BMCG 2713 Thermodynamics 1

Chapter 5
THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

Prepared by,
Nur Izyan Zulkafli
FKM
 INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND LAW

Transferring
heat to a
paddle wheel
will not cause
it to rotate.
A cup of hot coffee does not
get hotter in a cooler room.

These processes cannot

Transferring occur even though they
heat to a wire
will not are not in violation of the
generate first law.
electricity.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND LAW

Processes occur in a
certain direction, and not
in the reverse direction.

A process must satisfy both the

first and second laws of
thermodynamics to proceed.

1. The second law may be used to identify the direction

of processes.
2. The second law states that energy has quality as well
as quantity. The second law can determine the quality
as well as the degree of degradation of energy during
a process.
 THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIRS

A source
supplies
energy in the
form of heat,
and a sink
Bodies with relatively large thermal absorbs it.
masses can be modeled as thermal
energy reservoirs.
Thermal energy reservoir is a body with relatively large thermal
energy capacity that can supply or absorb finite amounts of heat
without undergoing any change in temperature
For example, megajoules of waste energy dumped in large rivers
by power plants do not cause any significant change in water
temperature
 HEAT ENGINES

The devices that convert heat to work.

1. They receive heat from a high-
temperature source (solar energy, oil
furnace, nuclear reactor, etc.).
2. They convert part of this heat to work
(usually in the form of a rotating shaft.)
3. They reject the remaining waste heat to
a low-temperature sink (the
atmosphere, rivers, etc.).
4. They operate on a cycle.
5. Usually involve a fluid called working
fluid.
A steam power plant

The net work output is,

For closed system undergoing

a cycle,
Thermal Efficiency

Thermal efficiency is a measure of

how efficiently a heat engine
converts the heat that it receives to
work,

Some heat engines perform better

than others (convert more of the
heat they receive to work).
Thermal Efficiency

Cyclic devices such as heat engines,

refrigerators and heat pumps
operate between a high
temperature reservoir at TH and a
low temperature reservoir at TL
 Problem 1
A jet engine absorbs 4500 J of heat energy from
a hot reservoir and discards 2500 J into the
environment. (a) how much work is performed
by the heat engine? ; (b) Calculate the thermal
efficiency of this engine.

Answers: 2000 J, 44.4%

 Solutions
Amount of work that is performed by heat
engine is:
𝑊 = 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝑐 = 4500 − 2500 = 2000 𝐽

Thermal efficiency of this engine is:

𝑊 2000
𝑒 = 𝑄 × 100% = 4500 × 100% = 44.4%
𝐻
 Problem 2
A 600-MW steam power plant, which is cooled
by a nearby river, has a thermal efficiency of 40
percent. Determine the rate of heat transfer to
the river water.

Answers: 1500 MW, 900 MW

 Solutions
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 600 𝑀𝑊
𝑄𝐻 = = = 1500 𝑀𝑊
𝑛𝑡ℎ 0.4

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1500 − 600 = 900 𝑀𝑊

The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin–
Planck Statement

It is impossible for any device

that operates on a cycle to
receive heat from a single
reservoir and produce a net
amount of work.

A heat engine that violates the Kelvin–

Planck statement of the second law.
 REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

• Refrigerator is a device that

2
transfer of heat from a low-
3
temperature medium to a
1 high-temperature medium
• Refrigerators, like heat
engines, are cyclic devices.
• The working fluid is called a
4 5 refrigerant.
Coefficient of Performance
The efficiency of a refrigerator is
expressed in terms of the
coefficient of performance (COP).
The objective of a refrigerator is to
remove heat (QL) from the
refrigerated space.

The objective of a refrigerator is to

remove QL from the cooled space.
 Problem 3
• A household refrigerator with a COP of 1.2
removes heat from the refrigerated space at a
rate of 60 kJ/min. Determine
a) The electric power consumed by the
refrigerator
b) the rate of heat transfer to the kitchen air

Answers: 0.83 kW, 1.83 kW

 Solutions
𝑄𝐿 60 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 = = = 50
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 1.2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.83 𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝐻 = 𝑄𝐿 + 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 = 60 + 50 =
𝑘𝐽 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
110 = 1.83 kW
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠
Heat Pumps
Heat pump is a device that absorbing
heat from low-temperature source and
supplying this heat to the high-
temperature medium

for fixed values of QL and QH

The work supplied to a heat pump is

used to extract energy from the
cold outdoors and carry it into the
warm indoors.
 Problem 4
• A residential heat pump has a coefficient of
performance of 2.4. How much heating effect
will result when 3.7 kW is supplied to this heat
pump?

Answer: 8.88 kW
 Solutions

𝑄𝐻 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 = 2.4 3.7 𝑘𝑊

= 8.88 𝑘𝑊
The Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Clausius Statement

It is impossible to construct a device that

operates in a cycle and produces no effect
other than the transfer of heat from a lower-
temperature body to a higher-temperature
body.

It states that a refrigerator cannot operate unless its

compressor is driven by an external power source,
such as an electric motor.

A refrigerator that violates

the Clausius statement of
the second law.
 PERPETUAL-MOTION MACHINES

A perpetual-motion machine that

violates the second law of
A perpetual-motion machine that thermodynamics (PMM2).
violates the first law (PMM1).
Perpetual-motion machine: Any device that violates the first or the second law.
A device that violates the first law (by creating energy) is called a PMM1.
A device that violates the second law is called a PMM2.
Despite numerous attempts, no perpetual-motion machine is known to have worked.
 REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES
Reversible process: A process that can be reversed without
leaving any trace on the surroundings.
Irreversible process: A process that is not reversible.

