Module Common Observe Procedures, Specifications and Manuals

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
Sector : CONSTRUCTION
Qualification :
Unit of competency : Observe procedures, specifications and manuals of

instructions
Module title : Observing procedures, specifications and manuals of
instructions
TABLE OF CONTENT
Document No.
TESDA-ASAT QA Observe Issued by: Page 1 of 58
SYSTEM Procedures,Specifications Date Developed:
and Manuals of Instructions July 2011
TITLE PAGE
Table of Content 1
Learners Guide 2
List of Competencies 3
Module Content 4
Learning Outcome Summary No. 1 (Identify, Access and 5
Interpret Specifications)
Learning Experience 6
Information Sheet No. 4.1-1 Benefits of Manuals 7
Self Check No. 4.1-1 8
Answer Key No. 4.1-1 9
Information Sheet No.4.1-2 Types of Manuals 10
Information Sheet No.4.1-3 Types of Symbols 13-25
Information Sheet No. 4.1-4 Accessing Information and data 28-29
Learning Outcome Summary No. 2(Apply Information in Manual) 32
Information Sheet No. 4.2-1 Manual/ Specification Application 34
Information Sheet No. 4.2-2 Interpreting Specifications 37-52
Learning Outcome Summary No.3( Store Manual) 55
Document No.
Task Sheet No. 4.3-1 How to Store Manuals 57
Performance Checklist 4.3-1 58
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Document No.
Welcome to the module in. Observe procedures, specifications and
manuals of instruction. This module contains training materials and activities
for you to complete.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to
complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are
Information Sheets, Self-Checks. Follow these activities on your own. If you
have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
The goal of this course is the development of practical skills. To gain
these skills, you must learn basic components and terminology. For the most
part, you’ll get this information from the Information Sheets and TESDA
website www.tesda.gov.ph.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency,
in “Observe procedures, specifications and manuals of instruction.”.
This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and
skills in this particular competency independently and at your own pace, with
minimum supervision or help from your instructor.
Remember to:
Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section.
Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested
references are included to supplement the materials provided in this module.
Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.
He/she is there to support you and show you the correct way to do things.
You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on
the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts.
This way you will improve both your speed and memory and also your
confidence.
Use the self-checks at the end of each section to test your own progress.
When you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask your
Trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in
your Progress Chart and Accomplishment Chart.
CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
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LIST OF COMPETENCIES (COMMON)
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Preparing
Prepare construction
1 construction CON931201
materials and tools
materials and tools
Observing
Observe procedures, procedures,
2 specifications and manuals specifications and CON311201
of instruction manuals of
instruction
Interpreting
Interpret technical
3 technical drawings CON311202
drawings and plans
and plans
Performing
Perform mensurations and
4 mensurations and CON311203
calculations
calculations
Maintain tools and Maintaining tools CON311204
5
equipment and equipment
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Sector : CONSTRUCTION
Unit of Competency : Observe procedures, specifications and manuals of

instructions
Module Title : Observing procedures, specifications and manuals of
instructions
INTRODUCTION:
This module contains the “know “and “do” units in Observing procedures,
specifications and manuals of instructions. It covers the knowledge, skills and
attitude in Observing procedures and manuals of instructions. This module
consist of learning outcomes (LO’s) that contains learning activities for both
knowledge and skills supported with information sheets, and self check. Before
attempting to the manual exercises. See to it that you already read and
understood the information/operation sheet and answered correctly the self-
check provided in learning activities. Upon completion of this module you have
to undergo the institutional assessment to be administered by your instructor.
The assessment could be made to do different method as prescribed in the
competency standard.
Learning Outcomes;
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to;
1. Identify, access, and interpret specification/manuals.
2. Apply information in manual
3. Store manuals
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Performance Criteria;
1. Manuals are identified and accessed as per job requirements.
2. Version and date of manual are checked to ensure that correct

specification and procedure identified.
3. Relevant sections, chapters of specifications/manuals are located in

relation to the work to be conducted.
4. Information and procedure in the manual are interpreted in accordance

with industry practices
5. Work steps are correctly identified in accordance with manufacturers

specifications.
6. Manual data are applied according to the given task.
7. Adjustments are interpreted in accordance with information contained

on the manual or specifications
8. Manual or specification is stored appropriately to prevent damage, ready

access and updating of information when required in accordance with
company requirements
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LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY
Learning Outcome No. 1 Identify, Access, and Interpret

Specification/Manuals.
Contents:
1. Types of Manuals used in Construction sector
2. Different Types of Symbols
3. Accessing information and data.
Assessment Criteria:
1. Manuals are identified and accessed as per job requirements.
2. Version and date of manual are checked to ensure that correct

specification and procedure identified.
3. Relevant sections, chapters of specifications/manuals are located in

relation to the work to be conducted.
4. Information and procedure in the manual are interpreted in accordance

with industry practices
1.
Conditions:
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:
1. Classroom for discussion

2. Manuals/Catalogues relative to construction sector
3. Instruction Materials
Assessment Method:
1. Oral questioning
2. Written test
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES / ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome No. 1. Identify, access, and interpret

specification/manuals
Special Instruction
Learning Activities
 Read information sheet on  Try to read, analyze and

benefits of manuals understand the module by
yourself
 Read information sheet on types
of manual  Approach your instructor if you
have problems about the
 Read information sheet on module
different types of symbols
 Answer the self check without
 Reinforce your knowledge by looking at the module and the
studying terms and their feedback
definitions
 Answer self-check to test your

knowledge
 If you miss some of the item, go

over the module
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INFORMATION SHEET No. 4.1-1
BENEFITS OF MANUALS
Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, YOU must be able
to
identify the importance of Manuals.
HANDBOOKS AND MANUALS
Manual is a small reference book, especially one giving instructions.

