4 Evonik Cationicsurfactantshousehold2014 140821133037 Phpapp01

Recent Developments in
Cationic Surfactants for

Fabric & Car Care
Andras Nagy, Ph.D.
Applied Technology Manager
Household Care/CS NA
Agenda
Traditional and Unique Applications: Substantivity
Antibacterial agents/Corrosion inhibitors/Asphalt emulsion/Ore flotation

Fabric softeners
Vehicle drying agents
Emulsifiers/surfactants: cleaning/drying aids/protectants
Anionic Scavengers – Softergents: car care - fabric care
Silicone Quats: special organomodified silicones
Latest Developments: Smart molecules
Low temperature dispersible fabric softener quat

Readily biodegradable emulsifier for vehicle rinse aids
Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 2

What Is a Cationic Surfactant (Quat)
Quats are positively charged ions, R being alkyl or aryl

group(s)
Permanently charged, independent of the pH of their

solution.
Cationic surfactants are salts of quaternary ammonium

cations with an anion. X-
-
Made by alkylation of tertiary amines
Have hydrophobic tail(s), polar head(s) with positive

-
+
charge(s) and counter-anion(s) with negative charge(s)

An Important Property
Substantivity
An attractive force is required to deposit caring

agents from dilute formulations to the target
surface
Most surfaces are negatively charged mainly due

to oxidation
The Coulomb attraction between cationic

surfactants and surfaces can be used as a
deposition mechanism
--------

Traditional and Unique Applications
Antimicrobial Quats:
Disruption of intermolecular interactions (bacteriostatic, fungistatic, algistatic,
antiviral activity)
Corrosion Inhibitors:
Substantivity of the cationics will create protective coatings
Ore Flotation:
Quats will form monomolecular films on negative particles. Air bubbles will
float the hydrophobic components
Asphalt Emulsions:
Cationic emulsions will coat inorganic particles and metal surfaces even in
wet conditions (highway construction, vehicle undercoating)
Miscellaneous Applications:
Cosmetics, Hair conditioners, Pigment dispersants, etc.
Fabric Softening
1. Overview
2. Rinse Cycle Products
3. Dryer Cycle Products

Fabric Softeners Overview
Phase Behaviour of Quats
Double-chain cationic surfactants

form vesicles
+
from: J.N. Israelachvilli et al., J. Chem. Soc.,
Faraday Trans. II, 72 (1976) 1525-1568

Fabric Softening
1. Overview

How Are Fabric Softeners Made?
Rinse Cycle Fabric Softeners:
1. Quats are heated and homogenized T °C
Homogenize
- -
“heat” quat to T °C

1. Quats are heated and homogenized
2. Dispersed into warm water
T °C
Disperse quat
into water at T °C; mix

t °C
3. Cooled down while being mixed
Cool to t °C; mix

How Do Fabric Softeners Work?
3. Cooled down while mixed
Add dye, fragrance, etc.;

4. Fragrances and other additives are added mix thoroughly


4. Fragrances and other additives are added
5. These liquid softeners are added during the rinse

cycle in the washing machine


4. Fragrances and other additives are added
5. These liquid softeners are
added during the rinse cycle in the washing machine
6. The positively charged molecules are attached to the

negative fibers to make them soft, and antistatic
Fabric Softening
1. Overview

Dryer Cycle Fabric Softeners:
1. Quats and other ingredients are heated and T °C
homogenized
“Melt” ingredients Homogenize
- -
at T °C


2. Poured on a hot plate (lab process)
3. Nonwoven substrate is put on the plate
4. Quat is spead evenly with a roller


2. Poured on a hot plate (lab process)
5. Coated substrate is lifted to solidify
6. Dryer sheet quat is ready for use

• Industrial process
Doctor Blade
Cutting Blade
Squeeze
Roll
Heated Dip Tank Heating Cooling Take-up Roll

