Heat & Thermodynamics (Practice Questions PDF

HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS)
HT-I-2Marks
1. In a steady state, the temperature at the end A and B of 20 cm long rod AB are 100 0C and
00C. Find the temperature of a point 9 cm from A. [2]
dQ 1 (20 / 100)
1. = (100- 0) … (i)
dt k A
dQ 1 (9 / 100 )
= (100 −  ) … (ii)
dt k A
from (i) and (ii),  = 550C
2. A thermally insulated vessel containing a gas whose molar mass is M and adiabatic
exponent , moves with a velocity v. Prove that rise in temperature of the gas resulting from
mv 2
the stoppage of the vessel is (  − 1) .
2R
1 f
2. nmv 2 = nRT … (i)
2 2
2
f= … (ii)
 −1
from (i) and (ii)
mv 2
T = (  − 1)
2R
3. In a cyclic process shown in the figure an ideal gas is

adiabatically taken from B to A, the work done on the P A
gas during the process B → A is 30 J,when the gas

is taken from A → B the heat absorbed by the gas is
20J. Find out the work done by the gas in the B
process A → B.
V
3. From B to A,
0 = UBA + WBA
UBA = + 30
From A to B
20 = UAB + WAB
20 = -30 + WAB
WAB = 50
4. The initial and final temperature of water as recorded by an observer are (40.6  0.2)C and
(78.3  0.3)C. Calculate the rise in temperature with proper error limits.
4.  = 2 − 1
= 78.3 − 40.6 = 37.7C
 = (1 +2)
=  (0.2 + 0.3) =  0.5 C
= (37.7  0.5)C.
RK MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES NEWTONCLASSES.NET

5. Figure shows two paths through

a gas can be taken from the state B
25 cc
A to the state B. Calculate the
work done by the gas in each
path.
A
10 cc C
10 kPa 30 kPa
5. WAB = Area under A → B bounded by volume axis.

1
= 10  103 (25 – 10)  10-6 + (25 – 10)  10-6  20  103
2
= 0.15 + 0.15 = 3.0 J.
In path A → C → B = 30  103 (25 – 10)  10-6 = 0.45 J.
6. In steady state, the temperature at the end A and B of 20 cm long rod AB are 1000C and
00C. Find the temperature of a point 9 cm from A.
dQ 1 (20 / 100)
6. = (100- 0) … (i)
dt k A
dQ 1 (9 / 100 )
= (100 −  ) … (ii)
dt k A
7. A gas is found to obey P2V = constant. The initial temperature and volume of gas are T0 &
V0. If the gas expands to volume 3V0. Find the final temperature of gas.
7. P2V = constant
PV T2
also = cons tan t  2 V = cons tan t
T V
 T V-1 = constant
2
 3V 
 Tf2 = T02  0   Tf = 3 T0.
 V0 
HT-II-2Marks
1. A thermodynamical process is a shown in the figure P

B C
with PA = 3  105 Pa, vA = 2  10-3 m3, PB = 8  104 Pa, PB
vC = 5  10-3 m3, in the process AB and BC 600 J and
200 J heat is added to the system, respectively. Find
the change in internal energy of the system in the PA
process AC. A
VA VC V
1. WAB = 0 P
B C
 QAB = vAB + WAB PB
600 = UAB
QBC = UBC + WBC
200 = UBC + 8  104  3  10-3 PA
A
UBC = - 40
UAC = 560 VA VC V

2. Find the specific heat capacity of mono-atomic ideal gas for thermodynamic process
P = v2. Where  is positive constant. [2]
dQ dU dW
2. = +
ndt ndT ndT
 Pdv 
C = Cv +  
 ndT 
P = v2
PV = nRT
PdV + VdP = nRdT
also from P = v2 dP = 2V dV
PdV + 2V2 dV = nRdT
3P dV = nRdT
PdV R
=
ndT 3
3 R 11
 C= R+ = R
2 3 6
3. Find the molar specific heat (in terms of R) of a diatomic gas while undergoing the following
1 1
process. dQ = − dU + dW [2]
2 2
1 1
3. Process: dQ = - dU + dW
2 2
Ist law: dQ = dU + dW
1 1
 dU + dW = - dU + dW  dW = - 3 dU
2 2
dQ = dU - 3dU = -2dU
dQ dU
 C= = −2 = −2C V = −5R
ndT ndT
4. Three identical metallic rods are arranged as an equilateral triangle B

ABC as shown in the figure. Rod AB and BC have same thermal
conductivity k. Ends A & C are maintained at constant temperature
1000C and 500C. Find the temperature of junction B and conductivity
of rod AC such that heat flowing is AB is same as in AC. (provided
that only conduction is takes place) A C
0 0
100 50
4. Let  and a be the length and cross-section area of each rod.

kA (100 − T ) ka ( T − 50 )
 QAB = QBC  =
 
 T = 750C
ka (100 − 75 ) k a(100 − 50 )
also if QAB = QAC  =
 
 25 k = 50 k’  k = k/2

5. An ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process ABCD

as shown in the figure. Draw the corresponding
C
P-V diagram.
V
B
5. A
D
P
C
B
V→
6. A vessel contains a mixture of one mole of CO2 and two moles of nitrogen at 300 k. Find the
ratio of the average rotational kinetic energy of CO2 molecules to that of N2 molecules. [2]
nRTf r
6. Average rotational K.E. =
2
where fr = rotational degree of freedom )
1 R  T  2
Avg. rotational KE of CO2 = = RT
2
2R T  2
Avg. rotational KE of N2 = = 2RT
2
1
Ratio = .
2
7. An insulated container containing monoatomic gas of molar mass m is moving with velocity
v0. If the container is suddenly stopped, find the change in temperature. [2]
7. Applying COE
1 m3
mv 02 = nC v T = R T
2 M2
Mv 02
 T =
3R
8. Following graph shows variation of temperature 0
1
50 C
with time of a cooling body. The surrounding 0
temperature is 270 C. Find t.

48 C 2
Temp. 
0
40 C 3
0 4
38 C
time →
t =5 min. t
8. Using Newton’s law of cooling


= −k( avg − surrounding )
t
for 1, 2

50 − 48  50 + 40 
 = −k − 27 
5  2 
2
= −k( 49 − 27 ) … (i)
5
for 3, 4
40 − 38  40 + 38 
= −k − 27 
t  2 
2
= −k(39 − 27 ) … (ii)
t 
on solving (i) and (ii) we get
t = 9.1 min.
0
50 C
9. Find the temperature of junction of three rods of the
same dimensions having thermal conductivity arranged 2k
as 3k, 2k, and k shown with their ends at 1000C, 500C 0

100 C 
and 00C? 3k
0
0C
 
9. R1 = , R2 =
3kA 2kA

R3 =
kA
100 -  = I1R1 ,  - 50 = R2I2,  - 0 – R3 (I1 – I2)
200 0
= C
3
10. An insulated container containing monoatomic gas of molar mass m is moving with a velocity
v0. If the container is suddenly stopped, find the change in temperature. [4]
1
10. Loss in K.E. of the gas E = (nm) v 02 , where n = number of moles.
2
If its temperature change by T.
3 1
Then n RT = (nm) v 02
2 2
mv 02
 T = .
3R
11. An ideal gas, whose adiabatic exponent is equal to  is expended so that the amount of heat
transferred to the gas is equal to the decrease of internal energy, find
(a) the molar heat capacity of the gas in this process.
(b) the equation of the process in the variables T, V.
11. (a) Q = u1 – U2 = -(u2 – u1) = - u

nR
dQ = - du = -n CvdT = - dt
 −1
dQ R
C= =−
dT  −1
(b) not available

12. A body cools from 620C to 500 in 10 min and 420 C in the next 10 minutes. Find the
temperature of the surrounding. [4]
12. For first ten minutes

dT  62 − 50 
= − 0
 = - 1.2 C/min
dt  10 
 62 + 50 
T =   − T0 = (56 – T0) C
0
 10 
-kA(56 – T0)0 = -1.2 0C / min. …(i)
Similarly for next 10 minutes
dT  42 0 − 50 0 
=  = - 0.8 0C/min
dt  10 
 42 + 50 
T =   - T0 = (46 – T0)0C
 2 
-0.80C / min = -kA (46 – T0)0C …(ii)
dividing (i) and (ii)
T0 = 260
13. Two moles of Helium gases ( = 5/3) are initially at temperature 270 C and occupy a volume
of 20 litres. The gas is first expanded at constant pressure until the volume doubles. Then it
undergoes an adiabatic change until the temperature return to its initial value.
(a) Sketch the process on P-V diagram.
(b) What are the final value and pressure of the gas.
(c) What is the work done by the gas.
13. (a) For an ideal gas

nRT 2  8.3  300 A B
P= = N/m2
20  10 5
C
V P
= 2.5  105 N/m2
(b) TA = T, TB = 2T VB
VA VC
at B, P’B = P’A =2.49  105 N/m2 V →
vB = 2vA = 40  10-3 m3, TB = 600 k

from TVr-1 = constant at B and C
vc
= 2 − 1 = 23/2
vB
vc = 2 2 vB = 2  1.414  40 = 113 
NRTC 2  8.3  300
Pc = =
VC 113 .13  10 −3
= 0.44  105 N/m2
(c) WAB = 2.49  105 (40 – 20)  10-3 = 4980 J

nR 2  8.3
W2 = [T2 − T1] = [300 – 600]
r −1 1 − (5 / 3 )
= 7470J
Wnet = 4980 + 7470 = 12450 J