Handbooks and manuals are the most common form of documentation in the
business environment. Many now come in electronic forms, such as
documentation stored on a corporate intranet, but in whatever form they
appear, they are used to instruct and guide employees on technical procedures,
corporate policies, and many other kinds of information that is not intuitively
obvious or easy to remember. Without them, employees would lose a valuable
reference source and businesses would suffer from a variety of problems,
ranging from untrained workers to liability lawsuits.
Some people make sharp distinctions between what is a manual and
what is a handbook, but in practice there is substantial overlap. By
convention, certain types of publications are more frequently called manuals,
notably in technical documentation for software programs and for machine
operation. However, these same sorts of publications may be termed users'
guides, help guides, reference books, or something else altogether.
Ambiguity in the nomenclature should not obscure the importance of good
documentation or the need to target such documentation to a specific
audience. All manuals and handbooks are not alike; authors and designers
must consider
 why the reader will be using the publication;
 what their existing knowledge of the subject is:
 what subject-area conventions they are used to; and
 what physical surroundings the documentation will be used in.
For example, if a manual is intended to be a quick, at-a-glance reference for
factory workers, it probably should not be a bulky, text-heavy, hardcover book,
unless an analysis of the users' work habits indicate that such a format would
be convenient. More likely, a manual for this purpose should be short,
graphical, possibly tabbed or color-coded for fast access, and provided in a
physical format that is compatible with the way its users work. The same kinds
of usability considerations apply to most types of manuals and handbooks.
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Source:
Read more: Handbooks and Manuals - benefits
http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Gov-Inc/Handbooks-and-
Manuals.html#ixzz1b68Ekgg7
SELF CHECK:
IDENTIFICATION TYPE
DIRECTION: Fill in the blanks with a word or group of words that makes
the statement true and correct.
1. ______________ is a small reference book, especially one giving
instructions.
2. _______________________are the most common form of documentation
in the business environment.
3. Manuals are used to ______________________on technical procedures,
corporate policies, and many other kinds of information that is not
intuitively obvious or easy to remember.
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Answer Key:
1. Manual
2. Handbooks and manuals
3. instruct and guide employees

TYPES OF MANUALS
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Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, YOU must be
able to
identify the different Types of Manuals.
There are basically three types of manuals

Each manual serves a distinct purpose for your machine.
1. Operator manual
Also called an owner’s manual, instruction book, handbook or handuchen

This type of manual has information on how to safely operate and use the
machine.
Usually includes basic maintenance, safety information and specifications
The same manual that would have come with the machine when delivered
new
2. Parts manual
Also called a parts book, parts catalog, parts catalogue, or spare parts list
This is the same manual used by the representative at your dealers parts
counter although most of these manuals are now in computer database
format
Parts manuals have exploded views of all parts, their relationship and
location. Usually these manuals also include the part number and a brief
description. Invaluable for reassembly!
3. Service manual
Also called a shop, repair, workshop, tech and technical manual
There are several types of these (more later - see below)
The service manuals tell you how to repair the machine, remove parts,
rebuild and replace the machine
Some are very detailed original dealer manuals while others are shortened
versions or for specific areas of repair.
Source:
www.manuals.us/typesofmanuals.aspx
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SELF CHECK:
IDENTIFICATION TYPE
1. Operator manual also called an _____________________________
2. Operator manual has information on how to ____________________
3. Parts manual also called a parts book, parts catalog , or spare
parts list
4. Parts manuals also include the______________________. invaluable
for reassembly
5. Service manual also called a ______________________________
manual.
6. The service manuals tell you how to
_________________________________
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Answer Key:
1. owner’s manual, instruction book, handbook or handuchen
2. safely operate and use the machine.
3. spare parts list
4. part number and a brief description.
5. shop, repair, workshop, tech and technical
6. repair the machine, remove parts, rebuild and replace the

machine
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Different Types of Symbols

able to
identify the different types of symbols.
Floor Plan Symbols

The following is a partial list of most used symbols throughout our floor
plans. It should help you understand and therefore better visualize the
rooms. Printing this page for further reference when viewing actual floor
plans may be a good idea.
Please note that due to different screens size and resolutions, we could not
include a scale to any of the plans, although some of them do have
measurements.
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Floor Plan Symbols, continued
Plumbing/Piping Drawings
Almost every conceivable fluid is handled in pipes during its production,

processing, transportation, and use. Piping is also used as a structural
element in columns and handrails. For these reasons, DMs should become
familiar with plumbing and piping drawings and the plumbing and piping
symbols used to show the size and location of pipes, fittings, and valves. In
this section little differentiation is made between plumbing and piping
drawings.
The two types of projection used in plumbing and piping diagrams are
orthographic and isometric (pictorial).
ORTHOGRAPHIC PLUMBING OR PIPE DRAWINGS: Orthographic pipe

drawings show single pipes either straight or bent in one plane only.
Orthographic pipe drawings may be single-line drawings where you draw the
center line of the pipe as a thick line and add valves and fittings, or double-
line drawings where you draw each valve and fitting. Use the single-line
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method when speed is essential. Double-line drawings are generally used in
applications, such as catalogs, where visual appearance is more important
than drawing time. Orthographic pipe drawings are sometimes used on more
complicated piping systems. Figure 4-43 shows an example of a single- and a
double-line orthographic piping drawing.
Figure 4-43.—Orthographic pipe drawing
ISOMETRIC (PICTORIAL) PLUMBING OR PIPE DRAWINGS: Use isometric

pipe drawings for all pipes bent in more than one plane. You may use either
the single-line or double-line method. The finished drawings are easier to
understand in pictorial format than as orthographic line drawings. Figure 4-44
is an example of a single-line isometric pipe drawing.
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Figure 4-44.—A single-line isometric pipe drawing. Figure 4-45 is an example
of a double-line isometric pipe drawing.
Figure 4-45.—A double-line isometric pipe drawing.
To show pipes that cross each other without connection, draw lines without
interruption. When it is important to show that one pipe passes behind
another, break or interrupt the line representing the pipe farthest from the
viewer. Figure 4-46 shows how to cross pipes.
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Figure 4-46.—Crossing pipes
Show permanent connection of pipes, whether made by welding or other

