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FLUID MECHANICS
2 MARKS – I
1. Calculate the amount of energy evolved when eight droplets of mercury (surface tension 0.55 N/m) of
radius 1 mm each combine into one.
2. Water is flowing steadily through a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross-section. If the velocity of
water at a point where cross-section is 0.02m2 is 2m/s, what is the velocity of water at another point
where the cross-section is 0.01 m2
2. 4 m/s
FL−II-2 Marks
1. Liquid flows through two capillary tubes connected in series. Their length are L and 2L and
radius r and 2r respectively. The pressure difference across the first and second tube are in
the ratio. [2]
dQ dQ
1. =
dt 1 dt 2
p1r14 p 2 (2r1 )
4
=
8L1 82L 2
p1
=8
p2
2. Find the viscous force on a steel ball of 2 mm radius (density 8 g/cc) acquires a terminal
velocity of 4 cm/s in falling freely in the tank of glycerine (density of glycerine 1.3 g/cc)
[2]
4 3
2. mg = 6rv + r g
3
4 3 4
r steelg − r 3 g = viscous force
3 3
3
4 22 2
980 8 − 1.3
3 7 10
= 220.12 dynes
3. Initially, mg = FB
VB.B 0 g = Vm m 0 g
Vm B0 B0
= = 0.6 = 0.6
VB m0 m0
When temperature changes
5. A thick spherical shell having density 2 and outer radius R and inner radius r = R (3)1 3 is
thrown downward inside a tank, containing a liquid having density . Find the time rate of
R2 g
change of speed of the shell when the speed of the shell becomes v 0 = . (where is
9
coefficient of viscosity and g is acceleration due to gravity.) [2]
5. From law of motion
4
3
4
( )
− R3 g − 6Rv 0 + R3 − r 3 (2 )g = ma
3
16 16
R3 a = R3 g − 2R3 g
9 9
2
= - R3 g
9
a = - 1/8
dv 1
=+
dt 8
dm
6. F=v = 8 2 = 16 N
dt
fmax = 40 N
so, a = 0
Velocity = 0
(a) Find the ratio of area of the vertical face of cube, which is
inside water to that of vertical face of cube, which is outside 3L
water.
(b) Now the tank is accelerated horizontally with acceleration of g
[2]
m s2 . Find angle made by water surface with horizontal.
a a
8. A long wire of negligible thickness and mass per unit length is
y
floating in a liquid such that the top surface of liquid dips by a
distance ‘y’. If the length of base of vessel is 2a , find surface
tension of the liquid. (y < < a)
9. A small ball of radius ‘r’ is falling in a viscous liquid under gravity. Find the dependency of rate of heat
produced in terms of radius ‘r’ after the drop attains terminal velocity.
V=0.25 m/s
10. A syringe of diameter D = 8 mm and having a nozzle
of diameter d = 2 mm is placed horizontally at a height
of 1.25 m as shown in the figure. An incompressible h=1.25 m
and non-viscous liquid is filled in syringe and the
piston is moved at speed of 0.25 m/s. Find the range
of liquid jet on the ground.
10. AV = Constant
D2V = d2v
P0
11 The height of a liquid of density ‘’ in a beaker of
m
area of cross-section ‘A’ is ‘h0’. Now a block of
mass m is floating on the surface of the liquid.
Determine the pressure on the bottom of the h0
beaker. If atmospheric pressure is P0.
mg
11 Net pressure = P0 + h0g +
A
B D
13. A liquid drop of certain radius is broken in to 1000 droplets such that each of small drop is having a
radius of 0.5 mm. Find the work done in the process ? (T = 70 10-3 N/m).
4 4
13. W = T [4r2 (n -4R2 ] & r 3n = R3
3 3
1
= 4 (3.14) ( 10-3 )2 ( 70 10-3 ) [1000 – 1000)2/3 ]
2
W = 198 10-6 joule (approx.)
W = 1980 erg.
Tsin
15. Find the work done to break a drop of water of radius 0.5 cm into identical drops of each of
radius 1 mm. (Twater = 7 10-2 N/m). [2]
4 / 3(0.5)3
15. No. of drops = = 125
( 4 / 3)(0.1)3
Surface area of big drop = 4 (0.5)2 10-4 = 10-4 m2
Total surface area of small drops = 125 4 (0.1)2 10-4 = 5 10-4 m2
Total increase in surface area = 4 10-4 m2
Work done = T A = 7 10-2(4 10-4) = 8.8 10-5 J.