14. Taking the composition of air to be 75% Nitrogen and 25% oxygen by weight, calculate the
velocity of sound through air at STP. [6]
m
14. Molecular weight of the mixture is given by = (m / M)
M
75 + 25
 M= = 28.9
75 25
+
28 32
 of the mixture given by
n1 + n2 n n
= 1 + 2
 m − 1 1 − 1  2 − 1
m = 1.4
RT
 velocity of sound v = = 331.3 m/s
M
15. A heater wire boils water in a given electric kettle in 3 minutes. Another heater wire boils
water in the same electric kettle in 7 minutes. Find the time taken when both heater wires
are connected in series in the same electric kettle across the given mains. [2]
v2
15. H= .t
R
v2
R= .t = k.t
H
R1 t1
=
R2 t 2
R eq t eq
=
R1 t1
R1 + R2  t 
t eq = .t1 = 1 + 2  t1 = t1 + t 2 = 10 min s
R1  t1 
16. A circular hole of radius 2 cm is made in an iron plate at O oC. What will be its radius at
100oC?  for iron = 11  10-6 /0C. [2]
16. R100 = R 0 (1 + T )

= (2 cm) 1 + (11x10 −6 / o C)(100 o C) 
= (2 cm)(1 + 11x10 ) −4
= 2.0022 cm.
17. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken through P

A B
the thermodynamic process A→B→C as shown in 3Po
figure. Find the total heat supplied to the gas.
Po C
To 2To T [2]
17. A → B represents an isobaric process,

5 5
 QAB = 1  R(2T0 − T0 ) = RT0
2 2

B → C represents an isothermal expansion  UBC = 0

 3P 
 QBC = 1.R.2T0ln  0  = 2RT0ln3
 P0 
 Q = RT0[2.5 + 2ln3]
18. P-V diagram of a cyclic process is given in the figure. This

N/m2
is elliptical process and O is the focus of the ellipse. Find
4P0
the work done in the diagram.
O
P0
v0 8v0 V (m3)
18. W = area enclosed by the ellipse = ab

=  (3P0) (7v0) Nm N/m2
= 21P0v0 Nm 4P0
a b
O
P0
v0 8v0 V (m3)
19. What is the heat input needed to raise the temperature of 2 mole of helium gas from 0 0C to
1000C (take R = 8.31)
(a) at constant volume ?
(b) at constant pressure ? [4]
19. (a) At constant volume Q = nCv T
= 2 (3R/2)100
= 300 R
= 300  8.31= 2493 Joules
(b) At constant pressure Q = nCp T = 2 (5R/2) (100)

= 500  8.31 = 4155 Joules
20. A piece of ice of mass 100g and at temperature 00C is put in 200 g of water at 250C.
Assuming that the heat is exchanged only between the ice and the water, find the final
temperature of the mixture. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/g, specific heat capacity of
water = 1 cal/g 0C. [2]
20. The heat required to melt the ice at 00C = 100  80 = 8000 cal.
The heat given by water when it cools down from 250C to 00C = 200  1  25 = 5000 cal.
Clearly, the whole of the ice can not be melted, as the required amount of heat is not
provided by the water. Therefore, the final temperature of the mixture is 00C.
21. In steady state, the temperature at the end A and B of 20 cm long rod AB are 100 0C and
00C. Find the temperature of a point 9 cm from A.
dQ 1 (20 / 100)
21. = (100- 0) … (i)
dt k A
dQ 1 (9 / 100 )
= (100 −  ) … (ii)
dt k A

HT-III-2Marks
1. A cubical block of coefficient of linear expansion  floats in liquid of

coefficient of volume expansion . When temperature of block and liquid x0
is raised by t0C, it is found that immersed portion of cube in liquid
remains same. Find the relation between  and .
1. Let A0 be the cross-section of cube and 0 the density of liquid before temperature rise.
After t0C increase in temperature, the density of liquid becomes
0
=
(1 + t)
while new cross-sectional area of cube is, A = A0 (1 + 2t)
Since Mg = A0x0 0g . . . (i)
where x0 is the length of cube in liquid and M is the mass of cube.
Also Mg = Ax0 g . . . (ii)
x 
 A0 x00g = A0(1 + 2t) 0 0 g
(1 + t)
  = 2.
HT-I-4Marks
1. A hollow spherical ball of inner radius a and outer radius 2a is made of a uniform material of
constant thermal conductivity k. The temperature within the ball is maintained at 2T 0 and
outside the ball is T0. Find [4]
(a) the rate at which heat flows out of the ball in the steady state.
3a
(b) the temperature at r =
2
 dQ  1 dr
1.   = −dT
 dt  k 4r
2
dT C 1
=− 1 2
dr 4 k r
Integrating,
C1 1
T= + C2
4k r
At r = a, T = 2T0 and at r = 2a, T = T0
2a
 C2 = 0, C1 = 8akT0  T= T0
r
dQ
(i) = 8 akT 0
dt
3a 4T
(ii) T(r = ) = 0
2 3

2. Two bodies A and B have thermal emissivity of 0.01 and 0.81 respectively. The outer
surface areas of the two bodies are same. The two bodies emit total radiant power at the
same rate. The wavelength B corresponding to maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation
from B is shifted from the wavelength corresponding to maximum spectral radiancy in the
radiation from A by 1.00 m. If the temperature of A is 5802 k, calculate
(a) the temperature of B
(b) wavelength B [2+2=4]
2. (a) eA AA TA4 = BA BTB4

0.01  (5802)2 = 0.81 (TB)4
TB = 1934 k.
(b) A TA = BTB
B - A = 1 m
B = 1.5 m.
3. The thickness of ice on a lake is 5.0 cm and the temperature of air is – 200C. Calculate how
long will it take for the thickness of ice to be doubled. Thermal conductivity of ice
= 0.005 cal/ cm sec. density of ice = 0.92 gm/cc. and latent heat of ice is 80 cal/g. [4]
dQ  dm  kA [0 − ( −20 )] dy
3. = L , = LA 
dt  dt  y dt
10
20k
t
 102 52 

5
ydy =
L 0 dt , T = 
 2
− 
2 
t = 27600 sec. = 7 hrs. 40 minutes.
4. A cubical tank of water of volume 2m3 is kept at a constant temperature of 650C by 2kW
heater. At time t = 0 the heater is switched off. Find the time taken by the tank to cool down
to 500C given the temperature of the room is steady at 150C. density of water = 103kg/m3
and specific heat of water = 1 cal/gm-0C(Assume the tank to behave like a black body and
cool according to Newton’s law of cooling) Take 1 Kw = 240 Cal/sec [5]
4. We have heat supplied by heater = heat lost by tank by radiation under steady state.
 2 = k (65 – 15) where k is a constant
 K = 2/50 = 2(240)/50 = 48/5 Cal/s-0C
At any instant if the temperature of the tank be ‘T’ then
dT K
we have = − ( T − 15 )
dt m.s
dT K
or − = .dt
T − 15 m.s
50 dT K t
or - 65 T − 15
= 
m.s 0
dt
K
-ln (T − 15) 65 =
50
 .t
m.s
 65 − 15  K
 ln   = .t
 50 − 15  m.s
m.s  50  10 3 x 2 x 10 3  10 
or t= ln   = ln  
K  35  48 7
5
= 20 hrs. (Approximately)
5. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken round the cyclic process ABCA as shown.
Calculate

P
B
3P0
P0 C
A
V0 2V0 V
(i) work done by the gas

(ii) heat rejected by the gas in the path CA & heat absorbed by the gas in the path AB.
(iii) net heat absorbed by the gas in path BC
(iv) maximum temperature attained by the gas during the cycle. [5]
5. (i) work done = area under the curve.

= 2v 0 − v 0 3P0 − P0  = P0v0
1
2
(ii) heat rejected in the path CA
= nCP.dT (constant pressure process)
R (TC − TA )
5
=1x
2
5R  P0 (2v 0 ) Pv  5P0 v 0
=  − 0 0 =
2  R R  2
heat absorbed in path AB = nCV.dT(constant vol process.
3R  3P0 v 0 Pv 
= 1 x x R TB − TA  =
3
 − 0 0
2 2  R R 
= 3 P0v0
(iii) for ABC, Q = W (cyclic process)
−5
 P0 v 0 + 3P0 v 0 + QBC = P0 v 0
2
5
 QBC = P0v0 – 3P0v0 + P0 v 0
2
P0 v 0
=
2
Pv
(iv) = constant so, when Pv is maximum, T also is maximum.
T
Pv is maximum for process BC.
Hence temperature will be maximum between B & C.
Let equation for BC be P = Kv + K1 satisfying both points B and C
For B, 3P0 = Kv0 + K1
For C, P0 = K (2v0) + K1
− 2P0
So K= and K1 = 5P0
v0
− 2P0
 equation for BC becomes P = v + 5P0
v0
RT 2P0 v 0 P0  v2 
or =− + 5P0 or T = 5 v − 2 
v v0 R  v0 
dT
for maximum =0
dv

P0 4v 
 5 −  = 0
R  v0 
5v 0
or v=
4
P0   5v 0   5v 0  1  25 P0 v 0
2
 Tmax = 5   − 2   =
R   4   4  v 0  8R
6. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken ` C

along a cycle ABCDA where AB and CD are
adiabatic process. BC and DA are isochoric
P
process. If vA/vB = 8, then find efficiency of the B D
cycle.
A
V
Wnet
6. =
( Q)sup plied
QBC + QDA T − TA
= =1- D
QBC TC − TB
v v
Let A = P = k
vB v C
 −1
TA TD  1 
= = 
TB TC  k 
1
=1-
(k ) −1
1
=1- = 75 %.
(8)2 / 3
7. A gaseous mixture has the folowing volumetric composition per mole of the mixture.
He = 0.2, H2 = 0.1, O2 = 0.3, N2 = 0.4
Assuming the mixture to be a perfect gas, determine
(a) the apparent molecular weight of the mixture
(b) cv and cp for the mixture
(c) gas constant per kg of the mixture.
7. Table of determination
Constituent Molar Molecular Mass/mole of Cv Specific heat
frac weight mixtur per
tion e mole of
mixture
He 0.2 4 0.8 3 0.3 R
R
2
H2 0.1 2 0.2 5 0.25 R
R
2
O2 0.3 32 9.6 5 0.75 R
R
2

N2 0.4 28 11.2 5 R
R
2
(a) For this mixture mass per mole = 21.8
(b) Specific heat at constant volume for the mixture
= (0.3+0.25+0.75+1)R = 2.3 R = 19.09 J mole-1k-1
and cp = cv + R = 27.39 J mol-1 k-1
R 8 .3
(c) gas constant per kg = = = 0.4 Jkg-1 k-1
M 21 .8
8. At 270C two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupy a volume V. The gas expands a
adiabatically to to a volume 2V. Calculate
(i) the final temperature of the gas.
(ii) change in its internal energy and
(iii) the work done by the gas during this process. [3+4+3=10]
8. (i) TI Viy −1 = Tf Vfy −1  T2 = 189 k
(ii) U = nCv T
3
where Cv = R and T = -111 k
2
3
 V = 2   (-111) = -2767.2 (J)
2
(iii) In adiabatic proces
U = -W
 W = 2767.2 J
9. The speed of sound at N.T.P. in air is 332 m/sec. calculate the speed of sound in hydrogen
at (i) N.T.P. (ii) 8190C temperature and 4 atmospheric pressure. (Air is 16 times heavier
than hydrogen) [6]
P
9. (i) we have velocity of sound in a medium given by

vH a
at N.T.P. =
va 
vH a
at N.T.P. = = (16)1/2 = 4
va H
 vH = 4va = 4 (332) = 1328 m/s.
(ii) we also have v  T

v 819 273 + 819
 = =2
v0 273
 v819 =2v0 = 2 (1328) = 2656 m/s

10. A cylinder with a piston holds a volume V1 = 1000 cm3

of air at an initial pressure p1 = 1.1  105 Pa and p2 C
temperature T1 = 300 K. Assume that air behaves like
ideal gas. The sequence of changes imposed on the air
in the cylinder is shown in the figure.
(a) AB − the air heated to 375 K at constant pressure. p1 B
Calculate the new volume, V2. A
(b) BC − the air is compressed isothermally to volume v1 v2
V1. Calculate the new pressure p2.
(c) CA − the air cools at constant volume to pressure p1. [2 + 2 +2 =6]
Find the net work done on the air.
10. (a) V2 = V1
T2
= (1000 )
(375 ) = 1250 cm3
T1 300
(b) p2 =
p1V2
=
( )
1.1 10 5 (1250 )
= 1.375  10 5 Pa
V1 1000
(c) Wnet = WAB + WBC + WCA
WAB = p1(V2 - V1) = 1.1  105 (1250 - 1000)  10-6 = 27.5 J
V 1000
WBC = p2V1 ln 1 = (1.375  105)(1000  10-6) ln = -30.7 J
V2 1250
WCA = 0
Wnet = 27.5 - 30.7 = -3.2 J, Work done on the gas = 3.2 J
11. A wall is made of 7.5 cm thick magnesia, surfaced with 0.5 cm thick steel plate on one side
& 2.5 cm thick asbestos on the other side. The thermal conductivities of steel, magnesia and
asbestos are 52.3, 0.075 & 0.081 w/m-K respectively. If the outer surface temperature of
steel plate is 1500C and that of asbestos is 380C find
(a) rate of heat loss per square meter of surface area of wall &
(b) interface temperatures. [3+3=6]
11.
dQ
=
(T1 − T4 ) T1 T2 T3 T4
dt L1 L2
+ 3 
L
 K1 + K2 K3 
150 − 38 K1 K2 K3
q=

0.5
52 .3
+ 7.5
0.075
+ 2.5 
0.081
10 − 2
= 85.58 w/m2
0.5 cm 7.5 cm 2.5 cm
L   0.5  − 2
and T2 = T1 – q  1  =150 – 85.85   10
 K1   52 .3 
= 149.990C
L 
T3 = T4 + q  3  = 64.40C
 K3 

12. A hollow spherical ball of inner radius a and outer radius 2a is

T0
made of a uniform material of constant thermal conductivity K.
The temperature within the ball is maintained at 2T0 and outside a
the ball it is T0.Find, 2T0
(i) the rate at which heat flows out of the ball in the steady state,
3a 2a K
(ii) the temperature at r = . Where r is radial distance from
2
the centre of shell. Assume steady state condition. [5+5=10]
12. In the steady state, the net outward thermal current is constant, and does not depend on the
radial position.
 dQ  dT
Thermal current, C1 =   = −K.( 4r 2 )
 dt  dr
dT C 1
=− 1 2
dr 4 K r
C1 1
Integrating, T = + C2
4 K r
At r = a, T = 2T0 and at r = 2a, T = T0
2a
 C2 = 0, C1 = 8aKT0  T= T0
r
dQ
(i) = 8aKT0 (ii) T(r = 3a/2) = 4T0/3
dt
13. A body cools down from 500C to 450C in5 minutes and to 400C in another 8 minutes. Find
the temperature of the surrounding. [4]
50 − 45
13. = k 47 .5 − 0  Where 0 is the temperature of the surrounding.
5
45 − 40
= k 42 .5 − 0 
8
8 k[47.5 − 0 ]
=
5 k[42.5 − 0 ]
 1.6 [ 42.5 - 0 ] = 47.5 - 0
 68 - 1.6 0 = 47.5 - 0
 0.6 0 = 20.5
 0 = 340.
14. At 270C two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupy a volume V. The gas expands
adiabatically to a volume 2V. Calculate
(i) the final temperature of the gas.
(ii) change in its internal energy and [4]
14. (i) Ti Vi −1 = Tf Vf −1  T2 = 189 k
(ii) U = nCv T
3
where Cv = R and T = -111 k
2
3
 U = 2  R  (-111) = -2767.2 (J)
2

15. A hot body of mass m, specific heat s is initially at temperature TI and obeys Newton's law of
cooling when placed in a surrounding of temperature T0. Find
(a) the heat lost to the surroundings from t = 0 to the thermal equilibrium condition
(b) the time taken for losing 60 % of the total heat lost. [6]
15. Under equilibrium condition

temperature of the body = T0
Heat lost = Decrease in internal energy
= ms (Ti - T0)
dT
Newton's law of cooling = −k(T − T0 ) where k is a constant
dt
T − T0
 ln = −kt
Ti − T0
when 60 % of the total heat is lost
ms (TI - T) = 0.6 ms (Ti - T0)
substituting for T
1
t = ln 2.5.
k
16. The temperature of a body falls from 400C to 360C in 5 minutes when placed in a
surrounding of constant temperature 160 C. Find the time taken for the temperature of the
body to fall from 360C to 320 C. [4]
d
16. = −k(  − 0 )
dt
36
d
−
40 0
= −k (5 min.)
ln( 5 / 6 )
k=-
5 min .
32
d
k= −
36 0
= −kt
ln( 4 / 5 )
t=  5 min.
ln( 5 / 6 )
17. A solid copper sphere (density  and specific heat C) of radius r at an initial temperature
200k is suspended inside a chamber whose walls are at almost constant temperature at 0 K.
Calculate the time required for the temperature of the sphere to drop to 100 K. [6]
4  dT 
17.  4r2T4 =  r 3C  − 
3  dt 
rc dT
dt = -
3 T 4
100
rc dT 7rc
t=- 
3 200 T 4
=
72
 10 − 6 s

18. Hot oil is circulated through an insulated container with a wooden T= 127C
lid at the top whose conductivity K = 0.149 J/(m-C-sec), thickness
t = 5 mm, emissivity = 0.6. Temperature of the top of the lid is
maintained at T = 127. If the ambient temperature Ta = 27C.
To
Calculate Ta = 27C
(a) rate of heat loss per unit area due to radiation from the lid. Hot Oil
17
(b) temperature of the oil. (Given  =  10−8)
3
dQ
18. (a) = A[(T)4 − (Ta)4],
dt
Rate of heat loss per unit area = 595 watt / m2.
(b) Let To be the temperature of the hot oil
KA (To − T )
 = 595 A
t
 To  420 K or 147 0C
19. An insulated vessel fitted with a frictionless movable

piston of mass ‘m’ and area of cross section ‘A’ P0
consists of certain amount of mono-atomic gas.
When the temperature of the gas was T0 the piston
m
was at a height of ‘0’ from the bottom of the vessel. Piston
A
Now the gas is heated such that piston raises to a
height of 20 from the bottom then (assume that T0 0
atmospheric pressure is P0)
(a) Identify the process?
(b) work done by the gas ?
~
(c) final temperature ? and [6]
(d) heat absorbed by the gas ?
19. (a) Isobaric process

mg
(b) W = P(v2 – v1) = (P0 + ) 0A
A
v1 v 2  0 A 2 0 A
(c) =  =  T2 = 2T0
T1 T2 T0 T2
 mg 
 P0 +  A 0
 A  5RT0 5 Mg 
(d) Q = nCp T = =  0 +  A 0
RT0 2 2 A 
20. An ideal gas is enclosed in a vertical cylindrical container and supports a freely moving
piston of mass M. The piston and the cylinder have equal cross-sectional area A.
Atmospheric pressure is Po and the volume of the gas is Vo when the piston is in equilibrium.
The piston is slightly displaced from the equilibrium position. Assuming the process to be
adiabatic, show that the piston executes SHM. Find the angular frequency of oscillation. [6]
20. For adiabatic process PV = constant.

In the equilibrium state, total pressure,
Mg
P = Po + , and initial volume = Vo
A

 ΔV 
Thus P Vo = (P + P)(Vo + V) = (P + P) Vo 1 +  
 Vo 
ΔV
 P = − P
Vo
ΔV A 2  Mg 
Restoring force F = PA = − PA = − 2  Po + x
Vo Vo  A 
F A 2  Mg 
 Acceleration a = =−  Po + x
m MV o  A 
 Mg 
Hence the motion is SHM with angular frequency  = A 2  Po +  x MV o
 A 
21. A copper and a tungsten plate having a thickness 2mm each are copper
0
riveted together so that at 0 C they form a flat bimetallic plate. tungsten
Find the radius of curvature of the layer common to copper and a
tungsten plates at 2000C. The coefficients of linear expansion for
copper and tungsten are 1.7  10-5 k-1 and 0.4  10-5 k-1
respectively. [4]
21. C = 0 (1 + C )
t = 0 (1 + T )
(R + d / 2) = 1 + CT R
(R − d / 2) 1 + T T
R = 0.77 m

HT-II-4Marks
1. Three moles of an ideal gas (cp = 7/R) at pressure PA and temperature TA is isothermally
expanded to twice is initial volume. It is then compressed at constant pressure to its original
volume. Finally the gas is compressed at constant volume to its original pressure PA.
(a) Sketch P –V (P on X-axis, V on y-axis) and P–T (P on X-axis, T on y-axis) diagrams for
the complete process.
(b) Calculate the net work done by the gas and net heat supplied to the gas during the
complete process. (ln2 = 0.693).
1. (a) Using PV = nRT

V
B
2vA
T
B A
TA
vA
C A
TA/2
C
PA/2 PA P PA/2 PA P
nRT
(b) WAB =  PdV =  v
dv =17 .26 TA

PA
WBC =  PdV = ( v A − 2v A ) = −12 .45 TA
2
WCA = 0
Net work done = 17.26 TA – 12.45 TA = 4.81 TA
As initial and final states of the gas are same U = 0
Q = U + W
Q = W.
2. A smooth vertical tube having two different sections is open

from both ends and equipped with two pistons of different po
areas as shown. One mole of ideal gas is enclosed
between the pistons tied with a non-stretchable thread. The
cross-sectional S = 10cm area of the upper piston is 2
greater than that of the lower one. The combined mass of
the two pistons is equal to m = 5.0 kg. The outside air
pressure is po = 1.0 atm. By how many kelvins must the gas
between the pistons be heated to shift the pistons through po
l = 5.0 cm.
[Take g = 9.8 m/s2] [10]
PV
2. T=
nR A1
V1 = A1X1 + A2X2
V2 = A1(X1 +) + A2 (X2 - )
X1
= V1 + (A1 - A2)
= V1 + s X2
A2
Net upward force due to inner and outer
pressure
(P1 - P0) A1 - (P1 - P0)A2 = mg
 (P1 - P0) s = mg
mg
 P1 = + P0 = P2 (Pressure remains same for equilibrium)
s
P V − P1V1  mg  s
T = T2 - T1 = 2 2 =  + P0 
nR  s  nR
mg  + sP0 
= = 0.91 K.
nR
3. One mole of a monatomic gas is carried 4 B C

along process ABCDEA as shown in the
diagram. Find the net work done by gas 3
P(N/m2)
2 A
and heat given in the process.
1 D E
V(m3)
O 1 2 3 4
[10]
3. Process ABCA is clockwise while process ADEA is anticlockwise in P-V diagram

Net work done
1 1 1
Area ABCA - area ADEA =  2  1 −  1  1 = (J)
2 2 2
During process ABCDEA

W = 1/2 J
U = 0 (cyclic process)
Q = U + W = 1/2 J.
4. An ideal gas having initial pressure P, volume V and temperature T is allowed to expand
adiabatically until its volume becomes 5.66 V while its temperature falls to T/2.
(a) How many degrees of freedom do the gas molecules have ?
(b) Obtain the work done by the gas during the expansion as a function of initial pressure
and volume. [4+6=10]
4. (a) T1V1 −1 = T2 V2 −1

T
 TV-1 = (5.66 V)-1
2
ln 2 0.693
-1= = = 0.4
ln 5.66 1.7334
 = 1.4
2
 =1+  F=5
F
nR(TF − Ti ) PF VF − Pi Vi
(b) WA = =
1−  1− 
T PV
from PV = nRT PF VF = R =
2 2
1  PV 
WA = PV − = 1.25 PV.
0.4  2 
5. Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas, initially at pressure p1 and volume V1 undergo an
adiabatic compression until its volume is V2. Then the gas is given heat Q at constant
volume V2.
(a) Sketch the complete process on a p-V diagram.
(b) Find the total work done by the gas, the total change in its internal energy and the final
change in its external energy and the final temperature of the gas.
[Give your answers in terms of p, V1, V2, Q and R] [2+8=10]
5. (a) A ⎯⎯→ B adiabatic compression  C
P
B ⎯⎯→ C Heating at constant volume
P2
nR
(b) WAB = - (P1V1 − P2 V2 )
 −1
P1
5/3
V 
n = 2,  = 5/3, P2 = P1  1 
 V2  V2 V1 V →
 WAB = -
2R
(5 / 3 ) − 1
P1V1 − P1( V1 / V2 )5 / 3 V2 
3R   V 2 / 3 
=− P1V1 1 −  1  
2   V2  
U = UAB + UBC
3R   V 2 / 3 
=Q- P1V1 1 −  1  
2   V2  

For BC Q = nCv T
Q Q
T = =
3R 3R
2
2
For point A : P1V1 = 2RTA
For Point B : P2V2 = 2RTB .
For adiabatic change

V 
P1 V = P2 V 
1
 
2 P2 = P1  1 
 V2 
PV PV
Further TB = 2 2 = 2 2
nR 2R
V   V1  

= P   
2R  1 V2  
 
 Final temperature TC = TB + T
V2   V1   Q
5/3
= P1   +
2R   V2   3R
 
 P V V2
5 / 3 −2 / 3
Q
=  1 1 + .
 2R 3R 
6. A reversible heat engine carries 1 mole of an ideal 2 600k
monoatomic gas around the cycle as shown in the figure.
Process 1→2 takes place at constant volume, process P
2→3 is adiabatic and process 3→1 takes place at constant

temperature. 1
(a) If the pressure at point (1) is one atmosphere find the 3
pressures at points (2) and (3). 300k
(b) Compute the heat exchanged, the change in internal V→
energy and the work done for each of the three
processes and for the cycle as a whole.
(c) Compute the efficiency of the cycle.
(Give all answers in terms of R) (ln2 = 0.693)
P P
6. (a) 1→2 isochoric process  1 = 2
T1 T2
600
1 = P2 = 2 atm
300
2→ 3 adiabatic process  P1- T = constant
 / 1−  5/3
T   600  1−(5 / 3 )
 P3 =  2  P2 =   2 atm.
 T3   300 
1
 P3 = 2-3/2 atm = .
2 2
(b) 1→ 2 (isochoric process) 2→ 3 (adiabatic process) 3→ 1 (isothermal process)
W12 = 0 nR W31 = nRT ln (P3/P1)
W23 = (T1 - T2)
Q12 = n Cv T  −1 = 1  R  300 ln 2-3/2
nR 1 R( 600 − 300 )  -312 R units
= (T2 - T1)
r −1 = U = 0
5 / 3 −1
= 450 R units Q = W

R Q = 0 Q31 = -312 R units.