processes such as gluing or soldering, as a heavy dot with a general note or
specification describing the type of connection. Show detachable connections
between pipes as a thick single line and a general notation. The bill of
material lists this type of connection as flanges, unions, or couplings and
whether the fittings are flanged or threaded. Figure 4-47 shows how to
represent permanent and detachable connections.
Figure 4-47.—Permanent and detachable connections.
Sometimes standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings, and so
forth, are not shown on drawings. Use the circular symbol for a tee or elbow
when it is necessary to show piping coming toward or moving away from the
viewer. Figure 4-48 illustrates how to draw fitting coming toward or moving
away from the viewer.
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Figure 4-48.—Indicating the ends of pipe fittings.
Each opening on a fitting is identified with a letter. On crosses and elbows, you
always read the largest opening first and then follow the alphabetical order in
figure 4-49. On tees, 45-degree Y-bends or laterals, and double- branch
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elbows, read the largest opening first, the opposite opening next, and the outlet
last. Figure 4-49 show the order in which you read fittings.
Figure 4-49.—Plumbing fittings
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MIL-STD-17B, part I, lists mechanical symbols used on piping prints other
than those used for aeronautical, aerospacecraft, and spacecraft (listed in part
II). When an item is not covered in the standards, the responsible or originating
activity designs a suitable symbol and explains it in a note. When more than
one piping system of the same kind appears on a print, use letters added to the
symbols to differentiate between the systems. Figure 4-50 is a list of common
pipe line symbols.
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Figure 4-50.—Common pipe line symbols
List of Common piping symbols.
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Figure 4-51.—Common piping symbols.
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Figure 4-51.—Common piping symbols. continued
Figure 4-52
List of common
plumbing
symbols.
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Figure 4-52 - Common plumbing symbols.
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Architectural symbols for plans and elevations.
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Construction Electrician Basic
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Construction Electrician Basic, continued
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SELF CHECK:
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS
5
2
3 7
4 9
10
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Answer Key:
1. Inged Door
2. Bifold Door
3. Sliding door
4. Window
5. 90 degrees elbow
6. Straight Tee
7. Reducing Tee
8. Sanitary Tee
9. P- trap
10. Gate Valve
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Accessing Information and Data

able
to access information and data.
Organizing Information in Databases
 Data is raw material for data processing. data relates to fact, event
and transactions.
 Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be

meaningful to the person who receives it. It is anything that is
communicated.
Given the bulk of information associated with construction projects,

formal organization of the information is essential so as to avoid chaos.
Virtually all major firms in the arena of project management have
computer based organization of cost accounts and other data. With the
advent of micro-computer database managers, it is possible to develop
formal, computerized databases for even small organizations and projects.
In this section, we will discuss the characteristics of such formal

databases. Equivalent organization of information for manual
manipulation is possible but tedious. Computer based information
systems also have the significant advantage of rapid retrieval for
immediate use and, in most instances, lower overall costs. For example,
computerized specifications writing systems have resulted in well
documented savings. These systems have records of common
specification phrases or paragraphs which can be tailored to specific
project applications.
Formally, a database is a collection of stored operational information used

by the management and application systems of some particular
enterprise. This stored information has explicit associations or
relationships depending upon the content and definition of the stored
data, and these associations may themselves be considered to be part of
the database. The internal model is the actual location and
representation of the stored data. At some level of detail, it consists of the
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strings of "bits" which are stored in a computer's memory, on the tracks
of a recording disk, on a tape, or on some other storage device.
Accessing Information and data
A manager need not be concerned with the details of data storage

since this internal representation and manipulation is regulated by the
Database Manager Program (DBM). The DBM is the software program that
directs the storage, maintenance, manipulation and retrieval of data.
Users retrieve or store data by issuing specific requests to the DBM. The
objective of introducing a DBM is to free the user from the detail of
exactly how data are stored and manipulated. At the same time, many
different users with a wide variety of needs can use the same database by
calling on the DBM. Usually the DBM will be available to a user by means
of a special query language. For example, a manager might ask a DBM to
report on all project tasks which are scheduled to be underway on a
particular date. The desirable properties of a DBM include the ability to
provide the user with ready access to the stored data and to maintain the
integrity and security of the data. Numerous commercial DBM exist which
provide these capabilities and can be readily adopted to project
management applications.
External models are the means by which the users view the
database. Of all the information in the database, one particular user's
view may be just a subset of the total. A particular view may also require
specific translation or manipulation of the information in the database.
Different users can view the data in quite distinct fashions, yet the data
itself can be centrally stored and need not be copied separately for each
user. External models provide the format by which any specific
information needed is retrieved.
Finally, the Database Administrator is an individual or group

charged with the maintenance and design of the database, including
approving access to the stored information.
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SELF CHECK:
IDENTIFICATION TYPE
1. Database is a collection of ________________________ used by the

management and application systems of some particular enterprise.
2. The _____________ is the actual location and representation of the stored
data.
3. DBM means_____________________.
4. The desirable properties of a DBM include the ability to provide the user
with ______________________ and to maintain the integrity and security of
the data.
5. External models are the means by which the _________________.
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Answer Key:
1. stored operational information

2. internal model
3. Database Manager Program
4. ready access to the stored data
5. the users view the database.
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Learning Outcome No. 2 Apply Information in Manuals.

Contents:
1. Manual/Specification application
2. Interpreting Specification
1. Work steps are correctly identified in accordance with manufacturer’s
specifications.
2. Manual data are applied according to the given task.
3. Adjustments are interpreted in accordance with information contained

on the manual or specifications
Conditions:

2. Manuals
3. Workplace location
4. Measuring instruments
5. Instruction Materials
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Assessment Method:
1. Oral examination
2. Written test/questioning
3. Practical examination
Learning Outcome No. 2 Apply information in manual
Learning Activities Special Instruction
 Read information sheet on  Try to read, analyze and

manual/specification understand the module by
application yourself
 Reinforce your knowledge by  Approach your instructor if you

studying terms and their have problems about the
definitions module
 Answer self-check to test your  Answer the self check without

knowledge looking at the module and the
feedback
over the module
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MANUAL /SPECIFICATION APPLICATION
to apply manuals or specifications applied in construction
Construction Specifications
The Construction Specifications are used to produce detailed specifications for
construction documents for design-bid-build and design-build projects. It also
creates automatic administrative reports, such as submittal requirements,
useful during construction administration.
The master database includes the most commonly used and specified products
and construction activities, including architectural, civil, structural, landscape
architecture, interiors, plumbing, HVAC, fire protection, electrical,
telecommunications and special construction work.
The database also includes proprietary sections sponsored by individual

building product manufacturers.
Construction Specifications by building product
1. General Requirements (See General Requirements specification sample)

