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Newtonian Mechanics
of single particle
Reynold V. Luna
Physics Instructor, College of Science
Outline
• Newton's Laws of Motion
• Types of Forces
• Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
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Types of Motion
• Translational motion – linear motion (i.e. rectilinear and curvilinear motions)
• Rotational motion – rotary motion about an axis
• Rolling motion – combined rotation and translation
• Vibrational or Oscillatory motion – harmonic or periodic motion
• Brownian – chaotic or random motion
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Types of Inertia
Inertia of rest : It is the inability of a body to change its state of
rest by itself.
Inertia of translation : It is inability of a body to change its state
of uniform translational motion by itself.
Inertia of rotation : It is inability of a body to rotate by itself.
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⃗
⃑= = ⃑ ⟹ =
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Systems of units
• We will use the SI system.
• In the British system, force
is measured in pounds,
distance in feet, and mass
in slugs.
• In the cgs system, mass is
in grams, distance in
centimeters, and force in
dynes.
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What is a force?
TYPES of FORCES
Contact Non-Contact
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Fundamental Forces
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⃗= ⃗
⃗= ⃗
The equivalence principle gives the equality:
=
Contact forces
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Normal force
Normal force: When an object pushes on a surface, the surface pushes back
on the object perpendicular to the surface.
Tension
Tension: A pulling force exerted on an object by ideal strings (massless,
frictionless, unbreakable, and inextensible) and is always measured
parallel to the string on which it applies.
Example:
In a string or a chain, tension is only extensional.
In a rod or a stick, tension can be extensional or compressional or both.
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Static Friction
Static friction acts when there is no relative motion between bodies.
• The static friction force can vary between zero and its maximum value:
⃗ ≤−
Rolling Friction
The opposing force that comes into existence when one object rolls over the
surface of another object is known as rolling friction.
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Pseudo forces
Fictitious, Phantom, d’Alembert or Inertial forces – forces without material source
1. Centrifugal force – is the apparent force that draws a rotating body away
from the center of rotation. It is caused by the inertia of the body as the
body's path is continually redirected. It acts outwards in the radial
direction and is proportional to the distance of the body from the axis of
the rotating frame.
2. Coriolis force – acts in a direction perpendicular to the rotation axis and
to the velocity of the body in the rotating frame and is proportional to
the object's speed in the rotating frame.
3. Euler force (azimuthal force) – is the fictitious tangential force that is felt
as a result of any radial acceleration.
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Sample Problem
38
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∑ ⃗=0 ∑⃗=0
Equilibrium
Static Dynamic
Static Equilibrium
If an object in static equilibrium is displaced slightly, three
outcomes are possible:
A. Unstable equilibrium – the
object moves even farther
from its original position;
B. Stable equilibrium – the
object returns to its original
position; and
C. Neutral equilibrium – the
object remains in its new
position
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Sample problem:
Calculate the tensions and in the two
cords that are connected to the vertical
cord supporting the 200-kg chandelier.
Ignore the mass of the cords.
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Sample problem:
A uniform meter stick supported at the 25-cm mark is in
equilibrium when a 1-kg rock is suspended at the 0-cm end. What
is the mass of the rock?
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Ladder
A 5.0-m-long ladder leans against a
wall at a point 4.0 m above a
cement floor as shown. The ladder
is uniform and has mass = 12kg.
Assuming the wall is frictionless,
but the floor is not, determine the
forces exerted on the ladder by the
floor and by the wall.
References
1. Chow, T. (2013) Classical Mechanics, 2e, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, CRC Press
2. Kleppner, D. and Kolenkow, R. (2010), An Introduction to Mechanics, Cambridge University
Press.
3. Strauch, D. (2009), Classical Mechanics, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
4. Gregory, D. (2006) Classical Mechanics: An Undergraduate Text, Cambridge University Press
5. Fowles, G. and Cassiday G. (2005) Analytical Mechanics, 7e, Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning
6. Thornton, S. and Marion J. (2004) Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems 5e, Brooks/Cole
Thomson Learning
7. Young, H., Freedman, R. and Ford, A. (2016) University Physics with Modern Physics, 14e,
Pearson
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