17. A light wooden sphere floats in a liquid such that half of the volume of sphere remains inside the
liquid. Find the ratio of density of liquid to that of sphere.
17. 1/ 2
2 MARKS – III
1. Two identical cylindrical vessels with their bases at the same level each contain liquid of
density . The height of the liquid in one vessel is h1 and that in the other vessel is h2. The
area of either base is A. Find the work done by gravity in equalizing the levels when the two
vessels are connected. [2]
2. If n identical water droplets falling under gravity with terminal velocity v collapse to form a single drop,
which has terminal velocity 4v, find n.
2. Volume = constant,
4 3
r . n = 4/3 R3 … (i)
3
v kr 2
As v r2 = … (ii)
4v kR 2
From (i) and (ii) we get
n = 8.
3. A vessel contains oil (density = 0.8 gm/cm3) over mercury (density = 13.6 gm/cm3). A homogeneous
sphere floats with half its volume immersed in mercury and the other half in oil. Find the density of
the material of sphere in gm/cm3.
0.8 13 .6
3. s = + = 7.2 gm/cm3
2 2
4. An incompressible non-viscous fluid (density ) flows steadily through a cylindrical pipe which has
radius 2R at point A and radius R at point B (at the same height as A) further along the flow direction.
If the velocity and pressure at point A are v and P respectively, find the pressure at B.
FL−I-4 Marks
1. A tank containing a liquid of density and is open at the
top having two identical small holes of cross-sectional area
on the opposite sides. The difference in height between
the two holes is h. Find out the net horizontal force h
experienced by the tank as the liquid comes out of the two
holes at initial moment.
1. v1 = 2g(h + x) v2 = 2gx x
the force exerted at the lower hole (to the left) = 2gx
net force on the tank = 2gh
v1
2. There a cylindrical tank of cross sectional area A resting on a horizontal surface. There is a
small orifice of cross sectional area ‘a’ (a << A) at the bottom lateral surface of it. Initially the
tank was filled with a liquid of density up to a height of H. Find
(a) the speed of the liquid flowing out when the height of the liquid in the tank becomes H/2.
(b) the horizontal force required to kept it at rest initially. [4]
[5]
3. If PB is the pressure at B
1
P0 = PB + gh1 + V2
2
If PC is the pressure at C
1
P0 = PC + gh2+ V2
2
PB – PC = (P0 – gh1) – (P0 – gh2)
gh2 – gh = g(50 – 20) = 1.5 980 30 = 44100 dyne/cm2
4. A cubical block of iron 5 cm on each side having specific gravity 7.2 is floating on mercury of
specific gravity 13.6 in a vessel (a) what is the height of the block above mercury level (b)
water is poured into the vessel so that it just covers the iron block. What is the height of
water column? [5]
5. Calculate the rate of flow of glycerin of density 1.25 103 kg/m3 through the conical section
of a horizontally placed pipe if the radii of the ends are 0.1 m and 0.04 m and the pressure
drop across its length is 10 N/m2. [6]
5. From Bernoulli's equation
1 1
P1 + v12 = P2 + v 22
2 2
10 2
v 22 − v12 = = 16 10-3 . . . (i)
1.25 10 2
2
v r
From continuity equation 1 = 2
v 2 r1
v1 = 0.4 v2 . . . (ii)
Putting (ii) in (i)
v 22 − (0.4v 2 )2 = 16 10 −3
gives v2 = 1.38 10-1 = 0.138 m/s
Rate of flow of glycerin
= a2v2 = r22 v2
= 3.14 (0.04)2 0.13 s
= 6.93 10-4 m3/s.
6. A solid cylinder of height h and mass m floats in
a liquid of density as shown in the figure. Now h/4
the cylinder is released inside a liquid of density
/4, contained in a downward accelerated vessel.
Determine the magnitude of the acceleration(A) of m
the vessel, for which the cylinder sinks with the
Vessel
relative acceleration (A/3) with respect to the
at rest
vessel. Neglect all dissipative forces.