2. Site Construction
3. Concrete
4. Masonry
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5. Metals
6. Wood and Plastics
7. Thermal and Moisture Protection
8. Doors and Windows
9. Finishes
10. Specialties
11. Equipment
12. Furnishings
13. Special Construction
14. Conveying Systems
15. Mechanical
16. Electrical
SELF CHECK:
IDENTIFICATION TYPE
1. Specifications are used to produce _____________________ for

construction documents for design-bid-build and design-build projects
2. Specification also creates_____________________, such as submittal
requirements, useful during construction administration.
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Answer Key:
1. detailed specifications
2. automatic administrative reports
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Interpreting Specifications
to interpret specifications on manuals/specification.
In interpreting Specifications, study each item on manual/specification

carefully, i.e. (Technical specifications, dimensions specified, the materials,
and notations or codes as well.)
Here is a sample of specifications under construction, Study and analyze

its content:
General Requirements (Under Construction Specification by building

product)
1. Buildings proposed for construction shall comply with all the regulations
and specifications including safety standards embodied in the Administrative
Order of DOLE herein set forth governing quality, characteristics and
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properties of materials, methods of design and construction, type of occupancy
and classification.
2. The various applicable referral codes shall supplementally guide the

planning, design, layout, content, construction, location/siting, installation
and maintenance of all buildings/structures.
3. For the guidance of the general public, the Secretary shall periodically
issue generic lists of approved, strictly regulated or banned items, procedures,
usages and the like relative to the design, construction and use/occupancy of
buildings/structures:
a. Materials for construction;
b. Processes for the production of materials, their installation or

construction;
c. Procedures/methodologies/systems for both design and construction;
d. Organizational structures/hierarchies for construction;
e. Types of occupancy; and
f. Classifications relative to design, construction and occupancy.
4. All buildings/structures shall be placed in or upon private property or duly

designated public land and shall be securely constructed in conformance with
the requirements of the Code.
SECTION 1202. Excavation, Foundation, and Retaining Walls
1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 684 to 686 of the Civil

Code of the Philippines on lateral and subjacent support, the design
and quality of materials used structurally in excavation, footings, and in
foundations shall conform to accepted engineering practice.
2. Excavation and Fills
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a. Excavation and fills for buildings or structures shall be so
constructed or protected that they do not endanger life or
property.
b. Whenever the depth of excavation for any construction is such

that the lateral and subjacent support of the adjoining property or
existing structure thereon would be affected in a manner that the
stability or safety of the same is endangered, the person
undertaking or causing the excavation to be undertaken shall be
responsible for the expense of underpinning or extending the
foundation or footings of the aforementioned property or structure.
c. Excavation and other similar disturbances made on public

property shall, unless otherwise excluded by the Building Official,
be restored immediately to its former condition within 48 hours
from the start of such excavation and disturbances by whosoever
caused such excavation or disturbance.
d. Before undertaking excavation works, drilling or otherwise

disturbing the ground, the persons doing the work, or causing
such work to be done, shall contact all public utilities/services to
determine the possible location of underground facilities, to avoid
hazard to public safety, health and welfare caused by the
inadvertent disruption of such facilities.
e. Protection of Adjoining Property. Any person making or causing

an excavation to be made below existing grade shall protect the
excavation so that the soil of adjoining property will not cave-in or
settle and shall defray the cost of underpinning or extending the
foundation of buildings on adjoining properties. Before
commencing the excavation, the person making or causing the
excavation to be made shall notify in writing the owners of
adjoining buildings not less than ten (10) days before such
excavation is to be made and that the adjoining buildings will be
protected by him. The owners of the adjoining properties shall be
given access to the excavation for the purpose of verifying if their
properties are sufficiently protected by the person making the
excavation. Likewise, the person causing such excavation shall be
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given access to enter the adjoining property for the purpose of
physical examination of such property, prior to the commencement
and at reasonable periods during the progress of excavation. If the
necessary consent is not accorded to the person making the
excavation, then it shall be the duty of the person refusing such
permission to protect his buildings or structure. The person
causing the excavation shall not be responsible for damages on
account of such refusal by the adjoining property owner to permit
access for inspection. In case there is a party wall along a lot line
of the premises where an excavation is being made, the person
causing the excavation to be made shall at his own expense,
preserve such party wall in as safe a condition as it was before the
excavation was commenced and shall, when necessary, underpin
and support the same by adequate methods.
f. At an early stage, and before work is commenced, a careful and

accurate survey of any cracks in the existing adjoining owner's
premises should be made, and, where possible, photographs
should be taken, recorded, and agreed between the parties
concerned. Where necessary, telltales should be fixed to cracks
with the object of showing any further movements during
demolition and excavation. Tell-tales should preferably be in the
form of fixed points built in on each side of the crack and should
be capable of being measured by a micrometer or vernier caliper.
They should be of such a nature that both horizontal and vertical
movements could be recorded.
g. Cut slopes for permanent excavations shall not be steeper than

two (2) horizontal to one (1) vertical and slopes for permanent fills
shall not be steeper than two (2) horizontal to one (1) vertical.
Deviation from the foregoing limitations for slopes shall be
permitted only upon the presentation of a geotechnical/geological
investigation report acceptable to the Building Official.
h. On a large site that is at a considerable distance from the

surrounding properties and public highways, deep excavation may
be carried out in the open in bulk, leaving slopes around the
perimeter. It is important to ensure that no serious failures of the
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banks will occur to endanger those working on the site or the
public. The safe angle of the cut slope shall be determined by an
appropriate geotechnical/geological site investigation acceptable to
the Building Official.
i. In cases where the excavation passes through a permeable

