AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

Sports and recreational activities that take place in or on water.

water polo
Sport played in a pool with two teams of seven opposing players who attempt to score points at the opposite goal using a
ball.

swimming pool goal player

diving
Sport consisting of executing simple to complex dives into the water from a platform or a springboard.

diving installations starting positions flights

entries examples of examples of

dives [1] dives [2]

swimming
Sport consisting of swimming a defined distance (which varies depending on the four recognized stroke categories) as
quickly as possible.

competitive course starting block scoreboard

types of strokes [1] types of strokes [2] types of strokes [3]

types of strokes [4]

sailing
Sport navigation practiced on a sailboat. There are several classes of sailboats and various types of competitions such as
regattas and transoceanic races.

points of sailing course sailboat

multihulls monohulls upperworks [1]

upperworks [2]

sailboard
Floating board with a sail; it is used in windsurfing, a sport consisting of gliding on water.

canoe-kayak: whitewater
Sport of traveling in a canoe or kayak in water ranging from calm to turbulent in a river or man-made course.

kayak canoe whitewater

rowing and sculling
Sport consisting of a speed race in a straight line over a maximum distance of 2000 m; races take place on calm water in
boats designed for the purpose.

sculling boats sweep boats types of oars

parts of a boat basin

canoe-kayak: flatwater racing

Sport consisting of a speed race in a straight line; races take place on calm water in canoes or kayaks with one or more
places.

C1 canoe K1 kayak

water skiing
Sport in which the skier is towed by a motorboat and glides on the surface of the water on one or two skis; there are a
number of disciplines, including jumping, slalom and figures.

examples of examples of examples of

skis [1] skis [2] handles

surfing
Sport consisting of riding the side of a breaking wave on a surfboard.
scuba diving
Sport consisting of descending underwater and swimming around; it can be done holding one’s breath or with scuba gear.

scuba diver knife speargun

History of Swimming

In 1904 the Olympic Games in St Louis, Missouri, held the 50 yards (46 m), 100 yards,
220 yards (200 m), 440 yards, 880 yards (800 m) and one mile (1.6 km) freestyle; 100
yards (91 m) backstroke and 440 yards (400 m) breaststroke; and the 4 × 50 yards
freestyle relay. In the history of swimming, this was the first time that the Olympics
specified if an event was freestyle or breaststroke.

In 1908 the Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA), which is the world’s
first swimming association, was formed.

In 1912 at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, women swam competitively for the first
time. Women’s races were held in the 100 m freestyle and the 100 m freestyle relay.
The men’s events were the 100 m, 400 m, and 1500 m freestyle; 100 m backstroke; 200
m and 400 m breaststroke; and a 4 × 200 m freestyle relay. This was a milestone
Olympic Games for swimming. Women were being allowed to compete for the first time
in the history of swimming, and men had an extensive list of competitive races that were
held.

In 1922, Johnny Weissmuller became the first person to swim 100 m in under a minute.
Weissmuller went on to win five Olympic medals and 36 national championships,
igniting an interest in competitive swimming that was never seen before. Weissmuller
never lost a race over a career spanning ten years. His record of 51 seconds in the 100
yard freestyle event was unbroken for the next 17 years. He later garnered Hollywood
fame as the star of numerous Tarzan films. Also in 1922, female swimmer Sybil Bauer
was the first woman to break the men’s 440 m backstroke record. Competitive
swimming went to the forefront of sports due to these record-breaking feats.

Mark Spitz in 1972 broke all records in the history of swimming at the 1972 Summer
Olympics and won seven gold medals. Spitz was a phenomenal swimmer and won a
total of 9 Olympic gold medals, a silver, a bronze, five Pan Am golds, 31 other amateur
titles, and 8 college titles. He accumulated this impressive total of titles between the
years of 1968–1972. Spitz, at the 1972 Olympics, broke world records in each of the
seven events he won gold medals.

Competitive swimming has not seen the likes of Spitz until Michael Phelps. As of this
date, Phelps has won 16 Olympic medals. Phelps won six gold and two bronze medals
in 2004 in Athens. In 2008 at the Beijing Olympics he won eight gold medals. With these
accomplishments, Phelps has twice tied with a total record of eight gold medals at one
Olympics.
The history of swimming has been a documented and varied one. From the sidestroke
to the current freestyle strokes, swimming has, and continues to be, an exciting and
ever-evolving sport.