6. Let the volume of the cylinder be V upthrust (3/4)Vg
When the cylinder is floating in the liquid of
density . h/4
upthrust = weight.
3
V g = mg
4 weight mg
4m
V= upthrust (/4)Vg
3 mA
When it is sinking in the liquid of density (/4), (Pseudo)
A/3
in the reference frame of vessel, the
acceleration of the cylinder is A/3.
A
mg - Vg '−mA = m mg
4 3
Where g is effective value of g i.e. g = (g-A) A(w.r.t. earth)
4m A
mg − (g − A ) − mA = m
4 3 3
2
A= g
3
7. Let h be the istantaneous height difference between the liquid level in the tanks.
The velocity of flow through the pipe is
v = 2gh
If the level in tank 1 falls by dh1, the A1 A2
level in tank 2 will rise by dh2,
A
Dh2 = 1 dh1 (continuity equation ) dh1
h
A2 H1 dh2
H2
The difference in level decreases by
A + A2
dh = dh1 + dh2 = 1 dh1
A2 a
Now,A1dh1 mass of liquid in tank 1 flows out through the tube with velocity v in time dt.
Therefore, −A1dh1 = avdt
A2
or − A1 dh = a 2gh dt
A1 + A 2
1 A1A 2 1
t 0
dh
or dt = −
a A1 + A 2 2g H −H h
0 1 2
A1A 2 2(H1 − H2 )
or t=
a( A1 + A 2 ) g
FL−II-4 Marks
1. A container of a large uniform cross-section area A resisting
on a horizontal surface, holds two immiscible, liquids of H
densities and 2 each of height H. A small hole of area S
(S<<A) is punched on the vertical side of the container at a
height H/2. (i) Determine initial efflux of the liquid at the H
hole (ii) time taken by the denser liquid to be emptied upto H/2
the level of hole.
[4+6=10]
H 1
1. (i) P0 + Hg + 2g = P0 + 2v 2
2 2 H
v= 2Hg
H
(ii) At any later time when height of the total liquid column is h H/2
above the hole
1
P0 + Hg + (h – H)2g = P0 + 2v 2
2
V= (2h − H) g
-A.dh = a (2h − H)g dt
H t
dh a
-
3H 2h − H
=
A
g dt
0
2
A H
t= ( 2 − 1) .
a g
2. Two spherical bubbles of radii 3 cm and 4 cm coalesce to form another spherical bubble.
Calculate the surface tension of the bubble. The radius of the bubble formed = 4.498 cm
and the atmospheric pressure = 105 Pa. [6]
2. Let us first deduce the general formula.
4T
Pressure of gas inside the first bubble = P +
r1
where P = atmospheric pressure
4T
Pressure of gas inside the second bubble = P +
r2
Using the formula PV = nR, Where = temp. in Kelvin
4T 4 3 4T 4 3
We have P + r1 = = n1 R, P + r2 = n2R
r1 3 r2 3
4T 4 3
And for resulting bubble P + r = (n1 + n2 )R
r 3
4T 4 3 4T 4 3 4T 4 3
P + r = P + . r1 + P + r2
r 3 r1 3 r2 3
4T 3 4T 3 4T 3
or P + r = P + r1 + P + r2
r r1 r2
r 3 + r 3 − r 3 P 33 + 43 − 4.498 3 10 5
or T = 12 22 2 = = 18.6 Nm-1
r − r1 − r2 4 4.498 2 − 3 2 − 4 2 4
3. A cylindrical vessel of area of cross-section A and filled with liquid to a height of h1 has a
capillary tube of length and radius r protruding horizontally at its bottom. If the viscosity of
liquid is , density and g = 9.8 m/s2, find the time in which the level of water in vessel falls
to h2. [ It is given that only in tube viscous force will be present, in cylindrical vessel flow is
stream line.] [6]
dh
3. Rate of flow of water through capillary tube V = A …. (i)
dt
Further, By Poiseuille formula
pr 4
V= ….(ii)
8
dh ghr 4
from (i) and (ii) -A =
dt 8
8A dh
dt = -
gr 4 h
Required time is obtained by integration
h2
8A dh
t=
gr 4
h1
h
8A h
t= log 1 .
gr 4
h2
6. Water stands at a depth H in a tank whose side-walls are vertical. A hole is made on one of
the walls at a depth h below the water surface. Find at what distance from the foot of the
wall does the emerging stream of water strike the floor and for what value of h this range is
maximum? [4]
6. Let the hole is at A. The situation is depicted in the figure.
vA = 2gh . . . (1)
1 2
Now (H – h) = gt
2 h
2 (H − h)
t2 =
g
R
dR
For R to have maximum, =0
dh
d
dh
2 h (H − h ) = 0
H
Thus h=
2
7. Air is streaming past a horizontal aeroplane wing such that its speed is 120 m/s at the upper
surface and 90 m/s at the lower surface. If the density of air is 1.3 kg/m 2, find the difference
in pressure between the two surfaces of the wing. If the wing is 10m long and has a average
width of 2m, then calculate the gross lift on it. [6]
7. According Bernoulli's Theorem
1 2 1
P1 + v 1 = P2 + v 22
2 2
(v 22 − v 12 )
1
or P2 – P1 =
2
(v 22 − v 12 )
1
or P=
2
Given: v2 = 120m/s, v1 = 90m/s, = 1.3 kg/m3
1
P = 1.3 [(120)2 – (90)2]
2
1
= 1.3[6300] = 4095 N/m2
2
Now lifting force = P A = 4095 2.0 10.0 = 81900N.
8. A fixed cylindrical container of cross-section area ‘A’ contains water. A small hole of area ‘a’
(a<<A) is punched on sidewall h height above the bottom at time t = 0. It is found that time
taken to reach the water upto level of hole is T. Find initial height of water level from bottom
at time t = 0. [4]
solving we get
ga 2T 2
y=
2A 2
ga 2T 2
Total height from bottom y + h = +h
2A 2
9 A cylindrical tank of height 0.4 m is open at the top and has a dimeter 0.16 m. Water is filled
in it up to a height of 0.16 m. Find out the time taken to empty the tank through a hole of
radius 5 10-3 m at the bottom. [4]
t = 46.27 s.
D
10. Shown in the figure is a container whose top P
and bottom diameters are D and d respectively.
At the bottom of the container, there is a
h
capillary tube of outer radius b and inner radius
a. The volume flow rate in the capillary is Q. If
the capillary is removed the liquid comes out
with a velocity of v0. The density of the liquid is
d
given as . Calculate the coefficient of viscosity
[6]
.
13. Three spherical bubbles each of radius r1, r2 and r3 collapse to form a single spherical
bubble of radius r. Calculate the surface tension of the liquid in terms of r, r1, r2 and r3.
Atmospheric pressure is P0. [Assume that temperature remains constant and no leakage of
air takes place.] [4]
13. Pressure inside Ist, second and third bubble is
4T 4T 4T
P0 + , P0 + and P0 + respectively.
r1 r2 r3
And number of moles of air will remains same because there is no leakage of air
4T 4 3 4T 4 3 4T 4 3 4T 4 3
or, P0 + r1 + P0 + r2 + P0 + r3 = P0 + r
r1 3 r2 3 r3 3 r 3
P0 ( r13 + r23 + r33 ) + 4T(r12 + r22 + r32 ) = P0 r 3 + 4Tr 2
P0 (r13 + r23 + r33 − r 3 )
T=
4(r 2 − r12 − r22 − r32 )
14. A solid sphere of mass m = 2kg and specific gravity s = 0.5 is half
stationary relative to a tank filled with water. The tank is
accelerating vertically upward with acceleration a = 2m/s-2
(a) Calculate tension in the thread connected between the sphere
and bottom of the tank.
(b) If the thread snaps, calculate acceleration of sphere with
respect to tank.
(Density of water is = 1000 kg m-3)
[4]
RK MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES NEWTONCLASSES.NET
FLUID MECHANICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS) BOARD LEVEL QUESTION BANK
= V = 4 kg. a
FB = V (g + a) = 48 N. T mg O
from Newton 2nd law,
FB – mg – T = ma
T = 24 N.