water-bearing stratum overlying an impervious bed, a bench
should be formed at the junction of the strata to carry an
intermediate intercepting drain.
j. If groundwater is standing at a considerable head around the

excavation, measures shall be undertaken to reduce this head by a
system of weepholes at the lowest 1/3 section of the excavation
wall or by enclosing the site with suitable sheet piling or if a water-
sealing stratum can be reached within a reasonable distance at the
bottom of the excavation.
k. In fine sands or silts where sheet piling alone is relied upon, it

will be necessary to watch the pumping very carefully because, in
fine-grained materials, the removal of even a small volume of water
may cause "blows" in the bottom of the excavation or may result in
disturbance to adjoining structures.
l. Except in excavation inside sloping banks, rock, or within

caissons, all excavations should be lined with shotcrete, boards,
runners or sheet piles supported laterally, if necessary, by
framings of wallings and struts, which may be of timber, steel, or
reinforced concrete, to a sufficient extent to prevent the excavation
from becoming dangerous to life or limb by movement or caving in
of the adjoining soil.
m. All linings and framings should be inserted as the excavation

proceeds, and should be tightened up against the adjoining soil by
wedging or jacking and secured by cleats or other suitable means.
n. Every trench, 1.50 meters or deeper, shall be provided with

suitable means of exit or escape at least every 7.50 meters of its
length.
Document No.
o. Where workers are employed adjacent to an excavation on
work other than that directly connected with the excavation,
sufficient railings or fences shall be provided to prevent such
workers from falling into the excavation.
p. Excavations that may be left open for any length of time,

periodic inspections of timbering or strutting should be made and
wedges tightened as found necessary.
q. In long excavation for walls, it may be found expedient and safe

to arrange the excavation in a series of alternate sections in order
to avoid a long, continuous excavation supported only on
temporary strutting. Such sections should be arranged in
convenient lengths (depending on the total length to be done) and
of a width sufficient to construct a unit of the retaining wall that
will be adequate to afford permanent support to that portion of the
ground; the wall unit should be completed before proceeding with
the adjacent section of the excavation.
r. Where water is encountered in excavation, a sump should be

maintained below the level of the excavation in order that surface
and groundwater can be led into it and pumped out; provided that
the inflow of water does not carry much soil in suspension and
does not require continuous pumping to keep the risk of
settlement of the surrounding ground.
s. No fill or other surcharge loads shall be placed adjacent to any

building/structure unless such building/structure is capable of
withstanding the additional loads caused by the fill or surcharge.
t. Existing footings or foundations which may be affected by any

excavation shall be underpinned adequately, or otherwise
protected against settlement, and shall be protected against lateral
movement. u. Fills to be used to support the foundations of any
building/structure shall be placed in accordance with accepted
engineering practice. A soil investigation report and a report of
satisfactory placement of fill, shall be both acceptable to the
Building Official.
Document No.
3. Footings, Foundations, and Retaining Walls
a. Footings and foundations shall be of the appropriate type, of adequate

size, and capacity in order to safely sustain the superimposed loads
under seismic or any condition of external forces that may affect the
safety or stability of the structure. It shall be the responsibility of the
architect and/or engineer to adopt the type and design of the same in
accordance with the standards set forth by the Secretary.
b. Whenever or wherever there exists in the site of the construction an

abrupt change in the ground levels or level of the foundation such that
instability of the soil could result, retaining walls shall be provided and
such shall be of adequate design and type of construction as prescribed
by the Secretary.
SECTION 1203. Veneer
1. Veneer is a nonstructural facing of brick, concrete, tile, metal,

plastic, glass, or other similar approved materials attached to a backing
or structural components of the building for the purpose of
ornamentation, protection, or enclosure that may be adhered, integrated,
or anchored either on the interior or exterior of the building or structure.
2. Design Requirements. The design of all veneer shall comply with the
following:
a. Veneer shall support no load other than its own weight and the
vertical dead load of veneer immediately above.
b. Surfaces to which veneer is attached shall be designed to

support the additional vertical and lateral loads imposed by the
veneer.
c. Consideration shall be given to differential movements of the

supports including those caused by temperature changes,
shrinkage, creep, and deflection.
d. Adhered veneer and its backing shall be designed to have a

bond to the supporting elements sufficient to withstand shearing
Document No.
stresses due to their weights including seismic effects on the total
assemblage.
e. Anchored veneer and its attachment shall be designed to resist

horizontal forces equal to twice the weight of the veneer.
f. Anchors supports and ties shall be non-combustible and

corrosion-resistant.
SECTION 1204. Enclosure of Vertical Openings
1. Vertical openings shall be enclosed depending upon the fire resistive

requirements of a particular type of construction as set forth in the Code.
2. Elevator Enclosures.
Walls and partitions enclosing elevators and escalators shall be of not

less than the fire-resistive construction required under the Types of
Construction. Enclosing walls of elevator shafts may consist of wire
glass set in metal frames on the entrance side only. Elevator shafts
extending through more than two storeys shall be equipped with an
approved means of adequate ventilation to and through the main roof of
the building; Provided, that in those buildings housing Groups F and G
Occupancies equipped with automatic fire
extinguishing systems throughout, enclosures shall not be required for

escalators; Provided, further that the top of the escalator opening at
each storey shall be provided with a draft curtain. Such draft curtain
shall enclose the perimeter of the unenclosed opening and shall extend
from the ceiling downward at least 300 millimeters on all sides.
Automatic sprinklers shall be provided around the perimeter of the
opening and within a 600 millimeters of the draft curtain. The distance
between the sprinkles shall not exceed 1.80 meters center-to-center.
3. Other Vertical Openings.
All shafts, ducts, chutes, and other vertical openings not covered
in paragraph above shall have enclosing walls conforming to the
requirements specified under the type of construction of the
building in which they are located. In other than Group A
Document No.
Occupancies, rubbish and linen chutes shall terminate in rooms
separated from the remainder of the building by a One-Hour Fire-
Resistive Occupancy Separation. Openings into the chutes shall
not be located in required exit corridors or stairways.
4. Air Ducts.
Air ducts passing through a floor shall be enclosed in a shaft. The

shaft shall be as required in this Code for vertical openings.
Dampers shall be installed where ducts pierce the shaft enclosure
walls. Air ducts in Group A Occupancies need not be enclosed in a
shaft if conforming to the mechanical provisions of the Code.
SECTION 1205. Floor Construction
1. Floors shall be of such materials and construction as specified under