Name Gold Silver Bronze Total

1. Michael Phelps 23 3 2 28

2. Mark Spitz 9 1 1 11

3. Matt Biondi 8 2 1 11

4. Ryan Lochte 6 3 3 12

5. Gary Hall, Jr. 5 3 2 10

6. Ian Thorpe 5 3 1 9

7. Aaron Peirsol 5 2 0 7

8. Nathan Adrian 5 1 2 8

9. Tom Jager 5 1 1 7

10. Don Schollander 5 1 0 6

 Name Gold Silver Bronze Total

1. Jenny Thompson 8 3 1 12

Kristin Otto 6 0 0 6
2

Amy Van Dyken 6 0 0 6

Krisztina Egerszegi 5 1 1 7
4.
Dana Vollmer 5 1 1 7

6. Katie Ledecky 5 1 0 6

7. Missy Franklin 5 0 1 6

8. Dara Torres 4 4 4 12

Dawn Fraser 4 4 0 8

Kornelia Ender 4 4 0 8

10 Inge de Bruijn 4 2 2 8
 Re
Event Time Name Club Date Meet Location
f

13
50m Daniel Philippine Southeast Vientiane,
22.62 Decembe
freestyle Coakley s Asian Games Laos
r 2009

11
100m Charles Philippine Southeast Vientiane,
50.96 Decembe
freestyle Walker s Asian Games Laos
r 2009

Japan
200m Miguel 15 April Hamamatsu
1:50.50 - Championship
freestyle Molina 2009 , Japan
s

400m Jessie Philippine 11 June Southeast Singapore, [1]

3:55.34
freestyle Lacuna s 2015 Asian Games Singapore

† 15
800m Ryan Philippine Olympic Beijing, [2]
8:17.49 , August
freestyle h Arabejo s Games China
2008

13
1500m 15:37.7 Ryan Philippine Southeast Vientiane,
Decembe
freestyle 5 Arabejo s Asian Games Laos
r 2009

25 Filipino
50m Axel
26.57 - October Championship Philippines
backstroke Ngui
2015 s

14
100m Ryan Philippine Southeast Jakarta,
56.48 October
backstroke Papa s Asian Games Indonesia
1997

14
200m Ryan Philippine Southeast Jakarta,
2:00.96 October
backstroke Papa s Asian Games Indonesia
1997

50m James World

Philippine 25 July Budapest, [3]
breaststrok 28.13 h Deiparin Championship
s 2017 Hungary
e e s
Swimming styles[edit]

 Front crawl: the fastest style for swimming on the surface. Done while face down. The arms
alternate while the legs perform a flutter kick.
 Dolphin crawl: Similar to front crawl, but with a dolphin kick. One kick per arm or two kicks
per cycle. This style is often used in training.
 Catch up stroke: A variation of the front crawl where one arm always rests at the front while
the other arm performs one cycle. This can also be used as a drill when training in
competitive swimming.
 Head-high crawl (also known as the water polo stroke, lifeguard approach stroke, or Tarzan
drill): This stroke is used for water polo, lifeguards to keep the victim in sight, or those who
simply want to see where they're going and breathe with ease. It is similar to front crawl, but
with head above the water. This can also be used as a drill when training in competitive
swimming.
 Trudgen: The trudgen is similar to the front crawl, except that it is paired with a scissors kick,
similar to that used in the sidestroke.
 Trudgen crawl: similar to the trudgen, but with the use of a flutter kick (up and down leg kick)
between the scissor kicks.
 Double trudgen: Similar to the trudgen, but the sides of the scissors kick alternate.
 Double trudgen crawl: Similar to the double trudgen, but with a flutter kick between the
scissors kick alternate.
 Butterfly stroke: performed face down in the water. The legs perform a dolphin kick and while the
arms move in a forward circle at the same time.
 Slow butterfly (also known as "moth stroke"): Similar to butterfly, but with an extended
gliding phase, Breathing during the pull/push phase, return head into the water during
recovery. This style uses two kicks per cycle.
 Breaststroke: performed face down in the water without rotating the torso. The arms stay in the
water and move synchronously, while the legs perform a whip kick. It is possible to keep the
head elevated out of the water throughout the stroke, although the head usually dips in and out.
 Inverted breaststroke: Similar to elementary backstroke, but with a breaststroke kick and
arm motions.
 Backstroke: Done while lying on the back. One arm reaches behind the head with a fingertip
entry while the other arm is by the side. The legs perform a flutter kick.
 Elementary backstroke: Both arms move synchronized (They begin out like an airplane,
then go beside the body like a soldier then they run up the sides and back out to an airplane
position) with whip kick (breaststroke kick).
 Inverted butterfly: Similar to elementary backstroke, but with a dolphin kick. This is often
used for training.
 Back double trudgen: Similar to the backstroke, but with a scissors kick to alternating sides.
 Old English Backstroke : Lying on back, breaststroke legs and butterfly arms
 Forward backstroke: Done lying on back and floating. Arms parallel to the surface, moving in the
opposite direction to backstroke.

