
Love/Belongingness – Belongingness is integration into various kinds of social groups or
social organizations. Love needs means need for affection.
Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and exploration
Esteem Needs – our motivation for an honest, fundamental respect for a person as a
useful and honorable human being.
Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty and order
Self- actualization – pertains to human total satisfaction, when people are motivated not
so much by unmet needs, as by the desire to become all they are capable of (self-
realization).
According to the Maslow’s formulation, the level that commands the individuals’ attention
and effort is ordinarily the lowest one on which there is an unmet need. For example, unless needs
for food and safety are reasonably well-met behavior will be dominated by these needs and higher
motives are of little significant. With their gratification, however, the individual is free to devote time
and effort to meet higher level. In other words, one level must at least be partially satisfied before
those at the next level become determiners of action.
Clayton Aldefer has develop the ERG theory which is a modification of the Maslow’s
theory. ERG theory categorizes needs into Existence, Relatedness and Growth needs.
According to Aldefer:
*********************************************************************
McClelland’s view is that these three needs are acquired over time, as a result of life
experiences. People are motivated by these needs, each of which can be associated with
individual work preferences.
Efficient management of human resources in any organization can spell the difference
between its success and failure to attain its objectives or goals.
The need for a more efficient management of human resources is very demanding today. The
success of every organization is for the organization to overcome the demands in human
response brought about by several factors.
*********************************************************************
1. To assist top and line management achieves the organization’s objective of fostering
harmonious relationship with its human resource.
2. To acquire capable people and provide them with opportunities for advancement in
self-development.
3. To assist top management in formulating policies and programs that will serve the
requirements of the police organization and administer the same fairly to all members.
4. To provide technical services and assistance to the operating management in relation to
their personnel functions in promoting satisfactory work environment.
5. To assist management in training and developing the human resources of the
organization if it does not have a separate training department to perform its functions.
6. To see that all police members are treated equally and in the application of policies, rules
and regulations and in rendering services to them.
7. To help effect organization development and institution building effort.
1. Police Personnel Planning – is a study of the labor supply of jobs, which are composed
with the demands for employees in an organization to determine future personnel
requirements, which either increase or decrease. If there is an expected shortage of
personnel the organization may decide to train and develop present employees and/or
recruit from outside sources.
*********************************************************************
3. Police Selections (screening) - is the process of determining the most qualified police
applicant for a given position in the police organization.
4. Police Placement- is the process of making police officers adjusted and knowledgeable
in a new job and or working environment.
5. Police Training and Development – refers to any method used to improve the attitude,
knowledge, and skill or behavior pattern of an employee for adequate performance of a
given job. It is a day-to-day, year round task. All police officers on a new position undergo
a learning process given a formal training or not. Learning is made easier for officers
when the organization provides formal training and development. It reduces unnecessary
waste of time, materials, man-hours and equipment.
*********************************************************************
The following factors should be taken into consideration in the preparation of a personnel
program.
*********************************************************************
Policies are tools of police management, which give life and direction to the police
program of activities and set limits within which action is to be pursued by the personnel
concerned. Policies define the authority and the responsibility of subordinates. They help the
personnel understand their mutual relationships. They are ahead to guide the men on the
operational level, authority, and responsibility and to enable them to arrive at sound decisions.
A POLICY refers to a general plan of action that serves as a guide in the operation of the
organization. It makes up the basic framework of management decisions that set the course what
the organization should follow. It defines the authority and responsibility of supervisors in their job
of directing group efforts and implementing personnel programs.
Policies form a code of procedure in that they broadly indicate the best method of
conducting any portion of the work at hand. They assist police officers in problem solving and
decision-making. While policies must be consistent, they must be flexible enough to permit
adjustments when the need for change arises.
1. Originated Policy - This type of policy comes from top management level and is intended
to set up guidelines in the operation of the police organization.
2. Appealed Policy - This type of policy is born when problems arise at the lower levels of
the organization and the man in charge does not know how to meet the problem. He then
appeals to his superiors for guidelines and for guidance.
3. Imposed Policy - This type of policy comes from the government in the forms of laws,
administrative orders, and rules and procedures or contract specifications.
*********************************************************************
2. Specific Rules - cover specific situations. They are more direct and are less flexible. They
are more rigid in nature.
Dissemination of Policies
Police Handbooks - These handbooks are distributed to all personnel, and contain
among other things, information about the benefits and services that the organization grants to its
officers, the organization’s history, its organizational structure, its officers, and other information
useful to the officers in understanding their relationship with the organization.
Police Manual - A policy manual covering all police personnel policies and procedures, if
made available to managers and supervisors, will be a great help in their decision-making and
employees relationship.
Memoranda and Circulars - Memoranda and circulars are another common means of
communicating police policies to all officers. They can be issued fast and they provide the
greatest assurance of reaching every employee. They are built in means by which every member
of the organization is reached.
Bulletin Boards - Organizational policies, rules and regulations, and activities may be
typed out of mimeographed and the posted on bulletin boards. If strategically located and well
managed, bulletin boards are an effective medium for transmitting newly issued policies, rules
and regulations to police officers.
Meetings or Conferences - Meeting or conferences are often held to inform officers
about new policies, their objectives and implementation. One advantage of this type of policy
dissemination is that it gives the officers the opportunity to ask questions and request clarification
on vague and doubtful points. It is effective to smaller departments, as they accommodate small
groups and allow the scheduling of meeting at very convenient hours.
Police Publications - Communication has gained such importance to and attention by
management in recent years. To meet the needs of communicating with officers, police
organizations have been spending amount of money on publications, internal or external.
After a job is analyzed, the facts about it are gathered, summed up, and recorded in the
job description and job specifications.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 16
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Job description may be defined as an abstract of information derived from the job
analysis report, describing the duties performed, the skills, the training, and experience required
the responsibilities involved, the condition under which the job is done, and relation of the job to
the other job in the organization.
POLICE RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, AND PLACEMENT
On Police Recruitment
The first step in the recruiting procedure, and the one that should receive greatest
emphasis, is that of attracting well-qualified applicants. The best selection devices available are
of little value if the recruiting effort has failed to attract candidates of high caliber. Widespread
publicity directed at the particular element of the population which it is hoped will be attracted to
the examination is the best method of seeking outstanding applicants.
There shall be a standard policy for the selection of policy personnel throughout the
Philippines in order to strengthen the police service and lay the groundwork for police
professionalization.
The general qualification for initial appointment to the police service shall be based on the
provisions of Republic Act No. 8551, which states:
*********************************************************************
For the purpose of determining compliance with the requirements on physical and mental
health, as well as the non-use of prohibited or regulated drugs, the PNP by itself or through a
government hospital accredited by the Commission shall conduct regular psychiatric,
psychological, drug and physical tests randomly and without notice.
After the lapse of the reglamentary period for the satisfaction of a specific requirement,
current members of the PNP who shall fail to satisfy any of the requirements enumerated under
this Section shall be separated from the service if they are below fifty (50) years of age and have
served in Government for less than twenty (20) years or retired if they are from the age of fifty
(50) and above and have served the Government for at least twenty (20) years without prejudice
in either case to the payment of benefits they may be entitled to under existing laws. (Section 14,
RA 8551 – IRR)
On Selection Procedures
The purpose of the selection process is to secure these candidates who have the highest
potential for developing into good policemen. The process involves two basic functions. The first
function is to measure each candidate’s qualifications against whose ideal qualification that are
established chiefly through job analysis. The second function, because of the comparative nature
of the merit system, is to rank the candidates relatively on the basis of their qualifications.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 18
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Preliminary Interview - the applicant shall be interviewed personally by the personnel officer.
If the applicant qualifies with respect to the requirements of citizenship, education and age,
he shall be required to present the following:
Physical and Medical Examination - in order to determine whether or not the applicant is in
good health, free from any contagious diseases and physically fit for police service, he shall
undergo a thorough physical and medical examination to be conducted by the police health
officer after he qualifies in the preliminary interview.
Physical Agility Test - the Screening Committee shall require the applicant to undergo a
physical agility test designed to determine whether or not he possess the required
coordination strength, and speed of movement necessary for police service. The applicant
shall pass the tests like Pull-ups-6 Push-ups-27, Two minutes sit-ups-45, Squat jumps-32,
and Squat thrusts-20
The Police Screening Committee may prescribe additional requirements if facilities are
available.
General Appearance – the applicant must be free from any marked deformity, from
all parasite or systematic skin disease, and from evidence of intemperance in the use
of stimulants or drugs. The body must be well proportioned, of good muscular
development, and show careful attention to personal cleanliness: Obesity, muscular
weakness or poor physique must be rejected. Girth of abdomen should not be more
than the measurement of chest at rest.
Nose, Mouth and Teeth – Obstruction to free breathing, chronic cataract, or very
offensive breath must be rejected. The mouth must be free from deformities in
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 19
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
conditions that interfere with distinct speech or that pre-dispose to disease of the car,
nose or throat. There shall be no disease or hypertrophy of tonsil or thyroid
enlargement. Teeth must be clean, well cared for and free from multiple cavities.
Missing teeth may be supplied by crown or bridge work, where site of teeth makes
this impossible, rubber denture will be accepted. At least twenty natural teeth must be
present.
Genitals – must be free from deformities and from varicole, hyrocole, and
enlargement of the testicles, stricture of urine. Retained testicles or strophy is
rejected. Any acute and all venereal diseases of these organs must be rejected.
Varicose Veins - a marked tendency to their formation must be rejected.
Arms, Legs, Hands and Feet – must be free from infection of the joints, sprains,
stiffness or other conditions, such as flat foot, long nails or hammer toes which would
prevent the proper and easy performance of duty. First (index) second (middle), and
third (ring) fingers and thumb must be present in their entirely. The toe must be the
same.
Eyes – the applicant must be free from color blindness, and be able to read with
each eye separately from standard test type at a distance of twenty feet. Loss of
either eye, chronic inflammation of the lids, or permanent abnormalities of either eye
must be rejected, 20/20 or 20/30 in one eye, with binocular vision of 20/30.
Respiration – must be full, easy, regular, the respiratory murmur must be clear and
distinct over the lungs and no disease of the respiratory organ is present.
Circulation – The action of the heart must be uniform, free and steady, it’s rhythm
and the heart from organ changes. Blood Pressure – systolic maximum 135; diastolic
90; pulse pressure 15 to 50. Brain and nervous system must be free from defects.
Kidneys – must be healthy and urine normal.
The Oral Interview - the Screening Committee shall interview the qualified applicants for
suitability for police work. The interview shall aid in determining appearance, likeableness,
affability, attitude toward work, outside interest, forcefulness, conversational ability, and
disagreeable mannerism.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 20
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
POLICE APPOINTMENT
Any applicant who meets the general qualifications for appointment to police service and
who passes the tests required in the screening procedures, shall be recommended for initial
appointment and shall be classified as follows:
Temporary – if the applicant passes through the waiver program as provided in under
R.A 8551.
Probationary – if the applicant passes through the regular screening procedures.
Permanent – if the applicant able to finish the required field training program for
permanency.
A. PO1 to SPO4 – appointed by the PNP Regional Director for regional personnel or by the
Chief of the PNP for National Head Quarter’s personnel and attested by the Civil Service
Commission (CSC)
B. Inspector to Superintendent – appointed by the Chief PNP as recommended by their
immediate superiors and attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC).
C. Sr. Supt to Dep. Dir. Gen. – Appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the
Chief PNP with the endorsement of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) and with
confirmation by the Commission on Appointment (CA).
D. Director General – appointed by the President from among the most senior officers
down to the rank of Chief Superintendent in the service subject to the confirmation of the
Commission on Appointment (CA). Provided, that the C/PNP shall serve a tour of duty not
exceeding four (4) years. Provided further, that in times of war or other national
emergency declared by congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.
Waivers for initial appointment to the police service shall be governed by Section 15
of Republic Act 8551, IRR.
In general, all original appointments of Commissioned Officers (CO) in the PNP shall
commenced with the rank of inspector to include those with highly technical qualifications
applying for the PNP technical services, such as dentist, optometrist, nurses, engineers, and
graduates of forensic sciences. Doctors of Medicine, members of the Bar and Chaplains shall
be appointed to the rank of Senior Inspector in their particular technical services. Graduates
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 21
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
of the PNPA shall be automatically appointed to the initial rank of Inspector. Licensed
Criminologist may be appointed to the rank of Inspector to fill up any vacancy.
POLICE TRAINING
Organized training is the means by which officers are provided with the knowledge and
the skills required in the performance of their multiple, complex duties. In order that the recruit
officer may commence his career with a sound foundation of police knowledge and techniques, it
is most important that the entrance level training he soundly conceived, carefully organized and
well-presented.
During the past decades tremendous changes in police work have occurred. Advances in
technology of communications and equipment, public relations and employee relations as well as
total evolution in the whole social structure have made a law enforcement work more complex
and difficult to pursue. The ordinary officer must be briefed and oriented on new changes and
developments that affect his job and the recruit must be given a new solid foundation
contemporary with the needs of the time. Policemen do not stay trained. If they do not forget what
they have learned, it is continually made absolute by improved technology and social changes,
and requires frequent renewal to keep it current and useful.
All training programs operated by law enforcement agencies should limit their enrolment
to law enforcement officers. Training courses should be set-up, prescribed units of instruction,
and arranged a time schedule. Practical recruit training subsequent to employment should be
provided.
The training of police officers shall be the responsibility of the PNP in coordination with
the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) which shall be the premier educational institution for
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 22
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
the training of human resources in the field of law enforcement (PNP, BFP, BJMP), subject to the
supervision of the NAPOLCOM.
The Basic Recruit Training – the most basic of all police training. It is a prerequisite for
permanency of appointment.
The Basic Recruit Training shall be in accordance with the programs of instructions
prescribed by the PPSC and the NAPOLCOM subject to modifications to suit local conditions.
This course is conducted within not less than six (6) months. A training week shall normally
consist of 40 hours of scheduled instructions.
Full time attendance in the Basic Recruit Training – Attendance to this type of training
is full time basis. However, in cases of emergency, recruits maybe required to render service
upon certification of the Regional Director or the City or Municipal Chief of Police the necessity of
such service.
Completion and Certification of Training – After the Basic Recruit Training, the
Regional Director shall certify that the police recruits have completed the training and has
satisfied all the requirements for police service.
The PNP Field Training – is the process by which an individual police officer who is
recruited into the service receives formal instruction on the job for special and defined purposes
and performs actual job functions with periodic appraisal on his performance and progress.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 23
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Under R.A 8551, all uniformed members of the PNP shall undergo a field training
program involving actual experience and assignment in patrol, traffic and investigation as a
requirement for permanency of their appointment. The program shall be for twelve (12) months
inclusive of the Basic Recruit Training Course for non-officers and the Officer Orientation Course
or Officer Basic Course for officers. (Section 20, RA 8551 – IRR)
POLICE APPRAISAL
Police appraisal can be useful for personal decision-making in the following areas:
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 24
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Eligibility to be hired
Salary adjustments
Determining potential for promotion
Evaluation of probationary officers
Identification of training needs
Isolating supervisory weaknesses
Validating selection techniques
Reduction in ranks (demotion)
Dismissal from service and other disciplinary actions.
The Performance Evaluation in the police service is the responsibility of the NAPOLCOM,
which shall issue the necessary rules and regulation for the orderly administration of the appraisal
process. Such performance evaluation shall be administered in a manner as to foster the
improvement of every individual police efficiency and behavioral discipline as well as the
promotion of the organization’s effectiveness.
The rating system shall be based on the standards set by the NAPOLCOM and shall
consider results of annual physical, psychological and neuro-psychiatric examinations.
POLICE PROMOTION
Promotion is a system of increasing the rank of a member of the police service. It has the
following objectives:
Under the law, the NAPOLCOM shall establish a system of promotion for uniformed and
non-uniformed members of the PNP, which shall be based on:
*********************************************************************
The promotion shall be gender fair which means women in the PNP shall enjoy equal
opportunity for promotion as that of men.
*********************************************************************
Any uniformed member of the PNP who has exhibited acts of conspicuous courage
and gallantry at the risk of his or her life above and beyond the call of duty, shall be promoted
to the next higher rank. Provided, that such act shall be validated by the NAPOLCOM based
on established criteria.
Any PNP member designated to any key position whose rank is lower than that which
is required for such position shall, after six (6) months of occupying the same, be entitled to a
promotion, subject to the availability of vacant positions. Provided, that the member shall not
be reassigned to a position calling for a higher rank until after two (2) years from the date of
such promotion. Provided, further, that any member designated to the position who does not
possess the established minimum qualifications thereof shall occupy the same for not more
than six (6) months without extension. (Section 34, RA 8551 – IRR)
POLICE ASSIGNMENT
The purpose of police assignment is to ensure systematic and effective utilization of all
the members of the force.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 27
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
The Chief of PNP (CPNP), Regional Director (RD), Provincial Director (PD), and the City
or Municipal Chief of Police (COP) can make designation or assignment of the police force with in
their respective levels. They shall have the power to make designations or assignments as to who
among the police officers shall head and constitute various offices and units of the police
organization.
The assignment of the members of the local police agency shall be in conformity with the
career development program especially during the probationary period. Thereafter, shall be
guided by the principle of placing the right man in the right job after proper classification has been
made.
*********************************************************************
On Salary
The uniformed members of the PNP are considered employees of the National
Government and draw their salaries therefrom. They have the same salary grade that of a public
school teacher. Police Officers assigned in Metropolitan Manila, chartered cities, and first class
municipalities may be paid with financial incentives by the local government unit concerned
subject to the availability of funds.
The NAPOLCOM shall promulgate standards on incentives and award system in the PNP
administered by the Board of Incentives and Awards. Awards may be in the forms of decorations,
service medals and citation badges or in monetary considerations. The following are examples of
authorized Decorations/medals/citation:
Under Republic Act 6975, PNP personnel are entitled to a longevity pay of 10% of their
basic monthly salaries for every five years of service. However, the totality of such longevity pay
does not exceed 50% of the basic pay.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 29
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
4. Retirement Benefit
Monthly retirement pay shall be fifty percent (50%) of the base pay and longevity pay of
the retired grade in case of twenty (20) years of active service, increasing by two and one-half
percent (2.5%) for every year of active service rendered beyond twenty (20) yeas to a maximum
of ninety percent (90%) for thirty-six (36) years of service and over: Provided, that the uniformed
member shall have the option to receive in advance and in lump sum his or her retirement pay for
the first five (5) years. Provided, further, that payment of the retirement benefits in lump sum shall
be made within six (6) months from effectivity date of retirement and/or completion. Provided,
finally, that the retirement pay of PNP members shall be subject to adjustments based on the
prevailing scale of base pay of police personnel in the active service. (Section 36, RA 8551 –
IRR)
A PNP member who is permanently and totally disabled as a result of injuries suffered or
sickness contracted in the performance of duty as certified by the NAPOLCOM, upon finding and
certification by the appropriate medical officer, that the extent of the disability or sickness renders
such member unfit or unable to further perform the duties of his or her position, shall be entitled to
a gratuity equivalent to one year salary and to a lifetime pension equivalent to eighty percent
(80%) of his or her last salary, in addition to other benefits as provided under existing laws.
Should such member who has been retired under permanent total disability under this
Section die within five (5) years from his retirement, his surviving legal spouse or, if there be
none, the surviving dependent legitimate children shall be entitled to the pension for the
remainder of the five (5) year guaranteed period. (Section 37, RA 8551 – IRR)
A PNP member of his or her own request and with the approval of the NAPOLCOM, retire
from the service shall be paid separation benefits corresponding to a position two ranks higher
than his present rank provided that the officer or non-officer has accumulated at least 20 years of
service.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 30
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
POLICE INSPECTION
The purpose of police inspection is to ascertain the standard policies and procedures,
review and analyze the performance, activities and facilities affecting operations and to look into
the morale, needs and general efficiency of the police organization in maintaining law and order.
Authority to Inspect
The inspecting officer/s shall examine, audit, inspect police agencies in accordance with
existing standards and with the following objectives:
1. To take note or discover defects and
irregularities
2. To effect corrections on minor
defects being discovered
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 31
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Aside from higher police management levels that can impose disciplinary actions against
subordinates, the following also serves as disciplinary mechanisms in the police service:
Administrative Disciplinary Powers of the Local Chief Executive (LCE) - The City
and Municipal Mayors shall have the power to impose, after due notice and summary hearings,
disciplinary penalties for minor offenses committed by members of the PNP assigned to their
respective jurisdictions as provided in Section 41 of Republic Act No. 6975, as amended by
Section 52 of Republic Act No. 8551.
PLEB - the PLEB (People's Law Enforcement Board) is the central receiving entity for
any citizen's complaint against PNP members. As such, every citizen's complaint, regardless of
the imposable penalty for the offense alleged, shall be filed with the PLEB of the city or
municipality where the offense was allegedly committed. Upon receipt and docketing of the
complaint, the PLEB shall immediately determine whether the offense alleged therein is grave,
less grave or minor.
Should the PLEB find that the offense alleged is grave or less grave, the Board shall
assume jurisdiction to hear and decide the complaint by serving summons upon the respondent
within three (3) days from receipt of the complaint. If the PLEB finds that the offense alleged is
minor, it shall refer the complaint to the Mayor or Chief of Police, as the case may be, of the city
or municipality where the PNP member is assigned within three (3) days upon the filing thereof.
If the city or municipality where the offense was committed has no PLEB, the citizen's
complaint shall be filed with the regional or provincial office of the Commission (NAPOLCOM)
nearest the residence of the complainant.
The following are the offense for which a member of the PNP may be charged
administratively:
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 32
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Organization defined
It is a form of human association for the attainment of a goal or objective. It is the process
of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and
authority establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people work effectively.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 33
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
The organization of the police force commonly requires the following organizational units:
Functional Units
1. Bureau – the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of
numbers of divisions.
2. Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. Section – functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.
4. Unit – functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group with in an
organization.
Territorial Units
1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a
designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a spot
location for general guard duty.
2. Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.
3. Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
4. Sector – An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
5. District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own
station.
6. Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated
districts.
1. Sworn Officers – all personnel of the police department who have oath and who posses
the power to arrest.
2. Superior Officer - one having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily or
permanently, over officers of lower rank.
3. Commanding Officer - an officer who is in command of the department, a bureau, a
division, an area, or a district.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 34
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
4. Ranking Officer - the officer who has the more senior rank/higher rank in a team or
group.
5. Length of Service - the period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was
administered. Previous active services may be included or added.
6. On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of his duty.
7. Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.
8. Special Duty - the police service, its nature, which requires that the officer be excused
from the performance of his active regular duty.
9. Leave of Absence - period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any
valid/acceptable reason, approved by higher authority.
10. Sick Leave - period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or
injury.
11. Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer from the
privilege of performing his duties as result of violating directives or other department
regulations.
12. Department Rules - rules established by department directors/supervisors to control the
conduct of the members of the police force.
13. Duty Manual - describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers assigned to
specified post or position.
14. Order - an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either a. General Order,
b. Special, or c. Personal
15. Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal reports;
verbal reports should be confirmed by written communication.
Line Organization
The straight line organization, often called the individual, military or departmental type of
organization, is the simplest and perhaps the oldest type; but it is seldom encountered in its
channels of authority and responsibility extends in a direct line from top to bottom within the
structures, authority is definite and absolute.
While the line type of organization has many advantages, it also has some inherent
weaknesses which, for many organizations, make its use impractical. Perhaps its greatest
advantage is that, it is utterly simple. It involves a division of the work into units of eighth person
with a person in charge who has complete control and who can be hold directly responsible or
accountable for results, or lack of them.
Functional Organization
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 35
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
The functional organization in its pure form is rarely found in present day organizations,
except at or near the top of the very large organizations. Unlike the line type of structure, those
establishments organized on a functional basis violate the prime rule that men perform best when
they have but one superior. The functional responsibility of each “functional manager” is limited to
the particular activity over which he has control, regardless of who performs the function.
The Line and Staff organization is a combination of the line and functional types. It
combines staff specialist such as the criminalists, the training officers, the research and
development specialists, etc. Channels of responsibility is to “think and provide expertise” for the
line units. The line supervisor must remember that he obtains advice from the staff specialists.
In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line commands but with recognized
limitations such as coordination between line and staff personnel can be achieved without undue
friction. Failure to recognize these line and staff relationship is the greatest and most frequent
source of friction and a barrier to effective coordination. The advantage of this kind would be - it
combines staff specialist or units with line organization so that service of knowledge can be
provided line personnel by specialist.
Whatever their method of grouping internal activities, all bureaucratic agencies segregate
the function of line, staff, and auxiliary personnel. The reasons for this tripartite classification are
best explained by examining each of the functions.
Line Functions: Line functions are the “backbone” of the police department; they include
such operations as patrol, criminal investigation, and traffic control, as well as supervision of the
personnel performing those operations. Line functions are carried out but “line members,”
including the patrol officer, the detective, the sergeant, the lieutenant, the captain, and the chief of
police. Line members are responsible for:
*********************************************************************
Staff Functions: Staff functions are those operations designed to support the line
functions, Staff members are necessarily advisors who are typically assigned to planning,
research, legal advice, budgeting, and educational services. Staff members are often civilians
with specialized training who serve within the department but do not deal with daily operation son
the street. Their main function is to study police policies and practices and to offer proposals to
the chief executive of the department. Staff personnel tend to be:
a. Highly specialized.
b. Involved in an advisory capacity
c. Detached from the public
d. Not directly responsible for the decisions made by department executive.
Specialization
The grouping of activities and segregation of line, staff, and auxiliary functions are large-
scale examples of specialization within a bureaucratic organization.
*********************************************************************
Hierarchy of Authority
If all persons within an organization were given the freedom to do what they like (and to
refuse to do what they dislike), there would be little likelihood of accomplishment. Any
collaborative effort such as that in a police department thus requires a system of checks and
controls on individual behavior. Hence, the department must have a person or persons with
authority to direct the actions of workers and ensure compliance with standards in order to
achieve the department’s goals.
Hierarchy defined: A hierarchy represents the formal relationship among superiors and
subordinates in any given organization. It can be visualized as a ladder, with each rung (or rank)
representing a higher or lower level of authority.
Each rank or position on a hierarchical ladder has specific rights, while at the same time
owing specific duties to the positions above and below it. Any particular position of the ladder is
expected to direct and control the activities of the ranks, while obeying the directions and
instructions received from higher ranks.
Authority Defined: Authority is the right to command and control the behavior of
employees in lower positions within an organizational hierarchy. A hierarchy thus serves as the
framework for the flow of authority downward (and obedience upward) through the department.
Example: The authority of a police chief stems from the role that a chief executive must
play – whether he or she is referred to as chief, superintendent, commissioner, or some
other title, and regardless the size or location of the department he or he commands.
Span of Control
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 38
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Delegation of Authority
Unity of Command
Traditional theories of organization insisted that each employee should have only one
supervisor of “boss”, and considered this principle of “unity of command” the backbone of any
organizational structure. Thus, a patrol officer, for example, would always receive orders from one
sergeant and would always report to that same sergeant. If the officer was instructed or advised
by a detective, garage sergeant, or any other administrator (with the possible exception of the
chief), the officer is expected to check with his or her sergeant before taking any action.
Formal Communication
While the eight elements previously discussed are crucial to any police organization, they
would remain fragmented without some means of integrating them into a meaningful and practical
whole. The integrating element is communication. Through communication, personnel are kept
informed of the objectives of the organization, of the means selected for achieving them, and of
the information necessary for the continuing operation of the department. Effective
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 39
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Police organizations are either formal or informal. Formal organizations are highly
structured while informal organizations are those without structures.
Every formal police organization whether small or large are governed by the following
principles:
4. Functional Principle – refers to division of work according to type, place, time and
specialization.
5. Line and Staff – implies that a system of varied functions arrange into a workable
pattern. The line organization is responsible for the direct accomplishment of the
objectives while the staff is responsible for support, advisory or facilitative capacity.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 40
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
According to Function
The force should be organized primarily according to the nature of the basis to be
performed. It should be divided into groups so that similar and related duties may be assigned to
each.
According to Time Frame
The elements are divided into many shifts or watches according to the time of the day.
This is the most elementary form of police organization. Any large functional unit can also be
organized according to time if the demand exists.
According to Place of Work
A territorial distribution of a platoon, accomplished by assigning patrolman on beats, is
necessary to facilitate the direction and control of the officers and to ensure suitable patrol service
at every point with in the jurisdiction. Patrolman on street duty is usually under the supervision of
a patrol sergeant. When the number of patrolmen is great, it may be desirable to divide them into
squads assigned to specific sectors of jurisdiction, with a sergeant in charge of each squad.
According to Level of Authority
A police department is always divided according to the level of authority. Example, there
will be some patrolmen, sergeants, some lieutenants, some captains, and so on. Vertical
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 41
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
combinations of superior officers, with each rank at a different level of authority from any other,
from channels through which operations may be directed and controlled can be adopted in certain
cases to ensure coordination.
Specialized units should be created only when overall departmental capability is thus
significantly increased.
Specialization is a principle of organization which is the result of the division of the force
into separate units. The degree of specialization is determined by the size and sophistication of
the department and by the extent to which unit has exclusive responsibility for the performance of
each group of the operational task.
a. The Chief of the Philippine National Police has the rank of Police Director General in the
Armed Forces of the Philippines with a four-star rank. He is assisted by a Personal Staff
composed of:
The Inspector General
Aide-de-Camp
Command Police Non-Commissioned Officer
The two deputies and the Chief of Directorial Staff have the rank of Police Deputy
Director General equivalent to a three-star rank in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
*********************************************************************
1. Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties;
2. Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety;
3. Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring offenders
to justice, and assist in their prosecution.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 43
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
4. Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance with
the Constitution and pertinent Laws.
5. Detain and arrest person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law, informing
the person so detained of all his/her rights under the Constitution;
6. Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance with law;
7. Supervise and control the training and operation of security agencies and issue
licenses to operate security agencies, and to security guards and private detectives for
the practice of their profession; and
8. Perform such other duties and exercises all other functions as may be provided by
law. One of these is the Forestry law wherein the PNP is primary enforcer in coordination
with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
A. COMMISSIONED OFFICERS:
B. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS:
*********************************************************************
C. Cadets of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) are classified above the Senior
Police Officer IV and below the Inspector rank in the PNP.
National in scope simply means that the PNP is a nation wide government organization
whose jurisdiction covers the entire breath of the Philippines archipelago which extends up to the
municipality of Kalayaan islands in the province of Palawan. All PNP personnel both the
uniformed and non-uniformed components are national government employees. Civilian in
character means that the PNP is not a part of the military. Although,. it retains some military
attributes such as discipline, it shall adopt unique non-military cultures, Code of Ethics, and
Standard of Professional conduct comparable to the civilian police forces of other countries.
Anti-crime strategies, programs for crime prevention and the like in any society is
practically based on an organized criminal justice system.
Justice defined
Justice is “rendering what is due or merited and that which is due or merited.”
According to Mortimer J. Adler, there are two principles of justice:
The Criminal Justice System (CJS) is the machinery which society uses in the prevention
and control of crime. The process is the totality of the activities of law enforcers, prosecutors,
defense lawyers, judges and corrections personnel, as well as those of the mobilized community
in crime prevention and control.
In theory, CJS is an integrated process primarily concerned with apprehension,
prosecution, trial, adjudication, and correction of criminal offenders.
*********************************************************************
The first four pillars, i.e., law enforcement, prosecution, courts, and corrections, pertain to
the traditional agencies vested with the official responsibility in dealing with crime or in crime
control. The community pillar is the broadest pillar.
Under the concept of a participative criminal justice system in the Philippines, public and
private agencies, as well as citizens, become a part of the CJS when they become involved in
issues and participate in activities related to crime prevention and control.
The first pillar consists mainly of the members of Philippine National Police (PNP) and
other law enforcement agencies. The work of the PNP is the prevention and control of crimes,
enforcement of laws, and affecting the arrest of offenders, including the conduct of lawful
searches and seizures to gather necessary pieces of evidences so that a complaint may be filed
with the Prosecutor’s Office.
The second pillar takes care of the investigation of the complaint. In the rural areas, the
PNP may file the complaint with the inferior courts (i.e. the Municipal Trial Courts or the Municipal
Circuit Trial Courts). The judges of these inferior courts act as quasi-prosecutors only for the
purpose of the preliminary investigation. Once a prima facie case has been determined, the
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 46
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
complaint is forwarded to the City or Provincial Prosecutor’s Office which will review the case.
When the complaint has been approved for filing with the Regional Trial Court, a warrant of arrest
for the accused will be issued by the court once the information has been filled.
The third pillar of the CJS is the forum where the prosecution is given the opportunity to
prove that there is a strong evidence of guilt against the accused. It is also in the courts that the
accused is given his “day in court” to disprove the accusation against him.
The Constitutional presumption is the innocence of any person accused of a crime unless
proved otherwise. This means that the courts must determine the guilt of the accused – beyond
reasonable doubt – based on the strength of the evidence of the prosecution.
If there is any reasonable doubt that the accused committed the crime, he has to be
acquitted.
The Rules of Court, however, provides that the accused can be convicted of a lesser
crime than the crime he has been charged with in the information. But the elements of the lesser
offense should be necessarily included in the offense charged, and such lesser crime was proven
by competent evidence.
The fourth pillar takes over once the accused, after having been found guilty, is meted out
the penalty for the crime he committed. He can apply for probation or he could be turned over to
a non-institutional or institutional agency or facility for custodial treatment and rehabilitation. The
offender could avail of the benefits of parole or executive clemency once he has served the
minimum period of his sentence.
When the penalty is imprisonment, the sentence is carried out either in the municipal,
provincial or national penitentiary depending on the length of the sentence meted out.
The fifth pillar has a two-fold role. First, it has the responsibility to participate in law
enforcement activities by being partners of the peace officers in reporting the crime incident, and
helping in the arrest of the offender. Second, it has the responsibility to participate in the
promotion of peace and order through crime prevention or deterrence and in the rehabilitation of
convicts and their reintegration to society. Rehabilitation takes place when the convict is serving
his sentence. A convict may be paroled or may even be placed on probation.
Under the concept of a participative criminal justice system in the Philippines, public and
private agencies as well as citizens, become a part of the CJS when they participate and become
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 47
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
involved with issues and activities related to crime prevention. Thus, citizen-based crime
prevention groups become part of the CJS within the framework of their involvement in crime
prevention activities and in the reintegration of the convict who shall be released from the
corrections pillar into the mainstream of society.
What is a Plan?
What is Planning?
Planning is also the process of preparing for change and coping with uncertainty
formulating future causes of action; the process of determining the problem of the organization
and coming up with proposed resolutions and finding best solutions.
The process of combining all aspects of the department and the realistic
anticipation of future problems, the analysis of strategy and the correlation of
strategy to detail.
The conceptual idea of doing something to attain a goal or objective.
*********************************************************************
Operational Planning is the use of a rational design or pattern for all departmental
undertakings rather than relying on chance in an operational environment. It is the preparation
and development of procedures and techniques in accomplishing of each of the primary tasks
and functions of an organization.
Police Operational Planning is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police
activities and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and operations
in the department. It may also be the process of formulating coordinated sequence of methodical
activities and allocation of resources to the line units of the police organization for the attainment
of the mandated objectives or goals.
STRATEGIC PLANNING
*********************************************************************
3. STRATEGIC FOCUS
4. CONGRUENCE
5. A STRATEGIC RESPONSE TO CHANGE
6. A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
In the process, the police administrator can use the potent tool of alternatives.
Alternatives (options) are means by which goals and objectives can be attained. They maybe
policies, strategies or specific actions aimed at eliminating a problem. Alternatives do not have to
be substitutes for one another or should perform the same function. For example, our goal is to
“improve officer-survival skills.” The plan is to train the officers on militaristic and combat
shooting. The alternatives could be:
1. To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and not so much on the
objectives.
2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better decisions.
3. To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal of the organization.
4. To orient people to action instead of reaction.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 50
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
1. What to do – mission/objective
2. Why to do – reason/philosophy
3. When to do – date/time
4. Where to do – place
5. Who will do – people involve
6. How to do – strategy
A variety of approaches are employed in the planning processes. Each is unique and can
be understood as a method of operationalizing the word planning. There are basically five major
approaches to planning which are:
1. Synoptic Approach
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 51
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
2. Incremental Approach
3. Transactive Approach
4. Advocacy Approach
5. Radical Approach
Prepare for Planning - The task of planning should be detailed in a work chart that
specifies (a) what events and actions are necessary, (b) when they must take place, (c) who is to
be involved in each action and for how long, and (d) how the various actions will interlock with
one another.
Describe the present situation - Planning must have a mean for evaluation. Without an
accurate beginning database there is no reference point on which to formulate success or failure.
Develop projections and consider alternative future states - Projections should be written
with an attempt to link the current situation with the future, keeping in mind the desirable
outcomes. It is important for the police executive to project the current situations into the future to
determine possible, probable and desirable future states while considering the social, legislative,
and political trends existing in the community.
Identify and analyze problems - The discovery of the problems assumes that a system to
monitor and evaluate the current arena is already on place. Closely related to the detection and
identification of issues is the ability of the police to define the nature of the problem, that is to able
to describe the magnitude, cause, duration, and the expense of the issues at hand. A complete
understanding of the problem leads to the development of the means to deal with the issues.
Set goals - Making choices about goals is one of the most important aspects of planning.
It makes no sense to establish a goal that does not address a specific problem. Remembering
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 52
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
that the police departments are problem oriented, choices about goals and objectives should
adhere to the synoptic model.
Identify alternative course of action – As stated earlier, alternatives are means by which
goals and objectives can be attained. These are options or possible things to be done in case the
main or original plan is not applicable.
Plan and carryout implementation - The police administrator must be aware that the
implementation requires a great deal of tact and skill. It maybe more important how an
alternative is introduced to a police department than what actually is.
Monitor and evaluate progress - Evaluation requires comparing what actually happened
with what was planned for- and this may not be a simple undertaking. Feedback must be
obtained concerning the results of the planning cycle, the efficiency of the implementation
process, and the effectiveness of new procedures, projects or programs. This is an
important step of synoptic planning, trying to figure out what, if anything happened as a
result of implementing a selected alternative.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 53
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Summation of the synoptic planning approach – This can be done by making a summary
of the presentation, could be tabular or other forms of presentation.
Repeat the Planning Process – repetition of the process of planning enables the planner
to thresh out possible flaws in the plan.
Incrementalism concludes that long range and comprehensive planning are not only too
difficult, but inherently bad. The problems are seen as too difficult when they are grouped
together and easier to solve when they are taken one at a time and broken down into gradual
adjustments over time.
Transactive planning is carried out in face-to-face interaction with the people who are to
be affected by the plan and not to an anonymous target community of beneficiaries. Techniques
include field surveys and interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of mutual learning.
Beneficial aspects of this approach include a greater sensitivity to the unintended and
negative side effects of plans.
The first mainstream involves collective actions to achieve concrete results in the
immediate future. The second mainstream is critical of large-scale social processes and how they
permeate the character of social and economic life at all levels, which, in turn, determine the
structure and evolution of social problems.
1. Primary Doctrines
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 54
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Fundamental Doctrines – These are the basic principles in planning, organization and
management of the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, mission
and strategic action plan of the attainment of the national objectives.
Operational Doctrines – These are the principles and rules governing the planning,
organization and direction and employment of the PNP forces in the accomplishment
of basic security operational mission in the maintenance of peace and order, crime
prevention and suppression, internal security and public safety operation.
Functional Doctrines – These provide guidance for specialized activities of the PNP
in the broad field of interest such as personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics,
planning, etc.
2. Secondary Doctrines
Ethical Doctrines – These define the fundamental principles governing the rules of
conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical norm of the PNP.
The principles of organization are presented in chapter three. These principles are
considered in police planning in order not to violate them but rather for the effective and
efficient development of police plans.
Authority – The right to exercise, to decide, and to command by virtue of rank and
position.
Doctrine – It provides for the organizations objectives. It provides the various actions.
Hence, policies, procedures, rules and regulations of the organization are based on
the statement of doctrines.
Cooperation or Coordination
Discipline – It is imposed by command or self-restraint to insure supportive behavior.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 55
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
According to coverage: Police Plans could be Local Plans (within police precincts, sub-
stations, and stations), Regional Plans, and National Plans.
Example: Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS and Program P-O-L-I-C-E
2000, Three Point Agenda, and GLORIA (These are discussed on the latter part of
this Chapter).
Examples of OPLANS
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 56
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Oplan Jumbo – Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan against terrorist attacks
Oplan Salikop – Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) Strategic Plan
against Organized Crime Groups
LOI PAGPAPALA is the entry point in the conceptualization of the PNP Pastoral
Program for the next five years with a Total Human Development Approach (THD
Approach).
The TMG through its "OPLAN DISIPLINA" that resulted in the apprehension of
110,975 persons, the confiscation of 470 unlawfully attached gadgets to vehicles, and
rendering various forms of motorists’ assistance.
OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN that sets forth the operational guidelines on the
heightened security measures and sea borne security patrols.
Reactive Plans are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may occur for
which the department has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful
preparation.
Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all police
problems are predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police department to prepare a
response in advance.
Visionary Plans are essential statements that identify the role of the police in the
community and a future condition or state to which the department can aspire. A vision may also
include a statement of values to be used to guide the decision making process in the department.
Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-range, overall goals of the organization.
Such plans allow the department to adapt to anticipated changes or develop a new philosophy or
model of policing (e.g. community policing). One of the most important aspects of strategic
planning is to focus on external environmental factors that affect the goals and objectives of the
department and how they will be achieved. Important environmental factors include personnel
needs, population trends, technological innovations, business trends and demand, crime
problems, and community attitudes.
Operational Plans are designed to meet the specific tasks required to implement
strategic plans. There are four types of operational plan:
*********************************************************************
rules and regulations are examples of standing plans. Standing plans also include guidelines for
responding to different types of incidents; for example, a civil disturbance, hostage situation,
crime in progress, and felony car stops.
2. Functional Plans include the framework for the operation of the major functional units
in the organization, such as patrol and investigations. It also includes the design of the structure,
how different functions and units are to relate and coordinate activities, and how resources are to
be allocated.
Field Procedure – Procedures intended to be used in all situations of all kinds shall be
outlined as a guide to officers and men in the field. Examples of these procedures are
those related to reporting, to dispatching, to raids, arrest, stopping suspicious persons,
receiving complaints, touring beats, and investigation of crimes. The use of physical
force and clubs, restraining devices, firearms, tear gas and the like shall, in dealing with
groups or individuals, shall also be outlined.
Headquarters Procedures – Included in these procedures are the duties of the
dispatcher, jailer, matron, and other personnel concerned which may be reflected in the
duty manual. Procedures that involve coordinated action on activity of several offices,
however, shall be established separately as in the case of using telephone for local or
long distance calls, the radio teletype, and other similar devices.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 58
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Plans for operations of special division consist of two types, namely: (1) those designed
to meet everyday, year-round needs, which are the regular operating program of the divisions;
and (2) those designed to meet unusual needs, the result of intermittent and usually unexpected
variations in activities that demand their attention.
Regular Operating Programs – These operating divisions/units shall have specific plans
to meet current needs. The manpower shall be distributed throughout the hours of
operation and throughout the area of jurisdiction in proportion to need. Assignments
schedules shall be prepared that integrate such factors as relief days, lunch periods,
hours, nature, and location of regular work. Plans shall assure suitable supervision,
which become difficult when the regular assignment is integrated to deal with this short
time periodic needs.
Meeting unusual needs – The unusual need may arise in any field of police activity and is
nearly always met in the detective, vice, and juvenile divisions by temporary readjustment of
regular assignment.
Extra-office Plans – The active interest and the participation of individual citizen is so
vital to the success of the PNP programs that the PNP shall continuously seek to motivate,
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 59
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
promote, and maintain an active public concern in its affairs. These are plans made to organize
the community to assist in the accomplishment of objectives in the fields of traffic control,
organized crime, and juvenile delinquency prevention. The organizations may be called safety
councils for crime commissions and community councils for the delinquency prevention. They
shall assist in coordinating community effort, in promoting public support, and in combating
organized crime. Organization and operating plans for civil defense shall also be prepared or
used in case of emergency or war in coordination with the office of the Civil Defense.
Management Plans – Plans of management shall map out in advance all operations
involved in the organization management of personnel and material and in the procurement and
disbursement of money, such as the following:
Budget Planning – Present and future money needs for personnel, equipment, and
capital investments must be estimated. Plans for supporting budget request must be
made if needed appropriations are to be obtained.
Accounting Procedures – Procedures shall be established and expenditure reports be
provided to assist in making administrative decisions and in holding expenditures within
the appropriations.
Specifications and Purchasing Procedures – Specifications shall be drawn for
equipment and supplies. Purchasing procedures shall likewise be established to insure
the checking of deliveries against specifications of orders. Plans and specifications shall
be drafted for new building and for remodeling old ones.
Personnel – Procedures shall be established to assure the carrying out of personnel
programs and the allocation of personnel among the component organizational units in
proportions need.
Organization – A basic organizational plan of the command/unit shall be made and be
posted for the guidance of the force. For the organization to be meaningful, it shall be
accompanied by the duty manual which shall define relationships between the
component units in terms of specific responsibilities. The duty manual incorporates rules
and regulations and shall contain the following: definition of terms, organization of rank,
and the like, provided the same shall not be in conflict with this manual.
Field Operations shall be directed by the police commander and the subordinate
commanders and the same shall be aimed at the accomplishment of the following primary tasks
more effectively and economically:
Patrol – The patrol force shall accomplish the primary responsibility of safeguarding the
community through the protection of persons and property, the preservation of the peace, the
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 60
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
prevention of crime, the suppression of criminal activities, the apprehension of criminals, the
enforcement of laws and ordinances and regulations of conduct, and performing necessary
service and inspections.
Investigation – The basic purpose of the investigation division unit shall be to investigate
certain designated crimes and clear them by the recovery of stolen property and the arrest and
conviction of the perpetrators. To this end, the investigation division shall supervise the
investigation made by patrolman and undertake additional investigation as may be necessary of
all felonies.
Traffic Patrol – Police control of streets or highways, vehicles, and people shall facilitate
the safe and rapid movement of vehicles and pedestrians. To this end, the inconvenience,
dangers and economic losses that arise from this moment, congestion, delays, stopping and
parking of vehicles must be lessened. Control of traffic shall be accomplished in three (3) ways:
Vice Control – It shall be the determined stand of the PNP in the control of vices to treat
vice offenses as they shall do to any violation, and to exert efforts to eliminate them, as there
attempt to eliminate robbery, theft, and public disturbance. Control of vice, shall be based on law
rather than on moral precepts, and intensive operations shall be directed toward their elimination.
A primary interest in vice control results from the close coordination between vice and criminal
activities. Constant raids of known vice dens shall be undertaken.
*********************************************************************
The following are Police Security Service Package of the PNP with the following
standard operating procedures and guidelines:
a. SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES - This SOP prescribes the basic
procedures to be observed by all PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct of
visibility patrols.
b. SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE - This SOP prescribes the deployment of 85% of the PNP in
the field to increase police visibility and intensifies anti-crime campaign nationwide.
c. SOP #03 – SIYASAT - This SOP prescribes the guidelines in the conduct of inspections
to ensure police visibility.
d. SOP #4 – REACT 166 - REACT 166 was launched in 1992 as the people’s direct link to
the police to receive public calls for assistance and complaints for prompt action by police
authorities. This SOP prescribes the procedures in detail of Duty Officers, Telephone
Operators and Radio Operators for REACT 166; and their term of duty and
responsibilities.
e. SOP #5 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) - With the creation of the Presidential Anti-
Organization Crime Task Force (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in support role in campaign
against kidnapping in terms of personnel requirements. SOP #5 sets forth the PNP’s
guidelines in its fight against kidnapping activities.
f. SOP #6 – ANTI-CARNAPPING - This SOP prescribes the conduct of an all-out and
sustained anti carnapping campaign to stop/minimize carnapping activities, neutralize
syndicated carnapping groups, identify/prosecute government personnel involved in
carnapping activities, and to effectively address other criminal activities related to car
napping.
g. SOP #7 – ANTI-TERRORISM - This prescribes the operational guidelines in the conduct
of operations against terrorists and other lawless elements involved in terrorist activities.
h. SOP #8 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK
ROBBERY) - This SOP provides overall planning, integration, orchestration or
coordination, and monitoring of all efforts to ensure the successful implementation.
i. SOP #9 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY - This SOP sets forth the
guidelines and concepts of operations to be observed in the conduct of anti-highway
robbery/hold-up/hijacking operations.
j. SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE - This SOP sets forth the concept of
operations and tasks of all concerned units in the campaign against Partisan Armed
Groups and loose fire.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 62
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Emergency and disaster planning is one of the most important interrelated function in a
security system. It is important in any organization as physical security, fire protection, guard
forces, security of documents and personnel security.
Disaster plans outline the actions to be taken by those designated for specific job. This
will result in expeditious and orderly execution of relief and assistance to protect properties and
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 63
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
lives. These plans must also be rehearsed so that when the bell ring, there will be speed and not
haste in the execution. Speed is the accurate accomplishment of a plan as per schedule, while
haste is doing a job quickly with errors. Plans therefore must be made when any or all of the
emergencies arise. Those plans, being special in nature, must be prepared with people whose
expertise in their respective field is legion together with the coordination and help of
management, security force, law enforcement agencies, and selected employees.
Understanding Disaster
Commonalities:
Deciding Policy
Assessing Threat
Identifying Resources
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 64
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Plan Checklist
Pro-crisis Actions - “The planning process begins with an understanding of the situation
and recognition that a number of policy decisions must be made before the actual planning can
begin.”; “Many emergencies can be prevented completely with adequate thought and action.
Others can be anticipated – often by doing nothing but mere common sense. REMEMBER! It
was not raining when NOAH build the ark.”
*********************************************************************
Know who currently has authority to make key decisions with in your organization and
who control access to decision makers in an emergency
Review emergency procedures, its completeness and accuracy
Phase I
Assessment of the
Situation
Phase II
The plan will have to be written based on the findings in phase I. The plan can be
code title, management will just call for the name of the plan.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 66
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Phase III
Dry runs of the emergency plan is a part of the entire process of planning to
determine plan reliability and to identify deficiencies and make neceassry corrections or
adjustments.
Phase IV
*********************************************************************
Disaster team leadership is vested in one person, who should designate an alternate
capable of acting independently in his or her absence.
One of the team leader’s primary tasks is to ensure that control is maintained over the
team’s activities, information flow, and the implementation of decisions and organizational
policies. For these reason, the team leader should be a person who has demostarted ability to
function under pressure, must have sufficient authority to make on the spot decisions with in the
framework of overall organization’s policy, access to decision makers when required, and the
ability to recognize which decisions to make independently and which to refer to upper
management.
Depending on the size of the organization and the number of people available, the
following team mebers maybe considered:
Each disaster team member must be oriented and trained on their respective role and the
functional requirements for disaster management.
On Pre-event
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 68
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
*********************************************************************
Document events
Prepare after-action reports
Arrange an orderly transition to normal conditions
Retain archives
Background
Under the law, it is punishable for any organizer or leader of any meeting attended by
armed persons for the purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under the Revised
Penal Code, or any meeting in which the audience is incited to the commission of the crimes of
treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition or assault upon a person in authority or his agents (Art.
146, RPC). It is also punishable for any person who shall cause any serious disturbance in a
public place, office, or establishment, or shall interrupt or disturb public functions or gatherings or
peaceful meetings (Art 153, RPC).
*********************************************************************
Outcry – The means to shout subversive or proactive words tending to stir up the people
to obtain by means of force or violence.
Crowd – It consists of a body of individual people with no organization, no single
partnership. Each individual’s behavior is fairly controlled and ruled by reason. All the participants
have been thrown by circumstance into a crowd for some common purpose that may give them at
least one thing in common.
Mob – A mob takes on the semblance of organization with some common motive for
action, such as revenge for a crime committed on the scene where the crowd assembled, an
aggravated fight, or a confrontation with the police. At times like this, there is already a strong
feeling of togetherness (“we are one” attitude).
Riot – It is a violent confusion in a crowd. Once a mob started to become violent, it
becomes a riot.
The control of violent civil disorder involving large segments of the population, especially
in congested urban areas, requires a disciplined, aggressive police counter-action which at the
same time adheres to the basic law enforcement precepts. This is done through effective police
operational planning.
Through planning, the law violators can be arrested and processed with in the existing
legal frameworks by the exercise of reasonable force. Without an immediate decisive police
action, the continually recurring conditions of civil unrest and lawlessness could quickly evolve
into a full-scale riot. Police planning could provide the best police reaction and order can be
restored with a minimum of property damage and injury.
Containment – Unlawful assembly and riot are as contagious as a plague unless they
are quarantined from the unaffected areas of the community. In here, all persons who are at the
scene should be advised to leave the area, thereby reducing the number of potential anti-police
combatants.
Dispersal – The crowd of unlawful assembly or riot should be dispersed at once. It may
appear at first to be a legal assembly but the nature of the assembly at the time of the arrival of
the police may clearly distinguish it as being unlawful. Once it is determined, the responsibility of
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 71
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
the police to command the people to disperse. Crowd control formations may be done if
necessary to expedite their movements.
Prevention of Entry or Reentry- The police have to protect the area once the people
have been moved out or dissipated into smaller groups to prevent them from returning. Enforce
quarantine by not allowing the group to resume their actions.
Arrest Violators – One of the first acts of the police upon arrival at the scene of the
disturbance is to locate and isolate individuals who are inciting the crowd to violate or fragrantly
violating the law. Prevent any attempt by the crowd or mob to rescue those arrested by enforcing
total quarantine.
Communicate
report on your assessment, keeping your assessment brief but concise, giving
your superior the sufficient data with which to proceed for plans of action
ask for assistance or help from the command post hence remain close to the
radio as possible until additional units arrived or to communicate new
developments
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 72
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
*********************************************************************
What are the Special Problems in Crowd Control and Anti-Riot Operations?
Snipers – Certain psychopathic people may attempt to take advantage of the mass
confusion and excitement at a riot scene by taking a concealed position and shooting at people
with some type of weapons, usually rifle.
Arsonist – Persons holding torch in their hands are potential arsonists. They must be
taken into custody immediately.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 74
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Looters – Acts of simple misdemeanor thefts or may consists of robbery of breaking and
entering. Take the suspects into custody by whatever means are necessary.
What is Patrol?
According to Hale, Patrol is the essence of police function while Payton said, the Patrol
division is the backbone of a police department. However, making it simpler, patrol may refer to
the regular tour made by a guard in a place in order to protect it or to maintain order. It could also
mean a person or a group (such as a police or military unit) sent to carry out a tour of duty in a
certain place with a particular mission either for reconnaissance purposes or simply to provide
protection.
As discussed earlier, the term police originated from the Greek word politeia, which
means ‘civil organization’ and ‘the state’; the Romans slightly changed the word to politia. The
French changed the word to police to call those people authorized to implement the law. The
English and the Americans borrowed the word from the French and used it to describe a law
enforcer. Cop and constable are other common descriptions of a police officer. Cop is a
European term meaning to catch or seize.
It must be noted that the terms constable and patrol came from the French. Patrol
originated directly or via German Patrolla from the French patrouller (patroullier), which originally
means ‘to walk through mud in a military camp.’
*********************************************************************
the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 15 th century, policing became a task of the heads of fiefdoms
and principalities.
In recorded history, we can find many documents and archeological finds that insinuate a
form of organized police. For example, a clay tablet used by the ancient Babylonian dated,
around 2000 BC, contains a report from a Babylonian officer to his superiors notifying them that
he had proceeded to the man’s house as ordered, arrested him, taken his fingerprints and then
taken control of his property. Around the same date, the discovery in the Indus valley revealed not
only that this city had sewers and a bathroom in each house, but that there are special “watch-
houses” which were used by policemen whose duty it was to patrol the streets and maintain
order.
In both the Old Testament (Song of Solomon, Isaiah and Jeremiah) and the New
Testament (Matthew and John), we find references to “watchmen” whose duty it was to protect
the city and arrest offenders.
The hieroglyphics of the ancient Egyptians indicates that they had police officers. They
had special flag with its distinctive emblem, a gazelle with a large ostrich feather attached to its
neck. There was a constant for some type of protective police patrol because of the great
treasures hidden in the many tombs. It was in this regard that the Egyptians became the first
people to use police dogs on patrol. They also invented the lock.
The police were civilians called “medjay” and headed by an Egyptian military officer.
Augustus, just before the time of Christ, formed the “Vigiles” of Rome, a group of over
two thousand men, armed with staves and shortsword, whose duty was to keep the peace and
fight fires.
In the early Middle Ages (a period from the 5 th Century A.D. to about 1350), a system of
mutual protection was developed called the “Frankpledge”. Under this system, a community
was divided into tithings or groups of 10 men, each member of which was responsible for the
conduct of the other members of his group and for the assurance that a member charged with a
breach of the law would be produced at court.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 76
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
This system has in some ways prevailed in the British military. If one man makes a mistake, the
whole group to which he belongs is punished.
England
In England, each petty kingdom was divided into shires or counties. Each shire was the
responsibility of a “Reeve”, later called the Sheriff, who in turn was responsible to their King for
law and order in his respective district. Each Shire was broken down into Hundreds (100
households) headed by a Hundredman, later known as a High Constable. Each hundred was
further broken down into Tythings (10 families) headed by a Tythingman or Chief Tythingman who
was elected by the group, later on replaced by the Constable in the 12 th century. He served as
constable and judge.
Another form of police protection used at the end of this era was for each able bodied
man to serve so much time patrolling the town at night as a “Watchman.” Later, it was required
that they call out the time and weather on the hour.
The Hue and Cry - It was an ancient Saxon practice that the invaders brought over to
England. The horn, the oldest known warning device in history, was sounded when a person
committed a crime, or a felon escaped, and it was detected. When they hear this, they raised a
cry, sounded their horns, and by law had to lay aside their work and join their pursuit. If they failed
to join, they were considered to have taken the part of the escaping person and would be
arrested. The law stated that pursuit of the fugitive must continue until he was caught or reached
the sea.
Keepers of the Peace - At the end of the 12 th Century (1195), King Richard issued a
proclamation entitled “Keepers of the Peace”, requiring the appointment of knights to keep the
King’s Peace. Some believe that the present “shield” type badge used by some police
departments had its origin with the shield the knights used. They keep guard at bridges and
gates and checking on people leaving and entering the town.
Statute of Winchester (Watch and Ward Act) - Near the end of the 13 th Century (1285),
the Statute of Winchester enacted the system of Watch and Ward Act. A watch was stationed
between sunset and sunrise at each gate of a walled town. It revived the Hue and Cry. Some
watches are grouped together for protection and patrolled the town in “Marching Watches”.
The Charlies - Near the middle of the 17th Century (1663), King Charles passed an act
which provided in London one thousand Night Watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset
to sunrise and they were called Charlies. Also referred to by the local citizens as “Shiver and
Shake” watch because they were often old and frail and would run off if they saw any trouble, or
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 77
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
heard a cry for help. They carried long staves and dimly lit lanterns, and they called out the hour
and weather conditions. Some were not honest and sometimes work for criminals as lookouts.
Because of this ineffectiveness, merchants hired their own watchman who was known as the
“Merchant Police.”
Bow Street Runners - In 1748, Henry Fielding became the Chief Magistrate at Bow
Street in Middlesex, London. He organized a group of men known as Bow Street Runners whose
task was to run errands for the Bow Street Court. He later formed The Bow Street Horse Patrol
whose duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the travelers from highwaymen or highway
bandits. According to some books, Bow Street Runners was the first organized foot patrol and
Bow Street horse Patrol was the first mounted police on patrol.
The Metropolitan Police - In 1829, Sir Robert Peel introduced the Metropolitan Police
Act and was passed by the English parliament of England in the same year. This law led to the
creation of the Metropolitan Police Force of London, which is viewed by some historians as the
first organized uniformed police form. This police force was later called Scotland Yard. Being
the sponsor of the law, Peel became the first head of the police organization thus earning the title
of “The Father of Modern Policing System.”
The “New Police” by Peel were not well received at first. Oftentimes, they were referred
to as “Peel’s Bloody Gang,” “Blue Devils,” and “Dirty Papists.”
France
The French Police is quite old. During the Roman Empire, France was the Roman
province Gaul, and the French seemed to expand on Augustus Caesar’s idea of police by giving
them very wide powers including price control, welfare, public morals, and even sitting in
judgment of these offenders. They (the police) handled duties that today we consider “civil”
matters and their power came directly from the king not from the community.
16th Century - Paris had two patrols: The Citizen Night Guard; (similar to English
Watchman) and the Royal Guard which was probably for the king’s protection. At this time, Saint-
Louis gave the Guard a motto that is even today on the French police emblem, “Vigilat ut
Quiescant” (He watches that they may sleep).
End of 18th Century (1791) - The position of “Officers de Paix” was formed (origin of
“Peace Officer”).
*********************************************************************
Paris. This police force was called ‘Sergent de Ville’ (servant of the city) which was organized
six months earlier before the creation of Metropolitan Police Force of London.
American watchmen were called “Leathermen” because they wore varnished leather
hats.
Intermediate period – the following were the key events concerning police and patrol before
the modernization of the United States of America:
Modern Period - This period began in the 1920’s with the use of automobile patrol and voice
radio communications.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 79
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
World War II – During the war, the following were some of the events highlighting policing in
America:
Philippines
The evolution of policing system and police patrol in the country developed from the
practice of different tribes. The common tradition was to select able-bodied young men to protect
their villages from the depredation of wild animals that prey on their crops and livestock.
Some Important Dates or Events in Early Policing particularly in the area of patrol
organization (some were already discussed in the Preliminaries of this book):
1712 - “Carabineros de Seguridad Publico” was organized for the purpose of carrying the
regulation of the Depoprtment of State and was armed and considered as the
Mounted Police.
Jan. 8, 1836 - “Guardrilleros,” a body of rural police organized in each town as
established by a Royal Decree.
Feb. 12, 1852 - “Guardia Civil,” was created by a Royal Decree issued by the crown to
partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular Troops of their policing towns.
1899 - Post Office Inspection system begun.
1901 - Department of Public Instruction was concerned with peace and order. Gen.
Howard Taft became the first Civil Governor of the Philippine.
July 18, 1901 - The PC, better known as the Insular Constabulary, was organized, the
first insular police force in the Philippines, manned mostly by Filipinos but most
officers were Americans. Capt. Henry Allen named as the first Chief of the PC.
1935 - American Police Force withdrawn with the advent of the Commonwealth. Capt.
Columbus Piatt was the last American Police Chief in Manila. Col. Antonio C.
Torres became the first Filipino Police Chief.
*********************************************************************
Mar. 17, 1954 - Automobile Patrol was introduced in Metro Manila. Isaias Alma Jose, the
first Chief of mobile patrol of MPD.
Dec. 13, 1990 - RA 6975, An Act establishing the PNP under a Reorganized Department
of the Interior and local government and for other purposes.
1998 - RA 8551, the PNP Attrition Law, “Professionalization Law”
Present Period – The country through the Philippine National Police and the Department
of Interior and Local Government in coordination with other government agencies particularly the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, has tapped the involvement of the community in policing. One
of these is the institution of the Community Oriented Policing System or COPS, the Integrated
Patrol System (IPS) and the Patrol 117 (These are discussed in the latter part of this Chapter).
The primary law enforcement body of the state is the police. The basic police mission —
preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws — was the same in the ancient
communities as it is today in sophisticated and highly urbanized societies.
Police, the first component of the Criminal Justice System in the Philippine setting is
responsible in performing these fundamental functions.
1. Prevention of crime and repression of criminal activities
2. Preservation of peace and order
3. Protection of life and property
4. Enforcement of laws and ordinances and regulation of non-criminal conduct
5. Investigation of crimes
6. Apprehension of criminals
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 81
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Traditionally speaking, these are the reasons: Because the police are constantly available
when needed; dependable when called upon; and capable of providing advice to decide or settle
interpersonal conflicts. Thus, there are two broad duties of police officers while on patrol.
1. Provide public protection through:
a. Preventive Enforcement – progressive and continuous patrolling
b. Selective Enforcement –research and investigation
2. Render social services
a. information services
b. police escort
c. assisting other agencies
d. serving court notices (warrants)
In police matters, discretion simply refers to the wise use of one’s judgment based on
personal experience and common sense to decide a particular situation. Discretion may also
mean the freedom to decide: the freedom or authority to judge something or make a decision
about it
Police officers are decision-makers and most of their decisions involve discretion. In
hostage taking, for example: if they shoot, they are publicly condemned. But if they hesitate, even
for just a second, they are dead.
Police officers, especially those on patrol, must develop the positive side of split-second
decision-making. When a patrol officer confronts a situation, he must immediately decide - that
his decision must not only be on time but at its best. It is ironic that an officer on patrol makes
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 82
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
more decisions and exercise broader discretion regarding the people’s life everyday than a judge
who normally decides one or two cases in one day. Note further that no law, no book, no lawyer,
no judge can instruct a policeman on the beat regarding the proper exercise of discretion.
Patrol is the backbone of the police department. The proof to this statement is that patrol
force is the only division in the police organization that cannot be eliminated. This is usually true
in small police organization since it cannot afford to create divisions such as Traffic, Investigation,
Juvenile and other specialized areas.
While small police departments grow to keep up with the increasing population,
expanding geographical boundaries, and growing diversity of police jurisdiction, there is a need to
hire uniformed and non-uniformed police personnel to take over the clerical and record keeping
functions in order to provide policemen more time for their field responsibilities. Specialized units
such as vice squad, homicide section, child and women’s desk, and others have to be created.
But all the while, the patrol unit continues to exist as the principal functional unit or “backbone” of
the police department.
Obviously, the patrol force is indispensable unit in every police organization. The
following are the specific points that justify the importance of Police patrol:
1. Patrol is the essence of police operations.
2. The patrol group is the single largest unit in the police organization.
3. Actions taken by the patrol officer have the most direct impact on the citizen’s satisfaction
and on the accomplishment of police goals and objectives.
4. Patrol operation is the most visible form of activity that enhances the welfare and security
of the community.
5. Individual patrol officers represent the police department in its contact with the
community.
6. Individual patrol officers play a major role in determining the quality of justice in a given
community. Errors made by patrolmen have significant negative effect in the public’s
perception and on the other components of the CJS.
7. The patrol officer is the most important human element of the police organization since all
police field operations are supported by the patrol activity.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 83
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Based on Section 1 of Rule II of the original Police Manual, the patrol force has the
primary responsibility of safeguarding the community. This can be done through the:
1. Protection of persons and property
2. Preservation of peace and order
3. Prevention of crime
4. Suppression of criminal activities
5. Apprehension of criminals
6. Enforcement of laws and ordinances
7. Regulation of criminal conduct
8. Performing necessary services and inspections
Police departments sometime gain reputation of efficiency and effectiveness based on
their vigilance in dealing with criminal offenses and the establishment of a high state visibility in
the community. Criminals usually plan their legal illegal ventures in areas where police are known
to be lax and inefficient. Hence, they purposely avoid communities whereby the police have
established reputation of being extremely vigilant and aggressive in deterring crimes.
In order to realize the above-enumerated functions, the patrol unit has to perform the
following activities:
1. Routine Patrol and Observation
2. Benevolent and community services – “called-for” services, inspection services
3. Control of public rallies – preventive attendance & maintenance of order, responding
to emergency calls
4. Attending to criminal and civil complaints
5. Conduct preliminary investigation
6. Animal control, traffic direction and control
7. Business and property security
8. Collection and preservation of evidence
9. Arrest of offenders
10. Preparation of reports and testifying in court
*********************************************************************
In reality, crime prevention and crime suppression are activities that patrol officers do not
bother to distinguish. When they are deployed at the streets, patrol officers have no time to
ponder if what they do is under crime prevention or crime suppression.
The patrol force is an organization within an organization. The patrol force is the nucleus
(focal unit) of the department about which the special services are grouped, and therefore, it shall
not be subordinated to any other police unit in the police department. The operational heart of a
police organization is the patrol force to which other departmental divisions relate in a supportive
role. In ordinary police stations, the suggested distribution of police functions is as follows:
One basis of the effectiveness and efficiency of the patrol force is the manning level or
manpower of the police organization. The patrol unit must get the most number of uniformed
personnel. The “rule of thumb” regarding the manning level of any police department must be
observed.
In the Philippine setting, the rule regarding the manning level of the police is provided
under section 27 of Republic Act # 6975. The standard manning level is 1:500 (1 police officer for
every 500 residents). However, in extreme conditions, this manning level maybe stretched to
maximum, which is 1:1000 (1 police officer for every 1,000 resident).
*********************************************************************
2. Low Profile Theory - Low police visibility increases the opportunity to apprehend
criminals. Deceptive absence of the police officers will let criminals believe that they will
not be detected or caught if they execute crimes that they planned. In this theory, the
objective is to attract as little attention as possible while on the process of patrolling. The
officers should operate in a manner that it would be difficult for either criminals or the
public to determine that police are around. The principle of covert operation is
integrated in this theory.
The most important role of a patrol officer is to serve as the police organization’s
actual field contact with the people. Thus, the word PATROL is an acronym of: P –
oliceman; A – ssigned; T – o; R – estore; O – rder in the ; L – ocality
B. Patrol Methods
Patrol methods are various means of getting from one place to another within a specified
patrol jurisdiction. Various methods of patrol are not intended to isolate the patrol officer from the
people he vowed to serve and protect.
Patrol effort made by the police may be in the form of any or combination of the following:
1. Beat Patrol
a. Foot Patrol
b. Bicycle Patrol
2. Sector Patrol (Motorized Patrol)
a. Automobile Patrol
b. Motorcycle Patrol
c. Aircraft Patrol (Helicopter and Fixed Wing)
3. Specialized Patrol Methods
a. Horse (mounted) Patrol
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 86
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
FOOT PATROL
Foot patrol is restricted to small areas and is used to deal with special situations while
maintaining radio contact with officers in patrol cars. Foot patrol is used to secure 2 types of
police geographical units:
1. Post – a fixed position or location where an officer is assigned for guard duty
2. Beat – the smallest area specifically assigned for patrol purposes
1. Fixed foot patrol is usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades, and special events.
2. Mobile foot patrol is used where there is considerable foot movement such as patrolling
business and shopping centers, high crime areas, and in places where there are many or
multiple family dwellings.
a. Line beat patrol is used in securing a certain portion of a road or street.
b. Random foot patrol is used in checking residential buildings, business
establishments, dark alleys, and parking lots.
*********************************************************************
1. Greater personal contact with the public leading to increased community support for the
police. Police becomes closer to the community residents.
2. Greater opportunity to develop sources of information.
3. High police visibility. Regular police presence discourages criminals and provides greater
sense of security to storekeepers, females, and elderly persons.
4. Places not accessible by motor vehicles are reached and patrolled. Patrol officers can
enter small alleys and side streets.
5. Easier detection of criminal activities. Foot patrol provides closer observation of the
environment and the circumstances that may require immediate police attention.
6. Easy discovery and familiarization on the layout of the beat. In-depth knowledge of the
character and problems of the patrol area.
*********************************************************************
AUTOMOBILE PATROL
The patrol car is the most extensively used and the most effective means of
transportation for police on patrol. Equipped with state-of-the-art police gear, patrol cars today
provide a rapid, safe, and efficient means of transportation under average operating conditions.
Automobile patrol has the greatest mobility and flexibility. Most experts on patrol operation agree
that it is the most cost-effective method of patrol.
*********************************************************************
5. Always take note (jot down) the plate numbers of strange or suspicious
vehicles.
6. Get out from the patrol car regularly or frequently to be visible and
accessible to the public; and develop personal contacts in the neighborhood.
7. Set an example to other motorists.
Observe/Obey all traffic laws (rules of the road), for both safety and public
relation (PR) reasons, unless you are en route to an emergency or while on
pursuit.
Always park the patrol car in the legal way.
Use seat belts or shoulder straps and other safety devices.
Use the proper traffic signal lights and hand signals.
8. Avoid driving too fast on general patrol conditions except during
emergencies or in pursuing some criminals/suspects. Maintain a cruising speed of 20-25
mph during patrol. This is slow enough to make detailed observations without impeding
the traffic flow.
9. When conducting solo patrol, maintain frequent contact with the
dispatcher or other communication personnel in the field or at the HQ.
10. If you are patrolling with a partner, divide the observation area around
your vehicle.
The driving officer covers at least 100 OC of vision in front. He must not, however,
allow his observations to interfere with the safe operation of the patrol car.
The passenger officer should cover a field of view twice more than the driving
officer.
Both driver and passenger officer must always be on alert for possible
informants.
11. Minimize hiding behind hills, curves or signboards to trap traffic violators.
This is bad PR and serves to erode community confidence in the police sense of fair play.
12. Frequently check the potential trouble spots in your patrol area.
13. Stop periodically among parked cars at the entrance of side streets to
observe activity on the street.
14. Check the occupants of vehicles that stop beside and behind you at
intersections.
15. Regularly check parking lots for abandoned stolen vehicles.
16. In stopping and checking a vehicle, park at the rear side of the suspect
vehicle. Leave the door slightly open unless the area is highly populated.
17. Do not leave the key in the patrol car especially if the place is in a high-
crime or congested area.
*********************************************************************
1. Preventive enforcement is doubled by having twice as many police cars on the street
2. An officer who is alone devotes his full attention to driving and beat observation rather
than conversing with his partner
3. Personality clashes are reduced and/or avoided
4. Promotes self-reliance and self-confidence.
Advantages of Two Man Automobile Patrol
1. Provides officers with greater safety by doubling the firepower and physical protection
2. Mistake made by one officer may be noticed and immediately corrected by his partner
3. Each officer could get rest and thus perform more effectively since each does not have to
drive for full 8 hours of duty
4. Beneficial since two pairs of eyes are better than one.
5. One could operate the radio while the other one drives.
6. Sleeping on duty could be avoided especially for the one who is driving since he has a
companion who keeps him awake
BICYCLE PATROL
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 91
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Bicycle patrol is growing in popularity because of easy operation and its acceptance by
the public, particularly children who view them as a non-threatening form of patrol. Bicycles are
now used in many countries as a simple and inexpensive means of silent transportation to carry
police officers throughout their patrol district. Often, bicycles are used in parks and on beaches
and have many of the same advantages and disadvantages as motorcycles.
Like motorcycles, bicycles leave the patrol officer extremely vulnerable. Officers should
have the proper safety equipment and follow all basic safety practices while on bicycle patrol.
MOTORCYCLE PATROL
Most police departments have their motorcycles marked with the same insignia as their
patrol cars. Motorcycles are beginning to be a favorite of patrol officers because of the ease and
speed of moving around. Motorcycle patrol has many of the same advantages as automobile
patrol, especially in speed and maneuverability. Motorcycles have greater access than
automobiles to some areas and are better suited to heavy traffic, narrow alleys and rugged
terrain.
*********************************************************************
Thus, in motorcycle patrol, proper protective clothing and helmets are a must. A
motorcycle also offers the patrol officer much less protection than a squad car should a person in
a vehicle being pursued decides to start shooting. Nonetheless, the ability of motorcycles to
maneuver through traffic and their ability to access areas, which squad cars cannot, make them
valuable patrol vehicles.
A number of American police agencies continue to use two wheel and three wheel
motorcycles, especially for traffic control and special occasions, such as parades and escort duty.
In general, however, the use of the two wheeled motorcycle patrol had decreased in recent years
for several important reasons. Departments that have used solo, or two wheels, motorcycles,
have found them to be:
a. costly to operate,
b. hazardous to the driver, and
c. inoperative during inclement weather when the police should be most active in the
enforcement of traffic regulations or readily available for special escort duties.
d. Additionally, the solo motorcycle is tiring for the driver and has no capacity to
transport prisoners, other personnel, or equipment.
Mounted patrol is decreasing in the US but is still used in some large cities for crowd and
traffic control. Mounted officers are usually more acceptable than K-9s as crowd control
instruments. Expense is one of the main advantages of mounted patrol. The greatest advantage
is that an officer on horseback is much more effective at controlling a disorderly crowd than one
on foot or in any kind of vehicle (other than a tank). Mounted officers can see up to three blocks
away and cover more territory than officers on patrol.
Horses are useful in patrolling jurisdiction that covers large park areas or similar places
where automobiles cannot go or may be forbidden. Mobile patrol cars cannot be expected to race
on grassy fields or wooded areas but horses can.
*********************************************************************
AIRCRAFT PATROL
Among the more recent trends in patrolling is the use of aircraft, either helicopter or fixed-
wing. Today, it has become necessary for the police use aircraft in performing both routine and
specialized patrol activities. The use of aircraft is not totally new. In 1925, the Los Angeles County
Sheriff Department has already formed a volunteer Reserve Aero Squadron. Full-time Aero detail
is still an official unit in this police department today.
Before 1929, the New York police department began using aircraft. In 1947, the New York
Port Authority began using helicopters for surveillance, transportation, and rescue. Other cities
and state agencies in United States has employed helicopters, usually during daylight hours. In
1986, the state of California developed an experimental program using helicopters for police
patrolling known as SKY KNIGHT.
During the latter part of 1959, the Public Safety Department of Dade County in Florida
used the aerial patrol concept. At present, it is effectively utilizing fixed-wing aircraft and
helicopters in regular patrols to prevent crime and apprehend offenders or engage in surveillance
activities.
1. Able to travel at low speeds, to hover if necessary, and to land even in small patch of flat
land.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 94
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
1. Very expensive – high cost of training of pilots/operators, buying, fuel, and special
facilities for housing and maintenance.
2. Public complaints about the noise and about being spied upon.
3. Forcibly grounded during bad weather.
4. Smog and light or intermittent clouds affect visibility.
5. Presence of various hazards especially in congested areas, such as high wires and
smog.
6. There are landing patterns or procedures that must be followed, which delays landing
time.
7. Pilots must work shorter periods of time than regular police shifts since driver of
helicopters easily suffer work fatigues.
8. There are many tactical problems to overcome such as location of police units on ground
and the exact location of addresses
9. Element of surprise is lost since criminals could hear the helicopter coming even from a
great distance.
Water patrol units are extremely specialized and are not in great use except in areas with
extensive coasts or a great deal of lake or river traffic. The objective was to use the water
vehicles in anti-smuggling operations as well as against robberies committed in warehouses
along riverbanks or water ports.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 95
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Like aircraft, boats are expensive to buy, operate and maintain. Further, those who
operate them must have special training. Nonetheless, boats are the best means to effectively
control violators of water safety regulations as well as to apprehend drug and gun smugglers.
They are also valuable in rescue operations during times of flooding as well as in dragging
operations for drowning cases.
A new trend in water patrol is the use of PWC or personal watercraft. Among the
earliest manufacturers of this type of vessel was the Yamaha Motor Corporation (1990). The
reason why PWC became popular was that the company began a loan program wherein law
enforcement agencies can obtain free use of Yamaha PWC during the boating season. These
vehicles have very shallow draft, high maneuverability and stability. They are also very easy to
operate. The 2 models most frequently used were the:
Wave Runner LX (for 2 people) and the Wave Runner III (for 3 people). The front
compartment allows for storage of ticket book, high-powered binoculars and a portable breath
test. Many are equipped with public-address systems, sirens, and lights.
Main advantages of using PWC rather than ordinary patrol boats are:
a. Marine patrol officers can approach areas not accessible to conventional patrol boats
because of shallow, low bridges or other impediments.
b. One or two officers are enough to operate while increasing maneuverability and
speed.
As earlier mentioned, the Egyptians were the first to use dogs in patrolling. In the US,
dogs have been used in police patrol since 1900. In April 1957, Baltimore was the only American
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 96
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
police force that used trained dog handler teams on patrol. As of April 1968, about 200 police
agencies used a total of 500 man dog teams in police patrol work.
Police dogs are especially useful in high crime areas, in dangerous search situations, in
dealing with street gangs, in dispersing a crowd, in taking fleeing suspects into custody, in
guarding suspects, in searching alleys, parks, schools, and other large building. A most recent
use of police dogs is in the search and detection of drugs in packages or on suspects.
The K-9 assisted patrol is becoming more popular, with even smaller departments
beginning to establish K-9 units. According to James C. Spurlock in his article “K-9” in Law and
Order issue of March 1990: “Along with mainframes and microchips, the small-to-medium-sized
police department shopping for the latest in cost-effective high-tech law enforcement might want
to consider the four-legged, cold-noised variety”
A K-9 corps is essential for most medium size and large police departments but careful
planning and research must first be completed to determine the specific numbers and need for
police dogs. Dogs must be housed, transported then trained. Their handlers must be carefully
selected and trained.
1. Provide great assistance in search and rescue as well as in smelling out drugs and
bombs.
2. Provide protection for 1-officer patrol. Officer/s assigned to a high-crime area has little to
fear with a well-trained canine at their side.
3. Great value in crowd control since:
a. properly trained dogs are virtually fearless; and
b. totally loyal to their handlers have a significant psychological effect on would-be
trouble makers
4. Extensively used in international airports to detect narcotics and bombs because of their
keen sense of smell. A dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times better
than a human can.
5. Specially trained dogs are extremely effective in finding bodies – dead or alive, just buried
or buried for years.
6. Locating trapped people during emergencies.
7. Can be an asset to public relations efforts.
8. Well-trained police dogs can be used for demonstrations in public affairs, schools, or
parades.
What breeds of working dogs are best suited for police works?
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 97
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
1. German Shepherds – the most frequently used and highest-scoring dog for police work
2. Black Labrador retrievers
3. Giant Schnauzers
4. Rottweilers
5. Doberman pinschers
6. Bouviers
7. Newfoundlands
8. Airedale terriers
9. Alaskan malamutes
WOLVES – It stands for Wireless Operational Link and Video Exploration System; the
system of attaching a miniature camera and transmitter to a search dog; this equipment
make man’s best friend and even better friend, because the dog can now be the eyes and
ears of his handler in situations where saving life is paramount objective.
Bloodhounds – These tracking dog; a large powerful dog with drooping ears, sagging jowls,
and keen sense of smell, formerly used for tracking.
Preparation for Duty – The patrol officers’ job starts even before they are in their respective area
of responsibility (AOR) because they need to prepare the following that are necessary in the
performance of their routines:
A. Equipment check
1. Police uniform
2. Weapons
3. Watch
4. Money, including change for pay telephones
5. Flashlight, spare battery and bulbs
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 98
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
C. Vehicle Check – In case of patrol officers assigned on mobile cars (prowl cars), they
should:
1. Check the inside of your patrol car, paying particular attention to the rear seat.
2. A prisoner may have hidden a weapon or evidence in the vehicle during the previous
shift.
3. During your own tour of duty, a prisoner might try the same maneuver. If you haven’t
checked the vehicle, any evidence you recover might be ruled inadmissible in court;
you would be unable to swear that the vehicle was empty before the suspect entered
it.
4. Record the condition of your vehicle’s interior in your notebook for possible latter use
as evidence.
5. Check your vehicle’s siren, roof light, radio and other equipment to ensure that they
are in proper working order. Note any damage or mechanical problems.
PATROL MANAGEMENT
The following are simple but vital questions in the management of a patrol unit in your
own department or in any police department:
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 99
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
It is the old system of police patrol activity which consists of continuously driving around
the area of patrol waiting for something to happen and to react accordingly in case something
does happen.
It is the more economical alternative patrol system, which has an objective approach
against criminality as much as practicable. It addresses crime at its very root before it is able to
develop into a felonious act.
It is a system where the citizenry and the police work together to reduce crime, prevent
juvenile delinquency and criminal behavior, maintain the peace and reduce local problems which
are the mutual responsibility of the police and the people.
What is the difference between prevention and repression of criminal and delinquent
behavior?
Prevention is the objective aimed towards ways and means to reduce the desire of the
human being to commit crime. Repression, on the other hand is the act of preventing the actual
commission of crimes. Repression is leveled on the prevention of the very act itself which
constitutes crimes.
The acronym COPS refers to Community Oriented Policing System. It is the deploying of
policemen in police blocks to provide police and public safety services. It also involves the
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 100
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
breaking down of large and impersonal police departments into small units to create as series of
mini-police precincts, which are responsive to the smaller communities.
1.) To enhance police visibility in order to reach out to the community to serve the
resident a policing out.
2.) To improve police community relation to gain public acceptance, build mutual respect
and trust and promote cooperation.
3.) To attend sustained and integrated police-community participation, in crime
prevention and suppression.
This is the NCOB (New Cops on the Block) Center of Command and Control of its
activities and the police base from which the citizen may seek assistance whether in person by
radio or telephone.
It is a function of NCOBs where police officers on patrol visit every house and work place
to offer crime prevention advice and to organize the neighborhood crime watch groups.
It is a method whereby policemen on patrol may interview within the bounds of law
suspicious personalities at random in order to serve as a deterrent to those intended to commit a
crime.
It is a project that concerns a wide variety of activities such as physical fitness and sports
development and formation and education and livelihood projects. The following are some of the
benevolent services performed by the police patrol:
*********************************************************************
It is a grassroot approach undertaken to bring the people and the police together in a
cooperative situation. Its distinguishing feature is the establishments of neighborhood crime
watch groups to encourage the people to report crimes and to assume greater interest and
responsibility in crime prevention and suppression.
As with any other occupation, the police uniform is intended to separate policemen from
everyone who are not in the same line of work to avoid confusion and to assure others of his
authority and his presence.
Policemen may conduct building inspection, crime prevention follow-up, house inspection
and miscellaneous inspection.
This is a term used frequently to describe a specific condition or place that requires a
patrol officer’s special attention.
The emergency nature of police work demands that the vehicle they use be in the best
condition as possible not only for routine patrol driving but also for pursuit operation. Hence,
there is a need for regular vehicle inspection.
What is the purpose of the District Orientation Tour in preparing for patrol?
Its purpose is to familiarize and orient a policeman about the patterns and characteristics
of his patrol area before he conducts actual patrol.
*********************************************************************
During civil disturbances, the police: protects lives and properties of everyone at the
scene; enforces the law; and restores peace and order.
What are the objectives of the police at the scene of unlawful assemblies?
The objectives of the police at the scene of unlawful assemblies like riot (these are
discussed in Chapter 4 – Crowd Control and Riot Prevention): Containment; Dispersal;
Prevention of reentry or entry; Arrest of law violators; and Establish priorities.
State the essential steps that must be taken by the police during a disaster response.
What are the primary line units concerned with the accomplishment of the police
operational tasks?
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 103
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
The primary line units in the police include patrol, investigation, traffic, vice and juvenile
patrol.
What are the secondary or auxiliary units concerned with the service tasks?
The secondary or auxiliary units in the police include the records, property custodian,
jails, crime laboratory services, transportation, and communication.
Patrol participation in vice control is necessary in order to lessen the force needed in the
vice-division; to increase its efficiency; to conserve time and energy of its members; and to focus
its attention to the more serious vice violations.
ROUTINE CALL – Under this category, the mobile car is required to observe all traffic
laws and rules and does not normally use its flashing lights and siren while on its way to the
scene. This includes when the police responds to:
URGENT CALL – This is similar to the routine call, which also requires the responding
police car to observe all traffic rules and does not use its flashing lights or siren. However, it
proceeds directly to its destination and does not stop unless an incident of far more serious
nature occurs. This includes when the police responds to investigate:
*********************************************************************
EMERGENCY CALL – In most cases, this category requires the use of the flashing light
and fluctuating siren although there are exceptions which include the attempt to surprise criminals
in the act. It is permissible in this case for the responding police car to violate traffic laws
provided that extreme care is exercised while driving at high speed. This includes when the
police responds to:
What are the two schools of thoughts regarding the best means of approaching any scene
where a crime is believed to be in progress?
First is to approach the scene with lights and siren flashing and to pull on directly at the
scene of the reported crime. The idea here is to frighten the criminal in order to prevent him from
completing his criminal act.
Second is to approach the crime scene as inconspicuously as possible in order to use the
advantage of surprise in apprehending the criminal or preventing his escape.
What are the factors to be considered by the patroller in choosing the manner by which an
approach to a crime in progress is to be made?
These are the factors of: time and day; condition of traffic; possibility of ongoing physical
assault; and the neighborhood characteristics.
*********************************************************************
It is due to the nature of work they perform, the manner in which they are expected to
perform their duties, and their close adherence to a rigid chain of command with specific
assignment of duties and responsibilities and functional job descriptions that distinguish between
line and staff authority.
What is the distinction between line and staff functions?
Line functions such as patrol and criminal investigation are those that are directly
responsible for accomplishing police goals and objectives.
On the other hand, staff, auxiliary or support functions are those that are designed solely
to support and enhance the operation of line units. They usually include records,
communications, personnel, training, property maintenance and the like.
The Integrated Patrol System (IPS) of the Philippine National Police is a concerted effort
of the whole PNP organization with other government agencies. The purpose is for the effective
performance of the general role of the PNP which is to deliver the basic public safety services to
the community.
In the Philippines, there are three separate line bureaus created under the Department of
Interior and Local Government. They are responsible in the protection of the community against
criminality, destructive fires and calamities and protection by confinement and correction of
convicted criminal perpetrators. The three bureaus are:
As stated earlier, the basic functions of the PNP are: Crime Prevention – including crime
suppression; Crime Solution – covers investigation of crimes; and Traffic Management –
covers direction and control, and traffic accident investigation.
Crime Prevention – the basic police function; the technique of eliminating the desire of
the people to commit crime. It can be done through Police Visibility. Crime Deterrence is
actually the essence (real meaning) of Police Visibility because:
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 106
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
With these, patrol officers should have a detailed understanding of the anatomy of crime
or what makes up a criminal act. The anatomy of crime states that: crime takes place if the three
(3) elements or ingredients are present at the same time and place which are: Instrumentalities,
Motive and Opportunity. To explain further:
1. Instrumentality – the means or instrument used in the commission of crime such as:
firearm; fan knife; poison (or any obnoxious substance); Hammer; motor vehicle; a
document, etc.
2. Motive – the reason or cause why a person or group of persons will perpetrate a
crime or the purpose or aim of doing something. Examples are: economic gain;
jealousy; covetousness/greediness; revenge; gratify desire; and win a competition.
3. Opportunity – It refers to the chance or twist of fate; consist of the acts (whether by
omission or commission) by a person (the victim) that enables another person or
group of persons (the offenders) to perpetrate the crime. Opportunity is synonyms
with carelessness, acts of indiscretion, and lack of crime prevention or lack of
consciousness on the part of the victim. Illustrative examples are:
a. Leaving ones’ home or car unattended for a long time
b. Walking all alone in a well-known crime prone alley
c. Wearing expensive jewelries in slum area
d. Readily admitting a stranger to one’s residence and the like.
Further, once crime took place, it can be further explained by using the interaction of
these three (3) factors: Criminal Tendency, Total Situation, and Resistance to temptation.
Criminal tendency is innate to every human being. Total situation speaks of the environmental
circumstances. Resistance to temptation could also be innate to a person which could be
attributed to his cultural and educational upbringing.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 107
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
There are situations when all the three elements of the crime are present and merged at
the same time and the same place; however the victim is not the intended one due to error in
persona (mistaken identity). This is called a freak crime accident. Similarly, the public still need
to be protected against these kinds of crimes.
Police visibility can be done in three (3) ways: physical presence by being visible as
police and easy to locate police units; patrolling scheme through mobile, integrated, and
widespread, supportive, and redundant coverage; and response which should be proper,
adequate and timely (ideal is 5 minutes response time).
Further, the Police Visibility Program of the PNP can be accomplished thru the use of the
Integrated Patrol System (PNP-IPS). The PNP-IPS has the following features:
Pre-emptive
Widespread and Forward Deployment
Force Mixture (complementary & supportive)
Cross checking of Deployment
Force Multiplier
Supports the COPS
A. Fixed Components – These include the following: Police Station HQ; Police Community
Precincts (PCP); Traffic Posts; and Visibility Posts – police outposts
1. Station Desk (SD) – plays the most important role in the implementation of the police
mission – to serve end protect the community. Further, it serves as the 3 Cs of the police
force: communication; coordinating; and center/command post. Being the 3 Cs of
the police force, the SD serves as:
a. Nerve center of the IPS
b. Transmitter of the police station
c. Police station’s administrative nerve center
d. Disaster Coordinating Council (DCC)
e. Showcase of the Station’s efficient operational capabilities.
f. Monitoring assistance center during elections and other political events
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 108
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
To ensure proper response to calls, the Police Station should equip the SD with
the following communication facilities:
a. Mobile radio base set – at least 3 sets
b. Telephone line – landlines and cell phone lines
c. Fax Machines
d. On line computer system
e. Several television sets
Situation/Locator Map (w/ magnetic equipment) – also called spot map; the key-point in
the Police Station Desk; capable of providing a visual IPS situation because it shows the:
area of responsibility (AOR); Real Time Current Situation; and Real time Status of the IPS.
The importances of the Situation/Locator Map (S/LM) are: for OTS (on the spot) assessment
of the situation; and for OTS shifting of patrol forces to deal w/ a situation
B. Patrol Components – The patrol components of the IPS are: Air Patrol; Line Beat Patrol;
Mobile Patrols; Motorcycle Patrol; Bicycle Patrol; Reaction Unit Patrol (SWAT); and Detective
Repressive Patrol.
1. Police Beats (PBs) – These are consist of any contiguous or adjacent area defined by
identifiable boundaries within the AOR of a PCP where an officer can effectively patrol
during his tour of duty; it is an area that can be effectively patrolled on foot and police
officers can respond to calls for police assistance within a matter of minutes. PBs have
the following identifications (ID):
a. PBs for the NCR Police Offices:
Identifiable by a 5-digit number; the 1st digit refers to the numerical number
assigned to the district.
2nd refer to the number assigned to each of the cities/municipalities/stations within
the district.
3rd digit refers to the number assigned to particular PCP.
4th and 5th digits refer to the numbers assigned to a particular beat.
*********************************************************************
2. Mobile Patrol (MP) – The SOPs are similar to the earlier discussions under the
AUTOMOBILE TYPE of patrol. In cases where a vehicle is stopped, the following 10
Rules in Stopping Vehicles should be applied:
a. During daytime, select the widest portion of the road where to stop a motorist.
b. Signal the motorist to pull closer to the right side of the curb with the patrol car parked
behind the violator’s vehicle.
c. Observe flow if traffic coming from behind before opening the door and alighting from
the patrol car.
d. In issuing a citation, occupy the right side of the vehicle using the hood to accomplish
the citation.
e. At nighttime, select a well-lighted place to stop a motorist.
f. Never stand to do anything in front of a stopped vehicle with its engine running and its
driver still at the vehicle.
g. Never stand to do anything between the stopped vehicle and the patrol car if the driver
of the stopped vehicle is at the wheel.
h. Never stand on the way of the door of the stopped vehicle especially if he is ordering a
suspicious driver to get out of the vehicle.
i. Never allow a person being interrogated to stand on the firearm side.
j. Never allow an apprehended suspect to sit inside the patrol car on the side where the
policeman’s f/a is tucked.
3. Detective Beat (DB) or Detective Beat System (DBS) - DB is a contiguous area where
a team of police investigators is assigned with a specific task of conducting follow-up
investigation to all complaints, reports, referrals, and other requests with the end-in-view
of full compliance and/or the filling of a case.
The Purpose of DBS is to provide the police organizational and operational framework in
truly effecting mechanisms towards enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the PNP’s
investigation capability.
Nature of DBS:
a. DB is concerned with the crime solution angle while the PB has the primary role of
crime prevention and control.
b. DB maybe different from PB but the former complements the latter in serving and
protecting the community.
c. PB occupy a particular AOR while the detectives have the primary responsibility of 1 st
response in all cases reported for investigation purposes.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 110
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
The following are the guidelines normally observed by the PNP in the conduct of
patrolling not necessary under the IPS:
2. Deployment Phase:
a. Report to SD by the POs (Patrollers)
b. POs make patrol plan and follow patrol procedures
c. Adopt the buddy-buddy system
d. Make situation report on an hourly basis or upon reaching the end of their line beat
e. Report and/or record in the PSR (patrol sheet report) all unusual incidents.
*********************************************************************
After which, the patrol commander collects the DPR and submits it to the HQ for
consolidation and reference.
C. Auxiliary Components - In the Philippines, the police are the members of the PNP with two
(2) statutory characteristics:
1. National in scope and
2. Civilian in character
Who are the members of the Auxiliary Police (or Auxiliary Components of the IPS?
1. Private Security Guards
2. Traffic Enforcers and Aides
3. Junior Police
4. Law Enforcement Services Cadets
5. Barangay Chairman and Tanods (Barangay Public Safety Officers (BPSO))
6. Civilian Volunteer Organizations (CVOs) such as civilian volunteer radio communications,
and volunteer public utility vehicles (PUV) drivers and Non-Government Organizations
(NGOs) like Bantay Bayan, Bayan Muna, etc.
*********************************************************************
EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION
Humans are not the only creatures that communicate; many other animals
exchange signals and signs that help them find food, migrate, or reproduce. The 19th-
century biologist Charles Darwin showed that the ability of species to exchange
information or signals about its environment is an important factor in its biological
survival.
Language
While other animals use limited range of sounds or signals to communicate,
humans have developed complex systems of language that are used to:
1. ensure survival;
2. express ideas and emotions;
3. tell stories and remember the past; and
4. negotiate with one another.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 113
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Over 6000 languages and major dialects are spoken in the world today. As
some languages grow, others disappear. Languages that grow also evolve and change
due to class, gender, profession, age group, and other social forces. The Latin
language is no longer spoken but survives in written form. Hebrew is an ancient
language that became extinct, but has now been brought back to life and is spoken
today. Others such as the ancient languages of native peoples in Central and South
America, the Pacific Islands, and some of the Native American peoples of North
America, which had no written form, have been lost as the speakers died.
Today anthropologists are trying to record and preserve ancient languages that
are still spoken in remote areas or by the last remaining people in a culture.
Cuneiform was one of the first forms of writing and was pictographic, with
symbols representing objects. It developed as a written language in Assyria (an ancient
Asian country in present-day Iraq) from 3000 to 1000 BC . Cuneiform eventually acquired
ideographic elements—that is, the symbol came to represent not only the object but
also ideas and qualities associated with it.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 114
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
The oldest known examples of script-style writing date from about 3000 BC .
Papyrus sheets (a kind of early paper made from reeds) from about 2700 to 2500 BC
have been found in the Nile Delta in Egypt bearing written hieroglyphs, another
pictographic-ideographic form of writing.
In syllabic systems, such as Japanese and Korean, written symbols stand for
spoken syllable sounds. The alphabet, invented in the Middle East, was carried by the
Phoenicians (people from a territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, located
largely in modern Lebanon) to Greece, where vowel sounds were added to it. Alphabet
characters stand for phonetic sounds and can be combined in an almost infinite variety
of words. Many modern languages, such as English, German, French, and Russian, are
alphabetic languages.
The DYAD
The most basic form of interpersonal communication is a dyad (an encounter or
conversation between two people). Some dyads exist over a long period of time, as in
a marriage or partnership. Communicating well in a dyad requires good conversational
skills.
Communicators must know how to:
1. start and end the conversation
2. make themselves understood
3. respond to the partner's statements
4. be sensitive to their partner's concerns
5. take turns, and how to listen
Group Communication
Communication may also occur in small groups, such as families, clubs,
religious groups, friendship groups, or work groups. Most small-group interaction
involves fewer than ten people, and the communicators need the same communication
skills as in a dyadic conversation. However, additional factors called group dynamics
come into play in a small group. A group may try to work toward a consensus, a
general sense of understanding or agreement with others in the group. Groupthink may
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 115
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
occur, in which a group reaches consensus so quickly that its members mistakenly
ignore other good ideas. Small-group members may experience disagreement or even
conflict. Some members may be more persuasive than others and form sides, or
cliques, within the group.
Public Speaking
Interpersonal communication occurs with larger groups as well, such as when a
speaker gives a talk to a large crowd (a political candidate giving a speech at a
campaign rally, or a teacher lecturing to a large class). However, the audience can
respond in only limited ways (such as with applause, nodding, whistles, boos, or
silence). The speaker usually wants to be persuasive or informative, so the words
chosen and the style of delivery or performance are very important. A speaker who
wants to reach an even larger audience than the people who can physically hear the
speech in one place must use communication technology or media to get the message
across distance and even time.
From the earliest times, people have needed to communicate across distance or
over time. Since the beginnings of writing, communication media have allowed
messages to travel over distance and time. A communication medium is a means for
recording and transporting a message or information. The word medium comes from the
Latin word medius, meaning middle or between. It is a channel or path for sending a
message between communicators. A single channel—such as radio, or a book, or the
telephone — is called a medium; media is plural, meaning more than one medium.
1. transportation; and
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 116
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
From as early as the 2nd century BC , Europeans wrote on thin layers of tanned
and scraped animal skins called parchment or vellum, with quill pens made from bird
feathers. Parchment is not as light as papyrus but is very durable; many parchment
manuscripts and books from the Middle Ages still exist. The Arabs brought papermaking
to Europe from China in the 11th century AD . Paper gave European merchants, who
traveled across the continent, a portable and inexpensive way to keep records.
Until the 1400s in Europe, all documents were handwritten. Copyists and
editors called scribes recorded commercial transactions, legal decisions and
pronouncements, and manuscript copies of religious books—many scribes were monks
working in monasteries. By the 15th century, however, the need arose for an easier way
to duplicate documents. In Asia, block printing had already been developed by Buddhist
monks in China in about the 8th century. A similar technique was later used in the 15th
century by Europeans to make illustrations for printed books.
An early version of movable type of printing was first developed in China around
1045, and was independently developed by Koreans in the 13th century AD . In 1450,
the German printer Johannes Gutenberg perfected movable metal type and introduced
the first reliable system of typesetting, a key invention in the development of printing.
As more books became available, more people learned to read. Books were
printed in the local, or vernacular, languages as well as classical Greek and Latin. With
literacy came exposure to new ideas. Some historians believe that the 16th-century
Protestant Reformation (a revolution in the Christian church that divided it into factions)
might not have occurred if European thought had not been prepared by ideas
introduced and circulated in printed books. Printers published other things besides
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 117
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
During the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries,
printing technologies evolved rapidly. The steam-powered press was invented in
Germany in the 19th century, and the rotary press, which prints images onto a
continuous sheet of paper from a rotating drum, was introduced in the United States in
1846. The Linotype typesetting machine was patented by the German-born American
inventor Ottmar Mergenthaler in 1884. It permitted typesetters to set text by typing on a
keyboard rather than hand-setting each letter individually. Together, the Linotype
machine and the rotary press transformed the speed of printing. These so-called hot-
metal or letterpress printing technologies dominated the industry until the 1950s, when
phototypesetting and photo-offset printing were introduced.
The spread of computer-based word processing and graphic design has led to
the growth of desktop publishing. Today almost anyone can publish newsletters,
newspapers, or magazines for medium-sized audiences. Business communication has
been transformed by computer and information technologies. Letters, memos, reports,
or other documents can be transmitted almost anywhere at the speed of light.
Postal Services
Different societies have devised systems for transporting messages from place
to place and from person to person. The earliest were courier-type services whereby
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 118
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
messengers carried memorized or written messages from one person to another, and
returned with the reply. The Persian and Roman empires and some Asian societies sent
couriers regularly along planned routes to retrieve reliable and timely information about
trade and military affairs from distant areas.
In the United States, the postal service was established by the government in
1789, and the postmaster general's office was created to supervise the mail service.
The first postmaster general of the United States was Samuel Osgood. In the late 19th
century, as the United States expanded its territory west beyond reliable roads or rail
lines, the U.S. Post Office started the Pony Express, reviving courier-style services in
the new territories. Pony Express riders carried sacks of mail through rugged and
remote territory, relaying their loads from one rider to the next. The Pony Express
quickly became renowned for its speed of delivery.
Over time, the U.S. Post Office took advantage of new transportation systems.
Huge volumes of mail were sent across the country on trains, and the Post Office
started its own postal security force to prevent the mail from being stolen in railroad
holdups. They were also the first postal service to hire pilots to fly mail to distant or
rural locations within the United States and overseas. By the 1930s every small town
and rural route had carrier service; in many places, deliveries were made twice a day.
As demand for postal services grew, the U.S. Post Office developed systems for coding
and sorting the mail more quickly, notably the neighborhood ZIP Code system in the
1960s.
The Telegraphy
The first truly electronic medium was the telegraph, which sent and received
electrical signals over long-distance wires. The first practical commercial systems were
developed by:
1. Sir Charles Wheatstone (physicist, Great Britain);
2. Sir William F. Cooke (inventor, Great Britain); and
3. Samuel F. B. Morse (artist and inventor, United States).
Morse demonstrated the first telegraph system in New York in 1837. But regular
telegraph service, relaying Morse code (system of code using on and off signals), was
not established until 1844. Telegraphers would translate the letters of the alphabet into
Morse code, tapping on an electrical switch, or key. The telegrapher at the other end of
the line would decode the tapping as it came in, write down the message, and send it to
the recipient by messenger.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 119
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
The telegraph made it possible for many companies to conduct their business
globally for the first time. Because price changes could be communicated almost
instantaneously, the telegraph also prompted the reorganization of American
commodities markets. Prices became uniform from city to city, and futures (agreements
to buy a commodity at a fixed price on a fixed date in the future) markets were
established. In addition, standard time zones across the United States were established
so that railroads could set regular and consistent schedules as trains moved across the
country, enabling the railroads to check on schedules, passengers, and freight via
telegraph.
The Telephone
In 1876, Scottish-born American inventor Alexander Graham Bell was the first to
patent and produce a telephone. His patent was titled Improvement in Telegraphy, and
contained the design of a device that would transmit the human voice over wires
instead of electrical clicks or other signals, like the telegraph. Originally, Bell thought
that the telephone would be used to transmit musical concerts, lectures, or sermons.
The American inventor Elisha Gray filed an intention to patent at the same time, but
after many court battles, Bell was given the rights to the invention.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 120
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
Bell and his financial backers established the Bell Telephone Company. In an
extraordinary business move, Bell decided to lease telephones rather than sell them.
His next step would be to build the connecting networks and sell services on those
networks to customers. Bell began by leasing pairs of telephones that would connect
two locations, such as a businessman's home and office, or between two partners'
offices. However, the real appeal of telephone service emerged with the opening of the
first telephone exchange—a switchboard connecting any member of a group of
subscribers to any other member—in 1878.
After Bell's patents expired in 1893 and 1894, other companies began
manufacturing telephones, wiring new networks, and installing exchanges. The new
exchanges connected people in rural communities and residential households. Some
were rural cooperatives owned and operated by the customers. The American
Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), which bought the Bell Telephone Company
in 1900, developed switching systems to connect calls between exchanges, and
eventually began experimenting with long-distance connections.
Between the 1880s and the 1980s the telephone system in the United States
had an enormous effect on the quality of life and work. In rural communities, telephone
service meant an end to the isolation and loneliness experienced by many farm and
ranch families. Families whose members moved away to school or new jobs could stay
in contact with each other over the phone. For ill or disabled people, the telephone
became an indispensable link to the outside world. Telephone service also enabled
immediate contact with emergency services, such as the police, fire department, or
emergency medical services. By the 1960s the telephone was considered so essential
that telephone companies provided basic services at reduced rates to elderly and
disabled people.
The telephone network has also provided the electronic network for new
computer-based systems like the:
1. Internet
2. Facsimile transmissions
3. World Wide Web
The Radio
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 121
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
The telegraph and telephone were systems for distance communication that
sent electrical signals through wires. The earliest system for sending electrical signals
through the air via electromagnetic waves was called wireless, and later radio. Radio
technology was based on the discoveries of James Clerk Maxwell.
The Italian electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi was the first person to invent
a true wireless radio. In 1895, he built a system that could send and receive a signal at
a distance of close to 3 km. (close to 2 miles). He moved to England, and by 1899 the
British Marconi Company had sent signals across the English Channel. In 1901,
Marconi received the Morse code signal for the letter S sent across the Atlantic Ocean
to Canada.
Marconi's radio system used a spark-gap technology that could transmit only
simple on-off signals—so radio signaling used an on-off system like Morse code. This
type of radio technology is called radiotelegraphy. Wireless was especially valuable for
ships in distress, so that other ships could be dispatched to save their passengers and
crews in times of emergency.
Radio technology improved rapidly throughout the 20th century. The first
breakthrough was the invention of the cat's-whisker receiver, or crystal set, which used
a silicon crystal and a small metal wire to detect radio waves clearly. Later
improvements were made in the valves, or tubes, such as De Forest's Audion, which
amplified the signal once it was received. Radio transmissions initially used amplitude
modulation (AM) to superimpose audio signals onto radio waves. The invention of
frequency modulation (FM) radio provided much more sensitive and clear radio
transmission and reception. Tuners became more sensitive, and more broadcast
signals were sent over the air at different frequencies. In the 1950s and 1960s radio
manufacturers began replacing the bulky and heat-generating vacuum tubes in radios
with transistors, and radios became smaller.
Eventually the radio industry asked the federal government to intervene in their
disputes over frequencies and signal power. The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 122
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
created in 1927 and was given the task of allocating frequencies to different users.
However, the FRC was a somewhat ineffective body until the Communications Act of
1934, when it was renamed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and given
a budget and a staff. FCC rulings had the power of law, and the agency was
responsible for issuing licenses to radio broadcasters for particular bandwidths,
frequencies, and signal powers. License holders had to demonstrate that they operated
their radio stations “in the public interest, convenience, and necessity”.
Since the 1950s many improvements have been made in television technology,
particularly the introduction of color television in the 1960s. Image reception has
become clearer, and screens have become larger. Most televisions can now receive
stereo sound. The widespread growth of cable television since the 1960s has
introduced many new channels and types of programming into American homes. And
today direct-broadcast-satellite (DBS) services allow individual households to receive
hundreds of channels carried by satellites directly into their homes.
There is no doubt that television has been one of the most important
communication technologies in history. Televisions are switched on an average of
seven hours a day in American households. Debates continue about the medium's
effects on children, culture, education, politics, and community life. Critics say that
television feeds a constant stream of simplified ideas and sensationalistic images, that
it has a negative effect on political campaigns and voting patterns, that it destroys local
cultures in favor of a bland national culture, and that it has encouraged the growth of an
uncritical and passive audience. Defenders say that television provides a great deal of
high-quality educational and cultural programming, and that it is the major source of
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 123
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
national and international news and information for most U.S. citizens. Television can
be a very effective teaching tool in the classroom and at home. And, as the Canadian
writer Marshall McLuhan pointed out, perhaps nothing has been more responsible for
creating the global village—the sense that we can see and hear events anywhere in the
world as they happen and so can feel more connected to other places.
The Computers
The earliest computers were machines built to make repetitive numerical
calculations that had previously been done by hand. By the 1890s, calculating
machines were used to tabulate the U.S. Census with a punched-card system invented
by Herman Hollerith. Electromechanical calculators were being built by the 1930s,
especially by a new company called the International Business Machines Company
(IBM). The first truly electronic memory and processors were built by John Vincent
Atanasoff in 1939 at the Iowa State College, and the first fully functioning electronic
computers, a series of ten called Colossus, were built by the British Secret Service
during World War II to help them crack the Germans' secret military codes.
In 1975 the first microcomputer was introduced, which had the power of many
larger machines but could fit onto a desktop. This miniaturization was accomplished by
using new microprocessor technologies, which compressed the memory and processing
power of many hundreds and then thousands of circuits onto tiny chips of materials
called semiconductors. The invention was soon followed by the introduction of the first
word-processing software in 1978, which enabled people to use the computer to write
and change text and graphics.
Today the Internet is the foundation of computer networks in the United States
and allied countries. It is interconnected by both wire and over-the-air microwave and
satellite telephone lines. Commercial online service providers — such as America
Online, CompuServe, and the Microsoft Network — sell Internet access to individual
computer users and companies. Smaller networks of computers, called Local Area
Networks (LANs), can be installed in a single building or for a whole organization. Wide
Area Networks (WANs) can be used to span a large geographical area. LANs and
WANs use telephone lines, computer cables, and microwave and laser beams to carry
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 124
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
digital information around a smaller area, such as a single college campus. In turn, they
can interconnect to the Internet. Computer networks can carry any digital signals,
including video images, sounds, graphics, animations, and text.
Mobile Phone
Mobile (cellular) phones have become invaluable for people who need to stay in
touch while on the move. Cellular telephone systems combine radio and television
technology with computer systems. As a caller moves from one geographical cell (the
name given to a specific part of the area being covered by the system) to another,
computers in switching offices transfer calls among variously located antenna
transmitters without interrupting service (Microsoft Encarta).
The huge popularity of text messaging is remarkable considering that the service was
developed by mobile operators in the early 1990s as something of an afterthought and was never
expected to take off.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 125
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
The main reason for its success is that younger phone users have adopted text
messages as their preferred means of communication. Early concerns over the clumsy means of
entering text and the limited length of messages have been overcome partly by familiarity and
partly by a shorthand language; for instance “c u l8r” is an abbreviated way of saying “See you
later”. A major factor in the uptake of text messaging was that it was free when pre-pay phones
were first introduced. Even with messages now charged for, they are still considerably cheaper
than mobile phone calls (Microsoft Encarta).
Many police officers are using this communication technology as an alternative to the
traditional means of communications. The PNP and other law enforcement related agencies are
using hotlines as and easy access to crime reports by the populace.
POLICE COMMUNICATIONS
In primitive times, the pounding of hollow logs or the beating of animal skin drums was
used to convey a message. Later man discovered that when he cut the tip from the horn of an
animal and blew through it, the sound carried for quite a distance. We find its use mentioned
throughout the Bible, and it was certainly the main warning instrument used in the “Hue and Cry”
even into the twelfth century. In the orient, the brass gong and finally the bell became the warning
instrument.
In western civilization, until very recently, the church bell, high in the steeple, not only
called the people to church services but also warned the town or village of imminent dangers. The
American Indian used smoke signals, bird calls and drums in his effort to communicate and send
out warnings.
In the history of Anglo-American police patrol, we find the horn replaced by the hand-bell
and rattle, and then finally by the metal whistle.
When police vehicles were first used, there was no radio communications as we know it
today. The system of notifying patrol vehicles of emergencies and calls for service was handled
by the installation of red lights at the major intersections of the town or city. When headquarters
wanted to contact a police car, they would pull a switch that would send power to the red lights at
the intersections. The next time the patrol car passed the intersection and saw the red light on, he
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 126
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
would drive to headquarters for the assignment. When telephones become more common, the
officer would call headquarters when he observed the light signal.
When radios were first installed in police vehicles, they were just usually receivers and
did not have transmitters for answering calls. The radio operators would broadcast the calls and
hoped that it was received.
The police have always been keenly aware of the importance of communications and
because of this they, along with the military, have been leaders in the development and adoption
of new methods of communications. In the early days of electronic communication the
departments themselves had to develop their own communications equipment because there was
little or no commercial equipment available to suit the police needs. Today the situation is
different. Because of military and space development programs, the police are able to readily
adapt existing commercial equipment to their needs. This has the great advantage of eliminating
the many years of costly and time consuming experiments and failures that the early police
departments had to suffer in their development of police communications.
1877- The Albany New York Police Department installed five telephones in the mayor’s
office connected to precinct stations.
1880 – The Chicago Police Department installed the first “Police Call Box” on City Street.
Only officers and “reputable citizens” were given keys to the booth. Before this time a signal box
was used that would signal the emergency without voice communications. Detroit made such
installations in 1884 and Indianapolis in 1895.
1883 – The Detroit, Michigan Police Department installed one police telephone. This was
significant when one considers the fact that there were only seven telephones in the whole city at
that time. In 1889, the department established a new division to handle communications. It was
called the Police Signal Bureau.
A code wheel was installed in the box so that when the beat man called in for his time
check, it would register at headquarters with the proper signal for that call box. This insured that
the beat officer was in fact at the location from which he claimed to be calling.
1916 – The New York Harbor Police installed spark transmitters so they could
communicate with their police boats while they were patrolling the harbor.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 127
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
1928 – On April 7, 1928, the world’s first workable police radio system went on the air.
The Detroit Police Department went on the air as station W8FS. The transmitter was installed on
Belle Isle in the Detroit River, and the receiver was installed in cruiser No. 5
By 1927 the prohibition era had sent he development of big time crime and gangsters
were making wide use of automobiles as “get-away cars”. The police were under great pressure
to control the situation, but always arrived at the scene too late. Commissioner Rutledge then
persuaded Robert L. Batts, a young radio technician and student at Purdue University, to come to
Detroit and work on a radio receiver that would operate in a police car. It was through this effort
that the first workable police radio setup was developed.
1929 – In September 1929, the Cleveland Police Department went on the air with a few
cars, and in December of the same year, Indianapolis became the third police department in the
world to set up a workable police radio system.
1930 – The Michigan State Police became the first state police organization to go on the
air in October of 1930. It proved very effective in apprehending bank robbers and other
gangsters.
1931 – The first police motorcycle was equipped with a radio by the Indianapolis Police
Department in September 1931.
1933 – In March 1933, the Bayonne New Jersey Police Department went on the air with
the first two-way, mobile police radio system.
1934 – By 1934, so many police departments have police radio systems that they were
being as inter-city communications for all types of general police messages. The Federal
Communications Commission had to intervene and establish strict control on police radio
communications, restricting non-emergency messages to wire communications.
1935 – Because the police departments did not understand the government restrictions,
they (at first) refused to obey them and police radiomen from all over the country banded together
to form the APCO (Association of Police Communications Officers). (It was later changed to the
Association of Public-Safety Communications Officers).
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 128
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
1939 – Daniel E. Noble, of Connecticut State College, developed the first FM mobile two-
way transmitters and receivers for the Connecticut State Police. This was to bring about a change
in the whole mobile radio picture. (FM means Frequency Modulation)
1940 – Motorola President, Paul Galvin, saw, the value of FM over AM for mobile police
communications, and hired Dan Noble to develop two-way FM for Motorola Police Radio Sales.
One of Nobles first developments was the remarkable Differential Squelch Circuit, which
demonstrated greatly increased range in fringe areas.
1945 – The Federal communications Commission allocated frequencies for FM, and it
became the established system for police radio communications.
Today most departments have three-way radios where the patrol car in the field may not
only carry on a two-way conversation with the base radio, but may also carry on the same type of
conversation with other police vehicles in the field.
Recent developments by the military, in the area of field communications, indicate that
law enforcement communications will have much more to look forward to.
Planning a Police Communication System (PCS) is not that complicated, especially if the
system is for small municipal police station. The planner must of course have technical
knowledge and skill in radio operation and installation. The technical requirement can be
translated into simple layman’s language easily understood by the Chief of Police (COP),
members of the peace and order council, and the Mayor.
A good plan is always written. It should determine, by survey, what is existing and what is
needed. Before the recommendations, analysis of the survey should be made. Here the financial
status of the local government should be determined. For the implementation, a responsible
police officer should be appointed with corresponding authority and responsibility.
*********************************************************************
Questions that must be answered during the technical survey include but not
limited to:
a. Is the radio and/or telephone traffic light or heavy?
b. Are 2-way radios needed?
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 130
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
3. Draft the PCS and Propose the Plan - The Technical Team prepares an output (summary
report) of their survey and submits this to the local government. The report is actually a
project proposal or feasibility study which includes the recommendations of the technical
team such as:
a. training of operators
b. maintenance program
c. appointment of a Communication Officer
4. Choice and Acceptance - The report of the Surveying Team (Technical Team) is then
transformed into a feasibility study. The feasibility study is submitted to the Reviewing Team,
which is composed of the Local Chief Executive (LCE), the COP and other concerned
authorities in the locality, for evaluation and decision making. After evaluation, the reviewing
team must accept the proposal or choose an alternative from the options recommended by
the surveying team.
5. Implementive Action and Checklist - If the proposal or a corresponding alternative has been
chosen and accepted by the reviewing team, the technical team must then set priorities and
prepare a checklist of tasks to be performed.
6. Appointment of Action Official - In the checklist of priorities, among the first tasks to be
performed is determining the person who will be appointed as the Action Official – the
coordinator of the project of installing the planned PCS.
7. Procurement of Equipment - In the procurement of equipment that will be used for the PCS,
bidding must be conducted as a standard operating procedure (SOP). In bidding, the
proposed equipment to be bought and used is advertised. At least 3 dealers or suppliers of
such needed articles respond by furnishing a quotation (itemized price list) and then submits
it to the action official. The action official has the discretion to choose the dealer or supplier
who offers the lowest quotation. Procurement of needed equipment is then awarded to the
dealer chosen by the action official.
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 131
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
8. Training of Technicians, Dispatchers, and other Users - Training of Technicians and Users of
the system to be installed may be done thru formal schooling or thru on-the-job (OJT).
Technicians and Dispatchers should be trained with the standard radio, telephone and other
communication procedures. They must also be updated with the laws, rules and regulations
for public communication.
9. Coordinating Center and Service Shop: An office for the action official and communication
engineers who will supervise the installation of the communication system must be
established. This is important in order to have a formal setting of decision making while the
system is about to be installed or is already in the actual process of installation.
A. RADIO WAVES
Radio waves range from a few kilohertz to several gigahertz. Waves of visible light are
much shorter. In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at a uniform speed of about 300,000
km (about 186,000 mi) per second.
*********************************************************************
A typical radio communication system has two main components, a transmitter and a
receiver. The transmitter generates electrical oscillations at a radio frequency called the carrier
frequency. Either the amplitude or the frequency itself may be modulated to vary the carrier wave.
An amplitude-modulated signal consists of the carrier frequency plus two sidebands resulting
from the modulation. Frequency modulation produces more than one pair of sidebands for each
modulation frequency. These produce the complex variations that emerge as speech or other
sound in radio broadcasting, and in the alterations of light and darkness in television
broadcasting.
Radio Modulators
Other important components of the radio transmitter are the modulator, which uses these
proportionate voltages to control the variations in the oscillation intensity or the instantaneous
frequency of the carrier, and the antenna, which radiates a similarly modulated carrier wave.
Every antenna has some directional properties, that is, it radiates more energy in some directions
than in others, but the antenna can be modified so that the radiation pattern varies from a
comparatively narrow beam to a comparatively even distribution in all directions; the latter type of
radiation is employed in broadcasting.
Modulation of the carrier wave so that it may carry impulses is performed either at low
level or high level. In the former case the audio-frequency signal from the microphone, with little
or no amplification, is used to modulate the output of the oscillator, and the modulated carrier
frequency is then amplified before it is passed to the antenna. In the latter case, the radio-
frequency oscillations and the audio-frequency signal are independently amplified, and
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 133
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
modulation takes place immediately before the oscillations are passed to the antenna. The signal
may be impressed on the carrier either by frequency modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation
(AM).
Radio Antennas
The antenna of a transmitter need not be close to the transmitter itself. Commercial
broadcasting at medium frequencies generally requires a very large antenna, which is best
located at an isolated point far from cities, whereas the broadcasting studio is usually in the heart
of the city. FM, television, and other very-high-frequency broadcasts must have very high
antennas if appreciably long range is to be achieved, and it may not be convenient to locate such
a high antenna near the broadcasting studio. In all such cases, the signals may be transmitted by
wires. Ordinary telephone lines are satisfactory for most commercial radio broadcasts; if high
fidelity or very high frequencies are required, coaxial cables are used.
*********************************************************************
4. The dispatcher also has the duty of maintaining a record of the status of the police
vehicles under his control. If information is needed from the records division or from some
computer source, the operator must then phone for this information.
*********************************************************************
*********************************************************************
PHONETIC
LETTER PRONOUNCED AS
EQUIVALENT
A ALPHA AL fah
B BRAVO BRAH voh
C CHARLIE CHAR lee or SHAR lee
D DELTA DELL tah
E ECHO ECK oh
F FOXTROT FOKS trot
G GOLF GOLF
H HOTEL hoh TELL
I INDIA IN dee ah
J JULIET JEW lee et
K KILO KEY loh
L LIMA LEE mah
M MIKE MIKE
N NOVEMBER no VEM ber
O OSCAR OSS cah
P PAPA pah PAH
Q QUEBEC keh BECK
R ROMEO ROW me oh
S SIERRA see AIR rah
T TANGO TANG go
U UNIFORM YOU nee form
V VICTOR VIK tah
W WHISKEY WISS key
X XRAY ECKS ray
Y YANKEE YANG key
Z ZULU ZOO loo
ANGELES UNIVERSITY FORUNDATION 137
CRIMINOLOGY REVIEW CENTER
www.rkmfiles.net
*********************************************************************
TEN CODES
(Some are given the corresponding Q Codes)
*********************************************************************
H. WALKIE-TALKIES
The slang term for the two-way radio systems developed by Motorola in the 1930s
designed for home and police radios. Today, it is known as two-way hand held radio (HHR) or
radio transceiver.
One of the best ways to insure the proper use of air time is to follow the ABC’s of radio
transmission stated by Payton.
Police - a civil organization whose members are given special legal powers by the
government and whose task is to maintain public order and to solve and prevent crimes; or group
of persons established, maintained and organized for keeping order, safety, protection of lives
and properties and for prevention and detection of crimes.
Community - the public or society in general; it refers to the civilian populace in cities,
municipalities or public in general, and shall be used interchangeably with public, citizenry,
society, or private sector.
Police Ideal – it refers to the expected standard of perfection or excellence in the
personal, and professional conduct of every member of the police; or the expected essence of
perfection, sympathetic, courteous intelligent, honest, and in control of his emotions and temper,
at all times. It also includes courage and highest sense of dedication to duty.
Personal Media – it is the means of communication used by the police as it deals with
the community such as the use of rallies, meetings, speeches and house to house visits to the
community.
Barangay - is the basic political unit of the Filipino nation that implements the policies of
the national and local governments (1987 Phil. Constitution); sometimes referred to as the local
community.
Propaganda – any information or publicity put out by an organization (i.e., police) or
government to spread and promote a policy, idea, doctrine, or cause.
Police Community Relation - the sum total of dealings between the police and the
people it serve and whose goodwill and cooperation it craves for the greatest possible efficiency
in the service.
In the police, community relations may mean the total dealings of the police organization
as it immerses itself to the community it serves. On the other hand, Agas in his handbook, Notes
on Police Community Relation, stated that “community relation is like a three-legged stool, each
leg of an equal importance in holding the stool upright. One leg is public relations in its traditional
sense. Another leg is community service. The third leg is community participation, and this is the
facet of the total community relations’ job that is being emphasized today in police and community
relations program.”
In the democratic concept of policing – the police is the people and the people is the
police, which means that every police officer is mandated to protect lives and properties, preserve
peace and order and prevent crimes and other civil disturbances. However, his performance of
duty is governed by the Constitution and other laws and statutes such as the preservation of the
basic human rights and observance of the due process of law.
In addition, every police officer is a public servant and his office is a public trust.
Therefore, the police officer is obliged to conduct himself in the community according to the
standards of conducts and ethics of his organization, the police organization. Furthermore, he
should bear in mind that his authority to enforce the law comes from the people’s mandate.
What are the Principles of Community Relation? The principles of community relation are the
following:
What are the Objectives of Police Community Relation? From the viewpoint of the police,
Police Community Relation aims to:
1. Maintain and develop the goodwill and confidence of the community for the police.
2. Obtain cooperation and assistance.
3. Develop public understanding, and support and appreciation for the service of the police.
4. Create broader understanding and sympathy with the problems and needs of the public.
5. Facilitate law enforcement and compliance.
6. Build public opinion in favor of the Police.
142
7. Achieve the Police purpose or preserving the peace, protection of life and property, and
the prevention of crime.
What are the Types of Police Community Relations? The basic elements of police community
relation include the following:
These are communication activities utilizing the various forms of media. These geared
towards creating consciousness and awareness among target audience on facts and issues vital
to the development of an efficient, respected, and supported police force. The two major
components are:
1. Community Information - these are activities utilizing the various forms of media
directed towards the public at large. These are designed to increase the public’s
consciousness and knowledge of facts and issues for purpose of enhancing law
enforcement, counter insurgency and crime prevention efforts, increasing crime solution
efficiency to include weakening of the will of the criminal elements and insurgents and
enlightening other groups of individual critical to the government in general and the police
organization in particular.
2. Institutional Information - These are activities utilizing the various forms of Media
directed towards the public at large designed to generate trust, confidence and popular
support for the police organization or simply enhancing public perception and knowledge
about the police as an institution of the government.
These are activities outside law enforcement but which necessitates PNP support and or
participation. The end result ultimately contributes to better appreciation and an enhanced
support to the police organization in whole in part by the populace. The three major sub-
components are:
1. Community Assistance and Development – these are under taken upon the initiative
of the police unit or personnel for the purpose of enhancing life as a means of drawing
the support, appreciation and support of the public to wards the police organization.
Examples are:
a. Skills, Livelihood, and Cooperative Development.
b. Sports and Socio-Cultural development.
c. Medical, and Dental Outreach Services.
d. Tree Planting.
2. Community Inter-Relations - these are under taken upon the initiative of other
government agencies, non – governmental organization, and or individual citizens
whereby a police organization or personnel actively contributes time, money and or
143
service as a means of drawing the support, appreciation, and cooperation of the public
towards the police organization in whole in or part.
3. Community Organization and Mobilization - these are activities revolving around the
accreditation of existing groups or creation of new ones with the end in view of having
allies within various sectors in the community who could be tapped to assist in the
conduct of law services, community works and the like.
The two major components of the plan are Internal Reform and Gaining of
Institutional Support. Both aims to improve the image of the PNP and re-assure the general
public that they can depend on the police organization to be their protector and guardian in order
to hasten and facilitate community mobilization for anti-crime efforts.
1. Congress - Being the law making body, it is one of the vital governmental institutions that
can support the police organization. The police organization must muster enough support
from Congress so that laws needed to enhance its capabilities to safeguard peace and
order of the community and ensure public safety as well as laws on organizational
development and modernization maybe enacted.
2. Liaison Office
a. Organization Level Liaison: The Directorate for PCR. shall maintain a liaison office
with Congress whose main task is monitor, get the pulse, actively interact and
possibly influence lawmakers on matters affecting the police office. Since relationship
with this institution must be symbiotic then this office shall also be responsible in
giving general, special, technical assistance to Congress as pertains to the police
office.
b. Top Hierarchy Level Liaison: Top leadership of the command shall conduct regular
FACE to FACE dialogues with key members of the Congress as well as different
Congressional Committees handling police affairs in order to present for their
appreciation and support on matters affecting the police office.
c. Special Individual Liaison: Monitoring and Assessment of activities and special
activities of general liaison.
3. The Media - This is unquestionably most powerful instrument in forming public opinion.
Specific activities to be taken with respect to this institution include:
a. Development of guidelines on Media–Police relationship. This guideline shall form
the basis of the organization as well as of its individual personnel dealing with the
media.
b. Providing timely and accurate information through press releases, regular
conference, daily bulletins, and attendance to talk show and similar programs.
c. Giving the media reasonable accessibility to source of information in accordance with
the existing security regulations.
d. Improvement of rapport with media through non- law enforcement activities such as
sports, outing parties and the like.
e. Giving of special awards by the police office to deserving media personalities.
4. The Church - The opinion of church leaders carries much weight among the religious. It
need not underscore that a pastoral letter read through out the country carries great
impact.
a. Liaison with important church personalities.
b. Monitoring and assessment
c. Special activities
5. The Students and the School – one of the potent allies of the PNP when properly
exploited through:
a. Effective liaison with key school authorities
b. Monitoring and assessment
c. Involvement and support in different school activities such drug education program,
crime prevention program, immunization and vaccination program, organization of
Junior Police, and medical or dental outreach program in coordination with
Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Department of Education (DEPED, and
Department of Health (DOH).
144
1. On Internal Security - There shall be intensified information on evils of the ideology and
actual terrorist operations through regular issuance of press releases.
PUBLIC RELATION
This is a program designed to make the public aware of what the agency is doing, why is
it doing, and how it contributes to the welfare of the community.
1. Public Awareness Programs - familiarizing the public with the true nature of police
operations. This includes:
a. Mobile Vans - Variety of displays and exhibits of police equipment, which help to
explain to the public, what the police do and how they do it.
b. Displays and Exhibits - Set up in department stores, shopping centers, and other
public locations are popular ways in which the police can bring their messages to the
public.
c. Informative Materials - Distribution of pamphlets or brochures designed to explain
their services to the public.
d. Open House - Public tours of facility conducted during certain times of the year such
as police week, or law observance week.
e. Public Speakers - Providing speakers for various types of public gatherings such as
civic clubs, businessmen, associations and social groups.
f. Ride Along - Permits number of the community, to ride in a police car with an officer
and observed field operations.
2. Informational Programs - providing the public with information which is directly related
to the interest and needs of the community. This includes:
a. New Arrivals - Making some members of the community feel at home in their new
surroundings.
b. Traffic Advisory Reports - Coordinate with the media in announcing important
traffic matters such as road accidents, highway construction and traffic congestion.
c. Informational Bureaus - Information about such things as renewal of drivers
license, payments of utility bills, availability of legal services and other items.
d. Informational Brochures - Provide the public with booklets, pamphlets, and other
types of publications, which contain information of community interest.
3. Image Building Programs - promoting programs which are designated to create a more
favorable public image of the police. This can be achieved through:
a. Citizens awards
b. Police Color Guard
c. Police Citizens Luncheons
d. Operational Handshake
e. Recruit Visitation Programs
145
f. Community Events
g. Gifts Packages
1. To evaluate public opinion and attitudes with respect to the policies, methods, and
personnel of the police station.
2. To advice the police station commander with regard to the public relations aspects of new
or revised department programs, policies, procedures and activities.
3. To plan and to carry out programs aimed at keeping the public informed on police
activities
4. To provide staff supervision of all police activities that may influence public support.
Foundation of Public Relations - They are basically founded on the GOLDEN RULE: “Do not
do onto others what you do not want others unto you.” In addition, public relations are founded
on the following:
As individuals, police officers shall also develop personal relationship with the public
which is divided into the following categories:
1. Domestic Relations - This consist of a person’s dealing with his family, parents
and immediate relatives, with whom he has to have good relationship in order to develop
a respectable family prestige as well as cordial community relations.
2. Neighborhood Relations - This consist of a person’s dealing with neighbor who
constitute a vital link to good reputation in the community
3. Community Relations - This is made up of a person’s dealing with the citizens
of the community, city or town where a person likes. These also include his membership
or contributions to civil undertakings and his membership or contribution to the civic
organization or community associations in the locality.
4. Church Relation - This consists of a person’s dealing with religious affiliation
that is necessary for the stability of moral principles.
5. Government Relations - This is made up of the dealings, which a person has
with the government and its various instrumentalities. The recognition of government
authorities, its laws and ordinance, as well as other public responsibilities, are significant
phases of an individuals public relations.
In the practice of his profession, a police officer shall observe a professional conduct
which is divided into the following categories:
1. Inter-Departmental Relation - This is made up of the peace officers relations with the
officers and men of his own department, his supervisor, the station commander, as well
as the city/municipal mayor where he is assigned.
2. Citizen’s Relation - This includes all dealings or contact with the citizens in relations to
the enforcement of the law and the maintenance of peace and order, together with the
giving of information to the public on criminal and non-criminal activities.
3. Complainant Relations - This includes how officer deals with complainants, the
techniques of interview he uses, the manner of approach he adopts, and the treatment of
witnesses and informers.
4. Relations with Accused Persons - This covers the proper treatment of suspects,
the recognition of their constitutional rights during custodial investigation and the handling
of accused persons during confinement.
5. Relations with Prosecutor - This includes a police officer’s duty to cooperate during
preliminary investigations and the gathering of further pieces of evidence once the fiscal
files the case.
6. Judicial Relations - This consists of the peace officer’s duties toward the courts
when appearing as a witness and the honesty of his testimony.
146
GENERAL RULES ON OFFICIAL CONDUCT – All police officers shall adhere to the following in
the performance of their duties:
In PCR, the police is not actually dealing with a single community but rather to various
communities with distinct characteristics. These communities could be categorized into External
and Internal Communities.
Internal Communities
1. Personal Support Community - The officer’s support groups, both in the sense of family
system and close personal relationships, affect the officer’s perspective and
effectiveness. The officer has an impact on the support group as well. This relationship
may be one of the most critical in determining the officer’s ability to cope with the human
experience of being a cop. It may also determine to a large degree how the individual
officer will relate with other communities
147
2. Police Community - The police officer as a member of the police structure must also
be considered. It is this community that can determine whether police – community
relations outside the agency will be supported or undermined both as a matter of policy
and practice. The first positive relationship that must be formed effective community
relations in a larger sense is to be accomplished within the agency itself.
The police should be people oriented to recognize the divergence of people and yet
capable to working together with them of a common good. Being good is not enough. A police
officer must show it by the way he performs his job and by the state of discipline of every officer
and men in the police station or similar unit.
Police Character
The police program of growth includes the development of the essential attribution of all
its members. Every police thus:
The police build their reputation upon favorable community relationship and express by
community confidence and the continued constructive accomplishment is only possible when the
internal strength of the organization is assure.
When the members of the police organization show pride of belongingness to their
organization (or esprit de corps) consequently, their morale is high. It follows also that they
manifest genuine loyalty and noble faith in the policies and objective of their organization.
Exemplary Conduct
In the performance of his duty, a police officer looks no requirements. He should fairly
serve regardless of the personality of the person whom he deals with. Further, even the
seriousness of the problem should not be a factor whether to serve or not to serve. Sometimes, a
person with personal problems approaches police officers. And in dealing with personal
problems, it is imperative that matters of such of vital personal importance be approached with
understanding, compassion and magnanimity
Practicing courtesy involves much more than friendliness. To appreciate sincerity and
habitually performed acts of courtesy requires cultivation of appearance, voice, manner,
intelligence humor, temperament and unselfishness that are easily appreciated by the people. All
of these factors co-mingle in the production of a gentleman in principle and in conduct.
Compassionate but firm and earnestly interested without being over solicitous.
Numerous contacts with anti-social persons are likely to cause the policeman to assume
an attitude of veneer hardness. They often entertain erroneous belief that courteous treatment of
law violators is an indication of weakness, cringing or servilely.
Police Leadership
Paternalism
Fairness and honesty are qualities that have universal appeals. Preponderance of
community criticism against police authority is occasioned by reason or partiality and unfairness
in exercising police function. Impartial application of laws and regulations, fairness and honesty in
exercising the police authority are powerful force in insuring community respect for Police service.
Decisiveness
Initiative and decisiveness are characteristics traits of man who acts correctly and at the
proper time. The ability to act decisively and correctly is a manifestation or thorough preparation
and interest in the appreciation of the task at hand. The policeman’s knowledge, mental alertness
and judgment all enter in the development of this very desirable trait.
Personal Dignity
The community assumes that policemen are physically courage, yet true courage is not
thoroughly understood by most citizens. It is a common misapprehension to consider reckless
disregard of danger as a manifestation or courage and bravery.
Moral Ascendancy
Moral ascendancy is the influence that one-person exercise over a group of persons by
reason of exemplary nature of his character. It arises out of withstanding the hardship and
difficulty of the work, sincerity of purpose that manifest in willingness to personally adhere without
equivocation, and to the same standards of conduct that he is duty bound to enforce upon other.
The public has the right to demand the same guarantees in the manner of its safety as all
exacts for the protection of public health. The public is concerned with emergency situations that
require immediate attention and effective treatment. Police service if it is to be of any value must
be dependable.
A police officer’s personal appearance speaks well of his department. To ensure positive
opinion to his department or organization, he should observe the following:
He shall be properly attired and equipped whenever he appears before the
public.
He carries with him only the prescribed regulation weapons and other related
items.
He shall dress moderately and of good taste if and when they must wear civilian
clothes.
He must maintain good posture and grooming.
He must see to it that his uniform is clean and properly maintained.
A satisfactory uniform, comfortable for the officer and pleasant to the eye is important.
Attractive snappy uniforms influence the moral of the policeman as well as the “Esprit de Corps”
of the entire police force.
Periodic Inspection
These factors of personal appearance and their effect on the community justify among
others, the periodic inspections of the force. Attention should be given in such inspections not
only to hearing, address and equipment, but also on the aspect of personal cleanliness just
mentioned.
The attitude of police officer is quite important as his physical condition and appearance
because it determines his conduct and reaction to the community. His attitude is reflected in his
facial expression, voice, word used and actions. Therefore:
He must be friendly and show willingness to serve.
He must not forget that he is a Public servant, appointed for the role purpose of
serving the community.
150
Although these items may seem of little consequence, and perhaps in more fundamental
analysis may be relatively unimportant but most policemen are judged by their language and
conversation.
The personal habits of the individual police officer strongly influence the attitude of the
community towards the police. Thus:
He should avoid restless habits such as tapping his finger or feet, whittling or other
evidence of nervousness.
He should not permit himself to develop such unpleasant personal habits such as,
hawking and spitting, smoking while on duty in public place.
He should not smoke when speaking to a citizen. Smoking habits that are offensive
to the public should not be permitted whether on the street or headquarters.
Policemen at Station/Headquarters
The police station/headquarter should not only maintain a high standard of efficiency, but
it should give an appearance of efficiency. This is created by a business like attitude and conduct
on the part of the policemen. Thus, the policemen must avoid the following attitude:
Policeman should not roughhouse among themselves in public view.
They should restrict their activities to the assembly room or those sections of the
station reserved for their rest of reaction. Otherwise the public may conclude that
they are lofting while on duty.
He shall not in the station/office or elsewhere while on duty, drink any intoxicating
liquor or take prohibited drugs or report to duty under the Influence of liquor or
prohibited drugs; or habitual drunkard to the prejudice of his duty.
Police should not indulge in loud, boisterous talk that can be heard by the public.
They should avoid an appearance of idleness and create an impression of business
like efficiency.
Telephone to the police station/office is very important since a person’s life, property and
liberty may be at state because the telephone operator is the first contact with the police
department, it is important that the conversation is pleasant and satisfactory as possible.
It is important too, that the police operator gives attention to his manner of speaking over
the telephone. His greeting should be crisp and business like, to manifest alertness and
willingness to serve, rather than show indifference.
Clear Enunciation/Diction
A policeman should meet the following criteria for efficient telephone conversation:
Policeman should speak with deliberate care and clearances into the transmitted.
Policeman should have a good diction and expression of courtesy.
HISTORICAL SETTING
MOSES
One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with format, can also be found in
the Holy Bible Numbers 13:17
“And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan and said unto them, get you up this
way southward, and go up into the mountain; and see the lands, what it is; and the people
that dwell therein, whether they are strong or weak, few or many; and what the land they
dwelt in, whether in tents, or in strongholds; and what land is; whether it be fat or lean,
whether there be wood therein, or not. And be of good courage and bring of the fruit of the
land.” The scriptures also named the twelve intelligence agents whom the Lord directed
Moses to sent into the land of Canaan and records that “all those men were heads of the
children of Israel.”
RAHAB
The Harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21)” who sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel,
made a covenant with the agents and duped their pursuers. She was not only an impromptu
confederate of immense value for the Jewish leader of that far distant day, but also established a
plot-pattern which is still of periodic relief to motion picture producers.
DELILAH
The Philistine used her when she allowed Philistine spies to hide in her house (Judges
16). Delilah was an impromptu intelligence agent. Apart from her tonsorial specialty, she
also allowed sex to gain intelligence from a powerful enemy. She achieved the largest
effective force of her employer’s adversaries and contriving the stroke which put that
force out of action”.
Sun –Tzu
“Know thy enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles”
“If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who will meet defeat in
every battle.”
When Alexander the Great was marching to Asia, were rumors of disaffection growing
among his allies and mercenaries, he sought the truth, and got it by simplest expedient by
devising the first “letter sorting” and opening to obtain information.
Sertorius
He was the Roman Commander in Spain who possessed a White Fawn and allowed it to
become widely known - that he derived secrets and guidance from the fawn. His intelligence
agents credited their information to the supernatural power of animals.
Akbar
He was known to be the sagacious master of the Hindustan. He employed more than
4,000 agents for the sole purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon it.
Genghis Khan
153
He was known “The Great Mongol”, who used intelligence to conquer China and invade
Cathay. He instructed his Generals to send out spies and used prisoners as sources of
information. The leader of the so-called MONGOL CONQUERORS - made use of effective
propaganda machine by spreading rumors of Mongol Terror, they collected information on
weaknesses and rivalries of Europe. The leaders usually disguised as merchants.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
With the rise of Nationalism and development of modern armies, intelligence became
apparent to large states. In England, Sir Francis Walsingham, under Queen Elizabeth,
organized the first National Intelligence Service. He employed spies on the staff of the Admiral in
Command of the Spanish Army and able to obtain information regarding Spanish Army as to their
ships, equipment, forces and stores. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless assassins.
In France, Richlieu – introduced the network of covert collectors who transmitted prompt and
accurate information to Paris regarding the activities of the rebels and dissidents of the kingdom.
Louis XIV – systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal censorship and military
intelligence organization were his contributions.
Napoleon Bonaparte once said, “One Spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men in the
field”. He organized two Bureaus of Interest: Bureau of Intelligence – which consolidate all
incoming information regarding the enemy for presentation to the emperor and to obtain
information as desired, and Topographic Bureau – which maintains a large map which covers the
latest information regarding both enemy and friendly forces. He maintained Military Intelligence
and Secret Political Police Service all over Europe. His main arm was “Spy against spy” concept.
He was known as the “Father of Organized Military Espionage”. He has divided his
agents into four classes:
Common spies – those recruited among poor folk, glad to earn a small sum or to
accommodate as military officer.
Double spies – are unreliable renegades, chiefly involved in spreading false information
to the enemy.
Spies of Consequences – couriers and noblemen, staff officers, and kindred conspirators,
requiring a substantial bribe or bait,
Persons who were forced to undertake espionage against their own will.
Hannibal
He was considered one of the brilliant military strategists in the history of military
intelligence. He had developed an effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome. He usually
roam around the city often disguise himself as a beggar to gather first hand information.
George Washington
Conspirator under oath abounds in the history of every nation. George Washington was
grand master in intelligence. He mobilized the Free Masons of the colonies at the outbreak of the
American war of Independence.
Karl Schulmeister
Karl Schulmeister was Napoleon’s eye, Napoleon’s military secret, born on August 5,
1770. He began his career in offensive espionage under a cover role. He was able to infiltrate the
Austrian General Staff.
Wilhelm Stieber
Alfred Redl
He was one of the most brilliant intelligent agents. Though a homosexual, he became
Chief of the Austro – Hungarian Secret Service. He became a double agent of Russia. In 1913,
his treason was discovered and he was forced to commit suicide. His treason also led to the
death of almost 500,000 agents and soldiers combined in his 13 years espionage episode.
He was the organizer of the OSS, builder of a central intelligence system - OSS whose
exploits become legendary in World War II.
Battle of Midway
In June 1442, the turning point of the Naval in the Pacific, the victory gained by the
Americans was due to the disrupted messages from the Imperial Japanese Navy.
April 1943, He was the crypto analyst of the U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence
intercepted a top-secret signal relaying the travel of the Admiral. En route, he was intercepted and
crashed in the Jungles of Baungainville.
State Informer
Edward I, King of England in 1725 organized a systematic police system so called Witch
and Ward. By Royal proclamation, the profession “State Informer “was created in 1734 enjoining
all informers to expose criminal activities and be compensated.
Fouche of France
A Frenchman born in 1759, rose to become the most feared and respected intelligence
director in French history. He created a network of agent. His assistance founded the modern
system of spying on spies, which later was known as counter espionage.
Joseph Petrosino
He was member of the New York Police Department in early 1900, he was the head of
the Italian Squad. Through extensive intelligence network, he was credited to smash and
neutralization of the Black Society.
First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice and
became what is known as the F.B.I. under its first director John Edgar Hoover in 1924. On
September 6, 1939 by a presidential directive, it came to its responsibility the task of a domestic
intelligence.
The agency was created under the US National Security Act of 1947. It was the Central
Intelligence group established during the time of President Truman in January 1946. The CIA was
under the National Security Council.
It was established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 which signaled the beginning of a colorful
legendary police force and considered one of the most efficient in the world today.
155
Intelligence Defined
According to Military Terminologies - Intelligence is the end product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information which my
have immediate or potential significance to the development and execution of plans, policies and
programs of the users.
According to Police Parlance - The end product resulting from the collection, evaluation,
analysis, integration and interpretation of al available information regarding the activities of
criminal and other law violators for the purpose of affecting criminals and other law violators for
the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit crime.
Today all counties have their intelligence services. They maybe different in their
organization, efficiency and method but they all have the basic functions such as:
Principles of Intelligence
Criteria
Doctrines
a. There exists an essential unity between knowledge and action; that knowledge enhances
the effectiveness of action – and minimizes the chances of error.
b. “The knowledge requirements of decision-making are complex and beyond the capacities
of anyone necessary to meet there requirements.”
Principles
needs of the decision; it is both giver and taker. Action or decision is planned by knowledge
and guided by it at every step.
Interdependence - Intelligence is artificially subdivided into component elements to
insure complete coverage, eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or manageable
sizes. Nevertheless, each subdivision remains as essential part of unity; contributes
proportionately to the end result; possesses a precise interrelationship; and interacts with
each other so as to achieve a balanced and harmonious whole.
1. Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes and
the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the maintenance of
peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the protection
of lives and properties.
Forms of Intelligence
3. Armed Force Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the nation. It includes the
position of the armed forces, the constitutional and legal basis of its creation and actual
role, the organizational structure and territorial disposition, and the military manpower
recruitment and Order of Battle
4. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the progress of research and development as it
affects the economic and military potential of a nation.
KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE
People - living condition of the people, sources of income, education of the people,
government livelihood projects, extent of enemy influence to the people
Weather – visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation (rain), wind
Enemy - location of the enemy, strength of the enemy, disposition, tactical capability,
enemy vulnerability
Terrain - relief and drainage system, vegetation, surface material, man made features.
There are military aspects of terrain which includes cover and concealment, obstacle,
critical key terrain features, observation and fields of fire, and avenues of approach.
C. Counter Intelligence (CI) - this kind of intelligence covers the activity devoted in
destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against
espionage, subversion and sabotage. Hence, the three activities of CI are: protection of
information against espionage; protection of personnel against subversion; and protection of
installations and material against sabotage.
Security Intelligence – means that the total sum of efforts to counsel the national
policies, diplomatic decisions, military data, and any other information of a secret nature affecting
the security of the nation form unauthorized persons. It is an effort to deny information to
unauthorized persons by restricting to those who are explicitly authorized to possess it.
1. Counter Human Intel (HUMINT) – seeks to overcome enemy attempts to use human
sources to collect information or to conduct sabotage and subversion which includes CI
special operations, liaison, counter security, and CI screening.
2. Counter Imagery Intel (IMINT) - includes action taken to determine enemy SIGINT and
related enemy weaknesses, capabilities and activities. These actions include surveillance
radar, photo thermal and infrared systems. Successful counter – IMINT operations rely
heavily on pattern and movement analysis and evaluation of the enemy.
3. Counter Signal Intel (SIGINT) – determine enemy SIGINT and related enemy
weaknesses, capabilities and activities, assess friendly operations to identify patterns,
profiles and develop, recommend and analyze counter measures.
The single most important part of intelligence activity is the understanding the intelligence
cycle because MISSION, which is the core of the cycle, serves as the foundation of all
intelligence operations. Every operative must therefore place into mind the following phases of
the cycle:
PHASE 1
COLLECTION OF
INFORMATION
PHASE 4 MISSION
PHASE 3
PROCESSING THE
COLLECTED INFORMATION
This phase of the cycle involve the determination of the requirements of intelligence. It is
concerned with identifying the so called Essential Element of Information (EEI) - an item of
intelligence or information of the characteristics of the area of operations and the enemy, which
the commander feels he needs before he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.
With this, the intelligence officer must have a thorough knowledge of the available
sources of information, the collecting agencies and type of info the latter can provide. He must
understand the operations of the command in order to provide the particular Intel required for
159
success. He must have a thorough knowledge of the tactics, organizations, and characteristics of
the enemy and be especially competent in the fields of acquisition of operations.
In relation to use
In relation to type
a. Basic – are general reference materials for use in the planning regarding the
enemies, area of operations, capabilities – static comprehensive.
b. Current – are information which are temporary in nature and narrower in scope.
c. Estimative – are those that determine the future courses of action; required by the
executives to plan future military operations and policies.
This phase of the cycle is concerned with identification of the collecting agency, the
formulation of procedures on the manner of collecting the information in conjunction with the
plans as achieved in phase one.
In choosing collection agents, they must be selected according to their capability – agents
placements or access to the target; multiplicity – more agents; and balance – the number of
agents needed per operation.
Methods of Collection – collection of information can be done through overt method (open
system) or covert method (secret/clandestine).
Collecting Agencies – depending on the type of operation, the collecting agency could be
Government Agencies, Intelligence units, or Organizations
This phase of the cycle is concerned with the examination and collation of all collected
information.
Recording – is the reduction of info into writing or some other form of graphical
representation and the arranging or this info into writing or some form of graphical
representation and the arranging of this into groups of related items.
Police log book and Journal
Intel-work Sheet - Intel Files
Situation Maps - Rouges Gallery
Modus Operandi Files
judged
Analysis – shifting and isolating those elements that have significance in light of the
mission or national objective.
Integration – combining the elements isolated in analysis and known information to form
a logical picture or theory.
Deduction – the formulation of conclusions from the theory developed, tested and
considered valid – determination of effort and meaning of the information.
This phase of the cycle refers to the activities of transferring the processed information to
the proper users, most particularly the authority that requires the activity. Processed information
can be disseminated through annexes, estimates, briefing, message, reports, overlays, and or
summaries.
Methods of Dissemination
Information
Information refers to all evaluated materials of every description including those derived
from observation, reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources from which intelligence in
produced. Information is a communicated knowledge by others obtaining by personal study,
investigation, research, analysis, observation.
1. Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are coming from open sources.
2. Close Sources – 1% of information are collected from close sources.
Overt Intelligence – is the gathering of information or documents procured openly without regard
as to whether the subject or target become knowledgeable of the purpose
Covert Intelligence – is the secret procurement of information, which is obtained without the
knowledge of the person or persons safeguarding vital intelligence interest.
Informant Net – It is a controlled group of people who worked through the direction of
the agent handler. The informants, principal or cutouts supply the agent handler directly or
indirectly with Intel information
Types of Informants
1. Criminal Informant – an informant who give information to the police pertaining to the
underworld about organized criminals with the understanding that his identity will be
protected
2. Confidential Informant – is similar to the former but he gives information violate of the
law to includes crimes and criminals
3. Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who give information freely and willfully as a
witness to a certain act
4. Special Informant – those who gives information concerning specialized cases only and
it is regarded a special treatment by the operatives (ex. teachers, businessmen)
5. Anonymous Informant – those who gives information through telephone with the hope
that the informant can not be identified
Sub-type of Informant
Other terms related to people who gives information are Automatic Informant,
Penetrating Agent , Infiltrating Agent , Full time Informant , Rival – Elimination Informant, False
Informant, Frightened Informant, Self- aggrandizing Informant, Mercenary Informant , Double
Crosser Informant , Woman Informant , Legitimate Informant.
People give information to the police due to various reasons. Their motives include
reward, revenge, fear and avoidance of punishment, friendship, patriotism, vanity, civic-
mindedness, repentance, competition, and other motives.
163
INFROMANT RECRUITMENT
Phases
3. Approach – approach must be done in a setting from which might include pleasant
surroundings, perhaps a confidential apartment, completely free form any probability of
compromise, preferably in an adjacent city or a remote area foreign to the informants
living pattern.
4. Testing – the testing program should begin, of course, with the limited assignment,
with a gradual integration into the more important areas. The occasional testing of an
informant should continue through the entire affiliation
INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
Cover - the means by which an individual group of organization conceals the true nature
of its acts and or existence from the observer.
Cover story – a biographical data through fictional that will portray the personality of the
agent he assumed, a scenario to cover up the operation
Cover Support – an agent assigned in target areas with the primary mission of
supporting the cover story.
Types of Cover
AGENT CONTROL
CONTROL – authority to direct the agent to carryout task or requirement on behalf of the
clandestine organization in an acceptable manner and security
Surveillance
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
According to Methods
Ordinarily, the methods are surveillance of place, tailing or shadowing (1-2-3 man
shadow), undercover investigation, special methods includes: wire tapping - concealed
microphones - tape recorder -television - electric gadgets
In the actual process of operation, the agent is advised to be of general appearance, has
no noticeable peculiarities in appearance. Agent should not wear inconspicuous jewelry or
clothing, nothing about him to attract attention. He must have perseverance and able to wait for
hours. Alertness, resourcefulness, and being versatile and quick-witted are his weapons.
Study the Subject – name, address, description, family and relatives, associates,
character and temperament, vice, hobbies, education, others
Knowledge of the area and terrain – maps, national and religious backgrounds,
transportation, public utilities
Subversive Organization - history and background, biography of the official, identity and
background of members and former members, method of identification employed by the
members, files and records, nature, location and accessibility, meeting
Cover Story – the scenario must be appropriate to cover up operation and avoidance of
identification of mission.
CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE
Casing is the term use in the police organization while reconnaissance is used in military
terms. Casing or reconnaissance is the surveillance of a building place or area to determine its
suitability for Intel use or its vulnerability in operations. It aids in the planning of an operation by
providing needed information. It assists the agent handler to install confidence in his agent during
briefing phase by being able to speak knowingly about the area of operation. Casing is also
considered a security measure because it offers some degree of protection for those operating in
an area unfamiliar to them.
Method of Casing
ELICITATION
167
Types of Approach
Variants:
b. Teacher – Pupil Approach – the subject is treated as an authority then solicit his view
point and opinion on a subject matter.
c. Kindred Soul Approach – the subject is placed in a pedestal having some
specialized quality then flatter him/her by showing enough concern for his/her
welfare to pay special attention to his enjoyment
d. Good Samaritan Approach – is the sincere and valid offers of help and assistance
are made to the subject
e. Partial – disagreement Approach – seek to produce talking by the word “I’m sure if I
fully agree”.
Variants:
a. Teaser Bait Approach – the elicitor accumulates the sources of knowledge about a
particular subject to tempt the subject to give his/her views.
b. Manhattan from Missouri Approach – the elicitor adopts an unbelievable attitude
above anything. He questions all statements and oppositions.
c. Joe Blow Approach – is “I” know the answer to everything” approach. The elicitor
adopts the attitude of being approachable of any field.
d. National Pride Approach – nature propensity of al persons to defend their country
and its policies.
Types to Probe
1. Competition Probe – this is effective when used in connection with the teacher pupil
approach
2. Clarity Probe – used to elicit additional information in an area which the response is clear
3. High Pressure Probe – it serves to point out contradictions in what the subject has said
4. Hypothetical Probe – presents a hypothetical situation and to get he subject to react to
the hypothetical situations
Purposes of Elicitation
Identification Methods
3. Fingerprint method
1. Learns the meaning of the numerous words used in describing the various features of the
persons.
2. Study and practice the description of the features, such as the eyes, hair or the nose as
hey appear on several different persons.
3. Learning a definite order of proceeding from one picture to another
1. Close observation of the person and accurate recording of the terms describing the
features
2. Information describing through interviews of witnesses
3. Examination of observation of photographs and sketches
4. Examination of records
Information needed:
1. Domestic Background
2. Personal Habit
3. Business History
4. Social or Business Associates
5. Medical History
6. Educational Background
7. Family History
TACTICAL INTERROGATION
The need for obtaining information of the highest degree of credibility taken on the
minimum of time can be through interrogation which varies and dependent entirely on the
situation. In tactical interrogation, familiarization of the following is necessary:
INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES:
Techniques of Approach – the purpose is to gain the cooperation of the source and
induce him to answer questions which will follows.
1. The “Open Techniques” – the interrogator is open and direct in his approach and
makes no attempts to conceal the purpose of the interrogator. It is best employed when
the interrogee is cooperative. It is frequently used at the tactical level where time is a
major interrogator.
169
2. The “Common Interest” Technique – the interrogator must exert effort to impress
the interrogee of their common interest. The interrogator must look for he point out the
real advantages the interrogee will receive if he cooperates
3. Record File (we know all technique) – the interrogator prepare a file on the source
listing all known information (record should be padded to make it appear to be very
extensive). The information must contain the life history of he interrogee to include his
activities and known associates (Party- bio-data of the interrogee is important). The “we
know all” s used in conjunction with the record file. During the approach, the interrogator
may ask the interrogee about a subject, if he refuses to cooperate, the interrogator may
provide the answer in order to impress him that the interrogator knows him very well (all
is known).
4. Exasperation – Techniques (Harassment) – effectively employed against hostile type
interrogee. The interrogator must be alert because the interrogee may fabricate
information to gain relief from irritation (monotype). Subject Interrogee is placed in a
longer period of interrogation without rest or sleep. The interrogator permits the source to
go to sleep and subsequently awaken for another series of questioning (this is done
repeatedly). After many repetitions, the interrogee will be exasperated and will finally
cooperate hoping that he can be allowed to rest or sleep. Ask a question, listen to a reply
and then ask the same question repeatedly (use a tape recorder if possible). The
purpose is to bore the interrogee thoroughly until he begins to answer questions freely to
end the harassment.
5. Opposite Personality Technique – also known as “Mutt and Jeff”, “Threat and
Rescue”, “Bud Guy – God Guy’, “Sweet and Sour”, “Sugar and Vinegar”, “Devil and
Angel”. Use of two (2) interrogators playing opposite roles.
6. Egotist Techniques (Pride and Ego) – usually successful when employed against
an interrogee who has displayed a weakness or a feeling of insecurity. You may reverse
the technique by complimenting the interrogee in hopes of getting him to admit certain
information to gain credit. Described him as the best person, superior or comrade.
7. “Silent” Technique – employed against nervous or the confident type of interrogee.
Look out the interrogee squarely in the eye with sarcastic smile (force him to break eye
contact first). He may ask questions but the interrogator must not answer. Patience is
needed until the interrogator is ready to break silence.
8. “Question Barrage” Technique (Rapid Fire Questioning) – intended to confuse
the interrogee and put him into a defensive position. The interrogee become frustrated
and confused, he will likely reveal more than he intended, thus creating opening for
further questioning.
National Interest - Each nation, regardless of creed or form, has their national interest to
protect and to advance. For national interests, people would willingly go to war to succeed of
perish. What then is national interest? National interest has been defined in many ways. But
for our purposes, we take the context of national interest to mean the general and continuing end
for which a nation acts. The term “national interest” is used to refer to the general concept of
national security and well-being. National are what the decision-making body in government
determines which beliefs, matters or dictates of conscience are important to the maintenance of
the nation. To secure or support national interest, certain objectives may be set by a nation.
And what are the Philippines national interests? Invariably, our national interest
includes self-preservation, freedom and independence, territorial integrity, political stability, and
socio-economic welfare. National Principles and Polices - From our national interests, national
principles and polices are derived. These are:
National Strategy - In furtherance of our national principles and polices, the leaders of
our nation are then able to formulate our strategy.
National Power - How may a nation measures ones power? The elements of national
power are numerical strengths and character of population, cultural development and character of
170
government, geographical location, resources, economic development and military potential. The
degree to which a nation is strong or deficient in these elements is normally a measure of its
national power.
The components of National Power are: Political Strength, Economic Strength, Cultural
Strength, and Military Strength. Political strength stems from the character of the people and
from the type and stability of the government and the soundness of its foreign policy. Economic
strength stems from a combination of factor such as geographic location, climatic conditions,
supply of natural resources, industrial capacity, internal and external communication systems,
international trade, and the size, health and technical competence of the population. Cultural
strength stems from the national unity, the social and moral fiber of the people and the things
they believe in, and from the nature and vigor of national institutions-political, social, religious,
educational, scientific and cultural. Military strength is the ability of a nation to exert pressure by
armed force in furtherance of national policy. It consists of the strength of all the armed forces in
combination with other elements of national power, depending heavily on natural resources,
economic strength, a broad base of war industries and a vigorous population, military strength is
influenced by the number and quality of the nation’s military, economic, and political alliances.
CONCEPT OF SECURITY
Security is a state or condition of being secured; there is freedom from fear, harm,
danger, loss, destruction or damages. Basically, it was the action of man against man that led to
many unsecured and unsafe conditions. Reasons could be economic, revenge, or just plain greed
and avarice. Whatever the motives, the civilized man needs adequate protection.
Since security in general is very hard to comprehend, it can be divided into three major
areas:
1. Physical Security - this concern with the physical measures adopted to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard
them against espionage, sabotage, damage, loss and theft.
2. Personnel Security- this is as important as physical security. Personnel security starts
even before the hiring of an employee and remains to be maintained for as long as the
person is employed. Its purpose is to insure that a firm hires those best suited to assist
the firm in achieving its goals and objectives and once hired assist in providing necessary
security to the work force while carrying out their functions.
3. Document and Information Security- this involves the protection of documents and
classified papers from loss, access by unauthorized persons, damage, theft and
compromise through disclosure. Classified documents need special handling. Lack of
indoctrination and orientation among the personal handling them can result in the
leakage, loss, theft and unauthorized disclosure of the documents.
Physical security, personnel security, and document security cannot exist independently-
they are mutually supporting. They are in many respects overlapping. Physical security is
correlated to the other two parts, interwoven and one is essential to the other.
The aspects of protective security can be seen with the application of the following:
3. Bank security - this type of security is concern with bank operations. Its main
objective is the protection of bank cash and assets, its personnel and clientele. Security
personnel are trained to safeguard bank and assets while in storage, in transit and during
transactions.
4. VIP Security - a type of security applied for the protection of top-ranking officials of
the government or private entity, visiting persons of illustrious standing and foreign
dignitaries.
5. School Security - a type of security that is concern with the protection of students,
faculty members, and school properties. Security personnel are trained to protect the
school property from theft, vandals, handling campus riots and detecting the use of
intoxicated drugs and alcohol by the students.
6. Supermarket or Mall Security - a type of security which is concern with the
protection of the stores, warehouses, storage, its immediate premises and properties as
well as the supermarket personnel and customers. Security personnel are trained to
detect “shoplifter”, robbery, and bomb detection and customer relation.
7. Other types – this include all other security matters not covered in the above
enumeration.
PHYSICAL SECURITY
Definition: Physical security measures are being used to define, protect, and monitor
property rights and assets. These measures consist of barriers and devices that would detect,
impede, and prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, material and document and to
safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.
Physical security may be also defined as the safeguarding by physical means, such as
guard, fire protection measures, of plans, policies, programs, personnel, property, utilities,
information, facilities and installation against compromise, trespass, sabotage, pilferage,
embezzlement, fraud, or other dishonest criminal act.
What is a Barrier?
Types of Barriers
3. Third line of defense- storage system like steel cabinets, safes, vaults and interior
files.
1. The type of access necessary will depend upon a number of variable factors and
therefore may be achieved in a number of ways.
2. There is no impenetrable barrier
3. Defense-in depth is barriers after barriers
4. Delay is provided against surreptitious and non-surreptitious entry.
5. Each installation is different.
A restricted area is any area in which personnel or vehicles are controlled for reasons of
security. Restricted area is established to provide security for installation or facilities and to
promote efficiency of security operations and economy in the use of security personnel.
Two types of restricted areas may be established to permit different degrees of security
within the same installation or facility, and to provide efficient bases for the application of different
degrees of access, circulation and protection. These restricted areas are termed Exclusion areas
and Limited areas. Exclusion Area- an exclusion area is a restricted area which contains a
security interest to TOP SECRET importance, and which requires the highest degree of
protection. Limited Area Control- a limited area is a restricted area in which a lesser degree of
control is required than in an exclusion area but which the security interest would be
compromised by uncontrolled movement.
a. Interior Area Control - Interior area control is generally affected in two ways. The first
method is the system which is initiated and terminated at the outer limits of the area
to determine the movements of a visitor within the area. A second somewhat less
means of accomplishing the same thing is time travel. This system provides for
checking the actual time used by the visitor against known time requirements for
what the visitor is to accomplish.
b. Visitor Identification and Movements Control - Processing and control of movements
of visitor shall be included in the PASS SYSTEM. The control of movements of visitor
will depend on the installation. A visitor register shall be maintained to include the
name of the visitor, date of visit, purpose of visit, which may be filed for the future
reference.
c. Key Control- A system of controlling keys shall be advised and regulations covering
the disposal, storage or withdrawals, shall be issued and imposed.
d. Fire Prevention- fire is so potentially destructive without human assistance, with
assistance it can be caused to devastate those things you are attempting to secure
and, professionally accomplished, often in a way that does not leave recognizable
evidence of sabotage.
It is the protection of the installation’s inner and the immediate vicinity. The main purpose
of perimeter barrier is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized person. Basically, it is the
first line of defense of an installation. This is maybe in the form of fences, building walls or even
bodies of water.
The function and location of the facility itself usually determine the perimeter of the
installation. If the facility is located in a city whereby the facility is located in a city whereby the
building or enterprise occupies all the area where it is located, the perimeter may be the walls of
the building itself. Most of the Industrial companies, however, are required to have a wide space
for warehousing, manufacturing etc.
Types of Perimeter Barrier
Types of Fences
173
Solid fence -constructed in such away that visual access through the fence is denied. Its
advantage is that it denies the opportunity for the intruder to become familiar with the personnel,
activities and the time scheduled of the movements of the guards in the installation. On the other
hand, it prevents the guards from observing the area around the installation and it creates
shadow that may be used by the intruder for cover and concealment.
Full-view fence - it is constructed in such away that visual access is permitted through
the fence. Its advantages are that it allows the roving patrols and stationary guard to keep the
surrounding are of the installation under observation. On the other hand, it allows the intruder to
become familiar with the movements and time schedule of the guard patrols thereby allowing him
to pick the time that is advantageous on his part.
As a standard, the distance between strands must not exceed 6 inches at least one wire
will be interlaced vertically and midway between posts.
3) Concertina wire fence
Standard concertina barbed wire is commercially manufactured wire coil of high
strength steel barbed wire clipped together at intervals to form a cylinder.
Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and 3 feet in diameter.
Gates and Doors - when not in use and controlled by guards, gates and doors in the
perimeter should be locked and frequently inspected by guards. Locks should be changed from
time to time and should be covered under protective locks and key control.
Side-walk-elevators - these provide access to areas within the perimeter barrier and
should be locked and guarded.
Utilities Opening - sewers, air intakes, exhaust tunnels and other utility openings which
penetrate the barrier and which have cross sectional areas of 96 square inches or more should
be protected by bars, grills, water filled traps or other structural means providing equivalent
protection to that portion of the perimeter barriers.
Clear Zones - an obstructed area or a “clear zone” should be maintained on both sides
of the perimeter barrier. A clear zone of 20 feet or more is desirable between the barriers and
exterior structures and natural covers that may provide concealment for assistance to a person
seeking unauthorized entry.
Top Guard - additional overhang of barbed wire placed on vertical perimeter fences
upward and outward with a 45 degree angle with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires spaced 6 inches
apart. This increases the protective height and prevents easy access.
Guard Control stations - this is normally provided at main perimeter entrances to
secure areas located out-of-doors, and manned by guards on full-time basis. Sentry station
should be near a perimeter for surveillance at the entrance.
Tower Guard - this is a house-like structure above the perimeter barriers. The higher the
tower, the more visibility it provides. It gives a psychological unswerving effect to violators. By and
large guard towers, whether permanent or temporary, must have a corresponding support force in
the event of need. Towers as well as guard control stations should have telephones, intercoms,
174
and if possible two-way radios connected to security headquarters or office to call for reserves in
the event of need.
Barrier Maintenance - fencing barriers and protective walls should always be regularly
inspected by security. Any sign or attempts to break in should be reported for investigation.
Destruction of fence or sections thereof should be repaired immediately and guard vigilance
should be increased.
Protection in Depth - in large open areas or ground where fencing or walling is
impractical and expensive, warning signs should be conspicuously placed. The depth itself is
protection reduction of access roads, and sufficient notices to warn intruders should be done. Use
of animals, as guards and intrusion device, can also be good as barriers.
Signs and notices - “Control signs” should be erected where necessary in the
management of unauthorized ingress to preclude accidental entry. Signs should be plainly visible
and legible from any approach and in an understood language or dialect.
The idea that lighting can provide improve protection for people and facilities is as old as
civilization. Protective lighting is the single most cost-effective deterrent to crime because it
creates a psychological deterrent to the intruders.
1. Continuous lighting - the most familiar type of outdoor security lighting, this is designed
to provide two specific results: glare projection or controlled lighting. It consists of a series
of fixed luminaries at range to flood a given area continuously during the hours of
darkness.
Listed below are the general lighting sources that are mostly used in providing indoor or
outdoor lighting.
1. Incandescent lamp - it is the least expensive in terms of energy consumed and has
the advantage of providing instant illumination when the switch is on.
2. Mercury vapor lamp - it is considered more efficient that the incandescent and used
widespread in exterior lighting. This emits a purplish-white color, caused by an electric
current passing through a tube of conducting and luminous gas.
3. Metal halide - it has similar physical appearance to mercury vapor but provides a
light source of higher luminous efficiency and better color rendition.
4. Fluorescent - this provides good color rendition, high lamp efficiency as well as long
life. However, it cannot project light over long distance and thus are not desirable as flood
type lights.
5. High-pressure sodium vapor - this has gained acceptance for exterior lighting of
parking areas, roadways, buildings and commercial interior installations. Constructed on
the same principle as mercury vapor lamps, they emit a golden white to light pink color
and this provide high lumen efficiency and relatively good color rendition.
Three types of lighting equipment are generally used or associated with security lighting.
These are:
175
Protective alarm is one of the important barriers in security. It assists the security in
detecting, impeding or deterring potential security threat in the installation. Basically, its function is
to alert the security personnel for any attempt of intrusion into a protected area, building or
compound. Once an intruder tampers the circuitry, the beam or radiated waves of the alarm
system, it will activate an alarm signal.
On the other hand, the use of communication equipment in the installation helps security
in upgrading its operational efficiency and effectiveness.
1. Central Station System - a type of alarm where the control station is located outside the
plant or installation. When the alarm is sounded or actuated by subscriber, the central
station notifies the police and other public safety agencies.
2. Proprietary system - centralized monitor of the proprietary alarm system is located in
the industrial firm itself with a duty operator. In case of alarm, the duty operator calls
whatever is the primary need; firefighters, police, an ambulance or a bomb disposal unit.
3. Local Alarm – This system consist of ringing up a visual or audible alarm near the object
to be protected. When an intruder tries to pry a window, the alarm thereat goes off.
4. Auxiliary alarm - company-owned alarm systems with a unit in the nearest police station
so that in case of need, direct call is possible. The company maintains the equipment and
lines both for the company and those in the police, fire and other emergency agencies by
special arrangement. Radio, landlines, or cell phones can avail of the auxiliary system.
Kinds of Alarms
1. Audio Detection Device - it will detect any sound caused by attempted force entry. A
supersonic microphone speaker sensor is installed in walls, ceilings and floors of the
protected area.
2. Vibration Detection Device - it will detect any vibration caused by attempted force
entry. A vibration sensitive sensor is attached to walls, ceilings or floors of the protected
area.
3. Metallic foil or wire - it will detect any action that moves the foil or wire. An
electrically charge strips of tinfoil or wire is used in the doors, windows or glass surfaces
of the protected area.
4. Laser Beam Alarm - a laser emitter floods a wall or fencing with a beam so that
when this beam is disturbed by a physical object, an alarm is activated.
5. Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device - an invisible/visible beam is emitted and
when this is disturbed or when an intruder breaks contact with the beam, it will activate
the alarm.
Lock is one of the most widely used physical security devices in the asset protection
program of an installation. It complements other physical safeguards of the installation against
any possible surreptitious entry. However, the owner of the installation or his security officer
needs to understand the weaknesses and strength of each type of lock including the door,
window or walls to be used to achieve maximum benefit from its application. This is because
highly skilled burglars more often concentrate on the lock and its surrounding mechanism in order
to make a forcible entry. It is for this obvious reasons that locks are considered as delaying
devices which can not really stop a determine intruder from destroying the lock just to launch an
attack. Hence, knowledge of the basic principles of locking systems will enable the installation
owner or the security officer to evaluate any lock and determine its quality and effectiveness in a
particular application.
What is a Lock?
Types of Locks
2. Padlock - a portable and detachable lock having a sliding hasp which passes through a
staple ring and is then made fasten or secured.
3. Combination lock - instead of using the key to align the tumblers, the combination
mechanism uses numbers, letters or other symbols as reference point which enables an
operator to align them manually.
4. Code-operated lock - a type of lock that can be opened by pressing a series of
numbered button in the proper sequence.
5. Electrical lock - a type of lock that can be opened and closed remotely by electrical
means.
6. Card-operated lock - a type of lock operated by a coded card.
Types of keys
1. Change key - a specific key, which operates the lock and has a particular combination of
cuts which match the arrangement of the tumblers in the lock.
2. Sub-master key - a key that will open all the lock within a particular area or grouping in a
given facility.
3. Master key - a special key capable of opening a series of lock.
4. Grand Master key - a key that will open everything in a system involving two or more
master key groups.
Key Control
Once an effective key control has been installed, positive control of all keys must be
gained and maintained. This can be accomplished only if it is established in conjunction with the
installation of new locking devices. The following methods can be used to maintain effective key
control;
1. Key cabinet- a well-constructed cabinet will have to be procured. The cabinet will
have to be of sufficient size to hold the original key to every lock in the system. It should
be secured at all times.
2. Key record- some administrative means must be set up to record code numbers and
indicates to whom keys to specific locks have been issued.
3. Inventories- periodic inventories will have to be made of all duplicate and original
keys in the hands of the employees whom they have been issued.
4. Audits- in addition to periodic inventory, an unannounced audit should be made of all
key control records and procedures by a member of management.
177
5. Daily report- a daily report should be made to the person responsible for key control
from the personnel department indicating all persons who have left or will be leaving the
company. In the event that a key has been issued, steps should be initiated to insure that
the key is recovered.
The final line of defense at any facility is in the high security storage where papers,
records, plans or cashable instrument, precious metals or other especially valuable assets are
protected. These security containers will be of a size and quantity, which the nature of the
business dictates.
In protecting [property, it is essential to recognize that protective containers are designed
to secure against burglary or fire. Each type of equipment has a specialized function and it will
depend on the owner of the facility which type ha is going to use.
1. Safe - a metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items in
an office or installation. Safe can be classified as either robbery or burglary resistance
depending upon the use and need.
Its weight must be at least 750 lbs. And should be anchored to a building structure.
Its body should at least one inch thick steel.
2. Vault - heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually a part of the
building structure used to keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable instruments.
Vaults are bigger than safe but smaller than a file room.
3. File room - a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but of bigger
size to accommodate limited people to work on the records inside.
In every installation, the use of protective barriers, security lighting, communication and
electronic hardware provides physical safeguards but these are insufficient to maximize the effort
of the guard force. A control point must be established for positive personnel identification and
check system. This is to insure that only those persons who have the right and authority will be
given the necessary access to the area.
The most practical and generally accepted system of personnel identification is the use of
identification cards badges or passes. Generally speaking, this system designates when and
where and how identification cards should be displayed, and to whom. This helps security
personnel eliminate the risk of allowing the access of unauthorized personnel within the
establishments.
1. Personal recognition
2. Artificial recognition- identification cards, passes, passwords, etc.
1. Single pass system - the badge or pass coded for authorization to enter specific
areas is issued to an employee who keeps it in his possession until his authorization is
terminates.
2. Pass exchange system - an exchange takes place at the entrance of each
controlled area. Upon leaving the personnel surrenders his badge or passes and retrieve
back his basic identification.
3. Multiple pass system - this provides an extra measure of security by requiring that
an exchange take place at the entrance of each restricted area.
178
Security should establish proper methods of establishing the authority for admission of
visitors as well as the limitation thereat. This security measure would depend on the sensibility of
the installation, but could include the following:
1. Visitor’s logbook – All visitors to any facility should be required to identify them
selves and should be given a visitor’s ID by the security. Visitor’s logbook should be filled
up with the named of visitors, nature and duration of visit.
2. Photograph - taking of photographs should also be considered. Extreme caution
must be exercised in areas where classified information is displayed to preclude
unauthorized taking of pictures of the installation. If a visitor has camera and it is
prohibited to take picture, said camera should be left in the care of security with
corresponding receipt.
3. Escort - If possible visitors should be escorted by the security to monitor their activity
within the establishment and guide them where to go.
4. Visitor entrances - separate access for visitors and employees of the establishment
should be provided.
5. Time- traveled - If there is a long delay or time lapse between the departure and
arrival, the visitors maybe required to show cause for the delay.
Every facility must establish a system for the control of package entering or leaving the
premises. However, desirable it might seem it is simply unrealistic to suppose that a blanket rule
forbidding packages either in or out would be workable. Such a rule would be damaging to the
employee morale and, in many cases, would actually work against the efficient operation in the
facility. Therefore, since the transporting of packages through the portals is a fact of life, they
must be dealt with in order to prevent theft and misappropriation of company properties. Thus;
1. No packages shall be authorized to be brought inside the industrial installation,
offices and work area without proper authority. This basic precept help reduce if not
eliminate pilferage, industrial espionage or sabotage.
2. Outgoing packages carried by personnel should be closely inspected and those in
vehicles should also be checked as many pilfered items are hidden in the surface of the
vehicles leaving the compound.
3. Any personnel/visitor entering the installation with a package should deposit the
same to the security and in return receives a numbered tag, which he/she will use in
claiming his/her package upon departing.
Vehicular traffic within the boundaries of any facility must be carefully controlled for safety
as well as to control the transporting of pilfered goods from the premises. Thus
1. Privately owned vehicle of personnel/visitor should be registered and are subject to
the identification and admittance procedure.
2. Vehicles should be subjected for search at the entrance and exit of the installation.
3. All visitors with vehicle should provide the security as to the complete details of their
duration of stay, person to be visited, and other information.
4. All vehicles of visitors should be given a sign/sticker to be placed on the windshield.
5. Traffic warning signs should be installed in all entrances in order to guide the visitors
in their destination as well to provide them with the necessary safety precautions while
they are inside the installation.
6. Security personnel must constantly supervise parking areas and make frequent spots
searches of vehicles found there.
At any physical barrier, a security system must posses the ability to distinguish among
authorized persons, unauthorized visitors, and other unauthorized persons. This is to assist the
security personnel protects sensitive are and information within the installation. Appropriate
warning signs should be posted at the building perimeter. Special restricted entry facilities to
public access should be provided. This will be dependent on the degree of security needed for
the protection of property, activity and other processes within the building. A clear-cut policy on
the access control should be disseminated to all personnel of the installation.
PERSONNEL SECURITY
179
Personnel Security includes all the security measures designed to prevent unsuitable
individuals or persons of doubtful loyalty to the government, from gaining access to classified
matter or to any security facility, and to prevent appointment, or retention as employees of such
individuals,
The Security “Chain”: Personnel Security is the “weakest link” in the security “chain”. This
weakness can best be minimized or eliminated by making init personnel security conscious
through good training program. Security depends upon the action of the individuals. The superior
must instruct his subordinates so that they will know exactly what security measures to take in
every instance, a safe will not lock itself. An individual must be properly instructed and must do
the locking.
Control of Personnel
Access to “restricted Areas” can be partially controlled by fences, gates and other
physical means, but the individual working in the area is the key to the bringing out of classified
matter to unauthorized personnel. Written information does not have the power of speech. Only
the individual has knowledge of this written information can pass it to an unauthorized personnel
if he unguardedly talks about information.
It is an inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion and loyalty of individual in order to
determine a person’s suitability to be given security clearance.
National Agency Check (NAC). – This is an investigation of an individual made upon the
basis of written information supplied by him in response to official inquiry, and by reference to
appropriate national agencies. It is simply a check of the files and record of national agencies.
The national agencies checked under this type of investigation are the following:
Local Agency Check (LAC) – This type of investigation consist of the first type plus
written inquiries sent to appropriate local government agencies, former employees, references
and schools listed by the person under investigation. The local agencies normally check besides
the past employment, schools and references are the following:
Background Investigation (BI) This is more comprehensive investigation than the NAC
or the NAC and LAC. A through and complete investigation of all or some of the circumstances or
aspects of a person’s life is conducted.
This type of personnel Security Investigation may either be a complete (CBI) or a partial
Background Investigation (PBI).
1. Loyalty – faithful allegiance to the country, government and its duly constituted authority.
2. Integrity- uprightness in character, soundness of moral principles, freedom from moral
delinquencies, ore more simply stated-honesty.
3. Discretion- the ability of tendency to act or decide with prudence; the habit of wise
judgment or simply stated- good judgment
4. Moral- distinctive identifying qualities which serve as an index to the essential or intrinsic
nature of a person; his outward manifestation, personal traits or moral habits.
5. Character- the sum of the traits that serves as an index of the essential intrinsic nature of
a person. It is the aggregate of distinctive mental and moral qualities that have been
impressed by nature, education and habit upon the individual.
6. Reputation- opinion or estimation in which one is generally held. It is what one reported
to be, whereas character is what a person is.
1. Revenge- a real or fancied wrong can create a hatred which will stop at nothing to obtain
revenge of the offender. Hatred wraps the sense of moral values until the hater will go to
any lengths, even betrayal of his country, to avenge himself on the person or class of
people hated.
2. Material Gain- some people are so avid for material gain that they will stop at nothing to
achieve this end.
3. Personal Prestige- this motivation applies to those whose main desire is for power-
power over others-to prove to the world what leaders they are. However, their desire for
power makes them especially vulnerable to subversion.
4. Friendship –through close attachment to another person, many people, otherwise of
high integrity, will do things inimical to their country’s interest.
5. Ideological Beliefs- If a person holds inimical to their country, they are of course
vulnerable to approach by subversive groups of agents.
The security guard force is the key element in the overall security system of a plant or
installation. Its basic mission is to protect all the property within the limits of the facility boundaries
and protect employees and other persons on the installation.
Sometimes called private security guard or watchman shall include any person who offers
or renders personal service to watch or secure either a residence or business establishment or
both for hire or compensation, and with a license to exercise profession.
It is a group of force selected men, trained or grouped into functional unit for the purpose
of protecting operational processes from those disruption which would impeded efficiency or halt
operation at a particular plant, facility, installation or special activity
The security force of any installation must be organized in accordance with the principles
of responsibility and authority. Each personnel must be assigned to a position that corresponds to
his experience, skills, training and knowledge. This is to carry out different functions efficiently
and effectively and thus insures smooth flow of the organization.
181
The office of the General Manager/Security Director is vested the authority and
responsibility of running the security force by authority of the President of the
Company/Corporation.
The General Manager/Security Director is directly responsible to the President of
the Company/Corporation in the operations and administration of the security
force/
He is the principal adviser to the president on matters involving security
operations, administration of the security force.
He is the overall head of both various staff departments and field units where he
may delegate corresponding authority commensurate to their assigned
responsibility.
He implements policies promulgated by the policy making body and executed by
the President.
He directs controls and supervises all offices and field units of the force in their
respective assigned tasks.
He performs other functions as directed by the President of the
Company/Corporation.
The Security Executive Director is the Assistant Manger of the Security Force
and takes the Operational and Administrative Management of the security force
in the absence of the GM/SD
He is directly responsible to the GM/SD
He performs other duties as directed by GM/SD
Personnel Strengths
Replacement
Discipline, Law and Order
Morale and Personnel Services
Personnel Procedures
Interior Management
Personnel Adviser
This office is principally concerned with budgeting, finance, reports control and program
review and analysis. Exercises supervision over the management engineering activities
182
of the company and the accounting office. Renders advice, assistance and guidance to
GM/SD on financial management. Specific duties and functions of the Finance Office are:
Accounting
Credit and collection
Bookkeeping
Billing
Payroll
Disbursing
This office assists the General Manger in inquiring into, and reports upon matters
pertaining to the performance of the different staff, units, towards the attainment
of corporate objectives. It also inquires on the state of discipline, efficiency and
economy of the company.
The Inspectorate Staff conducts inspections, investigations and submits reports
to the General Manager. In the performance of its duties and functions, the
General Manger is provided relevant information pertaining to meritorious
conduct and performance of a unit or individual.
This office is also tasked to conduct overt and covert inspections and
investigations and other related services.
He prepares and executes the security plan of his Detachment in relation to the
security requirements of the establishment being guarded.
He is responsible for the enforcement and implementation of Rules and
Regulations/Policies.
He receives instructions from the Security Manager and implements the same as
required
He has full operational and administrative control of all his units to include his
assistant and shift-in-charge/supervisor.
183
Detachment with more than twenty (20) security personnel assigned may be
provided with an Assistant Detachment Commander who will be the principal
assistant of the Detachment Commander.
12. Shift-in-Charge
The Security Guard (SG) on Duty/Post must always carry his license to practice
his profession, Xerox copy of the firearm’s license assigned to him, and his duty
detail order, authorizing him to carry his issued firearm within his area of
jurisdiction.
If the Security Guard is manning a fixed post especially entrance or exit points,
he must maintain a guard’s logbook and enters in the same logbook all
events/passages of VIP’s vehicles and inspections or visits of Security
Manager/Director of the Client/Firm.
Guards must observe and apply religiously the provisions of the Code of Ethics,
Code of Conduct, and the General Orders of the Security Guard when on post.
He may perform special task as may be directed by his shift supervisor, DC and
or ADC like control of visitors, inspections of bags of persons coming in and
going out of the establishment, vehicle cargoes, or prevents the intrusion of
unauthorized person in a particular area, etc.
5. He shall carry out his assigned duties as required by law to the best of his
ability and shall safeguard life and property of the establishment he is assigned to.
6. He shall wear his uniform, badge, patches and insignia properly as a symbol
of public trust and confidence as an honest and trustworthy security guard, watchman
and private detective.
7. He shall keep his allegiance first to the government he is assigned to serve
with loyalty and utmost dedication.
8. He shall diligently and progressively familiarize himself with the rules and
regulations lay down by his agency and those of the customers or clients.
9. He shall at all times be courteous, respectful and salute his superior officers,
government officials and officials of the establishment where he is assigned and the
company he is supposed to serve.
10. He shall report for duty always in proper uniform and neat in his appearance
11. He shall learn at heart and strictly observe the laws and regulations
governing the use of firearm.
Code of Conduct: The watchman should abide by the following code of conduct:
1. He shall carry with him at all times during his tour of duty his license identification
card and duty detail order with an authority to carry firearms.
2. He shall not use his license and privileges to the prejudice of the public, the client
or customer and his agency.
3. He shall not engage in any unnecessary conversation with anybody except in the
discharge of his work and shall at all times keep himself alert during his tour of duty.
4. He shall not read newspapers, magazines, books, etc., while actually performing
his duties.
5. He shall not drink any intoxicating liquor immediately before and during his tour
of duty.
6. He shall know the location of the alarm box near his post and sound the alarm in
case of fire or disorder.
7. He shall know how to operate any fire extinguishers at his post.
8. He shall know the location of the telephone and/or telephone number of the
police precincts as well as the telephone number of the fire stations in the locality.
9. He shall immediately notify the police in case of any sign of disorder, strike, riot
or any serious violations of the law.
10. He or his group or guards shall not participate or integrate any disorder, strike,
riot or any serious violations of the law.
11. He shall assist the police in the preservation and maintenance of peace and
order and in the protection of life, property/having in mind that the nature of his
responsibilities is similar to that of the latter.
12. He shall familiarize himself with the Private Security Agency Law (RA5487) as
amended, and the PNP SAGSD implementing rules and regulations.
13. When issued a pass he should not lend his pass to anybody.
14. He shall always in proper uniform and shall always carry with him his basic
requirements, and equipment such as writing notebook, ball pen, nightstick (baton)
and/or radio. He shall endeavor at all times to merit and be worthy of the trust and
confidence of the agency he represents and the client he serves.
1. To take charge of this post and all companies property in view and protect/preserve
the same with utmost diligence.
2. To walk during tour of duty in military manner, keeping always in the alert and
observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing.
3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.
4. To repeat all calls from post more distant from the guardhouse where I am station.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. T o receive, obey and pass out to the relieving guard all order from company officers
or officials, supervisors post in charge or shift leaders.
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty
8. To sound or call the alarm in case of fire or disorder
9. To call the superior officer in any case not covered by instructions.
10. To salute all company officials, superiors in the agency, ranking public officials and
commission officer of the AFP and officers of the PNP.
11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time of challenging to challenge all
persons on or near my post and to allow no one to pass or loiter without proper
authority.
185
Selection of Guards
Republic Act Number 5487 and its implementing rules and regulations prescribed the
minimum requirements for guards to be able to secure a license to exercise profession as a
security guard, private detective, security officer and security consultant.
a. Filipino Citizen
b. Physically and mentally fit
c. Good moral character
d. Must not posses any disqualification
General Disqualification
a. Dishonorably discharge from the service in the PNP/AFP or any private government
entities.
b. Physically or mentally unfit
c. Conviction of a crime
d. Addicted to drugs or alcohol dummy of a foreigner
e. Elective or appointive government official
In addition to the general qualification, a detective should posses any of the following:
1. BS Criminology Graduate
2. LL.B. holder
3. Graduate of a Criminal Investigation Course
4. Advance ROTC graduate
1. Alertness- A good guard must be alert in spotting violators. This can be attained by
being watchful, dedicated and diligence.
2. Judgment- sound and good judgment is more than the use of common sense. It is
the arriving at wise and timely decision.
3. Confidence- it is the state of being sure; a state of the mind free from doubt or
misgivings. This attribute includes faith in oneself and in his abilities, which is attained by
job knowledge. Thorough and proper training plus good supervision instills confidence.
4. Physical fitness- security work is strenuous and demanding. Physical conditioning is
essential if he is to be a dependable guard.
5. Tactfulness- ability of the guard to deal with others successfully without offending. In
short, he can be firm but pleasant.
6. Self-control- ability to take hold of oneself regardless of a provoking situation. With
self-control, the guard will do his work without being angry and the situation will be on
hand.
7. Interest, loyalty, responsible and trustworthy, is also important attributes of a
reliable guard.
1. License to Operate- before a Private Security Agency (PSA) can operate; it has to secure
a License to Operate (LTO) categorized as either temporary or regular. A temporary
license is issued by the PNP thru Civil Security Croup Directorate after the applicant
/licensee should have complied with all the requirements while it has less than two
hundred guards. A Regular license to operate is issued to the PSA once it is qualified of
having two hundred (200) or more license security guard in its employ duly posted.
Regular license is renewable every two (2) years.
2. Security Guard License- before a security guard can practice his profession; he shall
possess valid security license. The use of expired license is not allowed. In case of doubt,
licenses may be verified at the PNP SAGSD whether valid or fake.
3. Firearm’s license- all firearms of the security agency should be covered with firearms
license issued by the PNP through its Firearms Explosive Division under the Civil
Security Group, renewable every two years. No duplication of two or more firearms with
the same make and serial number shall be covered by one license.
Firearms and Weapons Authorized for Used of the Security Guard While on Duty
1. Handguns/Low-powered (cal. 22 and cal.38) not exceeding one FA for every two
guards employed.
2. Shotguns (not bigger than 12 gauge)
3. High-powered- when the agency is operating in areas where there is upsurge of
lawlessness and criminality as determined by the Chief PNP.
2. Color of Uniforms
Private Security Agency- navy blue (upper and lower)
Company Security Forces- light blue/light gray for upper and navy blue for lower
Government Security Forces- white for upper and navy blue for lower
The leakage of document and information cost government, business and industry alike,
billion of pesos. A rival company or an enemy agent might use an illegally obtain document and
information for their own advantage. For this reason, a comprehensive and information security
program is very essential to the installation in order to focus freely on the attainment of its goals
and objectives.
Security of documents and information is based on the premise that the government has
the right and duty to protect official papers from unwarranted and indiscriminate disclosure. In
answer to this problem, Malacanang, Manila dated August 14, 1964 entitled “Promulgating rules
governing security of classified matters in Government Officers” was promulgated in order to
safeguard our secrets as secrets.
There are various laws likewise effecting security of officials papers of the government,
namely, appropriate articles of the Revised Penal Code as amended and commonwealth Act 616
as amended. Any violations of the provisions of Memorandum Circular No. 78 shall be dealt
administrative proceedings without prejudice to offense under provisions soft the cited penal
statutes. The unauthorized publication of any classified information shall be deemed a violation of
Memorandum Circular No. 78 by the parties responsible thereof.
Standard Rules
The authority and responsibility for the preparation and classification of classified matter
rest exclusively with the originating office.
Classified matter should be classified according to their content and not to the file in
which they are held or of another document to which they refer, except radiograms or telegrams
referring to previously classified radiograms or telegram.
Each individual whose duties allow access to classified matter, or each individual who
possesses knowledge of classified matter while it is in his possession and shall insure that
dissemination of such classified matter is on the “need-to-know” basis and to property cleared
persons only.
Documents Security is that aspect of security which involves the application of security
measures for the proper protection and safeguarding of classified information.
These are information and material (matter), the unauthorized disclosure of which would
cause exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically, economically or from a security
aspect. This category is reserve for the nation’s closest secrets and is to be used with great
reserve.
Classification Authority
These Information and material (matter), the unauthorized disclosure of which would
endanger national security, cause serious injury to the interest or prestige of the nation or of any
governmental activity or would be of great advantage to a foreign nation.
These are information and material (matter) the unauthorized disclosure of which, while
not endangering the national security, would be prejudicial to the interest or prestige of the nation
or any governmental activity, or would cause administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury
to an individual or would be of advantage to a foreign nation.
These are information and material (matter), which requires special protection other than
that determined to be TOP SECRET, SECRET, or CONFIDENTIAL.
Classified matter originating from another department shall not be disseminated to other
departments without the consent of the originating department.
General Policy. – No person in the government shall convey orally, visually or by written
communication any classified matter outside his own department unless such disclosures has
been processed and cleared by the department head or his authorized representative.
1. Its use shall be solely for the purpose for which the classified matter is requested.
2. It shall be treated or handled in accordance with the classified categories of the
originating office.
3. Handling shall be made by security-cleared personnel.
4. Reproduction and dissemination shall not be made without the consent of the department
head.
Classified matter shall be released for public consumption only upon the consent of the
department head or his authorized representative. However, in instances where there is a
demand or need for releasing classified information, extreme caution must be exercised to
analyze in detail contents of the classified matter before release. Normally all information are
released through Public Information Officers. Public Information Officers should be assisted in the
analysis of classified information by the Security Officer.
1. Category A
Information which contains reportable time sensitive, order of battle and significant
information.
It should be given priority because it is critical information.
It must be forwarded without delay.
It is critical to friendly operations.
It requires immediate action.
2. Category B
Anything that contains communications, cryptographic documents, or systems that
should be classified as secret and requires special handling.
Higher authorities should declassify it.
191
3. Category C
Other information, which contains something that, could be an intelligence value.
Contains exploitable information regardless of its contents.
Unscreened materials/documents should be categorized as Category C.
4. Category D
No value, yet lower level will classify documents as category D.
No decision must be made at the lower echelon that document has no value. It is the
responsibility of the higher Headquarters.
Proprietary information is information that in some special way relates to the status or
activities of the possessor and over which the possessor asserts ownership. In the business
community, proprietary information relates to the structure, products or business methods of the
organization. It is usually protected in some way against causal or general disclosure.
All proprietary information is confidential, but not all confidential information is proprietary.
For example, confidential personnel data in employee files is not considered as proprietary
although the company treats it as confidential.
1. Trade Secrets- this consist of any formula, pattern, device or compilation of information
which is used in one’s business and which gives him an opportunity to gain an advantage
over competitors who do not know or us e it. It may be a formula for a chemical
compound a process of manufacturing, treating or preserving materials, a pattern for
machine or device, or a list of customers. It differs from other secret information as to
single or ephemeral events. A trade secret is a process or device for continuous use in
the protection of the business.
1. Requirements for obtaining a patent are specific. To qualify for a patent the invention
must be more than novel and useful. It must represent a positive contribution beyond the
skill of the average person.
192
Realizing that the most serious threat to trade secrets is the employee, a measure of
protection is often realized through the use of employee agreements which restrict the
employee’s ability to disclose information without specific authorization to the company. The
following countermeasures may be adopted:
COMMUNICATION SECURITY
Rules- governing communications security do not in guarantee security, and they do not
attempt to meet every conceivable situation. Communication security rules are a means, not an
ends.
Department heads- are responsible for the maintenance of communication security and
for the promulgation of additional directives as may be necessary to insure proper communication
security control within their jurisdiction.
All communication personnel should have an appreciation of the basic principles of
communication security may result in compromise.
Communication Security Officer - A properly trained and cleared Communication
Security Officer shall be appointed in every Department of the Government handling
cryptographic communication.
TRANSMISSION SECURITY:
Transmission Security is that component of communication security which results from all
measures designed to protect transmission from interception, traffic analysis and imitative
deception.
Communication personnel shall select the means most appropriate to accomplish the
delivery of message in accordance with the specified precedence and security requirements.
Radio Operators shall adhere to the use of correct procedures, circuit discipline and
authentication system as a security measures against traffic analysis, imitative deception and
radio direction finding.
CRYPTOGRAPHIC SECURITY
Code - a system which uses words as the smallest element like the one below.
Cipher - a system that manipulate one, two, or three characters at a time like:
Cipher Plaintext
B 1
C 2
193
J 3
D 4
Abbreviation
C: code or cipher
P: Plaintext
K: keyword/ key number
Note: Code and cipher may be used interchangeably to mean the same.
Categories of Cipher
EFDH GORA NQBO PETE YTDS RTOU ZESV ITVE SOWM XNIM CTLK HJEA
Example
ADDE DAQD NPCR OOLL TMAT RLOC RATS TKCL MNRA KETI SSTU ARTF
THEE OSET ULCO JEOU TAKE BLFZ IAHF SQUI TIFC ANLL TMZX AEXE
DLGY ZZTI FLOO VWKA TTIM IFTT HATH EEFC ANND FLHA
(Read this by copying out a progressive cipher. Progress 1, 2, 3….)
Note: The plaintext are concealed by “nulls” - are meaningless symbol to fill in and separate
plaintext.
Example
RTRTBS
encipher by droppings every other letter
E U N OAE
C: RTRTBS EUNOAE
Decipher:
P: Return to base
Decipher:
194
Substitution Method - original message elements, letters, numbers or other symbols are
replaced with alternate symbols.
j 26
4 19
I 16
) 15
* 13
Example 2 - c: x y z a b c d e
p: ABCD EFGH
p: stop icebox
c: VWRS LFHERA
c: FOURSCOREANDSEVENYEARSAGO
p: abcde………………………xyz
What is a Risk?
It is the potential damage or loss of an asset. The level of risk is a combination of two
factors: The value placed on that asset by its owner and the consequence, impact adverse effect
of the loss or damage to that asset and; the likelihood that a specific vulnerability will be exploited
by a particular threat.
It is the analysis of risk include examinations of the vulnerability, probability and criticality
of potential threats and include natural and man made risk
What is an Adversary?
What is Asset?
Any information, facility, material, information, or activity which has a positive value to its
owner whether it is an individual, private or government entity.
What is Probability?
It is the chance or likelihood that a loss will take place. Indicated by a mathematical
statement concerning the possibility of an event occurring
What is Criticality?
1. Risk Avoidance- eliminating or removing the risk totally from the business, government,
or industrial environment for which the risk manager has responsibility
2. Risk Reduction- decreasing the risk by minimizing the probability of the potential loss.
The reduction of criminal opportunity is often accomplished by situational crime
[prevention strategies to discourage, deter, or deny criminal incidents.
3. Risk Spreading- spreading the risk through compartmentation or decentralization to limit
the impact (criticality) of the potential loss
4. Risk Transfer- moving the financial impact of the potential loss-over to an insurance
company.
5. Risk Self-assumption- planned assumption and acceptance of the potential risk by
making a deliberate managerial decision of doing nothing about the threat, or setting
aside resources for use in case of a specific loss incident.
SECURITY HAZARDS
Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss
or destruction of property or disruption of the objective of the installation.
Types of Hazards
1. Natural Hazard- these are hazards which arise from natural phenomena. The following
are types of natural hazards or disasters:
2. Human-Man made Hazards- These are hazards which are the result of a state of mind,
attitude, weaknesses or character traits of one or more persons. They can be acts of
commission or omission, both overt and covert, which can disrupt operation of a plant or
installation. The following are types of human or man made hazards:
Carelessness- accidents and dissatisfaction
Disloyalty-subversion and sabotage
Espionage, pilferage and theft
Vandalism, etc
Description of a Saboteur
196
1. He is the most dangerous foe whom security will have to deal with while planning and
implementing security measures and techniques.
2. He is an ordinary looking as the next guy but in his mind, he has the training in
deception, knowledgeable in incendiaries, explosives, chemistry, bacteriology, mechanics
and psychology.
3. He can work alone, in-groups, or simultaneously in several places.
1. He is very dangerous adversary and his skills in deception and his cunning should
never be under estimated.
2. He is usually a person of extensive training and will be highly effective in gaining the
confidence of people and of extracting information of value to be relayed to his employer
or handler.
3. Even how well-trained an espionage agent he might be, he is human like the
saboteur and he can be defeated in his own game if proper methods and techniques are
undertaken.
1. It can be local or national in nature and their mission is to undermine the authority
weaken the organization, and eventually take over. This can be in business or any
activity.
197
2. This can be in the form of rumor mongering, propaganda, undermining morale, and
injecting defeatist attitudes, and other emotional approaches.
3. It is an activity not easy to detect.
1. The spreading of rumors, written materials, slogans or any other devices to confuse
the work population and discredit the government should be immediately reported.
2. Labor and other company unions can be infiltrated so that strikes and “slow downs”
can be called to disrupt the normal operation of a plant or installation.
3. Security force should be alerted for person trying to recruit others in organizing
movements for peace, anti-colonials, anti-trade and anti-imperialism.
4. Employees or outside personnel seeking memberships in “paper organizations”
should report this activity to security.
5. Other methods of subversion like united fronts, mob action, terrorism and sabotage
will be done to gain the subversive ends.
1. Pilferage is one of the most annoying and common human hazards which security
has to deal with. This activity if uncontrolled can become financial drain if not a menace to
smooth and orderly operation.
2. Failure to detect shortage and inaccurate inventories will cause inventory losses,
which may be labeled as pilferage.
Types of Pilferers
1. Casual Pilferer- one who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity
and has little fear of detection is no plan or premeditation and he is usually a “loner” on
the job. The temptation to pick up the article is basically due to poor security measure.
The implication of causal pilfering is the big cumulative cost if it remains unchecked.
2. Systematic Pilferer- one who steals with preconceived plans and takes away any or all
types of items or supplies for economic gain. Pilferers of this kind can be employees or
outsiders of the establishment.
1. Location of items to be pilfered- the systematic pilferer surveys shopping and store
areas, or through contacts from the firms.
2. Access to the items- techniques can be from fake documents, bribing of guards,
outsmarting security, creating disturbance and other methods to divert attention while
pilferage goes on.
3. Removal of item- this can be done as wearing the stolen shoes or shorts,
concealment in body or vehicles, use of false documents, etc. Driver may conceal
pilfered items in his vehicle.
4. Disposal of items- there is a need for “fences” brokers” or “clearing houses” for these
“hot” items.
6. Alert all patrols to check areas and buildings for possible concealment of stolen
properties.
7. Install mechanical, electrical, electronic detection and alarm devices where needed and
applicable.
8. Establish an effective lock and key control system.
9. Use of appropriate perimeter fencing and lighting for parking facilities and areas for
vehicles and persons.
10. Store bulk quantities of pilferable items in enclosed security areas and distribute them to
using section in limited quantities.
11. Establish accurate inventory and accounting methods for procurement, use and disposal.
12. Establish close liaison with governmental law enforcement and intelligence agencies.
The information pertaining to one of the most important security services offered to a
head of office is the conduct of security surveys and security inspections. Every unit chief desires
a security system that will reduce to an absolute minimum the possibility of espionage, sabotage
and compromise of classified information on his office or unit. Since there are many security
countermeasures to be considered, heads of offices should utilized specially trained personnel, if
the efforts of espionage and sabotage agents and other criminal elements are to be negated.
Security is an extremely complex program an objective analysis of an office head’s security
program by security survey and inspection personnel can be of great assistance in determining
the efficiency of any established security program.
It is a check of how well existing security measures and regulations are being carried out
within a command. A security inspection may also include an investigation of alleged or
suspected security violations. Physical security is concerned with forces, entrances and exists,
guards, traffic control, lighting, fire control, and with such other physical measures, which, if
properly established and maintained, will deny access to, unauthorized persons.
The terms “Security Survey” and “Security Inspection” to accentuate the particular
differences between the two types of services, are defined as fallows:
With the exception of the office head, the security officer is more interested in the survey
that any other individual of the office. It is the security officer who is directly responsible to the
head of office for proper maintenance of security of the security program of the office.
The Unit head may request a survey of his entire office or of specific function of a unit
within the office. When higher authorities directs a security survey to be conducted for one of its
subordinate office, an information copy of the correspondence may also be forwarded to the unit
to be surveyed. It must be remembered that a security survey is not conducted solely for the
purpose of establishing a security program of an office. The head of office is directly responsible
for establishing a security system for his office after which a survey may be conducted to
determine if the program is adequate in comparison with the importance of the office to the
overall national objective.
EXECUTIVE/VIP PROTECTION
Executive/VIP Security
Are those measures taken by Agents, Security Officers, Law Enforcement officers or an
Agency /officers to protect heads of state, foreign, national or local dignitaries, civilian or military
against any personal injury, assassination, sabotage, and espionage. These may include the
protection of any government or civilian officials and individual utilized as government witnesses.
Every phase of security must be carefully in advance, to include the importance of the
individual to be protected, political attitude of the population, obstacles involved, means of
transportation, and duration of the security mission.
The officer in charge should be given full responsibility for all phases of the security
mission.
Close coordination must be established with all local military and civilian authorities.
Civilian authorities will include police and other interested city, municipal or other local officials.
The agencies responsible for each of the security plan must be clearly defined.
Arrangements should be made for local police to control local inhabitants. All available
intelligence channels should be used to obtain information of potential danger areas, persons, or
groups.
Protective measures must be through but inconspicuous and afford security without
impending the protectee/VIP’s performance of his functions.
The degree of protection is dependent upon the degree of contact with the general public desired
by the protectee.
Plans for a perimeter of protection must be surprise proof and flexible enough to allow a
quick response to any emergency.
Defense-in-Depth Theory
To achieve the ultimate results from a physical security system, it is necessary to add
barrier to barrier, delay time, until sufficient delay time has been accumulated to allow control of
any foreseeable penetration.
Therefore, rather than attempting to achieve exclusion through the use of a single barrier,
security must be built upon accumulated time or a system of “Defense-in-Depth.
Contingency Planning
200
Security planning should be flexible. Weather conditions, mechanical failures and failure
of lighting systems are three-ever-present potential hazards. The unexpected arrival of large
numbers visitors, audience is another situation frequently encountered. Last-minute changes in
the security plan or schedule of events occur routinely. The security plan therefore must be
sufficiently fluid to cover these and other eventualities, all of which present hazards.
Mission Orientation
Police/Security personnel assigned to these duties are selected to the basis of the
appearance, alertness, and intelligence, as well as their ability to act quickly and correctly in
unforeseen circumstances.
Restriction on the circulation of the individuals should be strictly enforced. Before any person
maybe allowed to get near the protectee or his effects, the person is checked carefully for
identification and the authority for his presence is established.
Use of weapons
There is always the danger of accidental discharge and injury of innocent persons when
weapons are carried. All protective personnel must be qualified to fire the weapons with which
they are armed.
Crowd Control
Protective personnel should understand the principles of crowd control. They should not
show not show prejudice or sympathy, or become involved in any grievances expressed by the
crowd.
Advance Preparations
Motorcades
Select and consider the best motorcade route, preferably the most direct route to
destination. Select a route which affords a chance to have alternate routes if something
happened on the motorcade route.
Review or dry run the route and take notes on the requirements for controlling the crowd
and traffic and deployment of foot patrolmen and motorcycle police at various positions along the
route. Arrange for police or buildings custodian to inspect buildings along the motorcade routes.
1. Establish screening points to allow only authorized persons access to the protected
area/person and to keep out those who have no valid reasons to enter same.
2. Duty stations or posts should be marked on a floor/ground plan or sketch/map.
3. If an unusually large crowd are expected along a parade route security men may call on
the armed forces to station troops along the line of march.
4. If the VIP travels by train, a pilot engine must run the trucks IN advance of the VIP train.
5. Every manhole and sewer along the route should be sealed.
6. Every single building and all its occupants along the route should be checked.
7. Bellboys, waiters, cooks should be cleared.
8. Food to be cooked must be examined and samples be sent to laboratory for analysis.
9. Inspect for time bombs, radio - active materials and fire hazards.
10. Inspect closets and under the tables.
11. Never allow the VIP to stop his car in a crowd if it can be avoided.
12. Drivers for the VIP can be competent, reliable, well trained in protective driving and must
be alert for dangers and to take instant action.
13. While walking, it is necessary to increase the number of guards because the VIP
becomes an easy target.
14. In case the VIP is going to speak at hasty made stage, its strength and capacity should
be inspected to limit the persons going up to stage.
15. During afternoon sessions, lightning facilities must be checked or installed. It is estimated
that the program may reach up to nighttime.
16. An alternate generator fore emergency use is made available if source of electric power
is from a central source. Designate qualified electrician to watch main source or switch.
17. If traveling by air, close the door of VIP plane when parked and place constant guards
every time.
18. If traveling by watercraft, select boats of type and size capable of facing danger at the
ocean. Thorough inspection should be made on the ship and check the adequacy of
lifesavers and emergency facilities.
19. All non- uniformed men must wear signs or countersigns for identification.
20. Checklist of all security hazards noted in the course of security survey or inspection
should be given to the OIC for reference/planning.
21. Security plans and specific duties of men assigned or details must be stated.
22. All written instructions must be classified SECRET.
Security Formations assist in allowing the VIP to have the best possible protection and
defensible position even for the limited amount of manpower while protectee is mobile/in transit,
or static.
Threat evaluation is to ascertain at varying times and function which will give the best
formation sequence or set. Other considerations are threat levels and type and advance planning
for staff levels.
The Need for Close - in /Escort security officers, such as first aid requirements (which
differs from location to location) and special weapons (a real headache-the less you need to rely
on them, the better), and other logistical needs must be considered. One must have the ability to
use a lot of common sense and attention to detail, to give the possible protection, without
overbearing or on top of the protectee/principal. Fully aware with this information, the Close-
in/Security Escort team will be well equipped, with an understanding of their respective position,
alternatives and functions. These could be varied hourly, in response to current threat level,
and areas of coverage or occasion in any of the following:
RKM2008