Rule V - Fire Zones and Fire- Resistive Standards and under Rule IV -
Types of Construction.
2. All floors shall be so framed and secured into the framework and
supporting walls as to form an integral part of the whole building.
3. The types of floor construction used shall provide means to keep the
beam and girders from lateral buckling.
SECTION 1206. Roof Construction and Covering
1. Roof Covering.
Roof covering for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or
ordinary depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of the
particular type of construction. The use of combustible roof
insulation shall be permitted in all types of construction provided
it is covered with approved roof covering applied directly thereto.
2. Roof Trusses.
All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and
supporting walls so as to form an integral part of the whole
building. Roof trusses shall have all joints well fitted and shall
have all tension members well tightened before any load is placed
in the truss. Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to brace all
roof trusses. The allowable working stresses of materials in
Document No.
trusses shall conform to the Code. Camber shall be provided to
prevent sagging.
3. Attics.
a. Access. An attic access opening shall be provided in the ceiling of the

top floor of buildings with a combustible ceiling or roof construction. The
opening shall be located in a corridor or hallway of buildings of three (3)
or more storey’s in height and readily accessible in buildings of any
height. An opening shall not be less than 600 millimeters square or 600
millimeters in diameter. The minimum clear headroom of 800
millimeters shall be provided above the access opening. For ladder
requirements, refer to the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code.
b. Area Separation. Enclosed attic spaces of combustible construction

shall be divided into horizontal areas not exceeding 250 sq. meters by
fire-resistive partitions extending from the ceiling to the roof. Except,
that where the entire attic is equipped with approved automatic fire-
extinguishing system, the attic space may be divided into areas not to
exceed 750 sq. meters. Openings in the partitions shall be protected by
self-closing doors.
c. Draft Stops. Regardless of the type of construction, draft stops shall

be installed in trusses roofs, between roof and bottom chords or trusses,
in all buildings exceeding 2000 sq. meters. Draft stops shall be
constructed as for attic area separations.
d. Ventilation. Enclosed attics including rafter spaces formed where

ceilings are applied direct to the underside or roof rafters shall be
provided with adequate ventilation protected against the entrance of rain.
4. Roof Drainage System
a. Roof Drains. Roof drains shall be installed at low points of the roof
and shall be adequate in size to discharge all tributary waters.
b. Overflow Drains and Scuppers. Where roof drains are required,

adequate overflow drains shall be provided.
Document No.
c. Concealed Piping. Roof drains and overflows drains, when concealed
within the construction of the building, shall be installed in accordance
with the provisions of the National Plumbing Code.
d. Over Public Property. Roof drainage water from a building shall not
be permitted to flow over public property, except for Group A and J
Occupancies.
5. Flashing.
Flashing and counter flashing shall be provided at the juncture of the
roof and vertical surfaces.
SECTION 1207. Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
1. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load
requirements of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and grandstands.
a. Determination of Occupant Loads.
The occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof shall
be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the
unit area allowed per occupant as shown on Table XII.1. and as
determined by the Secretary.
i. When the unit area per occupant for any particular occupancy is
not provided for in Table XII.1. , the Building Official shall
determine the same based on the unit area for occupancy, which it
most nearly resembles.
ii. The occupant load of any area having fixed seats shall be
determined by the number of fixed seats installed. Aisles serving
the fixed seats in said area shall be included in determining the
occupant load.
iii. The occupant load permitted in a building or portion thereof may
be increased above that specified in Table XIII.1. if the necessary
exits are provided.
iv. In determining the occupant load, all portions of a building shall
be presumed to be occupied at the same time. EXCEPTION:
Accessory areas, which ordinarily are only used by persons who
occupy the main areas of occupancy, shall be provided with exits
as though they were completely occupied. However, in computing
the maximum allowable occupant load for the floor/building, the
occupant load of the accessory area/s shall be disregarded.
b. Exit Requirements.
Document No.
Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different
purposes shall be determined by the occupant load which gives the
largest number of persons. No obstruction shall be placed in the required
width of an exit except projections permitted by the Code.
c. Posting of Room Capacity.

Any room having an occupant load of more than fifty (50) where fixed
seats are not installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or
similar purpose shall have the capacity of the room posted in a
conspicuous place near the main exit from the room.
.d. Changes in Elevation.

Except in Group A Occupancies, changes in floor elevations of less than 300 millimeters
along any exit serving a tributary occupant load of ten (10) or more shall be by means of
ramp.
Table XII.
1. General Requirements for Occupant Loads and Exits*
(*In all occupancies, floors above the first (1st) storey having an occupant load of more
than ten (10) shall have at least two (2) exits)
Use or Occupancy Unit Area per Occupant Minimum of Two (2)