Cans Cans
Supply Roll


2. Poured on a hot plate,
5. Coated substrate is lifted to solidify
6. Dryer sheet quat is ready for use
7. The positively charged molecules are attached to the negative

fibers to make them soft, and antistatic

Fabric Softener Actives
1. Chemistry, Biodegradability
2. Chemistry, Performance
3. Physical State
4. Improvement: Room Temperature Dispersible Quat

Evonik – The Global Leader in
Full Range of Softener Chemistry

Dialkyl cationic surfactants Organomodifed Silicones (I&I)
Nitrile (ADOGEN® 442) Fabric care benefits
Amidoamine (VARISOFT® 222) Easy ironing
Imidazolinium (VARISOFT® 475) Reduced wrinkling

Faster drying
Ester Quat (REWOQUAT® WE 45)
REWOQUAT® SQ 1
Monoalkyl Quats 2-in-1 Softener

Anionic scavengers Additives
Softening boosters ADOGEN® 477 D
ADOGEN® 471

Biodegradability
Ester bonds as potential “breaking points”:
X Smaller molecules are more easily

CH3
R O O R accessible by microorganisms
N
Fatty acids are readily biodegradable
O OH O
The other molecular fragments are also
completely biodegradable*
-
X
CH3 * Puchta et al: Tenside Surf. Det. 30 (1993) 3
R O O R
N
O CH3 O
R O R'
Consumer Specialties |Page

Business
| 23 Line Household Care
Environmental Impact of
Quaternaries
Dialkyl-dimethyl and Ester Quaternaries
Biodegradation of Quaternaries Aquatic toxicity of Quaternaries

%-Degradation EC50 [mg/l]
100 100
80 10
60
1
40
0.1
20
0 0.01
Dialkyl-dimethyl Ester Dialkyl-dimethyl Ester
OECD 301 E (5 d) OECD 301 C (30 d) OECD 201 (Algae) OECD 202 (Daphnia) OECD 203 (Fish)
Ester quaternaries yielded significantly better data than the standard dialkyl-
dimethyl quaternaries
3. Physical State

Nitrile Quats
• Premium softening and anti-stat properties

• Yellowing with age, limited biodegradability and rewet
Key Product Offerings

ADOGEN® 442 75% Tallow based
AROSURF® TA 100 Powder, for warm water wash

Amidoamines
• Wide range of formulations: (up to 25% active)

• Versatile: household, industrial & institutional, textile
• Good softening and rewet

VARISOFT® 222 LM 90% Cold water processable

Imidazoline Quats
• Excellent antistatic benefits with good softening

• Good for clear fabric softener formulation.
Imidazolinium
VARISOFT® 475 75% Paste, tallow
VARISOFT® 3690 Liquid, oleyl
VARISOFT® 3696 Liquid, 100% active, ethyl sulfate

Ester Quats
• Readily biodegradable (best in class)

• Wide range of formulations: (up to 25% active)
• Good fragrance impact

REWOQUAT® WE 16 E Tallow based w/ ethanol
REWOQUAT® WE 18 E US High viscosity version w/ ethanol
REWOQUAT® WE 28 E US Vegetable based w/ ethanol
REWOQUAT® WE 45 Clear, liquid, easy to handle

Rinse Cycle Quat Characteristics
ADOGEN® VARISOFT® VARISOFT® REWOQUAT®

Product
442 475 222 WE 28 E
Type Nitrile Imidazolinium Amidoamine TEA Ester Quat
Softening
Fragrance Impact
Static Control
Range of Formulation
Biodegradation
Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care **** = most favorable Page | 30
3. Physical State

CH 3 OSO3
R O O R
Ester Quat N
O OH O
CH3OSO3
H H
Amidoamine R N
N
N R
O ((CH2)2O)nH O
O
Imidazolinium N N CH3OSO3
R N
H
R
Nitrile R N R Cl

CH 3 OSO3
TEA Ester Quats
R O O R
Ester Quat N Biodegradable
O OH O
Globally accepted
Regional CAS numbers
CH3OSO3
H H Descriptor matches fatty acid
Amidoamine R N
N
N R
O ((CH2)2O)nH O Complex mixture

