FIDE

The Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation[2] is an

Fédération Internationale
international organization that connects the various national chess federations around
des Échecs
the world and acts as the governing body of international chess competition. It is
(World Chess Federation)
usually referred to as FIDE (/ˈfiːdeɪ/, FEE-day), its French acronym.[3]

FIDE was founded in Paris, France, on July 20, 1924.[4] Its motto is Gens una
sumus, Latin for "We are one people". As of 2015, FIDE's president is Kirsan
Ilyumzhinov.[5] Ilyumzhinov suspended some of his authority at a December 6, 2015
Presidential Board meeting, at which Deputy President Georgios Makropoulous
received these powers, following the statutes.[6]
Motto Gens una sumus
(Latin: "We are one
people")

Contents Formation July 20, 1924

Headquarters Lausanne,
1 Role
Switzerland[1]
2 History
2.1 Foundation and early years (up to 1939) Membership 185 national
2.2 1946 to 1993 associations
2.2.1 President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov
Birth of the World Championship challenge cycle
2.2.2 Bobby Fischer controversies Website www.fide.com
2.2.3 Other 1970s controversies
2.2.4 Rapid expansion of membership
2.2.5 World Championship 1983–1985
2.3 1993 to present
2.3.1 World Championship divided 1993–2006
2.3.2 IOC recognition

3 Commercial agreement with Agon

3.1 History
3.1.1
Ilyumzhinov's initial comments on the agreement
3.2 Disputes within FIDE
3.2.1 Financial obligations
3.2.2 FIDE-Agon contract controversy

4 Member federations
5 FIDE presidents
6 Publications
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Role
FIDE's most visible activity is organizing the World Chess Championship (overall and for special groups such as women, juniors,
seniors, and the disabled),[7] and most particularly the Chess Olympiad and World Team Championship for national teams. It is
recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the supreme body responsible for the organization of chess and its
championships at global and continental levels.[4] Since 1980 FIDE is a member of UNESCO.[8] FIDE oversees few other
tournaments, although other top-level events, almost without exception, respect FIDE rules and regulations.

It defines the rules of chess, both for playing individual games (i.e. the board and moves) and for the conduct of international
competitions. The international competition rules are the basis for local competitions, although local bodies are allowed to modify
these rules to a certain extent. FIDE awards a number of organizational titles, including International Arbiter, which signifies that the
[9]
recipient is competent and trusted to oversee top-class competitions.

FIDE calculates the Elo ratings of players and uses these as the basis on which it awards titles for achievement in competitive play:
FIDE Master, International Master, International Grandmaster, and women's versions of those titles.[10] It also awards Master and
Grandmaster titles for achievement in problem and study composing and solving, and periodically publishes FIDE Albums of the
best problems.[11]

Correspondence chess (chess played by post or email) is regulated by the International Correspondence Chess Federation, an
independent body that cooperates with FIDE where appropriate.

The proposed FIDE budget for 2016 lists 2.73 million dollars in expected income, mostly for tournament registration, entry fees, and
rights for the Olympiad and World Championship. In 2015, the latter two were replaced by the World Cup rights as a source of funds.
For 2014, the largest expenditure is combined staff costs of the Athens, Elista, and Moscow offices, with the Development
[12]
Commission close behind. Unexpectedly high legal costs were third on the list, just ahead of presidential travel.

History

Foundation and early years (up to 1939)

In April 1914, an initiative was taken inSt. Petersburg, Russia, to form an international chess federation.