(600 - 300)
(5 / 3 ) − 1 U = - W
= 450R units. U = - 450 R units
Q = U + W
Q12 = U12 = 450 R
units
Hence total work done in the cycle
W = W12 + W23 + W31 = 138 R
(c) Efficiency of the cycle
total work done 138 R 138
= = =  0.31
Heat absorbed 450 R 450
7. Heat flows radially outwards through a spherical shell of radius R 2 and R1 (R2 > R1) and the
temperature of inner and outer surfaces are 1 and 2 respectively. Find the radial distance
from the centre of the shell at which the temperature is just halfway between 1 and 2.
7. Rate of heat flow through a concentric shell of radius x and thickness dx is

d
Q = − k4 x2
dx
dx  4k 
Or =−  d
 Q 
2
x
Integrating
R 2 dx  4k  2

R1 x 2
=− 

 Q  1
d
4k (1 −  2 )R 1R 2
or Q= . . . (1)
R 2 − R1
Integrating equation (1) from R1 to r
r − R1 4k (1 − )
=
rR 1 Q
4k (1 − )R 1r
Q= . . . (2)
r − R1
Equating (1) and (2) and substituting  = (1+2)/2,
We get r = (2R1R2)/(R1+R2)
8. Determine the work done by an ideal gas P

during 1 → 4 →3 →2 →1. Given P1 = 105 Pa, P3
3 4
P0 = 3  105 Pa, P3 = 4  105 Pa and
v2 - v1 = 10 litres. P0
P1 1 2
v1 v2 V
8. From the figure

v 4 − v 3 4  105 − 3  105
=
10 3  105 − 105
 v4 – v3 = 5 litres

1 1 
Now work done, W =   10  2  10 5 −  5  10 5   10 −3 = 750 J.
2 2 
9. An ideal monoatomic gas is used to operate an p

engine. P-V diagram of the cyclic used is shown
3p0 2 3
in the figure. Find the efficiency of the cycle.
p0 4
1
V0 2V0 V
9. Process 1 - 2
1W2 = 0, 1Q2 = U2 - U1 = nCv(T2 - T1)
 3R  v 0 
= n  (P2 − P1 )
 2  nR 
= 3P0v0
Process 2 - 3
2W3 = 3P0(2v0 - v0) = 3P0v0
 5R  3P0  15
2Q3 = nCp (T3 - T2) = n   ( V3 − V2 ) = P0 v 0
 2  nR  2
Process 3 - 4
3W4 = 0, 3Q4 = nCv (T4 - T3) < 0 as T4 < T3
Process 4 - 1
4W1 = P0 (v0 - 2v0) = - P0v0
4Q1 = nCp (T1 - T4) < 0 as T1 < T4
Net work 2P0 v 0
 efficiency = =
Heat added Pv
15 0 0 + 3P0 v 0
2
4
= = 19 .04 %.
21
10. 2 moles of an ideal monatomic gas undergoes through the following changes in a cyclic
process,
(i) Isothermal expansion from a volume 0.04 m3 to 0.10 m3 at 870 C
(ii) at constant volume, cooling to 270 C.
(iii) Isothermal compression at 270 to 0.04 m3
(iv) at constant volume heating to original pressure volume and temperature
Then,
(a) draw P-V diagram of the complete cycle
(b) find the heat absorbed by the gas
(c) find the work done by the gas during the complete cycle
(d) find the efficiency of the cycle.
(e) find the change in internal energy of the gas during the complete cycle.

10. • (a) The P-V diagram will be as shown,
• For isothermal expansion A ⎯→ B A

P
v 
Q1 = nRT ln  2  B
 v1 
D
 0.10 
= 2  8.314  360ln   C
 0.04 
V
= 5483.25J
For isochoric process B ⎯→ C
3
Q2 = nCvT = nCv (Tc – TB) = 2  R  ( 300 – 360)
2
= -3  8.314  60 = -1496.5 J
For isothermal compression C ⎯→ D
v   0.04 
Q3 = nRTln  D  = 2  8.314  300 ln  
 vC   0.10 
= -4569.4J
For isochoric process D ⎯→ A
3
Q4 = nCvT = 2   8.314  (360 – 300)
2
= 1496.5 J
(b) Heat absorbed by the gas during the cycle
= 5483.25 + 1496.5 = 6979.75J
(c) • Work done by the gas during the cycle
= Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4
= 5483.25 - 1496.5 – 4569.4 + 1496.5
= 913.85 J
Net work done
(d) • Efficiency of the cycle =
Heat supplied
913 .1
= = 0.131.
6979 .75
(e) • Change in internal energy of the gas during the complete cycle = 0
11. A solid body X of heat capacity C is kept in an atmosphere whose temperature is TA = 300 k.
At time t = 0 the temperature of X is T0 = 400 k. If cools according to Newon’s law of cooling.
At time t1, its temperature is found to be 350 k. At this time t1, the body X is connected to a
large box Y at atmospheric temperature TA, through a conducting rod of length L, cross-
sectional area A and thermal conductivity k. The heat capacity of Y is so large that any
variation in its temperature may be neglected. The cross-sectional area A of the connecting
rod is small compared to the surface area of X. Find the temperature of X at time t = 3t1.
dQ d d
11. For cooling, = −ms = -C ( heat capacity ms = C)
dt dt dt
and from Newton’s law of cooling
d
= a(  − 0 )
dt
d
 -C = a(  − 300 ) (a – constant , 0 - temperature of surrounding)
dt

 t
d a
 
400
( − 300 )
=−
C0 
dt
( − 300 ) a
ln = - .t
( 400 − 300 ) C
a
− .t
 = 300 + 100 e c
At time t = t1 ;  = 350
Hence, a = C ln (2/t1)
Now, when the body X is connected to body Y
d  d   dQ 
=  +  
dt  dt conduction  dt radiation
d kA ( − 0 )
-C =− + a( − 0 )
dt L
d  kA Q 
= −( − 0 ) + 
dt  LC C 
F
d  kA ln 2  3 t1

350
(  − 0 )
=-
 LC
+   dt
t1  t !
 − 300  kA ln 2 
or, ln F = − +  2t1
350 − 300  LC t1 
  kA ln 2 
 F = 300 + 50 exp − 2t1 + 
  LC t1 
12. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is P B C
taken along the cycle ABCDA where AB
is isochoric, BC is isobaric, CD is
A
adiabatic and DA is isothermal. Find the
efficiency of the cycle. It is given
TC vA 1
that = 4, = and ln 2 = 0.693.
TA v D 16 D
V
12. Taking the temperature, pressure and volume at D to be T0 , P0 and V0 using the relations.
TA = TD, PAvA = PDvB for path DA
PB PA
vA = vB, = for path AB
TB TA
vB v c
PB = Pc = for path BC
TB Tc
TD v D −1 = TC v c − for path CD
With the given relations, we can complete the table.
P V T
A 16 P0 V0/16 T0
B 32P0 V0/16 2T0
C 32P0 V0/8 4T0
D P0 V0 T0
Now efficiency
Wcycle Q + QBC + QCD + QDA
= = AB
Q AB + QBC QAB − QBC

3
Here, QAB = Cv (2T0 – T0) = RT0
2
QBC = CP (4T0 – 2T0) = 5RT0
QCD = 0 (adiabatic)
QDA = - RT0 ln 16 = - 4RT0 ln 2
putting the values
(3 / 2) + 5 − 4 ln 2
= = 0.573.
( 3 / 2) + 5
13. The insulated box shown in figure has an insulated

partition which can slide without friction along the
length of the box. Initially each of the two chambers of
the box has one mole of a monatomic ideal gas
( = 5/3) at a pressure Po, volume Vo and temperature A B
To. The chamber on the left is slowly heated by an
electric heater so that its gas, pushing the partition,
expands until the final pressure in both the chambers
becomes 243Po/32. Determine :
(i) the final volume and temperature of the gas in B.
(ii) the heat given to the gas in A by the heater. [6+6=12]
14. (i) The process in B is adiabatic ( = 5/3)

243
P0 V05 / 3 = P0 ( VBf )5 / 3 ,
32
8
Final volume, VBf = V0
27
Pr V f 9 243
TBf = B B = T0 ( PBf  P0 )
R 4 32
3 15
(ii) W = work done on B by A = R (TBf − T0 ) = RT0
2 8
8 46
VAf = 2V0 − V0 = V0
27 27
243
PAf = P0
32
207
TfA = T0
16
573
U = RT0 .
32
633
The heat supplied by the heater = RT0.
32
15. Find the molar specific heat (in terms of R) of a diatomic gas while undergoing each of the
following processes :
1 1
(i) For any infinitesimal part of the first process, dQ = − dU + dW
2 2
(ii) For the second process : pV2T = constant. [7+7 = 14]
1 1
15. (i) Process : dQ = - dU + dW
2 2
ist law : dQ = dU + dW

1 1
 dU + dW = - dU + dW
2 2
 dW = - 3 dU
dQ = dU - 3dU = -2dU
dQ dU
 C= = −2 = −2C V = −5R
dT dT
(ii) PV2T = constant, for the process
or (PV / T) VT2 = const.
or VT2 = const. = A (say)
lnV + 2lnT = lnA
dV/V + 2dT/T = 0
dV/dT = - 2V/T
Now dQ = dU + PdV
 C = dQ/dT = CV + P(dV/dT) = CV + P (-2V/T)
= CV - 2R = R/2.
16. One mole of a gas is isothermally expanded at 270 C till the volume is doubled. Then it is
adiabatically compressed to its original volume. Find the total work done.
( = 1.4 and R = 8.4 J/mol -k). [4+10]
16. In case of isothermal expansion, work done by one mole of an ideal gas
= 2.303 RT log (2v/v)
= 2.303 RT log (2)
= 1747 J
for adiabatic compression, dQ = 0
 du = -dw
du = nCv dT =Cv dT (n = 1)
and T1 v1 −1 = T2v 2 −1
300 (2v)0.4 = T2 (v)0.4
T2 = 300 (2)0.4 = 395.850k
 du = (5/2)R [ 395.85 - 300 ]
= 2012.85 J
and dw = - 2012.85 J
 total work done = 1747 - 2012.85 = - 265.85 J
17. An ideal gas having initial pressure P, volume V and temperature T is allowed to expand
adiabatically until its volume becomes 5.66 V while its temperature falls to T/2.
(a) How many degrees of freedom do the gas molecules have ?
(b) Obtain the work done by the gas during the expansion as a function of initial pressure
and volume.
17. (a) T1V1 −1 = T2 V2 −1