Mono, di, tri ester quats
O Esteramines
Imidazolinium N N CH3OSO3
R N Typical concentration of 90%
H
R
Paste or solid at 25 °C
Nitrile R N R Cl

Consumption of Surfactants for
Fabric Softeners by Region
Global Demand (t)

328,000 (2009)
361,000 (2014)
+2.5% -0.1%
+5.7%
+3.8%
+6.0%*
XX% CAGR 2009 – 2014

Sources: SRI Consulting, Coimbra Consultoria&
Representações Comerciais Ltda *CAGR 2011 – 2016
Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care

Current Technology

Paste or solid products require
continuous heating which impacts
Storage time
Transportation
Color and odor
Solvent level

Current Technology

Paste or solid products require
continuous heating which impacts
Storage time
Transportation
Color and odor
Solvent level
Fabric Softener Formulations

Paste or solid products impact
Processing and handling conditions
Energy use
Cycle time
3. Physical State

Proposed Technology
Fabric Softener Actives Our Goal

Paste or solid products require A new product that meets multiple
continuous heating which impacts requirements for processing and use
Storage time Easy-to-handle and transport
Transportation Room temperature processing
Color and odor Biodegradable
Solvent level Globally accepted
Wide range of stable formulations
Fabric Softener Formulations Competitive softening performance
Paste or solid products impact

Processing and handling conditions
Energy use
Cycle time
Fabric Softener Active
Attempts to make a liquid product
Additives (solubilizers & emulsifiers)

Additional solvent
Highly unsaturated fatty acid raw materials
Partially hydrogenated fatty acids
Fatty Acid Blends
None of these reached the goal!

Making a Liquid Active at RT
with Appropriate Synthesis Conditions
Clear, liquid, easy-to-process

TEA ester quat
Liquid at room temperature
Ethanol solvent
Freeze/thaw stable
Dispersible at room temperature
No heating (or cooling) required
As low as 18 °C
Robust formulation range
Formulates from 5% to 20% actives
Base formulas are stable
Softening equal to competitive
products

REWOQUAT® WE 45*
Physical/Chemical Property Comparison
Improved Ester Traditional Ester

Amidoamine Quat
Quat* Quat
Appearance @ 25 °C
(77 °F) Clear Liquid Opaque Liquid / Paste Solid
Quaternary 84-88% 89-91% 89-91%
Flash Point 24 °C (76 °F) 24 °C (76 °F) 24 °C (76 °F)

REWOQUAT® WE 45*
Physical/Chemical Property Comparison
Improved Ester Traditional Ester

Amidoamine Quat
Quat* Quat
Appearance @ 25 °C
(77 °F) Clear Liquid Opaque Liquid / Paste Solid
Quaternary 84-88% 89-91% 89-91%
Flash Point 24 °C (76 °F) 24 °C (76 °F) 24 °C (76 °F)
Storage Temperature 20 °C (68 °F) 38 °C (104 °F) 45 °C (113 °F)
45 °C (113 °F)
Pumping Temperature 25 °C (77 °F) minimum 55 °C (131 °F) minimum
minimum

Fabric Softeners
Using a Low Temperature Dispersible Quat
1. Quats are heated and homogenized T °C
Homogenize
- -
“heat” quat to T °C

Fabric Softeners
T °C
Disperse quat
into water at T °C; mix

Fabric Softeners
t °C
Cool to t °C; mix

Fabric Softeners
Add dye, fragrance, etc.;

4. Fragrances and other additives are added mix thoroughly

Fabric Softener Dispersion
Lab Batch Process – Timeline
Traditional Ester Quat Cool
Heat Water and Quat Quat & Salt Fragrance
Preservative
20 40 60 80 100 Time
(min)
EVONIK TEA Ester Quat

Quat & Salt Fragrance
Preservative
20 40 60 80 100 Time
(min)

Softness Evaluation
Panel Testing PHABROMETER® - Nu Cybertek, Inc.