When thread snaps, tension T, disappears. Let sphere now start accelerating upwards with
acceleration b,
Fb – mg - ma = marel.
arel = 12 m / sec2
1
16. 2gh + 1g(h – y) = 1v2 … (i)
2
v= 2 2 h + h − y g … (ii)
1
limiting friction fL = Ah (1 + 2)g
fL > F from given condition
Fmin = 0
Fmax = fL + F
[2]
3m
17. 3mg – T - g = 3ma 3
3
m
T – mg + g = ma1
2
a1 = a 3
3g
a= .
8
18. A solid ball of density half that of water falls freely under gravity from a height of 19.6 m and
then enters in water upto what depth will the ball go. How much time will it take to come
again to the water surface. Neglect air resistance and viscosity effects in water,
g = 9.8 m/s2. [4]
18. v = 2gh = 2 9.8 19 .6 = 19.6 m/s
v(2g) − v()g
a=
vg
a=g
ball will go 19.6 below the water surface.
time taken by the ball to come back to water surface is
t = 2(v/a)
19 .6
=2 = 4s.
9 .8
dy
19. a 2gy = x 2 −
dt
dy 4 10 −2
- = = 1.11 10-5 m/s
dt 3600
`a = r2 = (2 10-3)2
= 1.26 10-5 m2
(1.26 10-5) 2 9.8 y = (1.11 10-5) x2
y = 0.4 x4.
20. A wide vessel with a small hole at the bottom is filled with water and kerosene. Find the
velocity of the water flow if thickness of water layer is 30 cm and that of kerosene layer is
20 cm. Specific gravity of kerosene = 0.8.
Now, let area of the hole = a and area of the open surface = A
Therefore applying continuity equation:
av 2
av2 = Av1, v1 =
A
As a<< A, we can almost neglect v1 comparing with v2.
Hence, using the above condition, from (ii) :
v2 = 2gh0
1
from (i) : h0 = h2 + h1 = 0.4 + (0.8) (0.25) = 0.6
2
Hence, v2 = (2)(10 )(0.46 ) = 3.5
Hence required velocity = 3.5m/sec.
L [5]
22. (i) Bernoulli’s theorem for a point on the surface and out side the hole
H H 1 1
P0 + dg + − h 2dg + v12 = P0 + v2
2 2 2 2
H H 1
P0 + dg + − h 2dg = P0 + (2d) v2 (Neglecting V1 in comparison to V)
2 2 2
v = (g / 2)(3H − 4h)
(ii) Vertical velocity of liquid at the hole is zero. So time taken by it to reach the ground
t= (2h / g)
g / 2(3H − 4h) h(3H − 4h)
2h
x = vt = =
g
dx d2 x
(iii) For x to be maximum = 0 and <0
dh dh 2
2 2
1
PA – PB = (vB2 –vA2)
2
1
( hA – hB)g = (vB2 – vB2)
2
V − VA
2 2
= B = difference in level
2g
40 2 − 10 2 1600 − 100
= = 0.76 cm
2 980 1960
24. A metallic plate having shape of square is suspended through P x
inextensible string from point P. PX is a rigid rod clamped
through X on vertically fixed rod as shown in the figure. The
plate is completely immersed in the water such that level of
water is well above the plate. The clamp X is then slowly raised
vertically up with a constant velocity along the fixed rod.
Determine the curve between tension T in the string and the
displacement S of clamp X (with proper explanation).
24. When the plate is completely inside the water force on the plate vg
will be T
T + vg = mg
T = mg − vg
When the plate is coming out from the water. Force on the plate mg
will be
T + A( − x) g = mg x
T = mg − Ag + xAg
The tension will vary linearly with x, when it is partially
submerged.
And tension will be
T = mg when the plate is completely out of water
So curve will be
T
25. A cylindrical vessel of cross sectional area A2, is filled with water up to height H m. There is
small hole at the bottom lateral surface of the cylinder having cross sectional area
A1(A1<<A2). Find the time in which the water will drain out through hole. [8]
B
Hing
B
26. Free body diagram of plank ; V
V – buoyant force at the centre of buoy any w is weight
acting at the centre of gravity.
Rx, Ry= → hinge reactions Rx w
W = 1 A 0.5 g 103 Nt ( A is cross sectional area of A
plank)
Ry
0 .5
Length of plank inside water =
cos
0 .5 0 .5
U= A w g Nt = A 103 g
cos cos
Taking moment about the point A :–
0 .5 0 .5 1
A 103 g = (0.5 1 A g 103 )
cos 2 cos 2
1 1
=
4 cos 2
2
1
cos2 =
2
1
cos = ; = 45 : > 90 will be not acceptable.
