GE2: Readings in Philippine History

Definition and Subject Matter

History
 The branch of knowledge, dealing with the past events.
 has always been known as the study of the past
 Was derived from the Greek word” Historia” which means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.
 A continuous, systematic narrative of past events as relating to a particular people,country,period, person,ect
usually written as a chronological account, chronicle.
 The record of past events and times especially in connection with the human race.
 Became important academic discipline
Historia
 Became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people through written documents and
historical evidences.
Prehistory
 Events occuring before written period
 Is a period between the use of the first stone tools 3.3 million years ago by hominins and the invention of writing
systems.
Traditional Historians
 lived with the mantra of “ no documents, no history”; it means that, unless a written documents can prove a
certain historical events then it cannot be considered as a historical facts.
Historians
 Only get access representation of the past through historical sources and evidences.
Historian’s duty
 To write about the lives of important individuals like monarch,heroes,saints and nobilities.
QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY
1. What is History?
2. Why study history?
3. And history for whom?
4. How was a certain historical text written?
5. Who wrote it?
6. What was the context of its publication?
7. What particular history method was employed?
8. What were the sources use?
Historiography
 Is the history of history
 Is important for anyone who studies history because it teaches the students to be critical in the lessons of
history presented to him.
Historical Sources
 Primary sources----- are those sources produced at the same time as the events, period, or subject being
studied.
 Secondary Sources------are those sources which were produced by an author who used primary sources to
produce the materials.
External Criticism
 Is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristic; consistency with
the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced: and the materials use for the evidence.
Internal Criticism
 The examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source; its
context; the agenda behind its creation; the knowledge which informed it; and its intended purpose, among
others.
Hoax Code of Kalantiaw
 One of the most scandalous cases of deception in the Philippine history.
 The code was set of rules contained in an epic, Maragtas, which allegedly witten by Datu Kalantiaw.
GE2: Readings in Philippine History
Definition and Subject Matter

Historical Methodology----To assess properly the resources and historical evidences in writing history, which technique
or rule should be followed.

Subjective--- History is influenced by the process of historical research, like methodology used, facts selected by the
researcher with its opinion as well as his relevant interpretation.

The following are the historical source:

1. oral
2. written
3. Physical objects

Localization---- A historical method that seeks to answer the origin of source production.
Analysis---A historical method used to answer the production of a pre-existing material.
Historiography----It is the study of methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline.
Nature of history: empirical, pluralistic, and multidimensional.

Tools used to interpret a historical event:

1. Empirical theories
2. Qualification instruments
3. Social Science Discipline.

Authorship----A historical method that answer the question “By whom was the source produced”
Empiricism---It emphasizes evidences as discovered in experiments or received by observable senses.
Rationalism---It is the epistemological view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification.
Antithesis--- It negates or contradicts the point of view.
Thesis---In Hegelianism , it is a stage that gives rise to reaction.
Dialectic Method---- It is a discourse between the two or more people holding different points of view about a subject to
establish the truth through reason arguments.

Historical Methods used under the historical criticism are: (Authorship, Date, Localization and Analysis).

Correspondence---- A theory of truth states that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined only by how it
relates/respond to the world whether it accurately describes the world.
Coherence --- A theory of truth that regards truth as harmonious within some specified set of sentences, proposition or
belief.
Pragmatism--- A theory of truth that uses logic and inquiry, judging what is true and confirmed by the results of putting
one’s concept into practice.

Prepared by:

Ms. Lavinia M. Cobar, LPT