• All the processes occurring in nature are

irreversible.
• Why are we interested in reversible processes?
1. they are easy to analyze and
2. they serve as idealized models to which
actual processes can be compared.
REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES
Engineers are interested in reversible processes because:
• work producing device such as car engines and gas or
steam turbines deliver the most work, and
• work-consuming devices such as compressors, fans,
and pumps consume the least work.

Reversible processes deliver the most and

consume the least work.
 Irreversibilities
• The factors that cause a process to
be irreversible are called
irreversibilities.
• They include friction, unrestrained
expansion, mixing of two fluids, heat
transfer across a finite temperature
difference, electric resistance,
inelastic deformation of solids, and
chemical reactions.
• The presence of any of these effects
renders a process irreversible.

Friction
(a) Heat transfer through a
renders a
temperature difference is irreversible,
process
and (b) the reverse process is
irreversible.
impossible.
Internally and Externally Reversible
Processes
• Internally reversible process: If no irreversibilities occur within the
boundaries of the system during the process.
• Externally reversible: If no irreversibilities occur outside the system
boundaries.
• Totally reversible process: It involves no irreversibilities within the
system or its surroundings.
• A totally reversible process involves no heat transfer through a finite
temperature difference, no nonquasi-equilibrium changes, and no
friction or other dissipative effects.

A reversible process involves

no internal and external
irreversibilities.
 THE CARNOT CYCLE
Execution of the Carnot cycle in a closed system.

1. Reversible isothermal expansion 4. Reversible adiabatic compression

2. Reversible adiabatic expansion 3. Reversible isothermal compression

P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle. P-V diagram of the reversed
Carnot cycle.
The Reversed Carnot Cycle
The Carnot heat-engine cycle is a totally reversible cycle.
Therefore, all the processes that comprise it can be reversed, in
which case it becomes the Carnot refrigeration cycle.
 THE CARNOT PRINCIPLES

The Carnot principles. Proof of the first Carnot principle.

1. The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency of a
reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs.
2. The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two
reservoirs are the same.
THE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE

A temperature scale that is

independent of the properties of the
substances that are used to measure
temperature is called a
thermodynamic temperature scale.
Such a temperature scale offers great
conveniences in thermodynamic
calculations.

The arrangement of
heat engines used to
develop the
thermodynamic
temperature scale.
 This temperature scale is
called the Kelvin scale, and
the temperatures on this
scale are called absolute
temperatures.

For reversible cycles, the heat A conceptual experimental setup to

transfer ratio QH /QL can be determine thermodynamic
replaced by the absolute temperatures on the Kelvin scale by
temperature ratio TH /TL. measuring heat transfers QH and
QL.
 THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE

The Carnot
heat engine
is the most
efficient of
all heat
engines
operating
between the
same high-
and low-
temperature No heat engine can have a higher efficiency
reservoirs. than a reversible heat engine operating
between the same high- and low-
Any heat Carnot heat temperature reservoirs.
engine engine
The Quality of Energy

Can we use
C unit for
temperature
The higher the temperature
here?
of the thermal energy, the
higher its quality.

The fraction of heat that can
be converted to work as a
function of source
temperature.
How do you increase the thermal
efficiency of a Carnot heat engine?
How about for actual heat engines?
 Problem 5
• A heat engine is operating on a Carnot cycle
and has a thermal efficiency of 75 percent.
The waste heat from this engine is rejected to
a nearby lake at 15oC at a rate of 800 kJ/min.
Determine
• a) the power output of the engine and
• b) the temperature of the source

Answers: 40 kW, 1152 K

 Solutions
𝑄𝐿
a) 𝑛𝑡ℎ = 1 − → 𝑄𝐻 = 3200 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄𝐻
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑄𝐻 = 0.75 3200
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝐽
= 2400 = 40 𝑘𝑊
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄𝐻
b) 𝑇𝐻 = 𝑇𝐿 = 1152 𝐾
𝑄𝐿 𝑟𝑒𝑣
 THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR
AND HEAT PUMP
Any refrigerator or heat pump

Carnot refrigerator
or heat pump

No refrigerator can have a higher COP

than a reversible refrigerator operating
between the same temperature limits.
The COP of a reversible refrigerator or heat pump is the
maximum theoretical value for the specified temperature
limits.
Actual refrigerators or heat pumps may approach these values
as their designs are improved, but they can never reach them.
The COPs of both the refrigerators and the heat pumps
decrease as TL decreases.
That is, it requires more work to absorb heat from lower-
temperature media.
 Problem 6
• A refrigerator is to remove heat from the
cooled space at a rate of 300 kJ/min to
maintain its temperature at -8oC. If the air
surrounding the refrigerator is at 25oC.
Determine the minimum power input
required for this refrigerator.

Answers: 0.623 kW
 Solutions
1 1
a) 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 𝑇𝐻 = 298 𝐾 = 8.03
−1 −1
𝑇𝐿 265 𝐾
𝑄𝐿 300 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛 = =
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 8.03
= 37.36 𝑘𝐽/ min = 0.623 𝑘𝑊
 Summary
• Introduction to the second law
• Thermal energy reservoirs
• Heat engines
– Thermal efficiency
– The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
• Refrigerators and heat pumps
– Coefficient of performance (COP)
– The 2nd law: Clausius statement
• Perpetual motion machines
• Reversible and irreversible processes
– Irreversibilities, Internally and externally reversible processes
• The Carnot cycle
– The reversed Carnot cycle
• The Carnot principles
• The thermodynamic temperature scale
• The Carnot heat engine
– The quality of energy
• The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump