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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Providing safety to a person while riding the bike is of prime concern. One of the way to
do this is by making it mandatory to wear helmet while riding a bike. This is difficult to
implement as every time the concerned people can’t keep an eye on everybody. So detecting
whether the driver has worn a helmet or not, as well whether he has consumed alcohol or not is
the main problem. The system what we have planned to design provides solution to this problem.
The system makes it mandatory for the rider to wear helmet before starting the vehicle and also he
shouldn’t have consumed alcohol. If the rider fail to do so then the vehicle cannot be started. This
system also provides security to the vehicle as every bike will have an unique helmet and without
which a person fails to start that particular bike. This project includes a helmet body and an
integrated electronic system disposed in the helmet body. It is operated through a wireless control
system. The components of the electronic system are sufficiently small and rugged for use in the
helmet, ensuring that the helmet is lightweight and durable. Moreover, the components are spaced
about the helmet to provide even weight distribution to promote overall balance and safety.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Literature survey is the most important step in the software development process. Before
developing any tool it is very necessary to determine the factor of time, economy and the
strength of company. After these things are satisfied, then the next step is to determine which
operating system and language can be used for developing a tool. Once a programmer start
building a tool the programmer needs external help. This help can be taken from senior
programmers, from book or from websites. Before developing a system, the above
consideration are taken into account for developing the proposed system in the better way.
In present time many cases of bike accident can be seen around us. Peoples get
injured or might be dead and one of the reasons is not wearing helmet. Many
people could save their life in accident cases if they wore helmet at the time of
accident. Continuously road rules are violated. So as to overcome these
problems, a Smart helmet is proposed having a control system built inside a
helmet. Smart Helmet for Motorcyclist is a project undertaken to increase the
rate of road safety among motorcyclists. The idea is obtained after knowing that
the increasing number of fatal road accidents over the years is cause for concern
among motorcyclists. It consist a RF transmitter and a RF receiver system. the
bike will not get start without wearing helmet by the user, as user wear helmet a
rf signal radiate from transmitter and once these rf signal get sensed by the
receiver placed in the ignition switch of the bike, bike will get start. Security
system applied in this project meet the characteristics of a perfect rider and the
Helmet unit and Bike unit are connected by wireless link of RF. RF
communication circuit contains encoder and decoder circuit. Encoder is on
helmet side which is using to convert parallel data into serial data. The encoder
is capable of encoding massage which contains of 12N data bits and N address
bits. Each address/data can stay set to with two logical states. The oscillator
frequency is selected by Rosy. We choose oscillator frequency is 3 kHz, with
rosy of 1M ohms. Minimum transmission of data is 4 words. Decoder is on bike
side, it used to decode serial data. It converts this serial data in to parallel. The
decoders are capable to receive data that are spread by an encoder and
understand it. The first bits period use as addresses and last 12N bits as our
desired data, where N is stands for address number. In this decoder circuit
oscillator frequency is 50 times greater than fOSCE (encoder oscillator
frequency). fOSCD is 150 kHz, which is select by value of Rosc. Rosc is 1k
ohms.
We already mentioned that we divide a project in two units namely helmet and
bike. In helmet unit, the force sensing resister is placed on inside upper part of
the helmet where actually head was touched with sensor surface. And alcohol
sensor is placed on in front of rider’s mouth. It can sense easily. Solar panels are
mounted on upper side of helmet which is in direct sunlight. And the battery
and regular circuits was fixed inside the helmet. Secondary controller and RF
transmitter circuit was also placed on inside the helmet, antenna are located
outside the helmet.
Disadvantages
the motor. The signal can be transmitted up to 100 meters in open space and
continuously . A 315 MHz frequency is chosen because 315 MHz is in interval
of testing band and it is free license to use. This RF Module consists of
Transmitter Module and Receiver Module. Each RF module have its own circuit
called the transmitter circuit and is placed at the helmet and the receiver circuit
is placed in the motorcycle. Radio Frequency transmitter circuit consists of
transmitter module, PT2262 as remote encoder and 8-pins DIP-Switch. Radio
Frequency receiver circuit consists of transmitter module, PT2263 as remote
decoder and 8-pins DIP-Switch.
3) Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) is installed in the helmet. The Force Sensing
Resistor (FSR) sensor detects the head of motorcyclist. It connects directly to
the transmitter circuit as a switch. So, the transmitter circuit will be
automatically ON when the helmet is worn. An IC timer 555 was used and
placed in the transmitter circuit with a buzzer to produce a ‘beep-beep’ sound
and this sound will be heard after the transmitter circuit is ON as an indication
to the rider for helmet belt. As the second safety, a SPD installed on the
helmet’s buckle whether the rider is buckle-up or not. It is dir series with Force
Sensing Resistor (FSR) as this SPDT limit switch connected parallel to. After
buckling-up, their supply for IC timer 555. Therefore, a ‘b disappeared and the
short circuit gives Transmitter module and send signal to the Flow chart.
4) At C: RF receiver module is placed and the receiver circuit is placed under
the receiver module is from the transmitter module. This signal is PIC 16F84a
and the output was connected to the relay. The relay is in position is connected
in series to the output Discharge Ignition (CDI) motorcycles.
Disadvantages:
Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 5
ADVANCED HELMET 2016-17
A smart helmet is a special idea which makes motorcycle driving safer than
before. This is implemented using GSM and GPS technology. The working of
this smart helmet is very simple, vibration sensors are placed in different places
of helmet where the probability of hitting is more which are connected to
microcontroller board. So when the rider crashes and the helmet hit the ground,
these sensors sense and gives to the microcontroller board, then controller
extract GPS data using the GPS module that is interfaced to it. When the data
exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends message
to ambulance or family members.
relay is remove the ignition wire from the ground and connected with the starter
switch now the two wheeler will start. When driver met with accident vibration
sensor sends message to microcontroller. The GPS receives the location of the
vehicle that met with an accident and gives the information back. This
information will be sent to a mobile number through a message. This message
will be received using GSM modem present in the circuit. The message will
give the information of longitude and latitude values. Using these values the
position of the vehicle can be estimated. To run the GPS and GSM module,
microcontroller is a very user friendly device which can be easily interfaced
with any sensors or modules and is very compact in size. Now some of the
thoughts in our mind, how will send the SMS using the GSM module by
keeping the GPS location in the SMS which is obtained from the GPS module.
But when should all this is done? When accident occurs, how will the
microcontroller detect the accident? This can be done by using a vibration
sensor which is placed in the helmet. The vibration sensor is placed in the
helmet such that it detects vibrations of the helmet. When the rider crashes, the
helmet hits the ground and the vibration sensor detects the vibrations that are
created when the helmet hits the ground and then the microcontroller detect the
accident occurrence and it will send an SMS containing information about the
accident and location of accident using GSM and GPS modules. Alcohol sensor
sense the alcoholic content whether the rider drunken or not, if he drunken bike
will not start showing as alcohol detected on LCD display. Use of pressure
sensor, gives the whether the rider wear the helmet or not. If he not wears the
helmet again bike will not start and intimate to rider to wear the helmet
Disadvantages:
The disadvantage in this paper is that it does not provide any
emergency cure such as clotted bleeding before the arrival of nearby
ambulance.
Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 7
ADVANCED HELMET 2016-17
The prototype has three inputs and as many outputs routed to and fro the
P89V51RD2 Microcontroller respectively. The two sensors incorporated in the
prototype i.e., LM35D temperature sensor and ADXL3 tilt sensor, along with
the Global Positioning System (GPS) module comprise the input circuitry while
the Peltier module, the Liquid Cristal Display (LCD) module and the Global
System for Mobile communications (GSM) module form the output circuitry.
