21 ST CENTURY SKILLS AND DIGITAL LITERACY

Although you will often see twenty-first century skills and digital literacy
referred to as one and the same thing in much of the literature, there is a
considerable difference between the two.

Author:
Gavin Dudeney

Many of the skills often described as 21st century skills do indeed have both
analogue and digital applications, but developing 21st century skills alone does not
make someone ‘digitally literate’. Thus, 21st century skills can be developed and
integrated into digital literacy-based activities, but the two are not synonymous with
each other, exactly.

In this article, then, we take a look at how 21st century skills can be incorporated
into technology-mediated activities and classes. Before you read this article, please
ensure you have read the Digital Literacies Primer for a basic introduction to
digital literacy.

One of the easiest ways of incorporating both digital literacy and 21st century skills
development into standard lesson plans is to start where most teachers find
themselves: with a unit of a course book or teaching materials. A typical example
might look like this:
Now, in order to incorporate these skills and tools, we add three columns to the right
of the grid:

And here we begin to map how we might include one or more digital literacies, one
or more 21st century skill, and the kinds of technology we might use. Here’s an
example with more detail:
We’ve found this kind of grid to be very useful – it allows a teacher to plan strategic,
principled use of technology, whilst ensuring that the literacies and skills developed
fit well with the theme of the learning materials, and allow learners to appreciate the
link between seemingly disparate elements of the activity or lesson.

Let’s turn now to consider how 21st century skills slot in to the concept of digital
literacy, and look at examples of how they might be incorporated into some typical
activities.

Critical Thinking & Problem Solving

Many digital literacies equate to the areas of critical thinking and problem solving:
information literacy involves learners considering sources of information in terms of
their veracity, appropriateness and usefulness, gaming literacy invites learners to
think about situations and dilemmas (from different points of view, from logistical to
moral) and to solve problems before being able to move forward in gameplay, and
code literacy teaches both logic and troubleshooting skills as learners acquire the
skills they need to make technology work for them, in a constructive and creative
manner.

Typical activities: ‘modern traditional’ activities such as web treasure hunts and
webquests (http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/webquests) are particularly
suited here, as are online games and apps which involve problem solving or
scenario-based decision making, printed or e-readers and mazes in the format of
‘choose your own adventure’ readers
(e.g. http://www.richmondelt.com/international/series/details?id=43).

Collaboration & Communication

Literacies which fit into the ‘focus on connections’ area are particularly relevant here:
personal literacy might incorporate ways of communicating with the outside world
and of expressing oneself, whilst participatory literacy suggests working as part of a
group or collaborating on distance produced content, taking part in discussions and
group work, working towards a common goal.

Typical activities: keeping a blog (https://edublogs.org/), distance projects and

collaborative content creation (http://www.britishcouncil.org/etwinning), email or
online chat-mediated penpal exchanges
(http://www.mylanguageexchange.com/penpals.asp), live chats between
geographically-separated groups, Skype chat, etc.

Creativity & Imagination

Here we might look at literacies such as multimedia literacy, with its concentration
on multimodal content creation, or remix, where proponents not only combine and
manipulate media, but subvert it at the same time.
Typical activities: activities which involve audio (e.g. https://audioboom.com/) and
video creation or editing (https://present.me/content/), poster
design (https://www.canva.com/create/posters/), collaborative or individual story-
writing (https://www.google.co.uk/docs/about/), image collections
(https://www.flickr.com/) or video libraries (https://www.youtube.com/?gl=GB) also
fit nicely into this category.

Citizenship

Digital literacies which might fold into the 21st century skill of citizenship include
remix as a way of expressing values, political opinions or points of view,
(inter)cultural literacy with its emphasis on the meeting of minds, countries, opinions
and cultures, and participatory literacy, with a focus on working together and taking
part in action or activism. It should be noted, however, that this is an area which will
require a good deal of care and local knowledge if it is to be implemented safely and
productively.

Typical activities: activities which involve research and evaluation of opinions,

exploring critical issues (http://gisig.iatefl.org/elesson-inspirations) – both global and
local, intercultural projects and exchanges and anything that encourages learners to
examine their place on the planet, and some of the issues that affect that place.

Student Leadership & Personal Development

This might include personal, participatory and network literacies from the ‘focus on
connections’ area, and might even extend to literacies in the ‘focus on information’
area, with activities aimed at researching and extending knowledge and learning.

Typical activities: activities involving personal development might concentrate on

blogging (see above) or other types or reflective activity, as well as opportunities for
personal and professional development through the reading of blogs, journals and
other online sources of learning, and even study opportunities in the form of MOOCs
(https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture) or similar.
Student leadership might be encouraged through the use of discussion fora or other
collaborative areas where roles are fluid and constantly changing (http://wenger-
trayner.com/introduction-to-communities-of-practice/).

As we can see, it is possible to incorporate a focus on both digital literacy and 21st
century skills into a language class, whilst still ensuring that a language focus is not
lost, and due attention is paid to covering curriculum and key content where this is
considered desirable.

A complex combination such as this needs variety (to ensure learners are using a
wide range of tools and approaches throughout a course), but – most importantly –
the mix needs to be regular and principled, and overtly described to learners, to
point out exactly what they are doing, and why. Regular incorporation of this mix
may go some way to ensuring your learners acquire an integrated level of proficiency
 with technology, digital literacy and 21st century skills, which should be of benefit
both in further study, and in professional contexts.

Extra Reading

 Dudeney, G., Hockly, N. and Pegrum, M. (2014) Digital Literacies. Routledge

Find out more about digital literacies in our teacher

development module Engaging with learning technologies –
digital literacies.