(sq. meters) Exits Other than Elevators
are Required Where Number of
Occupants is over
Dwellings 28.00 10
Hotels 18.60 10
Apartments 18.60 10
Dormitories 18.60 10
Classrooms 1.80 50
Conference .40 50
Rooms 1.40 50
Exhibit Rooms 1.40 50
Gymnasia 4.60 50
School Shops 4.60 50
Vocational Institutions 4.60 50
Laboratories 4.60 50
Hospitals**, Sanitaria** 8.40 5
Document No.
Nursing Homes** 7.40 5
Children's Homes** 7.40 5
Homes for the Aged** 7.40 5
(** Institutional Sleeping
Departments shall be based on
one (1) occupant per 11.00
sq. meters of the gross floor area;
Inpatient Institutional Treatment
Departments shall be based on
one (1) occupant per 22.00 sq.
meters of gross floor area )
Nurseries for Children 3.25 6
Dwellings 28.00 10
Stores-Retail Sales Rooms
Basement 2.80 50
Ground Floor 2.80 50
Upper Floors 5.60- 10
Offices 9.30 30
Aircraft Hangars (no repair) 46.50 10
Parking Garages 18.60 30
Drinking Establishments 1.40 30
Kitchens (commercial) 18.60 30
Warehouses 28.00 30
Mechanical Equipment Rooms 28.00 30
Garages 9.30 10
Auditoriums 0.65 50
Theaters 0.65 50
Churches and chapels 0.65 50
Dance Floors 0.65 50
Reviewing Stands 0.65 50
Stadia 0.65 50
2.Exits
a. Number of Exits.
Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least one (1) exit. In all
occupancies, floors above the first storey having an occupant load of more than ten
(10) shall not have less than two (2) exits. Each mezzanine floor used for other than
Document No.
storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 sq. meters or more than 18.00 meters in
any dimension shall have at least two (2) stairways to an adjacent floor. Every storey
or portion thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have at least three (3)
exits. Every storey or portion thereof having an occupant load of one thousand (1000)
or more shall have at least four (4) exits. The number of exits required from any
storey of a building shall be determined by using the occupant loads of floors which
exit through the level under consideration as follows: 50% of the occupant load in
the first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent storey below, when a storey
below exits through the level under consideration) and 25% of the occupant load in
the storey immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum number of
exits required for any storey shall be maintained until egress is provided from the
structures. For purposes of this Section basement or cellars and occupied roofs shall
be provided with exits as required for storeys. Floors above the second storey,
basements and cellars used for other than service of the building shall have not less
than two (2) exits.
b. Width.
The total width of exits in meters shall not be less than the total occupant load
served divided by one hundred sixty five (165). Such width of exits shall be
divided approximately equally among the separate exits. The total exit width
required from any storey of a building shall be determined by using the occupant
load of that storey plus the percentage of the occupant loads of floors which exits
through the level under consideration as follows: 50% of the occupant load in the
first adjacent storey above (and the first adjacent storey below when a storey
below exits through the level under consideration) and 25% of the occupant load
in the storey immediately beyond the first adjacent storey. The maximum exit
width from any storey of a building shall be maintained.
c. Arrangement of Exits.
If only two (2) exits are required, they shall be placed a distance apart to not less
than one-fifth (1/5) of the perimeter of the area served measured in a straight line
between exits. Where three (3) or more exits are required, they shall be arranged a
reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked, the others will be
available.
d. Distance to Exits.
No point in a building without a sprinkler system shall be more than 45.00 meters
from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit passageway, or an enclosed
stairway, measured along the line of travel. In a building equipped with a
complete automatic fire extinguishing system, the distance from exits may be
increased to 60.00 meters.
3.Doors.
Document No.
The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area having an
occupant load of more than ten (10), or serving hazardous rooms or areas.
a. Swing.
Exit door shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any hazardous
areas or when serving an occupant load of fifty (50) or more. Double acting doors
shall not be used as exits serving a tributary occupant load of more than one
hundred (100); nor shall they be used as a part of fire assembly, nor equipped with
panic hardware. A double acting door shall be provided with a view panel of not
less than 1,300 sq. centimeters.
b. Type of Lock or Latch.

Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special
knowledge or effort: Except, that this requirement shall not apply to exterior exit
doors in a Group E or F Occupancy if there is a conspicuous, readily visible and
durable sign on or adjacent to the door, stating that the door is to remain unlocked
during business hours. The locking device must be of a type that will readily be
distinguishable as locked. Flush bolts or surface bolts are prohibited.
c. Width and Height.

Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the installation of a
door not less than 900 millimeters in width and not less than 2.00 meters in
height. When installed in exit doorways, exit doors shall be capable of opening at
least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of the exit way is not
less than 700 millimeters. In computing the required exit width the net dimension
of the exit way shall be used.
d. Door Leaf Width. No leaf of an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters in width.
e. Special Doors.
Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall not be used as required exits.
f. Egress from Door.

Every required exit door shall give immediate access to an approved means of
egress from the building.
g. Change in Floor Level at Doors.
Regardless of the occupant load, there shall be a floor or landing on each side of
an exit door. The floor or landing shall be leveled with, or not more than 50
millimeters lower than the threshold of the doorway: Except, that in Group A and
B Occupancies, a door may open on the top step of a flight of stairs or an exterior
Document No.
landing provided the door does not swing over the top step or exterior landing and
the landing is not more than 200 millimeters below the floor level.
h. Door Identification.
Glass doors shall conform to the requirements in Section 1802. Other exit doors
shall be so marked that they are readily distinguishable from the adjacent
construction.
i. Additional Doors.
When additional doors are provided for egress purposes, they shall conform to all
provisions in the following cases: Approved revolving doors having leaves which
will collapse under opposing pressures may be used in exit situations; provided;
that such doors have a minimum width of 2.00 meters or they are not used in
occupancies where exits are required to be equipped with panic hardware or at
least one conforming exit door is located adjacent to each revolving doors
installed in a building and the revolving door shall not be considered to provide
any exit width.
4. Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies.

The provisions herein shall apply to every corridor and exterior exit balcony serving as a
required exit for an occupant load of more than ten (10).
a. Width. Every corridor or exit balcony shall not be less than 1.10 meters in width.
b. Projections.
The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall be unobstructed.
Except, that trim handrails, and doors when fully opened shall not reduce the
required width by more than 200 millimeters. Doors in any position shall not
reduce the required width of the corridor by more than one-half (1/2).
c. Access to Exits.
When more than one (1) exit is required, they shall be so arranged to allow going
to either direction from any point in the corridor or exterior exit balcony to a
separate exit, except for dead ends permitted by the Code.
d. Dead Ends.
Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are permitted when the dead
end does not exceed 6.00 meters in length.
e. Construction. Walls and ceilings of corridors

Shall not be less than one-hour fire-resistive construction. Provided, that this
requirement shall not apply to exterior exit balconies, railings, and corridors of
one-storey building housing a Group E and F Occupancy occupied by one (1)
tenant only and which serves an occupant load of thirty (30) or less, nor to
Document No.
corridors, formed by temporary partitions. Exterior exit balconies shall not project
into an area where protected openings are required.
Specifications & Manuals applied to construction (Sample)
Document No.
1. General Specifications and Manuals
1. Standard General Conditions for Construction Contracts
2. Special Conditions
3. Technical Specifications
4. Drafting Standards
5. Policies and Procedures Manual for Inspection of Locally Funded

Construction Projects
6. Quality Control Sampling and Testing Frequency Manual
2. Project Specifications and Manuals
 Roadway and Bridge Standards

 Policies and Procedures Manual for Locally Funded Resurfacing
Project
 Traffic Signal Drawings
3. Sanitary Sewer and Storm Water Specifications and Manuals
 Sanitary District Standards

 Sanitary Sewer Rehabilitation Technical Specifications
SELF CHECK:
Document No.
ENUMERATION TYPE
DIRECTION: Enumerate what is being asked.
A. Give 5 specifications applied under general specifications

B. What are the items to consider in interpreting specifications
Answer Key:
Document No.
A.
1. Standard General Conditions for Construction Contracts
2. Special Conditions
3. Technical Specifications
4. Drafting Standards
5. Policies and Procedures Manual for Inspection of Locally Funded

Construction Projects
6. Quality Control Sampling and Testing Frequency Manual
B.
1. Technical specifications,
2. dimensions specified,
3. the materials,
4. and notations or codes
Document No.
Learning Outcome No. 2 Store Manual

Contents:
1. Manual Handling
1. Manual or specification is stored appropriately to prevent damage, ready
access and updating of information when required in accordance with
company requirements.
Conditions:

7. Manuals
8. Store rooms/library
9. Instructional Materials
Assessment Method:
4. Oral examination
5. Written test/questioning
6. Practical examination
Document No.
Learning Outcome No. 3

Store Manual
Learning Activities Special Instruction
 Read information sheet on How to  Try to read, analyze and

store manuals understand the module by yourself
 Reinforce your knowledge by  Approach your instructor if you have

studying terms and their definitions problems about the module
 Answer self-check to test your  Answer the self check without

knowledge looking at the module and the
feedback
over the module
Document No.
TASK SHEET No. 4.3-1
HOW TO STORE MANUALS
Performance Objectives: After reading this task sheet, YOU must be able to
perform the procedures on how to store manuals to prevent damage.
Things needed:
1. Store room
2. Manuals
3. Books
4. Book stand
Procedure/Steps:
1. Lay or store manuals in flat position
2. Lay other manuals on shelves upright at 90° to the surface of the shelf
and should be supported on either side by books or book stands of
similar size.
3. Do not pack the manuals in too tightly or the covers will be damaged
when you attempt remove from the shelf.
4. Never pull a manual by the top of its spine to take it from the shelf; it will
be damaged - as will leaving it face down and open for any length of time.
Source: www.conservationregister.com/
Document No.
Performance Criteria Checklist
OBSERVATION CHECKLIST YES NO

1. Were manuals stored or laid in flat position?
2. Were other manuals laid 90 degrees to the surface of the shelf and
supported its side by books or book stands of similar size?
3. Were manuals pack too tightly in shelves?
4.Were manual pulled by the top of its spine when taken it from
the shelf?
Name of Trainee ______________________ Date:
Name of Instructor _______________________ Date:
Document No.
Document No.

Module Common Observe Procedures, Specifications and Manuals

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

Unit of competency : Observe procedures, specifications and manuals of

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Unit of Competency : Observe procedures, specifications and manuals of

Upon completion of this module, you will be able to;

1. Identify, access, and interpret specification/manuals.

2. Apply information in manual

1. Manuals are identified and accessed as per job requirements.

2. Version and date of manual are checked to ensure that correct

3. Relevant sections, chapters of specifications/manuals are located in

4. Information and procedure in the manual are interpreted in accordance

5. Work steps are correctly identified in accordance with manufacturers

6. Manual data are applied according to the given task.

7. Adjustments are interpreted in accordance with information contained

8. Manual or specification is stored appropriately to prevent damage, ready

Learning Outcome No. 1 Identify, Access, and Interpret

2. Version and date of manual are checked to ensure that correct

3. Relevant sections, chapters of specifications/manuals are located in

4. Information and procedure in the manual are interpreted in accordance

1. Classroom for discussion

Learning Outcome No. 1. Identify, access, and interpret

 Read information sheet on  Try to read, analyze and

 Answer self-check to test your

 If you miss some of the item, go

HANDBOOKS AND MANUALS

Manual is a small reference book, especially one giving instructions.

INFORMATION SHEET No. 4.1-2

There are basically three types of manuals

Also called an owner’s manual, instruction book, handbook or handuchen

1. owner’s manual, instruction book, handbook or handuchen

2. safely operate and use the machine.

3. spare parts list

4. part number and a brief description.

5. shop, repair, workshop, tech and technical

6. repair the machine, remove parts, rebuild and replace the

Different Types of Symbols

Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, YOU must be

Floor Plan Symbols

Almost every conceivable fluid is handled in pipes during its production,

ORTHOGRAPHIC PLUMBING OR PIPE DRAWINGS: Orthographic pipe

Figure 4-43.—Orthographic pipe drawing

ISOMETRIC (PICTORIAL) PLUMBING OR PIPE DRAWINGS: Use isometric

Figure 4-45.—A double-line isometric pipe drawing.

Show permanent connection of pipes, whether made by welding or other

Figure 4-47.—Permanent and detachable connections.

Figure 4-49.—Plumbing fittings

List of Common piping symbols.

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS

Accessing Information and Data

Learning Objectives: After reading this Information Sheet, YOU must be

Organizing Information in Databases

 Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be

Given the bulk of information associated with construction projects,

In this section, we will discuss the characteristics of such formal

Formally, a database is a collection of stored operational information used

Accessing Information and data

A manager need not be concerned with the details of data storage

Finally, the Database Administrator is an individual or group

1. Database is a collection of ________________________ used by the

1. stored operational information

Learning Outcome No. 2 Apply Information in Manuals.

2. Manual data are applied according to the given task.