The LM35D temperature sensor senses the temperature in the area enclosed
between the scalp of the rider and the interior of the helmet. Analog output
signals of the LM35D temperature sensor are converted into digital signals by
the 0804Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and are sent as input to the
P89V51RD2 Microcontroller. If the sensed temperature exceeds the desired pre-
set temperature by the rider, the Microcontroller sends output signal through the
BC 547 NPN Bi-polar Junction Transistor (BJT) which is used for amplification
of the signal, which controls the switching of the TEC-12706T125Peltier
module, which is responsible for creating comfortable temperature. The
ADXL3 Accelerometer Sensor incorporated in the helmet senses shocks, if at
all they occur, received by the helmet. Analog output signals of the ADXL3
Accelerometer sensor are converted into digital signals by the ADC0804
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and are sent as input to the P89V51RD2
Microcontroller. In the event of an accident when the magnitude of the shock
pulse generated is greater than a pre-set value, the Microcontroller sends output
signal through the BC 547 NPN Bi-polar Junction Transistor (BJT) which is
used for amplification of the signal, which controls the switching of the TEC-
12706T125 Peltier module, which in this case is made to reduce the temperature
in the area enclosed between the scalp of the rider and the interior of the helmet
to 22oC, which was found out to be the temperature that would favour the
acceleration of blood clotting mechanism. During such an event, besides
expediting the blood coagulating mechanism, the Microcontroller sends signal
to the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) module, which would
send the precise location of the rider obtained from the Global Positioning
System (GPS) module at the time of the generation of shock pulse, which is
greater than the critical magnitude, in the form of a text message through a
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card inserted externally to the GSM circuitry.
The text message will be received by the SIM whose number is stored in the
Microcontroller that gives the information about the precise latitude and
longitude of the location of the rider. This entire circuit is powered through
switching ON the limit switch when the rider wears the helmet.
CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM METHODOLOGY
The existing system is to control the speed in which the biker is going in. The helmet is fixed
with all the components and sensors that read the speed of the bike and accordingly instruct
the rider to reduce or increase the speed based on the obstacles ahead the bike.
Rider does not wear helmet in region where traffic checking is not done
The current system does not check whether the rider is drunk or not
The idea of our project “ADVANCED HELMET” is to first check if the rider has
actually worn the helmet, in other words the availability of the rider’s head inside the
helmet to allow the vehicle to start.
The system makes it mandatory for the rider to wear helmet before starting the vehicle
and also he shouldn’t have consumed alcohol. If the rider fail to do so then the vehicle
cannot be started.
The GSM and GPS have been added in our project to find the location of the rider and
send a message to a nearest emergency service in case accident has happened.
CHAPTER 4
Helmet Authentication- For helmet authentication purpose we are using two IR sensor and
one MQ3 sensor. We mount one IR sensor on left side and other on right side inside the
helmet. MQ3 sensor use for alcohol detection.
Alcohol detection- to ensure that the bike rider has not consumed alcohol.
Accident detection- to locate the victim using GPS and send a message to a nearest
emergency contact using GSM.
Constraints on the services or the functions offered by the systems such as timing
constraints, constraints on the development process, standards etc,..
Non-functional requirements are those that refer to check weather requirement which
impose constraints on the design or implementation such as performance engineering
requirements, quality standards, or design constraints.
Maintainability: The operation manual of the tools will be provided to the user. For
development, it should be easy to upgrade for new features and new technologies time to
time. Maintenance should be cost effective and easy.
CHAPTER 5
OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY
5.1.1 Definition
Maps, including streets maps, displayed in human readable format via text or in a
graphical format,
Turn-by-turn navigation directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via
text or speech,
Directions fed directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe,
Traffic congestion maps (depicting either historical or real time data) and
suggested alternative directions,
Of all the applications of GPS, vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought
this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars;
ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed
countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System
(AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management
System (MAMS), these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational
efficiency and utilization of vehicles.
GPS is used in vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a
base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver where,
as navigation system helps the driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation
system or tracking system, the architecture is more or less similar. The navigation
system will have convenient, usually a graphic, display for the driver which is not
needed for a tracking system. Vehicle Tracking Systems combine a number of well-
developed technologies.
5.2.1 Definition
5.2.2 Purpose
The added components of the GSM architecture include the functions of the
databases and messaging systems:
MSC/VLR Service Area: The area covered by one MSC is called the MSC/VLR
service area.
