Cable

Analysis of Cable
Structures
EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials
1
Key Concepts
• Cables can only take TENSION
• Cables are not able to resist compression,
bending, etc.
A
• Two types of cables B
P1
– Cables under point loads P2 P3
– Cables under uniformly distributed loads along
the horizontal y B
A
C
x
w
EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials 2
Cables under Vertical Loads ONLY
y T
y B 
D
A T0 C
C x
x
w
w
T0  T cos 
The horizontal component of the cable tension remains constant
throughout the cable!
Cables under Point Loads
• “2‐force member” in‐ A
B
between applied loads P1
• Four‐unknown reactions P2 P3
• Global EoEs are
A
insufficient to solve all y
Ax By
unknowns A
C1
D C B Bx
2
• Location information on P1
ONE additional point D is P2 P3
necessary
Parabolic Cables – under uniform
loads along the horizontal
• Below equations (from equilibrium principle) apply
to cables under any type of distributed loading
T cos   T0 T sin   W
W
T  T02  W 2 tan  
T0
• For parabolic cables,
– Horizontal component of cable force remains constant
2 y T
wx
y D 
2T0
– Maximum cable force T0 C
x
T0 w
Tmax 
cos  max EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials 5
Suspension Bridges
6
Tanjong Rhu Pedestrian Bridge
http://en.wikipedia.org/
7
Tanjong Rhu Pedestrian Bridge
Main cables
“A” frames
Hanger cables
Quick facts:
• First opened in August 1998.
• Has a 130 m span and 4 m width
• Suspended by 100 hanger cables (1” diameter) and two main
cables (4.5” diameter). http://en.wikipedia.org/
• The “A” frames at both ends of the bridge is about 19 m high.
8
Trans Alaska Pipeline Bridge –Tanana River
http://tapsearthquakes.blogspot.sg/
9
Trans Alaska Pipeline
Quick facts:
• Completed in 1977 with a total length of 800
miles (1300 km)
• It transports crude oil from the oil field at
Prudhoe Bay to Valdez Port. The crude oil
then loaded to tankers heading for U.S.
refineries.
• The pipeline went across more than 800
rivers and streams. Thirteen special bridges
http://tapseis.anl.gov/ were built.
Tanana River Gulkana River Yukon River
10
Trans Alaska Pipeline Bridge –Tanana River
Hanger
Provides lateral
stability
11
Example 5.1
Two identical cables ABCD suspend a pipeline with a weight per unit length
of 16 kN/m. If the tension force in segment CD is equal to 640 kN,
determine (a) the tension force in segment AB, and (b) the maximum sag of
the cables h.
Frictionless pulley
80 m
C
10 m Frictionless pulley
B y Pipeline
h
x
D
A
12
Example 5.1
Solution
Free Body Diagram: Segment BC
For each cable, w = 8 kN/m
Therefore, W = w (80 m) = 640 kN
TC = 640 kN
80 m
θC
C
10 m TB
θB
B
40 m
W= 640 kN
+ M B  0;
 8sin C  cos C  4
C  ?
13
To solve for θC, you can make use of the trigonometric identities given in
the box.
8sin C  cos C  4 sin 2   cos 2   1

C  36.87
Recall these following fundamental relationships,
wx 2 dy wx
y (1)   tan  (2) T cos   To (3)
2To dx To
Substitute TC and θC into (3), and solve for To
To  TC cos C
 640 cos 36.87
 512 kN
14
With To known, we can obtain xC from equation (2), and subsequently xB
since distance between B and C is given.
To  512 kN
dy wxc
 tan  c 
dx x  xC To
xC  48 m  xB  48  80  32 m
Free Body Diagram: B to maximum sag

TB W=w*(32) y TB
W
B
x To
To
16 m 16 m
TB  To 2  W 2
 5122  2562
 572.4 kN #Ans
15
The sag h is equal to the y coordinate of point B (yB), which can easily
be obtained through the parabolic equation.
wxB 2 8(32) 2 To  512 kN

yB    8 m #Ans
2To 2(512) xB  32 m
80 m
C
10 m
B
8m
D
A
640 kN
572.4 kN
16
Example 5.2
The total mass of the cable is 25 kg. Assuming that it is uniformly
distributed along the horizontal, determine the sag h, and the slope of the
cable at A and C.
C
Beam self-weight = 60 kg/m 2.5 m