 Sidestroke: On the side, pull the water as if with a rope with arms going out and stopping in the
middle while ensuring that the strokes are most hydrodynamic when moving towards the desired
location, and pushing the most water when moving away from the location. In addition, the legs
are performing a scissors kick, which is like breaststroke kick, but sideways.
 Lifesaving stroke: Similar to the side stroke, but only the bottom arm moves while the top
arm tows a swimmer in distress.
 Combat sidestroke: This stroke was developed and used by the United States Navy
SEALs and is designed to be more efficient and reduce profile in the water.
 Dog paddle: face over water and paddling with alternate hands, often with the nose and mouth
above the water. This stroke can be used in reverse to propel the body feet first.
 Human stroke: Similar to the dog paddle, but the arms reach out more and pull farther
down.[citation needed]
 Survival travel stroke: Alternating underwater arm stroke, one cycle for propulsion, one for a lift
to stay on the surface. This style is slow but sustainable.[citation needed]
 Breast feet first strokes: With legs extended, use the arms with a pushing, flapping, clapping or
uplifting motion.[citation needed]
 Snorkeling: Swimming on the breast using a snorkel, usually in combination with masks and fins.
Any stroke on the breast can be used, and there is no need to lift or turn the head for breathing.
 Finswimming is the progression of a swimmer using fins either on the water surface or
underwater. Finswimming is usually done on the breast.
 An arm and a leg: is the progression of a swimmer clasping one leg with the opposite arm, and
using breaststroke movements with the remaining arm and leg.[citation needed]
 Flutter back finning: Symmetrically underwater arm recovery with flutter kick.
 Flicker kick: Concerning human morphology oscillatory flutter kick is more suitable, hence all
swimming techniques exert vertical oscillation with upward propelling. Flicker kick, as vibration of
both, hands and legs, with slight deviation of arms within regular undulation will produce
powerful horizontal dynamics. Swimmer by propelling is not just vibrating, this is proved to be
insufficient, but rather producing undulating waves (horizontal instead of vertical). The initial
move is made by shoulders gliding backward and curve. Meandering is transmitted to the hips
and legs. Undulation is most pronounced between the shoulders and thighs. At the end of
swimming cycle, legs produce flicker kick as collateral to undulatory movement. See also eel
stroke.
 Feet first swimming: A very slow stroke on the back where a breaststroke movement with the
arms propels the body forward feet first. Also the arms can be lifted out of the water and pulled
backwards together with a scooping movement. Alternatively, the arms can be raised behind the
head, alternately or together pushing with the hands, propelling the body. Similarly, the hands
can be brought together in a clapping action. These strokes are often used for training.
 Eel style: start position of swimmer is backward, hands to body and legs close floating. Swimmer
then starts to undulate first with hand and shoulders then trespassing undulation on legs. The
propulsion force is mainly generated by hands, which stay all the time close to body. Swimmer
tries to relay on gliding flow of water moving easily and swiftly. Legs do not perform flutter stroke
as it will create force opposite to undulation. Efficiency is achieved by undulating along the
whole body, intermittently and at intervals. Once the body is introduced in undulation, it will soon
achieved optimal velocity. The purpose of transfer from preparation to propulsion phase is to
generate gliding flow, which swimmer will use as an additional lift in moving forward and up.
Swimmers in nature use body undulations to generate these propulsive and maneuvering
forces. The anguilliform kinematics is driven by muscular actions all along the body[1][dubious – discuss]
 Corkscrew swimming: Alternating between front crawl and backstroke every arm. This leads to a
constant rotation of the swimmer. The stroke is used mainly for training purposes and is also
sometimes known as Newfie Stroke, referring to Newfoundland. When rotating every third
stroke, this is called waltz crawl.
 Gliding: The swimmer is stretched with the arms to the front, the head between the arms and the
feet to the back. This streamlined shape minimizes resistance and allows the swimmer to glide,
for example after a start, a push off from a wall, or to rest between strokes.
 Sepia bone: Sepia bone could be effective as drifting technique, in steering and floating in the
fast flow, using only hand to navigate the stream, complementary as passive to more proactive
swimming techniques.Ibid.
 Turtle stroke: On the breast, extend right arm then pull, after pushing with the left leg (while
opposite limbs are recovering), then opposite limbs repeat this process, i. e. left arm pulls after
right leg pushes. Uses muscles of the waist. Head can easily be above or below water: this is a
slow but very sustainable stroke, common in turtles and newts.
 Octopus stroke: The swimmer starts from floating posture backward spreading arms and feet in
spread position, arms raised further up to the maximum momentum, keeping them parallel to the
surface, in the propulsive phase returning the same way, hands to the body and legs merging.
Legs opening to the 45 degree returning then returning and closing, arms smoothly from 90, 120
degrees of leg axis, then cling to the legs. More economical means of motion involves
alternative movements of leg and arms, first arms then legs (Dalton, 1918). Effective swimming,
however, implies their parallel movement.[2][3]
 Health benefits of swimming

Swimming is a great workout because you need to move your whole body against the resistance of the
water.

Swimming is a good all-round activity because it:

 keeps your heart rate up but takes some of the impact stress off your body
 builds endurance, muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness
 helps maintain a healthy weight, healthy heart and lungs
 tones muscles and builds strength
 provides an all-over body workout, as nearly all of your muscles are used during swimming.

Other benefits of swimming

Swimming has many other benefits including:

 being a relaxing and peaceful form of exercise
 alleviating stress
 improving coordination, balance and posture
 improving flexibility
 providing good low-impact therapy for some injuries and conditions
 providing a pleasant way to cool down on a hot day
 being available in many places – you can swim in swimming pools, beaches, lakes, dams and rivers.
Make sure that the environment you choose to swim in is safe.