PLMN: The area covered by one network operator is called PLMN.
A PLMN can contain one or more MSCs.
CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM DESIGN
VARIABLE
POWER
SUPPLY
DRIVER
BUFFER RELAY
ARM
RF
microcontroll
RECIEVER er
OUTPUT DEVICE
LCD
DISPLA
M DC Y
MOTOR
ACCIDENT/ MONOSTABLE
IMPACT MULTIVIBRATOR
SENSOR
IR IR
TRANSMITTE
R RECEIVE
R BUFFER AND
DRIVER SWITCHI RF
NG TRANSMITTER
ALCOHOL MONOSTABLE
STAGE
SENSOR MULTIVIBRATOR
Power supply unit :This section needs two voltages viz., +12 V & +5
V, as working voltages. Hence specially designed power supply is
constructed to get regulated power supplies.
Drivers: This section is used to drive the relay where the output
is complement of input which is applied to the drive but current
will be amplified.
Relays: It is a electromagnetic device which is used to drive the
load connected across the relay and the o/p of relay can be
connected to controller or load for further processing.
Indicator: This stage provides visual indication of which relay is
actuated and deactivated, by glowing respective LED or Buzzer.
LOCKED
NO NO Worn Driver YES LOCKED
Helmet? YES NO Drunk?
YES
Vehicle start
YES
Accident?
Stop
The first step of project is to initialize all the ports and all the RF
communication between bike and helmet. The next step is to check whether the
helmet is worn or not. If not, the bike will not start. The next start is to check
whether the rider has consumed alcohol or not. If not, the bike the bike will not
start. The vehicle gets started only if the above two conditions are satisfied. The
next step is to sense the parameter from sensor of system while riding the bike.
If an accident has happened, the multivibrator which is placed in the helmet unit
will automatically inform the microcontroller for the shock, that is an accident
happened. The microcontroller in turn, will extract the location using GPS and
send a message to the emergency contact using GSM.
Head
Detect head receive Rf
No alcohol Relay ON
Send Rf signal
ARM CONTACT
IMPACT SENSOR
r r
Shock
Send signal GPS locate
GSM receive
coordinate
Send message
CHAPTER 7
IMPLEMENTATION
Windows 7/8/98/2000/XP
Atmel Studio 7 is an integrated development platform (IDP) for developing and debugging
embedded software projects.
Embedded C
In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these issues by
providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of
features not available in normal C, such as, fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces, and
basic I/O hardware addressing.
Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main() function,
variable definition, datatype declaration, conditional statements (if, switch case), loops
(while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc.
Each processor is associated with an embedded software. The first and foremost thing is the
embedded software that decides functioning of the embedded system. Embedded C language
is most frequently used to program the microcontroller.Two salient features of Embedded
Programming are code speed and code size. Code speed is governed by the processing
power, timing constraints, whereas code size is governed by available program memory and
use of programming language. Goal of embedded system programming is to get maximum
features in minimum space and minimum time.
7.1.4 Compiler
The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051 microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler
in the world. It provides more features than any other 8051 C compiler available today.
The C51 Compiler allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications in C that, once
compiled, have the efficiency and speed of assembly language. Language extensions in the
C51 Compiler give you full access to all resources of the 8051.
The C51 Compiler translates C source files into relocatable object modules which contain full
symbolic information for debugging with the µVision Debugger or an in-circuit emulator. In
addition to the object file, the compiler generates a listing file which may optionally include
symbol table and cross reference information.
Fig: IR Sensor
Dept. Of CSE,SIET Tumkur Page 26
ADVANCED HELMET 2016-17
In this project, the transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits continuous IR
rays to be received by an IR receiver module. An IR output terminal of the receiver varies
depending upon its receiving of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as such,
therefore this output can be fed to a comparator circuit. Here an operational amplifier (op-
amp) of LM 339 is used as comparator circuit.
When the IR receiver does not receive a signal, the potential at the inverting input goes
higher than that non-inverting input of the comparator IC (LM339). Thus the output of the
comparator goes low, but the LED does not glow. When the IR receiver module receives
signal to the potential at the inverting input goes low. Thus the output of the comparator (LM
339) goes high and the LED starts glowing. Resistor R1 (100 ), R2 (10k ) and R3 (330) are
used to ensure that minimum 10 mA current passes through the IR LED Devices like
Photodiode and normal LEDs respectively. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k ) is used to adjust the
output terminals. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is used to set the sensitivity of the circuit
Diagram. Read more about IR sensors.
This gas sensor is suitable for detecting leakage of gas. It has a high sensitivity and fast
response time. Sensor provides an analog resistive output based on GAS concentration.
The drive circuit is very simple. Sensitive material of MQ-3 gas sensor is SnO2, which
with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target GAS exist, the sensor’s
conductivity is higher along with the gas concentration rising. Convert change of
conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration.
MQ-3 gas sensor has high sensitivity to gas, and has good resistance to disturb of
gasoline, smoke and vapor. The sensor could be used to detect leakage of gas with
different concentration, it is with low cost and suitable for different application.
The circuit diagram shows how the timer IC 555 can be used as a Monostable pulse
generator. In this mode, pin 4 is connected to pin 8 and that to +Vcc. The threshold pin
6 and the discharge pin 7 are connected together to +Vcc by a timing resistance P1
(Preset).
The trigger input pin 2 is connected to +Vcc using a pull-up resistor R1. The control
pin 5 is connected to ground via capacitor C2.The
Monostable timing period is initiated by a falling edge (i.e. ‘High’ to ‘Low’ transition)
applied to the trigger input (at pin 2). When such an edge is received and the ‘trigger’
input voltage falls below ⅓ of Vcc, the output of the lower comparator goes ‘high’ and
the Bistable is placed in the ‘set’ state. The Q output of the Bistable then goes low,
switching transistor TR1 is placed in the ‘OFF’ (non-conducting) state and the final
‘output’ (at pin-3) goes High. The circuit can be readil y adapted to drive
aload with operating current less than about 150mA. So, the indicator
LED (D1) goes ‘ON’.
When the voltage at the ‘threshold’ input (at pin-6) exceeds ⅔ of Vcc, the output of the
upper comparator will change state and the Bistable will be reset, making the Ō output
go ’HIGH’ and turning switching transistor TR1 ‘ON’ in the process. Due to the
inverting action of the buffer, the final ‘output’ (at pin-3) will then go ‘LOW’. That
means the indicator LED (D2) goes ‘OFF’. The output is latched in the sam e
condition until another trigger pulse is received.
as SMS.
android app.
number.
10. While running the code related to this algorithm its every status
CHAPTER 8
TESTING
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality
of the components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product. It is the process of
exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the software system meets its
requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirements.
Testing Objectives:
There are several rules that can serve as testing objectives, they
are:
1. For Correctness.
2. For Implementation.
3. For Computational Complexity.
Tests for correctness are supposed to verify that a program does exactly what it was
designed to do. This is much more difficult than it may at first appear, especially for large
programs. Tests for implementation efficiency attempt to find ways to make a correct
program faster or use less storage. It is a code-refining, which re-examines the
implementation phase of algorithm development.
Test Correctness:
1. Preventive Measures
2. Spot checks
3. Testing all parts of the device
4. Test Data
5. Looking for trouble
6. Time for testing
7. Re Testing
The data is entered in all forms separately and whenever an error occurred, it is
corrected immediately. A quality team deputed by the management verified all the
necessary documents and tested the software while entering the data at all levels. The
entire testing process can be divided into 3 phases
1. Unit Testing
2. Integrated Testing
3. System Testing
In our system unit testing has been successfully handled. Each module has been tested found
working properly.
Functionality Input
to be tested Tests done Remarks
Class Function
Integrated integrated in Tests done Remarks
each class
Class: Devices tested to check whether
Main Sensor() all command that were applied are
working correctly and success
appropriately or not.
In this, all the code modules were tested individually one after the other. The following were
tested in all the modules
1. Loop Testing
2. Boundary value analysis
3. Equivalence Partitioning
In our case, all the modules were combined and given test data.