Another attempt was made in July 1914 during the Mannheim International Chess Tournament, but further efforts temporarily came
to an end as a result of the outbreak of World War I. In 1920, another attempt to organize an international federation was made at the
Gothenburg Tournament.[13]

Players also made the first attempt to produce rules for world championship matches—in 1922, world champion José Raúl
Capablanca proposed the "London rules": the first player to win six games outright would win the match; playing sessions would be
limited to five hours; the time limit would be 40 moves in 2.5 hours; the champion would be obliged to defend his title within one
year of receiving a challenge from a recognized master; the champion would decide the date of the match; the champion was not
obliged to accept a challenge for a purse of less than $10,000; 20% of the purse was to be paid to the title holder, with the remainder
being divided, 60 percent to the winner of the match, and 40% to the loser; the highest purse bid must be accepted. Alekhine,
Bogoljubow, Maróczy, Réti, Rubinstein, Tartakower and Vidmar promptly signed them.[14] The only match played under those rules
was Capablanca vs Alekhine in 1927.[15]

In 1922, the Russian master Eugene Znosko-Borovsky, while participating in an international tournament in London, announced that
a tournament would be held during the 8th Sports Olympic Games in Paris in 1924 and would be hosted by the French Chess
Federation. On July 20, 1924 the participants at the Paris tournament founded FIDE as a kind of players' union.[13][16][17] In its early
years, FIDE had little power, and was poorly financed.

FIDE's congresses in 1925 and 1926 expressed a desire to become involved in managing the world championship. FIDE was largely
happy with the "London Rules", but claimed that the requirement for a purse of $10,000 was impracticable and called upon
[18]
Capablanca to come to an agreement with the leading masters to revise the Rules.
FIDE's third congress, in Budapest in 1926, also decided to organize a Chess Olympiad. The invitations were, however, late in being
sent, with the result that only four countries participated, and the competition was called the Little Olympiad. The winner was
Hungary, followed by Yugoslavia, Romania, and Germany. In 1927, FIDE began organizing the First Chess Olympiad during its 4th
Congress in London. The official title of the tournament was the "Tournament of Nations", or "World Team Championship", but
, with 16 teams competing.[13]
"Chess Olympiad" became a more popular title. The event was won by Hungary

In 1928 FIDE recognized Bogoljubow as "Champion of FIDE" after he won a match against Max Euwe.[18] Alekhine, the reigning
world champion, attended part of the 1928 Congress and agreed to place future matches for the world title under the auspices of
FIDE, although any match with Capablanca should be under the same conditions as in Buenos Aires, 1927, i.e. including the
requirement for a purse of at least $10,000. FIDE accepted this and decided to form a commission to modify the London Rules for
future matches, though this commission never met; by the time of the 1929 Congress, a world championship match between Alekhine
[18]
and Bogoljubow was under way, held neither under the auspices of FIDE nor in accordance with the London Rules.

While negotiating his 1937 World Championship re-match with Alekhine, Euwe proposed that if he retained the title, FIDE should
manage the nomination of future challengers and the conduct of championship matches. FIDE had been trying since 1935 to
introduce rules on how to select challengers, and its various proposals favored selection by some sort of committee. While they were
debating procedures in 1937 and Alekhine and Euwe were preparing for their re-match later that year, the Dutch Chess Federation
proposed that a super-tournament (AVRO) of ex-champions and rising stars should be held to select the next challenger. FIDE
rejected this proposal and at their second attempt nominated Salo Flohr as the official challenger. Euwe then declared that: if he
retained his title against Alekhine he was prepared to meet Flohr in 1940 but he reserved the right to arrange a title match either in
1938 or 1939 with José Raúl Capablanca, who had lost the title to Alekhine in 1927; if Euwe lost his title to Capablanca then FIDE's
decision should be followed and Capablanca would have to play Flohr in 1940. Most chess writers and players strongly supported the
Dutch super-tournament proposal and opposed the committee processes favored by FIDE. While this confusion went unresolved:
Euwe lost his title to Alekhine; the AVRO tournament in 1938 was won by Paul Keres under a tie-breaking rule, with Reuben Fine
placed second and Capablanca and Flohr in the bottom places; and the outbreak of World War II in 1939 cut short the
controversy.[19][20] Although competitive chess continued in many countries, including some that were under Nazi occupation, there
was no international competition and FIDE was inactive during the war
.

