FITTING SHOP

It is the process of assembling and fitting at a right place, different parts of

a machine manufactured by different manufacturing process.

OPERATIONS IN FITTING SHOP

1-Measuring Operation:
Measuring is a process in which we consider the physical features of an
object. We get knowledge about its length, mass, height, internal or external
diameters, depths etc. this is done with the help of measuring tools like vernier
caliper, calipers, screw guage, ruler etc.This is the most basic operation and basic
step of every procedure.
  Tools Used In Measuring Operation:
i- Vernier Calipers:
It is used to measure and calculate the diameter (internal or external),
depth, and height, volume of sphere or cylinder. It is the most precise tool.
And can calculate up to its least count. It consists of main scale and Vernier
scale along with jaws for measuring internal diameter.

ii- Internal callipers:

It is also known as inside calliper. It is used to measure the internal
diameter. Its edges are turned outwards so that they hold workpiece. It is
used to measure the diameter of a hole or width of a slot.

iii- External calliper:

 It is also known as inside calliper. Its jaws are turned inside to hold the
workpiece from outside. It is used to measure the external diameter and
also the thickness.

iv-Screw gauge:
The Screw gauge is an instrument used for measuring the diameter of a thin
wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a U-shaped frame
fitted with a screwed spindle which is attached to a thimble.

v-Steel ruler:
It is a simple integrated ruler of considerable long length. It is used to
measure the length of workpiece .but it is not the accurate or precise way. It
is used to integrate on workpiece before cutting or adjusting the length of
hole for drilling. It is also used with callipers.
It has two types:

1-Flexible steel ruler:-

2- Fixed steel ruler:-

2- MARKING OPERATION:
Marking out or layout is the process of transferring
a design or pattern to a workpiece, as the first step in the manufacturing
process. Marking out consists of transferring the dimensions from
the plan to the workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or
manufacture.

 Tools Used In Marking Operation:

i- Divider:
It can be used for various purposes. Its basic purpose is to make a circle of
required diameter on workpiece. Along with this, it can be used to measure the
diameter of that circle and for measuring length. it has pointed legs.

ii- Scriber:
It is used to scratching a line or marking a point on workpiece before doing
any operation on it. It is made up of hard material e.g. steel and has a
sharp, pointed edge.

iii-Tri-scale:
It is used for marking at 90 degree. It is also used to check whether the
workpiece has cutted at right angle or not. It is made up of metal blade fit at
right angle to the straight wooden handle.

iv-Center Punch:
It is basically used before drilling. Hammering on centre punch makes a
hole in the metal. Now, while drilling, the drill bit exactly touches that hole
impression and makes a perfect hole. They are made of hard steel material.

3-SAWING OPERATION:
A saw is a tool consisting of a hard blade, wire, or chain with a toothed edge.
It is used to cut through relatively hard material, most often wood. The cut is
made by placing the toothed edge against the material and moving it forcefully
back and forth. An abrasive saw has a powered circular blade designed to cut
through metal. Cutting the workpiece through this method is called sawing
operation.

 Tools Used In Sawing Operation:

i-SAW:
Different types of saw blades are used depending on the hardness of the material
to be cut and on the type of cross-section of the workpiece.

ii- Chisels:
These are used for chipping away the material from the work piece. These
are made up of high carbon steel generally 6 inches to 8 inches long. The
top is flattened and a sharp cutting edge is made on the bottom side.
4- Filling Operation:
The process of making up or something putting into a hole, cavity, space or
container is called filling.
Various types of files are:
i- Rough file:
It is used for large cutting and hence workpiece length can b shortened to a
considerable distance. It has 20 teeth per inch.

ii- Smooth file:

 It is used for less cutting and work piece length cannot b shortened to a
large distance. It has 50-60 teeth per inch.

iii- Square file:

It is square in shape and tapered towards the tip and usually double cut on
all four sides. It is used in rectangular slots or groves.

iv- Round file:

It is round in shape and used in holes for enlarging them or for producing
smooth curve surface in them. it is usually double cut in the larger size and
single cut in the smaller size.
 v- Triangular file:
It is triangular in shape with tapered towards the tip with double cut on both
faces. It is used for cutting corners or angels less than 90 degrees.

