1.

a) Solar Eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between Earth and the sun, and the moon casts a shadow over
Earth.

b) Lunar eclipse
A lunar eclipse occurs when the earth passes between the Earth and the moon, and the earth casts a shadow over
the Earth

2. a) Equator – 0°
b) Tropic of cancer – 23½°N
c) Tropic of Capricorn – 23½°S
d) Arctic Circle – 66 ½°N
e) Antarctic Circle – 66 1/2°S
f) North Pole – 90°N
g) South Pole – 90°S

3.
LATITUDES LONGITUDES
They are parallel to each other They intersect at the poles
They are used to calculate distance They are used to calculate distance
They run from west to east and north to south of the They run from north to south and west to east of the
equator Prime meridian
They have constant difference in distance from one The distance from one longitude to another
latitude to another becomes lesser polar wards
They get shorter and shorter as they continue They are all equal in diameter, all make great circle
increasing polar wards

4. I) Aphelion and perihelion – Aphelion is the farthest position of the earth from the sun while perihelion is the
nearest position of the earth from the sun
II) Umbra and penumbra - The umbra is the darkest part of the shadow, in the middle, where none of the light source
is visible while penumbra is the lighter, outer part of the shadow, where part of the light source but not all of it is
visible.
III) Time zone and international date line – Time zone is the stretch of land where standard time is accepted
throughout a longitudinal zone of 15° while international date line is the line where date is changed or calendar day
begins
IV) Galaxy and milky way – Galaxy is a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held
together by gravitational attraction while milky way is the galaxy that contains our solar system, seen as a bright
band in the night sky
V) Continent and an island – Continent refers to the major landmass rising from the ocean floor while an island is a
piece of land that is completely surrounded by water
VI) Cape and a bay – A cape is a piece of land extending into a body of water, typically the sea while a bay is a part
of coast where the land curves inwards
VII) Peninsula and a gulf – Peninsula is an area of land surrounded by water in three sides while a gulf is an arm of
sea and is surrounded by land on three sides
VIII) An ocean and sea – An ocean is a very large body of salty water that occupies a vast basin between continents
while a sea is a large body of salty (saline) water on the margins of a continent
IX) Local time and standard time – Local time is the time recorded along the same meridian while standard time is
the time that is accepted throughout a particular time zone

5.
a) Asia
b) Africa
c) North America
d) South America
e) Antarctica
f) Europe
g) Australia

6.
a) Pacific Ocean
b) Atlantic Ocean
c) Indian Ocean
d) Southern/Antarctic Ocean
e) Arctic Ocean

7.
I) Volcanic Mountains – Volcanic mountains are formed from the pilling up and cooling of hot matter lava ashes that
are thrown out from the earth’s interior after volcanic eruption. Examples of volcanic mountains are Mount
Kilimanjaro, Oldonyo Lengai.
II) Fold Mountains – Fold Mountains are formed when layers of sedimentary rocks are gradually pushed in wards
from either side by compressional force. Examples of fold mountains are Alps (Europe), Andes (North America)
III) Block Mountains - Block Mountains are formed as a result of being raised or tilted up by the Earth movements
along faults. Examples of block mountains are Usambara mountains, Ruwenzori mountains.
IV) Residual Mountains – Residual mountains are formed when an area of high land remain standing above the
general level after rivers and other natural agents have lowered the surface of the surrounding area. Examples of
residual mountains are Sekenke hills (Singida), Adamawa highland (Nigeria)
V) Rift valley – Rift valleys are formed when the rock between two sets of faults sinks down. Examples of rift valleys
are The Great Rift Valley, Rhine rift valley
VI) Plateau – Plateaus are formed as a result of forces operating in the crust that makes part of a plain area to be
uplifted and another one to be depressed hence forming a plateau or from fissure eruption which allows lava to
outflow and spread over an extensive area. Examples of plateaus are Tibetan Plateau, Deccan Plateau
VII) Plain -
VIII) Hill -
IX) Basin -
X) Valley -

8.
I) Continental shelf – Continental shelf is the shallow part of the sea that stretches out from the coast to where the
ocean floor suddenly slopes steeply into the deep sea.
II) Continental slope – Continental slope is a steep slope that extends from the edge of the shelf to the deep sea
plain
III) The ocean ridge – The ocean ridge is a long and fairly narrow raised part of the ocean floor
IV) Deep sea plain – Deep sea plains are wide and gently undulating or fairly level surface which have a depth
between 2000m and 3000m
V) Ocean deep or trench - Ocean deeps or trenches are steep-sided long, narrow depressions on the ocean floor
9.