1946 to 1993

Birth of the World Championship challenge cycle

From the time of Emanuel Lasker's defeat of Wilhelm Steinitz in 1894, until 1946, a new World Champion had won the title by
defeating the former champion in a match. Alexander Alekhine's death created an interregnum that made the normal procedure
impossible. The situation was confused, with many respected players and commentators offering different solutions. FIDE found it
difficult to organize the early discussions on how to resolve the interregnum, because problems with money and travel in the
aftermath of World War II prevented many countries from sending representatives, most notably the Soviet Union. The shortage of
clear information resulted in otherwise responsible magazines publishing rumors and speculation, which only made the situation
more confused.[21] See Interregnum of World Chess Championsfor more details.

This situation was exacerbated by the Soviet Union having long refused to join FIDE, and by this time it was clear that about half the
credible contenders were Soviet citizens. The Soviet Union realized, however, it could not afford to be left out of the discussions
regarding the vacant world championship, and in 1947 sent a telegram apologizing for the absence of Soviet representatives and
[21]
requesting that the USSR be represented in future FIDE Committees.

The eventual solution was similar to FIDE's initial proposal and to a proposal put forward by the Soviet Union (authored by Mikhail
Botvinnik). The 1938 AVRO tournament was used as the basis for the 1948 Championship Tournament. The AVRO tournament had
brought together the eight players who were, by general acclamation, the best players in the world at the time. Two of the participants
at AVRO—Alekhine and former world champion Capablanca—had since died; but FIDE decided that the other six participants at
AVRO would play a quadruple round-robin tournament. These players were: Max Euwe (from The Netherlands); Botvinnik, Paul
Keres and Salo Flohr (from the Soviet Union); and Reuben Fine and Samuel Reshevsky (from the United States). FIDE soon
accepted a Soviet request to substitute Vasily Smyslov for Flohr, and Fine withdrew in order to continue his degree studies in
psychiatry, so five players competed, in a quintuple round robin. Botvinnik won, thus becoming world champion, ending the
interregnum.[21]

The proposals which led to the 1948 Championship Tournament also specified the procedure by which challengers for the World
Championship would be selected in a three-year cycle: countries affiliated with FIDE would send players to Zonal Tournaments (the
number varied depending on the number of strong players each country had); the players who gained the top places in these would
compete in an Interzonal Tournament (later split into two, then three tournaments as the number of countries and eligible players
increased[22] ); the highest-placed players from the Interzonal would compete in the Candidates Tournament, along with the loser of
the previous title match and the runner-up in the previous Candidates Tournament; and the winner of the Candidates played a title
match against the champion.[21] From 1950 until 1962 inclusive, the Candidates Tournament was a multi-round round-robin—how
and why it was changed are described below
.

Bobby Fischer controversies

FIDE found itself embroiled in some controversies relating to the American player Bobby Fischer, the first of which took place when
Fischer alleged that at the 1962 Candidates Tournament in Curaçao, the Soviet players Tigran Petrosian, Paul Keres and Efim Geller
had pre-arranged draws in their games played amongst themselves, and that Viktor Korchnoi, another Soviet player, had been
instructed to lose to them (Fischer had placed 4th, well behind Petrosian, Keres and Geller). Grandmaster Yuri Averbakh, a member
of the Soviet delegation at the tournament, said in 2002 that Petrosian, Keres and Geller privately agreed to draw their games, and a
statistical analysis in 2006 supported this conclusion.[23][24] FIDE responded by changing the format of Candidates Tournaments
from a multi-round round-robin to a series of elimination matches, initially 10–12 games in duration, though by the 1970s, the
Candidates final would be as long as 24 games.