T
 TV-1 = (5.66 V)-1
2
ln 2 0.693
-1= = = 0.4
ln 5.66 1.7334
 = 1.4

2
 =1+  F=5
F
nR(TF − Ti ) PF VF − Pi Vi
(b) WA = =
1−  1− 
T PV
from PV = nRT PF VF = R =
2 2
1  PV 
WA = PV − = 1.25 PV.
0.4  2 
18. An electrically heating coil was placed in a calorimeter containing 360 gm of water at 10 0 C.
The coil consumes energy at the rate of 90 watt. The water equivalent of the calorimeter
and the coil is 40 gm. Calculate what will be the temperature of the water after 10 minutes ?
[10]
18. Energy supplied by the heater to the system in 10 minutes:
Q1 = P  t = (90 J/s)  (10  60 s) = 54 kJ
i.e., Q1 = (54/4.2)kcal = 12857 cal.
Now if T is the final temperature of the system energy absorbed by it to change its
temperature from 100 C to T0C
Q2 = (m + W)cT = (360 + 40)  1  (T – 10) cal
According to given problem Q1 = Q2 i.e.,
400 (T – 10) 12857 or T = 42.140C
19. A double-pane window used for insulating a room thermally from outside, consists of two
glass sheets each of area 1 m2 and thickness 0.01 m separated by a 0.05 m thick stagnant
air space. In the steady state the room-glass interface and the glass-outdoor interface are at
constant temperature of 270C and 00C respectively. Calculate the rate of heat flow through
the window pane. Also find the temperatures of other interfaces. Given thermal
conductivities of glass and air as 0.8 and 0.08 Wm−1 K−1 respectively. [10]
19. In case of thermal conduction as

dQ   Air G
= KA = Room G Out
dt L R K = 0.08 side
K=.8 K=.8
L
with R = 0.05 m
KA
L 1  0.01 0.05  0.01 2 0.01 00C
1
0
Req =  =  2+ 27 C
KA A  0.80 0.08 
1 5 26
and as here A = 1 m2 , Req = + =
40 8 40
dQ  ( 27 − 0)  40
and hence = = = 41.5 W
dt R 26
Now if 1 and 2 are the temperatures of air in contact with glass in the room and outside as
shown in figure
( 27 − 1)
41.5 = 0.08  1
0.01
( − 0)
and 41.5 = 0.80  1 2
0.01

solving these for 1 and 2 we get

1 = 26.480 C and 2 = 0.520 C.
20. Three rods of material x and three rods of material y are connected a shown in figure. All
the rods are of identical length and cross-sectional area. If the end A is maintained at 600 C
and the junction E at 100 C, calculate the temperature of junctions B, C and D. The thermal
conductivity of x is 0.92 cal/cms C0 and that of y is 0.46 cal/cm s C0. [10]
C
x x
0
60 C 100C
x E
A y B
y
y
D
(A)
20. Treating the given network of rods in terms of thermal resistance Rx and Ry with
L L  L 
Rx =
A  0.92
and Ry =
A  0.46 as R = AK 
 
so that if Rx = R, Ry = 2Rx = 2R
Now as in this bridge [(P/Q) = (R/S)], so the bridge is balanced, i.e., the temperature of
junctions C and D is equal and the rod CD becomes ineffective as no heat will flow through
it.
Now as the thermal resistance of the bridge between junction B and E is

1 1 1 4
= + i.e., RBE = R
RBE (R + R) (2R + 2R) 3
The total resistance of bridge between A and E will be

Req = RAB + RBE
= 2R + (4/3)R = (10/3)R
So the net rate of flow of heat through the bridge will be

dQ  (60 − 10 ) 15
= = =
dt Req (10 / 3)R R
Now if TB is the temperature at B,

 dQ  Q 60 − TB
 dt  = R =
  AB AB 2R
 dQ  dQ 60 − TB 15
But   = , i.e., = , i.e., TB = 300 C
 dt  AB dt 2R R
Also at B
 dQ   dQ   dQ  15 30 − TC 30 − TD
 dt  =  dt  +  dt  , i.e., R = +
  AB  BC  BD R 2R
and as TC = TD = T, 30 = 3 (30 – T), i.e., TC = TD = 200C

21. A thermally insulated vessel is divided into two parts by a heat
insulating piston which can move in the vessel without friction.
The left part of the vessel contains one mole of an ideal mono-
atomic gas, and the right part is empty. The piston is connected
to the right wall of the vessel through a spring whose length in
free state is equal to the length of the vessel. Determine the heat
capacity C of the system, neglecting the heat capacities of the
vessel, piston, and spring.
3
21. U = nR ( T2 − T1 )
2
k 2
W = ( x 2 − x1 )
2
2
kx PS nRT
P= or, x = & P=
S k Sx
nRT
or, x2 =
k
nR
W = (T2 − T1 )
2
Q = U + W
= n2R(T2 – T1)
Q
C= = 2R
n T
22. When a block of iron floats in mercury at 00C, a fraction K1 of its volume is submerged, while
at temperature 800C fraction K2 is seen to be submerged. If the coefficient of volume
expansion of iron is Fe and that of mercury is Hg. Find the ratio K1 / K2. [4]
22. Let v1 be the total volume of iron at 00C and let V1 be the volume submerged in mercury
v
 k1 = 1
V1
0
at 80 C
k2 = v2 / V2
also v2 = v1 { 1 + 80 fe}, V2 = V1 {1 + 80 Hg }
k 1 + 80  Hg
 1 = .
k 2 1 + 80  Fe
23. Two rods of different metals having the same area of cross-section A, are placed end to end
between two massive walls. The first rod has a length 1, co-efficient of linear expansion 1
and Young’s modulus of elasticity Y1. The corresponding quantities for second rod are 2, 2
and Y2 respectively. The temperature of both the rods is now raised by T degrees. Find the
force which the rods exert on each other at the higher temperature in terms of the given
quantities. Assume, there is no change in the area of cross-section of the rods, the rods do
not bend and there is no deformation of the walls.
23. Increase in length of composite rod due to heating

(L)increase = (L11 + L22)T L1 L2
Due to compressive forces from walls, decrease in length
L L F 1y1 2y2
(L)decrease =  1 + 2 
 Y1 Y2  A
As the length of the composite rod remains unchanged,

here
F  L1 L 2 
 +  = L11 + L 2 2 T
A  Y1 Y2 
A(L11 + L 2 2 )T
F=
 L1 L 2 
 + 
 Y1 Y2 
HT-III-4Marks
P
1. Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas is taken through
B
a cycle ABCA as shown in the P-T diagram. During the 2P1 C
process AB, pressure and temperature of the gas vary
such that PT = constant. If T1 = 300 K, calculate
(a) The work done on the gas in the process AB P1 A
(b) The heat absorbed or released by the gas in each of
T1 2T1
the processes. T
Give answers in terms of the gas constant R. [3+3=6]

1. n = 2 moles, monatomic P
T1 = 300 K B
2P1 C
PT = constant for path AB
Since PV = nRT
(a) PT = c (say)
1/ 2 P1 A
 nRc 
P=  
 V  T1 2T1
T
VB 1/ 2
 nRc 
Work done on the gas = - 
VA 

V 
 dV
 
= - 2 nRc VB − VA = - 2nR [ TB – TA ]
= 1200 R units
(b) Process A → B
work done by the gas = -1200 R units
3R
U = 2   (-300) = -900R units
2
 QAB = {- 900 R + (-1200R)} = -2100 R units(heat is released)
Process B → C (P = constant)
QBC = 2  (5R/2)  300 = 1500 R units (heat is absorbed)
Process C → A
Since UCA = 0 (T = constant)
 QCA = WCA = nR (2T1) ln (VA/VC)
= 1200 R ln (PC/PA)
= 831.77 R units. (heat is absorbed)
2. Two moles of a certain ideal gas at temperature T0 = 300K were cooled at constant volume
so that the gas pressure reduced η = 2 times. Then as a result of constant pressure
process, gas expanded till its temperature got back to initial value. Find the total amount of
heat absorbed by the gas in this process. [5+5+2=12]
2. First process is constant volume.  w = 0

and P  T

 If pressure is reduced to η times then temperature is also reduced to η times.

New temperature will be T0/ η
But Q = n.CV.dT = n R dT


 γ − 1 
nR  T0  nR T0 (1 − η)
=  − T0  =
γ −1  η  η(γ − 1)
…(i)
During second process pressure is constant,
 P.dv = n.R.dT
nR.dT
and Q = ΔU + W = + n.R.dT
γ −1
 1   γ 
= n.R.dT  + 1 = n.R.dT  
γ −1   γ −1 
nR γ  T  nRγ (η − 1) T0
=  T0 − 0  = … (ii)
γ −1  η η (γ − 1)
Q = Q1 + Q2 (from (i) and (ii))
nR T0 (1 − η) nRγ (η − 1) T0
= +
η(γ − 1) η (γ − 1)
 1
= nR.T0 1 − 
 η
here n =2 R = 8.3 T0
= 300 K & η = 2
 Q = 2.5 KJ
3. Two identical sphere with surface area A and emissivity e are connected by a metal rod of
length , with high conductivity k and area of crossection a (a << A). Rod does not allow any
loss of heat through It's side walls being coated with indulated cover. If initially temperatures
of sphere is respectively T1 and T2 and temperature of surrounding is T0 such that T1 > T2 >
T0 . Temperature difference between sphere and surrounding is small enough to consider
Newton's laws of cooling for heat loss through radiation. Find the temperature difference
between spheres as function of time.
3. For if at any moment temperature of spheres be 1 and 2 respectively, 1 > 2 and specifice
heat for spheres be C
For first sphere, rate of loss of heat
d1 Ka
-C = 4Ae T03 (1 - T0 ) + (1 − 2 )
dt 
 