Softening Performance – Panel Test
Fabric Softening Performance Comparison - Panel

120
100
Methodology – Panel Test and

80
Softness Score
Statistics
60 Fabric samples prepared according
to ASTM Method D 5237
40 Statistical differences reported at
Softer
95% confidence level (Friedman
20
Simple Rank)
Brand A is based on TEA Ester
0 Quat technology
Control EVONIK Brand A
EVONIK TEA Ester Quat and Brand A are statistically equal

PHABROMETER® - Force vs. Displacement
Extraction Curve(s) for Class: Unknown

2.5
Evaluation Type: Hand
Density Type: Heavy Fabric (H) > 3440 µg/cm
1.5
Force
0.5 Control REWOQUAT® WE 45 Brand A
0
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101
105
Displacement
Softening Performance – PHABROMETER®
Fabric Softening Performance Comparison - PHABROMETER

140
PHABROMETER® – Nu
Cybertek, Inc.
130
Quantitative fabric softness

120 comparison
Softness Score
110
Fabric samples prepared
according to ASTM Method D
100
5237
Average of five replicates per
Softer
90
sample
80 Statistical differences reported at
95% confidence level
70
Brand A is based on TEA Ester
Control Brand A EVONIK
Quat technology
EVONIK TEA Ester Quat and Brand A are statistically equal

REWOQUAT® WE 45
Summary
REWOQUAT® WE 45 offers
Potential cost savings for
Storage and handling
Processing
Energy use & cycle time
Formulation flexibility and performance
Ability to produce both non-concentrated and ultra formulas
Stable formulations from 5% to 20%
Softening and anti-stat equal to other ester quats
Patent pending technology

Dryer Sheet Quats
Chemistry, Improved Biodegradability
Performance Test

VARISOFT® Dryer Sheet Quats
Storage
Actives Anti-
Active Type Dryer Cycle Product Biodegradability1 Temperature
(%) Static
(° F)
Readily
VARISOFT® DS 355 65 **** 155-165
(OECD 301)
TEA Ester
Quats
Readily
VARISOFT® DS 362 65 **** 160-170
(OECD 301)
VARISOFT® DS 136-100 70 *** Inherently 150-170
Dialkyldimethyl
VARISOFT® DS 150 50 *** Inherently 135-150
Amidoamine VARISOFT® DS 110 70 **** Inherently 155-165

Antistatic Testing Equipment (ASTM D 5237)
Static Decay Meter
Humidity Chamber

Antistatic Test Results
4.00
3.50
3.00
Static Decay Time (s)
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
National Brand VARISOFT® DS 355 VARISOFT® DS 362
Antistatic tests performed on polyester fabrics (ASTM Method D 5237)

Shorter decay times indicate better performance
Control samples exceeded 300 seconds (not shown on graph)
Product coating weights were 1.4 grams
Ethoxylated Quats
1. Antistatic Sprays
2. Cleaner blends

Ethoxylated Quats
Antistatic Sprays
R
(C2H5O)xH N+ (C2H5O)yH
R’
Actives
Product x+y R R’ Counter Ion
(%)
Adogen 66 100 15 CH2CH3 Tallow Ethyl Sulfate
Variquat
100 15 CH3 Coco Methyl Chloride
K 1215
Rewoquat
100 5 CH3 Coco Methyl Sulfate
CPEM
Variquat
100 2 CH3 Coco Methyl Chloride
638
Antistatic Spray Performance:
Ethoxylated Quats Work Well
0.25
50.00
0.20

40.00 0.15
0.10
30.00
0.05
20.00
0.00
Static Guard Varisoft 137 90 Varisoft 222 LM WE 45 Rewoquat Adogen 66
90 CPEM
10.00
0.00
Static Guard Varisoft 137 90 Varisoft 222 LM WE 45 Rewoquat Adogen 66
90 CPEM
Ethoxylated Quats
1. Antistatic Sprays
2. Cleaner blends