D
B
A
2.5 m
250 kg
2m 3m
17
Example 5.2
Solution
Free Body Diagram: Beam AB
By
TAsinθA TA
A TAcosθA Bx B
θA
2943 N
2452.5 N
2.5 m
2m 3m
+ M A  0; + F y  0;
18
Free Body Diagram: Cable AC
TCsinθC
TA sin  A  2943 N TC
C TCcosθC
θC
2.5 m
θA A 245.25 N
TAcosθA
2.5 m 2.5 m
TA TAsinθA
+ M C  0; + F y  0;
* + F x  0;
2943
tan  A    A  25.64 #Ans  C  27.47 #Ans
6131.25
19
Cable’s parabolic equation,
49.05 x 2 dy 49.05 x
y   tan 
2(6131.25) dx 6131.25
Using the expressions above, we can obtain the x and y coordinate
necessary to determine h.
49.05(65) 2
xC   yC   16.9 m
2(6131.25)
49.05(62.5) 2
xD   yD   15.63 m
C 2(6131.25)
1.25 m
yC-yD
D
D
h  yC  yD  1.25  0.02 m #Ans
h
A 2.5 m
20
Cables Subjected to
Concentrated Forces
21
Cable Cars
22
Slack-wire Act
23
Example 5.3
Determine the largest weight of the crate and its placement x so that neither
cable segment AB, BC, or CD is subjected to a tension that exceeds 900 N.
0.6 m 0.9 m 0.9 m

A D
0.45 m B
0.9 m
E F
24
Example 5.3
Solution
Since the coordinates of every point are known, we can determine the
cable slope for each segment. Recall that the segment with the steepest
slope is the most critical
0.6 m 0.9 m 0.9 m  0.45 
A D
 AB  tan 1    36.87
 0.6 
1  0.45 
0.45 m θAB B
0.9 m  BC  tan    26.57
 0.9 
θBC C θCD
 0.9 
CD  tan 1    45
E F  0.9 
x
Segment CD is the most critical
 TCD = 900 N
25
F
Free Body Diagram: Point C
+ x  0;
TCD = 900 N
TBC
26.57◦ 45◦
C
+ F y  0;
TCF
*
Free Body Diagram: Point B

TAB
+ F x  0;
36.87◦
B 26.57◦
TBE
TBC + F y  0;
*
26
Free Body Diagram: Beam EF
0.9 m
TBE TCF
E F TBE  159.03 N
TCF  954.66 N
x
W
+ F y  0; + M E  0;
27
Example 5.4
If cylinder E has a mass of 20 kg and each cable (AB, BC, and CD) can
sustain a maximum tension of 700 N, determine the largest mass of
cylinder F that can be supported. Also, what is the sag yc ?
28
Example 5.4
Hint
Since yc depends on the cable forces, we cannot directly determine which
segment is the most critical.
However, the geometry of segment AB is fixed. We can do trial and error

with TAB as input until one of the cables force reaches 700 N.
Recommended steps:
1. Establish yc = f (TAB)
2. Establish TBC = f (TAB,yc)
3. Establish TCD = f (TAB,yc)
4. Assume an initial TAB value, and
evaluate yc, TBC, and TCD.
5. Repeat step 4 until either TBC or TCD
reaches 700 N
6. Calculate WF.
29
Example 5.4 + M C  0;
Partial Solution
Free Body Diagram: ABC
TAB
1.5 m 2m
A
2m
yc
θAB TCD
B
θCD
WE = (20* 9.81) N C
WF
30
Example 5.4
Partial Solution
Free Body Diagram: ABC
TAB
1.5 m 2m
A
2m
yc
θAB TCD
B
θCD
WE = (20* 9.81) N C
WF
yc  ....
WF  921 N
31

Cable

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Analysis of Cable

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

8sin C  cos C  4 sin 2   cos 2   1

Recall these following fundamental relationships,

Free Body Diagram: B to maximum sag

wxB 2 8(32) 2 To  512 kN

Beam self-weight = 60 kg/m 2.5 m

0.6 m 0.9 m 0.9 m

Free Body Diagram: Point B

However, the geometry of segment AB is fixed. We can do trial and error

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