2
= 45
28. A wooden ball of density D is immersed in water of density d (d>D) to a depth h below the
surface of water and then released. Find
(a) maximum height attained by ball from its initial position.
(b) Find time taken by ball to reach maximum height.
Neglect the time for which ball was in partial contact with water and air. [2 + 2 = 4]
d−D
2 gh
V D
t2 = = (t2 is time taken to reach maximum height from the surface)
g g
v 2 ah d − D
h2 = = = h (h2 is maximum height from the surface)
2g g D
2hD 2 (d − D)
T = t1 + t 2 = +
( d − D) g gD
d−D
Hmax = h + h2 = h + h.
D
29. A uniform solid cylinder of density 0.8 g/cm3 floats in equilibrium in a
combination of two non-mixing liquids A and B with its axis vertical. The air h
densities of the liquids A and B are 0.7 g/cm3 and 1.2 g/cm3, respectively.
The height of liquid A is hA = 1.2 cm. The length of the part of the cylinder hA
A
immersed in liquid B is hB = 0.8 cm.
(a) Find the total force exerted by liquid A on the cylinder.
hB
(b) Find h, the length of the part of the cylinder in air. B
(c) The cylinder is depressed in such a way that its top surface is just below
the upper surface of liquid A and is then released. Find the acceleration
of the cylinder immediately after it is released.
29. (a) As the pressure force exerted by liquid A is radial & symmetric its net value is zero.
(b) For equilibrium
Buoyant force = weight of the body
hAAAg + hBBAg = (hA + h + hB)ACg (where C = density of cylinder)
h + hBB
h = A A − (h A + hB ) = 0.25 cm
C
FBuoyant − Mg h A A + B (h + hB ) − (h + h A + hB ) C g
(c) a = = g = upwards
M C (h + h A + h C ) 6
0
30. A long cylindrical vessel of radius 2R contain liquid of viscosity . R
A solid cylinder of radius R is submerged in the water it can
rotate freely about its axis. Find the net torque required to rotate 2R
h1
R
r
30. On the base of cylinder net torque 1 = 2rdr h
0 1 r
2R 3 r
=
3h 1
on the side of cylinder net torque
h2
R
2 = 2Rdh
h1
R
31. A metal sphere of mass m having cavity inside has an instantaneous upward acceleration a
when released from rest fully submerged in a liquid of density d1. Taking the density of the
metal as d2, find the volume of the cavity in the sphere. [4]
31. FB - mg = ma mg
Let v = volume of the cavity
m
Total volume of the sphere = +v a
d2
m
Buoyant force FB = + v d1g
d2 FB
m
+ v d1g − mg = ma
d2
vd1 a d m a d1
= 1+ − 1 v= 1 + − .
m g d2 d1 g d2
32. (a) Find the terminal velocity of a rain drop of radius 0.01 mm. The coefficient of viscosity of
air is 1.0 10-5 N-s/m2 and its density is 0.1 kg/m3. Density of water = 1000 kg/m3.
(b) Two soap bubbles of radii r1 and r2 coalesce under isothermal conditions to form a new
bubble. If T is the surface tension of the soap solution, then calculate the radius of the new
bubble. [2+2=4]
32. (a) when the drop acquires terminal velocity, the net force (6rv)
on the drop should be zero.
(4/3r3)g
4
6rvT = r 3 ( − )g
3
where : density of rain drop, : density of air, r vT
vT = terminal velocity.
As < < -
(4/3r3)g
2r 2 g
vT =
9
2(0.01 10 −3 )2 (1000) 10 20
= −5
m/s = cm/s.
9 1.0 10 9
change in height = h = h2 – h1
h3
2T 1 1 2Ta
= − h =
g b − a b gb(b − a)
(b) height of liquid in smaller tube.
2T
h3 = .
ga
34. An open tank containing a non-viscous liquid to a height of 5m is placed over the ground. A
heavy spherical ball falls from height 40 m over the ground in the tank. Ignoring air
resistance find the height to which ball will go back. Collision between ball and bottom of
tank is perfectly elastic. [6]