In 1969, Fischer refused to play in the U.S. Championship because of disagreements about the tournament's format and prize fund.
Since that event was being treated as a Zonal Tournament, Fischer forfeited his right to compete for the right to challenge world
champion Boris Spassky in 1972. Grandmaster Pal Benko agreed to relinquish his qualifying place at the Interzonal in Fischer's
favor, and the other participants waived their right to claim the spot. FIDE president Max Euwe interpreted the rules very flexibly to
allow Fischer to play in the 1970 Interzonal at Palma de Mallorca, which he won convincingly. Fischer then crushed Mark Taimanov,
Bent Larsen (both 6-0) and Tigran Petrosian in the 1971 Candidates Tournament and won the title match with Spassky to become
world champion.[25]

After winning the world championship, Fischer criticized the existing championship match format (24 games; the champion retained
the title if the match was tied) on the grounds that it encouraged whoever got an early lead to play for draws. While this dispute was
going on, Anatoly Karpov won the right to challenge in 1975. Fischer refused to accept any match format other than the one he
proposed. Among Fischer's demands was a requirement that the challenger must beat him by at least two games in order to take his
title. The FIDE argued that it was unfair for a challenger to be able to beat the world champion, yet not take his title. Fischer would
not back down, and eventually FIDE awarded the title to Karpov by default.[26] Some commentators have questioned whether FIDE
[25]
president Max Euwe did as much as he could have to prevent Fischer from forfeiting his world title.

Other 1970s controversies

FIDE had a number of conflicts with theSoviet Chess Federation. These conflicts included:[25]

The defection of grandmasterGennadi Sosonko in 1972. The Soviets demanded that Sosonko should be treated as
an "unperson", excluded from competitive chess, television or any other event that might publicize his defection.
FIDE refused, and no Soviet players took part in the 1974Wijk aan Zee tournament in The Netherlands because
Sosonko was playing in it.
In 1976 world championship contenderViktor Korchnoi sought political asylum in The Netherlands. In a discussion a
few days earlier Euwe told Korchnoi, "...of course you will retain all your rights ..." and later opposed Sovietforts
ef to
prevent Korchnoi from challenging forAnatoly Karpov's title in 1978.
FIDE decided to hold the 1976Chess Olympiad in Israel, which the Soviet Union did notrecognize as a country. The
Central Committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Unionthen started plotting to depose Euwe as president of
 FIDE.

Rapid expansion of membership

During his period as president of FIDE (1970–1978) Max Euwe strove to increase the number of member countries, and Florencio
Campomanes (president 1982–1995) continued this policy, with each member nation receiving one vote. Former world champion
Anatoly Karpov later said this was a mixed blessing, as the inclusion of so many small, poor countries led to a "leadership vacuum at
the head of the world of chess......"[25][27] Yuri Averbakh said the presence of so many weak countries made it easy to manipulate
decisions.[28]

World Championship 1983–1985

The events leading to Garry Kasparov's winning the world championship involved FIDE in two controversies. While arranging the
Candidates Tournament semi-final matches to be played in 1983, FIDE accepted bids to host Kasparov versus Victor Korchnoi in
Pasadena, California. The Soviet Union refused to accept this, either because it feared Kasparov would defect or because it thought
Kasparov was the greater threat to reigning champion Anatoly Karpov. Their refusal would have meant that Kasparov forfeited his
chance of challenging for the title. FIDE president Florencio Campomanes negotiated with the Soviet Union, and the match was
played in London.[27][29]

In the 1984 world championship match between Karpov and Kasparov the winner was to be the first to win six games. In the first 27
games Karpov gained a 5–0 lead but by the end of the 48th Kasparov had reduced this to 5–3.[30] At this point the match had lasted
for 159 days (from September 1984 to February 1985), Karpov looked exhausted and many thought Kasparov was the favorite to
win. After six days of talks, on February 15, FIDE president Campomanes announced that "the match is ended without decision", that
a new one would begin in September 1985 with the score 0–0, and that it would consist of at most 24 games. Karpov entered the
press conference rather late and said he wished to continue the existing match, with his version of the Mark Twain line: "The reports
of my death have been greatly exaggerated!" Although nobody has revealed what had happened behind the scenes, there were ESPN
cameras and reporters from Sports Illustrated in addition to American Grandmaster Max Dlugy. When the good cop-bad cop routine
of Karpov and Campomanes caused a commotion an agitated Karpov stared at Campomanes, who was caught on film saying: "But
Anatoly, I told them what you said!" Dlugy also reported this event in the US magazine Chess Life. Kasparov won the second match
and became world champion.[27][31][32]

1993 to present

World Championship divided 1993–2006

Note: This section largely seems to have one source as its basis, and may not take all viewpoints into account.