The combined module works successfully without any side effects on other programs.
Everything was found fine working.
This is the final step in testing. In this the entire system was tested as a whole with all forms,
code, modules, and class modules. This form of testing is popularly is known as Black box
testing or systemtest. Black box testing methods focus on functional requirements of the
software. That is Black box testing enables a software engineer to derive a sets of input
conditions that will fully exercise all functional requirements for a program. Black box
testing attempts to find errors in the following categories; Incorrect or Missing functions,
interface errors, errors in data structures or external database access, performance errors and
initialization errors and termination errors.
Testing Methodologies
Levels of Testing
o Unit Testing.
o Module Testing.
o Integration Testing.
o System Testing.
o User acceptance Testing.
Types of Testing
o Smoke Testing.
o Sanitary Testing.
o Regression Testing.
o Re Testing.
o Static Testing.
o Dynamic Testing.
o Alpha Testing.
o Beta Testing.
o Monkey Testing.
o Snake Testing.
o Compatibility Testing.
o Installation Testing.
o Ad-Hoc Testing.
o Test Planning.
o Test Development.
o Test Execution.
o Test Analysis.
o Bug Tracing.
o Reporting.
Manual Testing
o Win Runner.
o Test Director.
Testing Methodologies
Black box Testing: is the testing process in which the tester can perform testing
on application without having any internal structural knowledge of application.
White box Testing: is the testing process in which the tester can perform testing
on an application with having internal structural knowledge of application.
Gray Testing: is the process in which combination of black box and white box
techniques are used.
Time Requirement
Functions Max Time Min Time
Required Required
Action Response
CHAPTER 9
RESULTS
9.1 Snapshot 1
If the rider has not worn the helmet then the above message is displayed on the screen .
With the help of IR sensor, driving without helmet can be avoided. As sensor is IR based, the
variation across the eye will vary as per eye blink. If the eye is closed means the output is
high otherwise output is low. If output is high then rider is not wearing helmet and vice-versa.
9.2 Snapshot 2
When the alcohol concentration detected exceeds the default thresholds value the message is
displayed.Illegal consumption of alcohol during driving is 0.08 mg/L as per the government
act but for demonstration purpose, It is programmed to the threshold limit 0.04 mg/L.
Threshold can be adjusted using potentiometer. If sensitivity of MQ-5 is more than 0.04 mg/L
of alcohol in breath then ZigBee of Helmet unit will communicate with vehicle unit and show
” alcohol detected ” as shown in Figure 6.2, thereafter ignition system get switched OFF.
9.3 Snapshot 3
If accident occurred, helmet sending the location using GPS.A range of frequency generated
depending upon vibration produced due to accident or obstacle. If frequency is greater than
threshold value then vehicle unit shows accident detected as shown in Figure.
CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS
This project can be used for all kinds of two wheeler.
Further this project can be to eliminate key-lock arrangement altogether.
This project can also be implemented in a confined area / geological area,
so as to restrict the movement of vehicle including two-wheelers.
Near the petrol Pumps, LPG Storages & Explosive Storage Places to
prevent any possible damage due to the Cell Phone / GSM frequency,
which may trigger explosion.
In the military Camps, Defense establishments etc to prevent the
information leaking.
CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
This system was designed majorly to avoid motor bike accident. The
accidents are increased majorly due to absence of helmet or the usage of
alcoholic drinks so the major objective of this system is to develop an electronic
smart helmet system. This system sequentially checking the helmet wearing and
drunken driving.
FUTURE WORK
REFERENCES
[3] Wang Wei, Fan Hanbo― “Traffic Accident Automatic Detection And
Remote Alarm Device” 978-1-4244-80395/11/2011 IEEE.
[7] “Automatic accident notification system using gsm and gps modems with
3g technology for video video monitoring” International Journal of Emerging
Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE) Vol. 1, Is-sue. 2, March-2013.
[8] “Vehicle accident alert and locator” International Journal of Electrical &
Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 02.
[9] “Wireless accident information using gps and gsm” September 15, 2012,
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Tech-nology, ©
Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012.