CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter described the methods and procedures used, including research design,

research locale, research respondents and sampling procedure, research instrument, the

validity of the data and statistical treatment which helped to formulate and interpret the

gathered data. In addition, the chapter discussed the data analysis of the study.

Research Design

The research utilized a survey design to collect the quantitative data for this study.

This was accomplished through the use of correlational procedures, questionnaire-check

list type survey provided by the researchers from the ABM students in University of Cebu

Main Campus. This methodology allowed for a statistical analysis of the data. The main

purpose of the researchers was to determine the effectiveness of the management styles in

academic performance towards career planning involves evaluating the students decision

associated based on the findings which would be helpful to discover suitable and

appropriate career planning options for the students in UC. This research used a method

through face-to-face interaction in collecting data to allow immediate clarification of

issues.

Mouton & Marais (1996: 155) described the quantitative approach as “that approach

to research, in social sciences that is highly formalized as well as more explicitly

controlled, with a range that is more exactly defined, and which, in terms of methods

used, is relatively close to the physical sciences”. The advantages of using a quantitative

approach are that the terms are usually precisely identified and have a specific
measurement (e.g. 1,2 or 3 or yes and no) attached. In a quantitative approach, the

questions are usually structured.

Research Locale

This research was conducted at Lion-Kilat Street University of Cebu- Main Campus,

Customs Building which is highly suitable for the given topic and in selecting the

students in gathering data based on the students’ responses in order to discern the

effectiveness of management styles in academic performance towards career planning

among them.

Research Respondents and Sampling Procedure

The researcher chose the Grade 12 ABM students of Senior High School students in

University of Cebu- Main Campus both in morning and afternoon session as the

respondents of this study. This will be much more practical to the researchers since they

belonged into this department would have no difficulty in talking with his classmates and

schoolmates, ad would save time, energy, money and efforts.

Trochim (2000) referred to sampling as a process of selecting units (e.g., people,

organization) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample one may fairly

generalize results back to the population from which they were chosen.

In selection of the sample size, the researchers used the records from the advisory of

each classes in the department to calculate the sample size for the respondents and came

up with an estimated population of 900 ABM students from 18 sections – 10 sections in

the morning and 8 sections in the afternoon. It was large, the sampling method was
applied to come up with an acceptable number of samples. The researchers used the

Slovin’s Formula (N/1+Ne2) with a desired margin of error of (.05). The researchers

arrived at a sample size of 162 respondents. To choose the final 164 samples,

convenience sampling was applied to give all elements a chance to be included in the

sample where the researchers choose the 8 students in every section.

The researcher used a convenience sampling method (Zechmeister, Zechmeister, &

Shaughnessy, 2001). Convenience sampling means that respondents are selected based on

their availability and willingness to participate in the study. In this study, the researchers

requested the help of the teachers in the school. The students who were in the classes

were approached to participate in the study. The researchers itself explained the purpose

of the study to the students and requested them to take part. The explanation was done

with the help of the letter from the researcher drafted to introduce the purpose of the

study to the students as well as to explain why it was important they participate. The

profile respondents to be taken are the name (optional), age, gender, and the section. The

profile of the respondents is to be gathered during the gathering of data.

Research Instrument

The key variables in this study were measured through self-report questionnaires.

The first part of the instrument included the demographic characteristics of the

participants such as name, gender, age, grade and section. The rest of the questionnaires

assessed the five variables (dependent, independent, control, extraneous & moderator) in

the research hypotheses. The data collection instruments used questionnaires, the

questionnaires was designed to gather information about effectiveness of management

styles in academic styles towards career planning referring the Grade 12 ABM students.

The high coefficient indicates the reliability and validity of the data collection were tested

through the questionnaires.

Although Trichom (2000) argues that privacy is not a feature in some survey

methods, I believe that privacy of respondents is supposed to be applied in all methods, in

order to protect their identity and to encourage people to participate more in surveys

without fearing the disclosure of their identity.

The researchers used two types - recognition type and questionnaire checklist in

establishing research instrument questionnaires in which the questionnaires was designed

to gain the perspective on forms of recognition preferred by the researchers and the

possible responses are given and the respondents will only select their answer. The first

part of questionnaire comprise recognition type questions in which contains the age,

gender, section and the session of the respondents. The second part of the questionnaire

contains questionnaire checklist type using Likert Scale to indicate how much the

respondents agree or disagree with the statements, in which this part, constitutes only 8

questionnaires which are considered as the indicators containing different number of

items each.

Research Procedures

The researchers followed chronological order in conducting, gathering and

interpreting the data. First, the researchers prepared a questionnaire checklist form for the

respondents. Second, the questionnaire checklist submitted directly to the respective

Research Teacher in the field of education for validation purposes as well as providing
transmittal letter for the approval of the Principal in Senior High School. After for the

validation,the researchers divided the ABM Senior High School students from its

morning and afternoon sections (8 participants per section) to begin the gathering data.

Fourth, for conducting, the researchers will go to the classroom of the respondents and let

the respondents answer the questionnaire. Lastly, the answered questionnaire will be

collected after the respondents answer the questions.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers will use the following statistical treatment to process the data.

Percentages. According to Folsom (2014), percentage is a number or ratio expressed

as a fraction of 100. It is often noted using the percent sign, “%”, it is a dimensional

number.

Formula: Percentage= F/N x 100%

where: F = Frequency

N = Population

Weighted Mean. This refers to the set of data taken from the average of the

population. (Broto, 2006).

Formula: WM= Σfx/ N

Where: WM = weighted mean

N = sample size

Σ = the sum of the products of the frequency with weights

The Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation was utilized to obtain r, which

was shown by the correlation matrix to establish the relationships and interrelationships

of the student’s profile, and the effective of the management styles in academic

performance towards career planning. It likewise utilized the Garret’s verbal description

in interpreting the obtained r as shown below:

r from .00 to.20 = denotes indifferent or negligible relationship

r from .20 to .40 = denotes present but slight relationship

r from .40 to .70 = denotes marked or substantial relationship

r from .70 to 1.00 = denotes high to very high relationship

r of 1.00 = denotes perfect relationship

Formula:

Where: r = coefficient of correlation

x and y = score

N= size of samples