5- Punching Operation:

Punching is the process of engraving or embossing some impression

(forcefully or by hammering) on any other surface.
In fitting shop, it is divided into:
 Centre punching:
Making an impression of hole in workpiece is called centre
punching. It is mainly used in drilling.
  Number punching:
Engraving numbers on workpiece forcefully or by hammering is
called number punching.

6- Drilling operation:

Making a hole with the help of drill bit is called drilling. Drilling is one of the
most complex machining processes. The chief characteristic that
distinguishes it from other machining operations is the combined cutting
and extrusion of metal at the chisel edge in the centre of the drill. The high-
thrust force caused by the feeding motion first extrudes metal under the
chisel edge. Then it tends to shear under the action of a negative rake
angle tool.

 Tools Used In Drilling Operation:

Drill bit:
It used for making round holes. Drill bit can be used with different blades. It
is made up of steel. It rotates at a very high speed. Drill bits are cutting
 tools used to create cylindrical holes, almost always of circular cross-

section.

7- Reaming operation:
The process of enlarging the hole is called reaming. There are many
different types of reamer and they may be designed for use as a hand tool
or in a machine tool, such as a milling machine or drill press.

 Tools Used In Reaming Operation:

i- Reamers:
Tools which are used in reaming are called as reamers. They are used
to control the diameter of hole. They are used to improve the finishing of
hole surface, they are made of high carbon steel.
 8-BORING OPERATION:
A boring tool can be inserted into the drilling machine and bore any size
hole into which the tool holder will fit. boring is the process of enlarging a
hole that has already been drilled

9- Counter Boring Operation:

Counter boring is the process of enlarging the entrance of a hole with a

counter bore, or other similar tool to a specified diameter and depth.
Counterbores provide a square shoulder so that a cap screw or bolt head
may sit flush or below a surface.
A hole-making operation that enlarges one end of a previously drilled hole
to a certain depth. The enlarged end contains a flat interior.
10-Counter Sinking Operation:

The cutting of a bevelled edge at the end of a hole so that the head of a
screw can rest flushes with the workpiece surface. A countersink is
a conical hole cut into a manufactured object, or the cutter used to cut such
a hole.

A common use is to allow the head of a countersunk bolt or screw, when

placed in the hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding
material.

11-Threading Operation:
The process of cutting a long, spiralling groove into a workpiece with a
single-point tool. Threading processes are essential for the creation of
fasteners. A thread is a uniform helical groove cut inside of a cylindrical
workpiece, or on the outside of a tube or shaft .
  It has two types:
 Internal threading:
When the threads are on the inner surface of workpiece.

 Tools for Internal Threading:

Tap:
They are used for internal threading by inserting them into the hole at right
angel to the face of hole.

 Outer threading:
When the thread are on the upper surface of workpiece.
  Tools for External Threading:

Die:
It is used for external threading on nuts and bolts. they are also made of
high carbon steel. They are available in different pitches and can be used
according to desired threads.

12-Loosening and Tightening:

In this operation we generally use to losen or tighten the
different parts with the help of different tools.

 Tools Used In Fitting shop:

  Screw driver:
It is a tool used for driving screws with a flattened or cross
shaped tip that fit into the head of a screw to turn it. It is available in
many types and sizes.

 Spanner:
A wrench that has a hole, projection or hook at one or both ends
of the head for engaging with a corresponding device on the object that is
to be turned.

There are different types of spanners:

Open end spanner:

It is the most common type and may have a single or double end. The head
has its jaws offset by about 15 degree from the run of shaft. This makes
them to use in confined space.
 Close end spanner:
The most useful spanner having offset heads, allowing the spanner to
connect with nuts in awkward place and too give room to your hand to
move without hitting the workpiece.

Combination spanner:
Spanners having one end close while other end open is called as
combination spanner.

 Adjustable wrench:
It is also known as adjustable spanner. it is used for loosing and tightening a
nut or bolt. It has the ability to open and close its mouth according to the
diameter of bolt with the help of a rotating cylinder

 Allen key:
It is a tool of hexagonal cross section head used to loosing or tightening
bolts and screws that have a hexagonal socket in their head.

13- Chamfering:
Chamfering removes the burrs and sharp edges, and thus makes the
handling safe. Chamfering can be done by a form tool having angle equal to
chamfer which is generally kept at 45°.