Car Care Basics and Challenges
Hannah Carwash System
Drying
Rinsing
-
Cleaning

Cleaning
Major Factors of Cleaning
1. Mechanical energy
Most carwashes do not use brushes anymore to protect the car
finish
“Touchless” systems are getting more popular
2. Time
Longer reaction time: better cleaning, but higher chance of
damaging the car finish
Longer time → less capacity → time is money
-
3. Temperature
Higher temperature: better cleaning, but higher chance of
damaging the car finish, higher energy cost
4. Chemistry
Most important factor
Should be highly efficient, safe, economical
Environmental friendly: minimum waste (water/chemical)

Car Wash: Step I
1. Removal of contaminants by using surfactants:
Water
Oil
Paint

REWOQUAT® CQ 100 G
Multipurpose Surfactant Blend
Composition
Specialty blend of cationic and nonionic surfactants
Performance
Excellent degreasing and soap scum removal
Good emulsification, anti-redeposition
Provides antistatic property
Easy rinsing, quick drying
Imparts gloss
Ease of Formulation
Good surfactant compatibility (even with anionics)
100% active liquid, easy to process
No solvent or hydrotrope needed
Moderate foaming
High/low pH, temp., hard/soft water
REWOQUAT® CQ 100 G
Hard Surface Cleaning Results
Improved Detergency & Degreasing
Kitchen soil Soap scum Engine soil
Rating Rating Rating Rating Rating Rating

“2” “8” “3” “8” “2” “9”
National Brand CQ 100 G based National Brand CQ 100 G based National Brand CQ 100 G based
All Purpose All Purpose Tub & Tile Cleaner Tub & Tile Traffic Film Traffic Film
Cleaner Cleaner 3.5 % active Cleaner Remover Remover
10.9 % active 2.0 % active 1.0 % active 10.9 % active 2.0 % active

Rinsing (Anionic Scavengers)
1. Car Care
2. Fabric Care

Car Wash: Step II
2. Rinsing with water:

Water film adheres to the surface upon washing and rinsing
Water
- - - - - - - -
Paint

Rinsing
Major Challenges
1. Anionic surfactants are efficient cleaners, but difficult to rinse

them off from surfaces.
2. Carry over anionics can react with quaternary emulsifiers –Car
care drying agents will work less efficiently
3. Insoluble soap scums ruin the final aesthetics
-
Step 1. Step 2. Step 3.
Cleaning Rinsing Drying -
(Anionic) (Water) Softening
Anionic carry over Insoluble scum

Anionic Scavengers - Softergents
Mechanism
A
Cationic emulsifier Anionic surfactant Inactive, insoluble
B
Scavenger (monoquat) Anionic Inactive, soluble
surfactant
Net positive charge
Scavenger (diquat) Anionic surfactant Active, soluble (cationic emulsifier)

Rinsing (Anionic Scavengers)
1. Car Care
2. Fabric Care

Anionic Scavengers – Softergents
Chemistry
Recommendations:
• Use level:
Depending on rinse efficiency
Use at least the same amount as the anionic carry-over concentration
• Chemistry:
Monoalkyl diquats are the most efficient
CH3 2CH3OSO3
Cl Cl (CH2 -CH2-O)xH
R CH3 CH3
N CH3 Cl R N (CH2-CH2-O)yH
R N
N N CH3 CH3 (CH2-CH2-O)zH
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
R = tallow, x, y, z > 1

Drying, Protection
1. Theory and Practice
2. Organomodified Silicones
3. Traditional and Biodegradable Systems

Drying
Major Factors of Drying
1. Cleaned cars have a thin water film which sticks

strongly to the surface
2. Manual (towel) drying is very inefficient, slow and costly
3. Blow drying is inefficient due to the stubborn water film
4. Water needs to be beaded for

Easy and quick water removal
Dryer, shinier cars
-
Customers associate semi-wet cars with poor
cleaning: they can easily be resoiled, water droplets
leave spots after drying

Drying Agents / Rinse Aids
What are they?

They are oil in water microemulsions containing emulsifiers, hydrophobes,
solvents/coemulsifiers and water
How do they work?

They are diluted and sprayed on wet surfaces to make the surface hydrophobic
and to enhance the removal/draining of water

Drying Aids/Protectants:
Microemulsions of Cationic Emulsifiers and Oils
Vehicle Rinse Aids
water film 1. Water film adheres

surface to the surface upon
washing and rinsing
Water
- - - - - - - -
Paint

rinse aid
water film
surface
1. Water film adheres to
2. Sprayed -on rinse aid
the surface upon
penetrates through water film
washing and rinsing
and spreads over the surface
Water
++ + ++ +
+ + + +
+ +
++ + + ++ +
+
- - - - - - - -
Paint

water film
rinse aid hydrophobic film
water film
surface
1. Water film adheres to 2. Sprayed-on rinse aid 3. Rinse aid displaces

the surface upon penetrates through water water film, deposits
washing and rinsing film and spreads over the hydrophobes (Sheeting)
surface
Water
++ +
+ +
+
++ + +
+ + + +++
- - - - - - - -
Paint

water film
rinse aid hydrophobic film
water film
surface
1. Water film adheres to 2. Sprayed-on rinse aid 3. Rinse aid displaces

the surface upon penetrates through water water film, deposits
washing and rinsing film and spreads over the hydrophobes (Sheeting)
surface
water droplets
hydrophobic film
Water
Water beads up, smaller
droplets combine to bigger ones
(Beading) and removed by + + + +- + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - -
a blower Paint

Increasing the Contact Angle
Why is It Beneficial?
If the contact angle increases: θ2>θ1
A2
A1
θ1 θ2
B1 B2
the face area increases: A2>A1
higher droplet profile (“larger sail”), easier water removal by the blower or driving
wind
the footprint decreases: B2<B1
less contact between the droplet and the surface: less sticking, easier
water removal by the blower or driving wind
Drying, Protection

Organomodified Silicones
Compatibility Chart
Siliconophilic
Silicone Oil
Polyether-
Alkylsiloxanes
siloxanes
Alkylpolyether-
siloxanes
Ionic Siloxanes
Hydrophilic Lipophilic
Basics of Silicone Quats
+ /
+ +
Silicone Quats
Strong Bond Between Surface and Molecule

Silicone Quats
Surface

Silicone Quats
Two anchor points
Silicone Backbone
Surface

Silicone Quats
Two anchor points
Silicone Backbone
Surface
TEGOPREN® 6922 (shorter silicone backbone)

TEGO® Polish Additiv Q70 (longer silicone backbone)
Silicone Quats
Miracles Can Happen…..
What a difference!!! ☺

Drying, Protection

Drying Agent / Rinse Aid Trends
HISTORICAL EVOLVING
Fast drying PERFORMANCE Fast drying

Spot free Spot free surface
surface Visual cues
Visual: Competitive price
Aesthetics / performance
Low price
ENVIRONMENTAL
Waste water
Unlimited water
restrictions
Environmental,
Environmental,
Safety concern
Biodegradability,
is low
Safety issues
New regulations
FORMULATIONS
Nitrile Quats Ester Quats
Mineral Seal Oil Ester Oils
Biodegradable Rinse Aids
Drying and Protection of Surfaces
Goal:
Develop an emulsifier that enables the formulation of rinse aids/drying
agents to address the needs of the evolving market
Biodegradability
Environmental friendliness (low aquatic toxicity)
Formulation versatility (for both traditional and biodegradable ingredients)
Water reclaim system friendly formulations (due to droughts)
Performance: improved drying/protection for less spotting
Safety: low toxicity
Raw materials from renewable resources
Price/performance advantages

Traditional and New Emulsifiers
Dialkyl Quats: CH3

good performance, stable products R N R X
low biodegradability CH3
(high di-fatty-alkyl content)
R=Fatty Alkyl
Ester Quats:
X
CH3
TEA type:
R O O R
medium performance, limited formulas N
good biodegradability, low toxicity O OH O
(1:2:1 mixture of mono-, di- and tri-fatty-alkyl ratio) (+ monoquat and triquat)
(R = Fatty Alkyl)
MDEA type: X
-
good performance, versatile formulas CH3
good biodegradability, low toxicity R O O R
N
(enhanced di-fatty-alkyl content) O CH3 O
(+ monoquat)
Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care
(R = Fatty Alkyl) Page | 91
Traditional and New Hydrophobes
Mineral Seal Oil:

good performance, stable products
low biodegradability Aliphatic petroleum naphtas
unpleasant odor (aromatics) (Middle distillate)
source dependent characteristics
Ester Oils:
Alkyl Laurate, Palmitate, Stearate, etc.
good performance, versatile formulas O
good biodegradability
R O R'
low toxicity
low odor
R = Fatty Alkyl
R'=straight or branched Alkyl >C5

Performance Comparison
“Split-hood” test

Readily Biodegradable Emulsifier
Carspray 800
MDEA Ester Quat emulsifier for vehicle rinse aids/drying agents

to address the needs of the evolving market:
-
Readily Biodegradable X
CH3
Environmental friendly, safe (low toxicity) R O O R
N
Formulation versatility (for both traditional and
O CH3 O
biodegradable ingredients)
(+ monoquat)
Water reclaim system friendly formulations (R = Fatty Alkyl)
Performance: improved drying/protection for less
spotting
Raw materials from renewable resources
Price/performance advantages
Patented technology

Acknowledgements
BL Household Care – Hopewell, Virginia

• Dennis Parrish
• Miyako Hisamoto
• Gonglu Tian
• Erin King
• Jennifer Goodyear
• Saiid Mohammed
• Phuong Le
• Dana Nystrand
Evonik Industries – Janesville, WI, Mapleton, IL
BL Household Care – Hanau, Germany
Interfacial Technology – Essen, Germany
Evonik Degussa Brasil Ltda


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Recent Developments in

Cationic Surfactants for

Traditional and Unique Applications: Substantivity

Antibacterial agents/Corrosion inhibitors/Asphalt emulsion/Ore flotation

Latest Developments: Smart molecules

Low temperature dispersible fabric softener quat

Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 2

Quats are positively charged ions, R being alkyl or aryl

Permanently charged, independent of the pH of their

Cationic surfactants are salts of quaternary ammonium

Have hydrophobic tail(s), polar head(s) with positive

Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 3

An attractive force is required to deposit caring

Most surfaces are negatively charged mainly due

The Coulomb attraction between cationic

Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 4

Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 6

Double-chain cationic surfactants

Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 7

Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 8

Rinse Cycle Fabric Softeners:

1. Quats are heated and homogenized T °C

Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 9

Rinse Cycle Fabric Softeners:

1. Quats are heated and homogenized

2. Dispersed into warm water

Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 10

Rinse Cycle Fabric Softeners:

1. Quats are heated and homogenized

2. Dispersed into warm water

Cool to t °C; mix

Consumer Specialties | Business Line Household Care Page | 11

Rinse Cycle Fabric Softeners:

1. Quats are heated and homogenized

2. Dispersed into warm water

3. Cooled down while mixed

Add dye, fragrance, etc.;

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Rinse Cycle Fabric Softeners:

1. Quats are heated and homogenized

5. These liquid softeners are added during the rinse

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Rinse Cycle Fabric Softeners:

1. Quats are heated and homogenized

6. The positively charged molecules are attached to the

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Dryer Cycle Fabric Softeners:

1. Quats and other ingredients are heated and T °C

“Melt” ingredients Homogenize

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Dryer Cycle Fabric Softeners:

1. Quats are heated and homogenized

3. Nonwoven substrate is put on the plate

4. Quat is spead evenly with a roller

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Dryer Cycle Fabric Softeners:

1. Quats are heated and homogenized

5. Coated substrate is lifted to solidify

6. Dryer sheet quat is ready for use

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Dryer Cycle Fabric Softeners:

Heated Dip Tank Heating Cooling Take-up Roll

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Dryer Cycle Fabric Softeners: