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History
Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian,
described in detail how Celtic people dyed
their hair blonde: "Their aspect is
terrifying... They are very tall in stature,
with rippling muscles under clear white
skin. Their hair is blond, but not naturally
so: they bleach it, to this day, artificially,
washing it in lime and combing it back
from their foreheads. They look like wood-
demons, their hair thick and shaggy like a
horse's mane. Some of them are clean-
shaven, but others—especially those of
high rank—shave their cheeks but leave a
moustache that covers the whole
mouth...".[2][3] This practice continued in
some parts of Britain long after the Fall of
the Western Roman Empire, particularly in
Wales, where Llywelyn Ap Gruffudd was
described in an elegy by Gruffudd ab yr
Ynad Coch to have blonde hair: "...Not
since Camlann has there been such
weeping, Gone is our mainstay, his golden
hair, stained with a death blow...".[4]
Application techniques
Off-scalp
Hair with blonde highlights
On-scalp
Permanent
Demi-permanent
Demi-permanent hair color is hair color
that contains an alkaline agent other than
ammonia (e.g. ethanolamine, sodium
carbonate) and, while always employed
with a developer, the concentration of
hydrogen peroxide in that developer may
be lower than used with a permanent hair
color. Since the alkaline agents employed
in demi-permanent colors are less
effective in removing the natural pigment
of hair than ammonia these products
provide no lightening of hair's color during
dyeing. As the result, they cannot color
hair to a lighter shade than it was before
dyeing and are less damaging to hair than
their permanent counterpart.
Demi-permanents are much more effective
at covering gray hair than semi-
permanents, but less so than permanents.
Semi-permanent
Alternative color
Adverse effects
Hair coloring involves the use of
chemicals capable of removing, replacing,
and/or covering up pigments naturally
found inside the hair shaft. Use of these
chemicals can result in a range of adverse
effects, including temporary skin irritation
and allergy, hair breakage, skin
discoloration and unexpected hair color
results. According to the International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in
vitro and in vivo studies (in exposed
human populations) have shown that
some hair dyes and many chemicals used
in the hair dyeing process can be
considered mutagenic and
carcinogenic.[15][16]
Skin irritation and allergy
Hair breakage
Skin discoloration
Skin and fingernails are made of a similar
type of keratinized protein as hair. That
means that drips, slips and extra hair tint
around the hairline can result in patches of
discolored skin. This is more common
with darker hair colors and persons with
dry absorbent skin. That is why it is
recommended that latex or nitrile gloves
be worn to protect the hands.
Unintended results
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verification.
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Health concerns
Plant-based dyes
Henna is an orange dye commonly used
as a deposit-only hair color whose active
component, lawsone, binds to keratin. It is
therefore considered semi-permanent to
permanent, depending on a person's hair
type. Most people will achieve a
permanent color from henna, especially
after the second dye. With repeated use
the orange color builds up into red and
then auburn. While "natural" henna is
generally a red color, variations exist.
These variations usually contain
ingredients from other plants and even
synthetic dyes.
Legal restrictions
Hair dyes are cosmetic compounds that
make contact with the skin during
application. Because of this skin contact,
there exists some health risk associated
with use of hair dyes.[30] Thus, hair dyes
are regulated in the commercial
marketplace and, as new toxicity data is
generated for some hair dyes and health
risks are discovered, some of these hair
dyes are being legally restricted from the
cosmetic marketplace.
The European Union is particularly
stringent with regard to health regulations.
To ensure that hair dyes contain only safe
substances, the European Commission
adopted the Directive 2012/21/EU to
restrict the use of around 45 chemicals in
hair dyes.[31] The directive on dyes is part
of a general and comprehensive set of
regulations, the EU Cosmetics Directive
76/768/EC.
See also
Human physical appearance
Hairstyle
Hair highlighting
Punk fashion
Chapatsu
References
1. Vedel-Krogh, Signe; Nielsen, Sune F.;
Schnohr, Peter; Nordestgaard, Børge G.
(2016). "Morbidity and Mortality in 7,684
Women According to Personal Hair Dye
Use: The Copenhagen City Heart Study
followed for 37 Years" . PLOS ONE. 11 (3):
e0151636.
Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151636V .
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151636 .
PMC 4795553 . PMID 26986063 .
2. "The Celts" . www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved
27 March 2018.
3. "Diodorus Siculus, Library of History -
Exploring Celtic Civilizations" .
exploringcelticciv.web.unc.edu. Retrieved
27 March 2018.
4. "The ELEGY for Llywelyn" .
www.greghill.wales. Retrieved 27 March
2018.
5. Corbett, J. F. Hair Colorants: Chemistry
and Toxicology; Micelle Press: Dorset, U.K.,
1998; Thompson, R. H. "Naturally Occurring
Quinones" Academic Press: New York,
1957.