In 1992 Nigel Short surprised the world by winning the Candidates Tournament and thus becoming the official challenger for Garry
Kasparov's world title. FIDE very quickly accepted a bid from Manchester (England) to host the title match in 1993. But at that time
Short was travelling to Greece and could not be consulted as FIDE's rules required. On learning of the situation Short contacted
Kasparov, who had distrusted FIDE and its president, Florencio Campomanes ever since Campomanes had stopped his title match
against Anatoly Karpov in 1984. Kasparov and Short concluded that FIDE had failed to get them the best financial deal available and
announced that they would "play under the auspices of a new body, the "Professional Chess Association" (PCA). FIDE stripped
Kasparov of his FIDE title and dropped Kasparov and Short from the official rating list. It also announced a title match between
Karpov and Jan Timman, whom Short had defeated in the semi-final and final stages of the Candidates Tournament. Kasparov and
[33]
Karpov won their matches and there were now two players claiming to be world champion.

In 1994 Kasparov concluded that breaking away from FIDE had been a mistake, because both commercial sponsors and the majority
of grandmasters disliked the split in the world championship.[34] Kasparov started trying to improve relations with FIDE and
supported Campomanes' bid for re-election as president of FIDE. But many FIDE delegates regarded Campomanes as corrupt and in
1995 he agreed to resign provided his successor wasKirsan Ilyumzhinov, president of the Republic of Kalmykia.[35]
In the next few years several attempts to re-unify the world championship failed for various reasons – notably inability to finance a
match or Kasparov's opposition to any plan that required him to play in a qualifying series rather than go straight into a re-unification
match. In 2000 Vladimir Kramnik defeated Kasparov in a match for what was now the Braingames World Chess Championship (the
PCA had collapsed by this time). But Kramnik was also unwilling to play in a qualifying series, and objected strongly to FIDE's
attempt to have the world championship decided by annual knock-out tournaments and to reduce the time limits for games, changes
[35][36]
which FIDE hoped would make the game more interesting to outsiders.

Finally in 2006 a re-unification match was played between Kramnik and Veselin Topalov, which Kramnik won after an unpleasant
controversy which led to one game being awarded to oTpalov.[35][37]

But the split in the world-title had after-effects, as shown by FIDE's complicated regulations for the 2007–9 world championship
cycle. Because Topalov was unable to compete in the 2007 World Chess Championship Tournament, FIDE decided he should have a
"fast track" entry into the 2007–2009 cycle. And FIDE also decided that, if Kramnik did not win the 2007 championship tournament,
he should play a championship match in 2008 against the winner—and this provision became applicable because Viswanathan Anand
won the tournament and thus became world champion.

IOC recognition
In 1999, FIDE was recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Two years later, it introduced the IOC's anti-drugs
rules to chess, as part of its campaign for chess to become part of theOlympic Games.[38]

Commercial agreement with Agon

FIDE has entered into a commercial agreement running from 2012 to at least 2021 with the company Agon Limited in the
management of the World Chess Championship and associated events. Agon has "sole and exclusive" organisational rights over the
events that fall under the agreement.[39] The first tournament it organized was the London FIDE Grand Prix event in September
2012,[40] followed by the London Candidates Tournament in March 2013,[41] and the Chennai World Chess Championship in
November 2013.[42]

Agon subsequently organized the four events in the FIDE Grand Prix 2014-15,[43] the Candidates Tournament in 2014,[44] and the
World Chess Championshipin 2014.[45]

Agon was also involved in the organisation of the 2015 Rapid and Blitz Championships.[46]

They organized the 2016 Candidates Tournament and the 2016 World Chess Championship, but have been slow with the FIDE Grand
Prix 2016-17 and the 2017 World Blitz and Rapid Championship.[47]

History
Agon was founded in 2012 in Jersey by Andrew Paulson as the sole shareholder.[48] On February 20, 2012, an agreement between
Agon and FIDE was made, subject to approval by the 2012 FIDE General Assembly.[39] This approval was forthcoming in
September 2012.[49]

In October 2014, Agon was sold to its current CEOIlya Merenzon for the sum of one pound.[40]

At the September 2016 FIDE General Assembly

, it was resolved that Agon should institute a corporate presence in a locale with more
transparency. Merenzon said that they would register in theUnited Kingdom within a few months.[50]

Ilyumzhinov's initial comments on the agreement

Kirsan Ilyumzhinov was happy with the agreement on the basis that now FIDE itself did not have to expend resources to find
organizers for its premier events. The issue of financial guarantees was also important, though as explained below, these have not
.[51][52]
always materialized. His estimation of 10-12 million euros to FIDE from the coming cycles has not yet come to fruition either
Disputes within FIDE
The condition that Agon would be the sole organizer of Championship events was disputed originally by principally the Bulgarian
[53]
Chess Federation, with respect to the Candidates matches for 2012.

Financial obligations
The FIDE Presidential Board in February 2012 had passed the Agon proposal (subject to General Assembly approval) with
Makropoulos noting that "about over 7 Mio. Euros every two years" was expected to accrue to FIDE.[54] However, even Agon's
initial deposit (Agreement §5, as surety against future difficulties) of 500,000 US dollars within 60 days of signing was disputed at
the September 2012 General Assembly (FIDE), as it had not yet been paid.[53] Eventually at the 2014 General Assembly, after an
inquiry by Nigel Short, it was resolved that the organization of a GrandPrix was taken in lieu of this deposit.[55]

Agon was also supposed to pay 80,000 dollars in conjunction with its (ad hoc) organization of the 2015 Rapid and Blitz
Championships in Berlin. According to Ilya Merenzon, an agreement of nonpayment was reached with the FIDE Presidential Board
already before the event, while FIDE's version implies that after the event they did not press the matter since Agon lost 200,000 euros
on it.[56] Starting at the end of 2016, Agon is obliged to pay 500,000 euros every year to FIDE (Agreement, §4.1).

FIDE-Agon contract controversy

In early 2014, a purported agreement between Paulson and FIDE President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov was leaked, and then published by
Chess.com (and others), which allegedly indicated that Paulson was simply a front man with Ilyumzhinov the ultimate benefactor of
Agon.[57] In that Chess.com articleMalcolm Pein is quoted as having twice been told by Paulson that Ilyuzmhinov owned Agon, and
in a New In Chess article Nigel Short asserted he had also been told this personally by Paulson.[58] In response, FIDE's deputy vice
president Georgios Makropoulous pointed out that the purported contract was a draft document.[59] The FIDE Ethics Commission
[60][61]
ruled in September 2015 that Ilyumzhinov did not violate the FIDE Code of Ethics.

Member federations
There are at present 185 member federations of FIDE.[62] The list fluctuates, as new nations join and sometimes national federations
collapse or are unable to pay their dues.

The states are:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Ar

gentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burundi,
Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United
States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

And the other entities are

Aruba, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Chinese Taipei, England, Faroe Islands, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey, Macau, Netherlands
Antilles, Palestine, Puerto Rico, Scotland, US V
irgin Islands, and Wales
FIDE presidents
1924–1949 Alexander Rueb
1949–1970 Folke Rogard
1970–1978 Max Euwe
1978–1982 Friðrik Ólafsson
1982–1995 Florencio Campomanes
1995–present Kirsan Ilyumzhinov

Publications
Kazic, Bozidar; Keene, Raymond; Lim, Kok Ann (1985).The Official Laws of Chess. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-4802-4
FIDE (1989). The Official Laws of Chess(2nd ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-028540-X

See also
FIDE Online Arena
Chess around the world
FIDE World Rankings
International Correspondence Chess Federation
List of FIDE chess world number ones
FIDE titles

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External links
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