(Heat loss through (heat loss through
radiation) conduction)
For IInd sphere

d k
- C 2 = 4 AeT03 (2 − T0 ) − a(1 − 2 ) (heat gain through conduction) . . (ii)
dt 
substrating equation (ii) from (I)

d1 − 2 ) 2ka
-C = 4A e T03 (1 - 2) + ( 1 − 2 )
dt 
2kg
= (4A T03 (1 - 2) + (1 - 2)

2ka
= (4A e T03 + ) (1 - 2)

let 1 - 2 =  and H = (4Ae T03 + 2kg/  )
d
 -C = H
dt
 t
d H
  
=−
C  dt
T1 − T2 0
C  T − T2 
 t= log  1 
H   
  = e-tH/C (T1 - T2) .
4. A polyatomic gas is initially taken at a pressure P0 and temperature T0 and volume

V1 = 500 ml. When the gas is compressed adiabatically to volume V2 = 100 ml the
temperature increases from T0 to T1 and the pressure from P0 to P1 . Now the pressure
increases from P1 to P2 isochorically and the temperature rises to T2 . The gas is expanded
adiabatically from volume V2 to V1 such that the temperature drops to T3 . Finally the gas
pressure drops to P0 isochorically . Find efficiency of this cycle if  = 1.33. [10]
W
4. Efficiency  =
Q1 C
P2
Where W = work done during the complete cycle
D
and Q1 is the heat input
WBC = WDA = 0 P1 B
W = WAB + WCD A
nR nR P0
= [T0 − T1] + [T2 − T3 ]
 −1  −1 V2 V1
nR
= [T0 − T1 + T2 − T3 ]
 −1
nR R
And Q1 = n Cv (T2 - T1 ) = [T2 − T1] Since Cv =
 −1  −1
W T0 − T1 + T2 − T3 T − T0
= = = 1− 3
Q1 T2 − T1 T2 − T1
T0 V0 − = T0 V2 −1  T1 = T0 (v1 / v 2 ) − . . . (1)

T2 V2 − = T3 V1 −1  T2 = T3 (v1 / v 2 ) − . . . (2)
T1 - T2 = ( v1 / v 2 ) −( T0 − T3 )
T − T2
 1 = ( v1 / v 2 ) −
T0 − T3
1
 =1-  −1
= 0.412
 V1 
 
 V2 
5. One mole of a mono atomic ideal gas is taken

through the cycle shown in figure.
A → B Adiabatic expansion A
B → C Cooling at constant volume B
C → D Adiabatic compression.
D → A Heating at constant volume
P D
The pressure and temperature at A, B etc,. are C
denoted by PA, TA; PB, TB etc.respectively.
V
Given TA = 1000K, PB = (2/3)PA and PC = (1/3)PA. Calculate (a) The work done by the gas in
the process A → B (b) the heat lost by the gas in the process B → C and (c) temperature TD.
Given (2/3)2/5 = 0.85 and R = 8.31 J/mol K. [10]
5. (a) As for adiabatic change PV = constant


 RT 
i.e. P  = cons tan t [asPV = RT]
 P 
  −1
T T  P 
= cons tan t, so  B  =  B  5
i.e. w ith  =
P  −1  TA   PA 
3
1
1− 2/5
2  2
i.e. TB = TA   = 1000   = 850 K
3 3
R[TF − Ti ] 1 8.31[1000 − 850 ]
so WA = =
1 −   [( 5 / 3) − 1]
i.e. WA = (3/2)  8.31  150 = 1869.75 J
(b) For B → C, V= constant so W = 0
So from first law of thermodynamics
Q = U + W = CvT + 0
3 
or Q = 1  R (TC − 850 )
3
as Cv = R
2  2
Now along path BC, V = constant ; P  T
P T (1/ 3)PA T 850
i.e. C = C , TC =  TB = B = = 425 (2)
PB TB (2 / 3)PA 2 2
3
So Q = 1   8.31( 425 − 850 ) = −5297 .625 J
2
[Negative heat means, heat is lost by the system]
(c) As A and D are on the same isochor
PD TD T
= , i.e., PD = PA D
PA TA TA
But C and D are on the same adiabatic
  −1  −1
 TD   PD  P T 
  =  =  A D 
 T  P 
 C  C  PCTA 
1
1− 2/5
 P    T  
or (TD ) = TC  A  , i.e. TD3 / 5 =  B 
1/  PA

 PCTA   2  (1 / 3)PA 1000 
 1  2  2. / 5  3 2 / 5
i.e. TD3 / 5 =     1000    i.e., TD = 500 K
 2  3   1000 

6. A fixed mass of gas is taken B

5 A
through a process A → B →C→ A. 10
Here A → B is isobaric. B →C is 2
adiabatic and C → A is isothermal. P (N/m )
Find (a) Pressure and volume at C C
(b) work done in the process
(take  = 1.5) 1 3
V(m )
4
6. (a) For adiabatic process BC

PB VB = PC VC . . . (1)
For isothermal process CA
PAVA = PCVC . . . (2)
From (1) and (2)
1
 V    −1
Vc =  B  = 64 m3
 A 
V
PA VA 10 5
PC = = N/m2
VC 64
(b) Work done, W = WAB + WBC + WCA
1 V
= P(VB - VA) + [ PVB – PCVC] + PVA n A
 −1 VC
Putting the values
W = 4.9  105 J
7. One mole of an ideal gas whose pressure changes with volume as P = v where  is a
constant, is expanded so that its volume becomes  times the original. Find the chage in
internal energy and heat capacity of the gas. [4+10]
7. Say v is the initial volume of the gas.

Final volume = v
v v
Work done =  P.dv

v
=  vdv
v
= (v2/2) v v
v 2
= (2 − 1) .
2
As pr. varies with volume as P =  . v
Initial and final pressure are v and v.
Change in internal energy ; du = nCv dT = Cv dT for (n = 1)
P v − P2 v 2 v 22 − v 2 v 2 (2 − 1)
And also du = 1 1 = =
 −1  −1 (  − 1)
We have Q - w = u
v 2 2 v 2 2
 Q=u+w = ( − 1) + ( − 1)
 −1 2
v 2 2  2 
= (  − 1) + 1
2  −1 
v 2 2   + 1
= ( − 1) 
2   − 1
P2 v 2
hence Tf = final temperature = = 2v2/R
R

P1V1 V 2
Ti = initial temperature = =
R R
v 2 2   + 1
( − 1) 
And heat capacity =
Q
=
2   − 1
Tf − Ti (v 2 / R)[ 2 − 1]
R   + 1
2   − 1
C=
8. Consider the shown diagram where the two

chambers separated by piston-spring 300 K 300 K
arrangement contain equal amounts of certain 300 K
300 K
ideal gas. Initially when the temperatures of the Vaccume
gas in both the chambers are kept at 300 K.
The compression in the spring is 1 m. The
1m 1m
temperature of the left and the right chambers
are now raised to 400 K and 500 K
respectively. If the pistons are free to slide, find
the final compression in the spring.
8. Let 1 and 2 be the final length of the two

parts, then from gas equation
P0 A 0 PA 1 PA 2 300 K 300 K
500 K
= = . . .. (i) 400 K
T0 T1 T2 Vaccume
Considering the equilibrium of the piston
in initial and final states, we get
P0A = k x0, PA = kx. 1 2
P x
 = . . . .(ii)
P0 x 0
decrease in the length of spring = total increase in the length of the two chambers
x – x0 = 1 + 2 - 20 . . .. (iii)
from relation (I)
P T PT
1 = 0 1 0 , 2 = 0 2 0
PT0 PT0
using (ii)
x T x T
1 = 0 1 0 , 2 = 0 2 0
xT0 xT0
putting these in (iii)
x
x – x0 = 0 0 (T1 + T2) – 2 0
xT0
13 − 1
putting values and solving, we get x = = 1.3 m.
2
9. One mole of a gas is taken in a cylinder with a movable

piston. A resistor R connected to a capacitor through a
key is immersed in the gas. Initial potential difference
1
across the plates of the capacitor is equal to 213 V.
3
When the key is closed for (2.5 ln 4 ) minutes , the gas
expands isobarically and its temperature changes by 22

K.
(a) Find the work done by the gas R = 2k
(b) Increment in the internal energy of the gas
(c) The value of 
C = 75mF
[6+2+2 = 10]
1
9. Initial charge on the capacitor q0 = CV0 = 75  10-3  213 = 16C
3
The charge on the capacitor decays as
q = q0 e-t/RC
At t = 2.5 ln(4) minutes = 150 ln (4) sec.
q = 16  e-ln(4)  RC = 150s
=4C
q02 − q2
Total heat dissipated in the resistor in the given time = = 1.6kJ
2C
= heat imparted to the gas
(a) Work done by the gas at constant pressure = PV =  RT  0.182 kJ
(b) Increment in the internal energy U = Q - W = 1.6 – 0.182 = 1.418 kJ

 RT
(c)  = 1 + = 1.12
U
10. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas has been subjected to an p
isochoric-isobaric cycle ABCDA. The temperature at D is T0 = A B
2p0
200 K.
Calculate
(i) the temperatures at the points A, B, C of the cycle.
(ii) the heat absorbed / released in each of the processes AB,
BC, CD, DA. p0 C
D
(iii). the net work done in the process and the efficiency of the
cycle. V0 3V0 V
10. P0V0 = RT0, T0 = 200 K

PA VA 2P0 V0
(i) PA VA = RTA, TA = = = 400 K
R R
Similarly, TB = 1200 K, TC = 600 K
(ii) QDA = Cv TDA = Cv (TA - TD)

3
= R  200 = 300 R
2
QAB = CP TAB = Cv (TB - TA) = 2000 R
QBC = - 900R,
QCD = -1000 R.
W 4
(iii) W = - 400 R, = = .
Q+ 23

11. Find the number of strokes that the piston of an air pump must make in order to pump a
vessel of volume Vc.c from a pressure P1 to P2 if the change in volume corresponding to one
stroke is v1cc. Assume that the air in the vessel is in good thermal contact with the
surroundings. [14]
11. The expansion is isothermal, hence PV = constant

also P.dV + V. dp = 0
dP dv
or =−
P V
Let pressure decrease by P and volume increase by vI
During one cycle.
P1 − P v + v1
 dP   dv 

P1 

P 
 =- v 
 
v 
 P − P   v + v1 
ln  1  = − ln  . . . (i)
 P1   v 
at the beginning of the second cycle, pressure becomes
P1 - P and volume becomes V again.
At the end of second cycle, pressure becomes P1 - 2P
 P − 2P   v + v1 
 ln  1  = - ln   . . . (ii)
 P1 − P   v 
(ii) can also written as
 P − 2P P1   v + v1 
ln  1 .  = − ln 
 P1 P1 − P   v 
 P − 2P   P − P   v + v1 
or ln  1  − ln 1  = − ln 
 P1   P1   v 
 P − 2P   P − P   v + v1 
or ln  1  = ln  − ln  . . . (iii)
 P1   P1   v 
From (i) and (iii)
 P − 2P   v + v1 
ln  1  = −2 ln 
 P1   v 
When Process is repeated 'n' times,
 P − nP   v + v1 
ln 1  = −n ln 
 P1   v 
But P1 - n. P = P2 = final pressure
P   v + v1 
 ln  2  = −n ln 
 P1   v 
ln(P1 / P2 )
and n = .
ln( v + v1 ) / v
12. A pendulum clock consists of an iron rod connected to a small heavy bob. If it is designed to
keep correct time at 200C, how fast or slow will it go in 24 hours at 400C.
(iron = 12  10-6 /0C) [6]
12. Time lost t = 43200  T

= 43200  1.2  10-5  20

= 10.4 sec.
13. A vessel of volume 2000 cm3 contains 0.1 mole of oxygen and 0.2 mole of carbon dioxide. If
the temperature of the mixture is 300 K, find its pressure. [6]
O 2 RT  8.31  300 
13. PO 2 = = 0.1  −3 
V  2  10 
= 1.25  10 Pa
5
Co 2 RT  8.31  300 

PCO2 = = 0.2  −3 
V  2  10 
= 2.5  10 Pa
5
 Total pressure = PO 2 + PCO 2

= (1.25  105 + 2.5  105) Pa
= 3.75  105 Pa.
14. At the top of a mountain a thermometer reads 70C and a barometer reads 70 cm of Hg. At
the bottom of the mountain they read 270C and 76 cm of Hg respectively. Compare the
density of the air at the top with that at the bottom. [6]
m
14. PV = nRT = RT
M
P R
=
T M
 P   P 
   =  
 T T op  T bottom
T PT TB 70 300 75
=  =  = = 0.9868.
B PB TT 76 280 76
15. A body of mass 25kg is dragged on a horizontal rough road with a constant speed of
20km/hr. It the coefficient of friction is 0.5, find the heat generated in one hr. if 50% of the
heat is absorbed by the body, find the rise in temperature. Specific heat of material of body
is 0.1Cal/gm-0C. (4.2 J = 1 Cal., g = 10m/s2) [8]
15. f = μN (Kinetic Friction) =  mg

 Work done against friction =  mg(s)
‘s’ is the distance moved by body.
  mg(s) = 0.5(25) 10 (20) (103) = (2.5) 106J
2.5 x 10 6
 Heat generated in calories = = 595 x 103 calories.
4.2
Heat absorbed = 50% of (595) 103 = (297.5) 103 calories
But Q = m.s. Δ t
297.5 x 103 = 25 x 0.1 x 103 x Δ t
Δ t = 118.80C
16. One mole of an ideal gas whose pressure changes with volume as P = v where  is a
constant, is expanded so that its volume becomes  times the original. Find the heat
supplied to the gas.
16. Say v is the initial volume of the gas.

Final volume = v

v v
Work done =  P.dv

v
=  vdv
v
= (v2/2) v v
v2
= (2 − 1) .
2
As pr. varies with volume as P =  . v
Initial and final pressure are v and v.
Change in internal energy ; du = nCv dT = Cv dT for (n = 1)
P v − P2 v 2 v 22 − v 2 v 2 (2 − 1)
And also du = 1 1 = =
 −1  −1 (  − 1)
v 2
v 2
 Q =u+w = (2 − 1) + (2 − 1)
 −1 2
v 2 2  2 
= (  − 1) + 1
2  −1 
v 2 2   + 1
= ( − 1) .
2   − 1
17. A hot body placed in air cooled according to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of decrease of
temperature being k times the temperature difference from the surrounding, starting from
t = 0, find the time in which the body will loose 90 % of the maximum heat it can loose. [4]
17. The heat lost by body Q = ms (1 - 0)

Let 2 be the temperature after loosing 90 % of Q
90
Q = ms(1 −  2 )
100
0.9(1 - 0) = (1 - 2)
2 = 0 = 0.1 (1 - 0)
2 − 0
= 0.1
1 −  0
According to Newton’s law of cooling
d
- 2 = k( −  0 )
dt
( −  0 )
ln 2 = −kt
( 1 −  0 )
1 ln 10
t = - ln(1/ 10 ) = .
k k
18. 1 mole of diatomic gas is kept in cylinder of volume V0 at P 2

temperature T0 and pressure P0. Now gas is taken 2P0
through three processes as shown in figure. Process
1 → 2 follows law P = V, Process 2→ 3 is adiabatic while
process 3→ 1 is isothermal. Find P0 1
3
(a) temperature at state 2 in terms of T0
(b) efficiency of cycle. v0 2v0

18. For process 1 → 2 P 2

P=V 2P0
Since PV = nRT
 V2 = RT  T2 = 4T0
2v 0
4v 02 − v 02 3 2 3 P0 1
W12 =  Pdv = = v 0 = RT0 3
v0
2 2 2
v0 2v0
5 15RT0
U12 = Cv T = R(3T0 ) =
2 2
 Q12 = 9RT0
for process 2 → 3 (TV-1 = constant  v3 = 64 v0)
Q23 = 0 U23 = Cv T = - Cv(3T0)
15 15
 U23 = - RT0  W23 = - U23 = RT0
2 2
for process 3 → 1
v
U31 = 0 , Q31 = W31 = - RT0 ln 3
v1
 Q31 = - RT0 ln 64
3 15 
 RT0 + RT0 − RT0 ln 64 
 100 =    100
work done 2 2
=
heat input 9RT0
 9 − 6ln 2   3 − 2ln 2 
=    100 =    100 = 53.8 %.
 9   3 

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HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS (SOLVED NUMERICALS)

3. In a cyclic process shown in the figure an ideal gas is

gas during the process B → A is 30 J,when the gas

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5. Figure shows two paths through

5. WAB = Area under A → B bounded by volume axis.

1. A thermodynamical process is a shown in the figure P

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4. Three identical metallic rods are arranged as an equilateral triangle B

4. Let  and a be the length and cross-section area of each rod.

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5. An ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process ABCD

temperature is 270 C. Find t.

8. Using Newton’s law of cooling

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as 3k, 2k, and k shown with their ends at 1000C, 500C 0

11. (a) Q = u1 – U2 = -(u2 – u1) = - u

(b) not available

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12. For first ten minutes

13. (a) For an ideal gas

vB = 2vA = 40  10-3 m3, TB = 600 k

(c) WAB = 2.49  105 (40 – 20)  10-3 = 4980 J

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17. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken through P

17. A → B represents an isobaric process,

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B → C represents an isothermal expansion  UBC = 0

18. P-V diagram of a cyclic process is given in the figure. This

18. W = area enclosed by the ellipse = ab

(b) At constant pressure Q = nCp T = 2 (5R/2) (100)

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from (i) and (ii),  = 550C

1. A cubical block of coefficient of linear expansion  floats in liquid of

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2. (a) eA AA TA4 = BA BTB4

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(i) work done by the gas

5. (i) work done = area under the curve.

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6. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken ` C

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8. (i) TI Viy −1 = Tf Vfy −1  T2 = 189 k

(ii) we also have v  T

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10. A cylinder with a piston holds a volume V1 = 1000 cm3

0.5 cm 7.5 cm 2.5 cm

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12. A hollow spherical ball of inner radius a and outer radius 2a is

14. (i) Ti Vi −1 = Tf Vf −1  T2 = 189 k

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15. Under equilibrium condition

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19. An insulated vessel fitted with a frictionless movable

19. (a) Isobaric process

20. For adiabatic process PV = constant.

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1. (a) Using PV = nRT

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2. A smooth vertical tube having two different sections is open

3. One mole of a monatomic gas is carried 4 B C

3. Process ABCA is clockwise while process ADEA is anticlockwise in P-V diagram

During process ABCDEA

4. (a) T1V1 −1 = T2 V2 −1

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2→3 is adiabatic and process 3→1 takes place at constant