6. BBC. "BBC - Radio 4 Woman's Hour -The
History of Hair Dye" .
7. Wecker, Johann Jacob (1661). Eighteen
Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature .
pp. 82–84.
8. "Hair Preparations," Ullmann’s
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-
VCH, Weinheim (2006).
doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_571.pub2
9. Pointer, Sally (May 1, 2005). The Artifice
of Beauty: A History and Practical Guide to
Perfume and Cosmetics. The History Press.
10. "Schwarzkopf >COMPANY >History
Milestones of success" . Archived from the
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2015-01-14.
11. Morel, Olivier J. X.; Christie, Robert M.
(2011). "Current Trends in the Chemistry of
Permanent Hair Dyeing". Chemical Reviews.
111 (4): 2537–2561.
doi:10.1021/cr1000145 . PMID 21265503 .
12. Wilson, Cynthia (6 August 2012). "Dip-
Dye Hair Coloring Tutorial and Styles" .
Womenio. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
13. "Hair Color 101: Permanent Hair Color
from Clairol Professional" .
www.clairolpro.com. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
14. p-Phenylenediamine , U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
15. "IARC working group on the evaluation
of carcinogenic risks to humans:
occupational exposures of hairdressers and
barbers and personal use of hair colourants;
some hair dyes, cosmetic colourants,
industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines.
Proceedings. Lyon, France, 6-13 October
1992". IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks
Hum. 57: 7–398. 1993. PMID 7911535 .
16. IARC Monographs Working Group on
the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to,
Humans (2010). "Some aromatic amines,
organic dyes, and related exposures" . IARC
Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risks to Humans / World
Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer. 99: 1–658.
PMC 5046080 . PMID 21528837 .
17. Thyssen, Jacob P.; Søsted, Heidi; Uter,
Wolfgang; Schnuch, Axel; Giménez-Arnau,
Ana M.; Vigan, Martine; Rustemeyer,
Thomas; Granum, Berit; McFadden, John;
White, Jonathan M.; White, Ian R.;
Goossens, Ann; Menné, Torkil; Lidén, Carola;
Johansen, Jeanne D. (2012). "Self-testing
for contact sensitization to hair dyes -
scientific considerations and clinical
concerns of an industry-led screening
programme". Contact Dermatitis. 66 (6):
300–311. doi:10.1111/j.1600-
0536.2012.02078.x . PMID 22568836 .
18. Alexandra Tunell, How to Get Hair Dye
off Your Skin , Harper's Bazaar, Oct 2, 2016
19. "Household Products Database - Health
and Safety Information on Household
Products" . hpd.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved
2017-02-12.
20. Riaz, Almas (29 May 2016). "Shampoo
for color treated hair" . Tune Your Hair. The
Hair Laboratory. Retrieved 12 February
2017.
21. Tukker, Arnold; Buijst, Harrie; Van Oers,
Lauren; Van Der Voet, Ester (2001). "Risks
to Health and the Environment Related to
the Use of Lead in Products" (PDF).
22. Lamb, James (Feb 1997). "Reproductive
toxicology. Lead acetate trihydrate". Environ
Health Perspect. 105: 315–316.
doi:10.2307/3433461 . JSTOR 3433461 .
23. "Does hair dye cause cancer?" . Cancer
Research UK. 20 July 2006. Archived from
the original on 20 September 2007.
Retrieved 29 July 2007.
24. DeNoon, Daniel J. (January 26, 2004).
"Hair Dye Linked to Blood Cancer: Long-
Term Use of Dark, Permanent Dye May
Raise Lymphoma Risk" . Web MD. Retrieved
2007-07-29.
25. Hair Dye Linked to Blood Cancer .
Webmd.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-21.
26. Hair Dyes and Cancer Risk – National
Cancer Institute . Cancer.gov (2009-10-09).
Retrieved on 2010-12-21.
27. "Product Safety Summary Sheet
DuPont™ P-Phenylenediamine. Rep. no. 106-
50-3. N.p.: n.p., 2012". Missing or empty
|url= (help)
28. Gera, R.; Mokbel, R.; Igor, I.; Mokbel, K.
(2018). "Does the Use of Hair Dyes Increase
the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer? A
Meta-analysis and Review of the Literature".
Anticancer Research. 38 (2): 707–716.
PMID 29374694 .
29. Alexander Chan, Sean Kung,
(September, 2006), "Hair Colorant
Technology Advances Further", Personal
Care, p. 11-16
30. Maiti, Swati; Sinha, Sudarson; Singh,
Mukesh (2015). "Hair Dye–DNA Interaction:
Plausible Cause of Mutation". Cosmetics. 2
(4): 313–321.
doi:10.3390/cosmetics2040313 .
31. "Commission implementing Directive
2012/21/EU" , Official Journal of the
European Union, 2 August 2012, Retrieved 7
April 2015
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