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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING

1.1 Cloud Computing Basics

1.2 History of Cloud Computing

1.3 Importance of Cloud Computing in the Current Era

1.4 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1.5 What Cloud Computing Really Is?

1.1 CLOUD COMPUTING BASICS

1.1.1 Introduction
Originally, cloud computing was a hazy term, in the sense computing
would occur in remote locations without the need for human intervention.
Certainly, there is no necessity for the users to know how the computers,
their software or the network are functioning.

In the real world, computing developed progressively and can be viewed

in two stages. One is more centralized and the other is the desktop. The
limitations of centralized computing did not give users enough control
and was inflexible. Distributed computing made every user a system
administrator but it was still inefficient. In the last few years, as the cost
of computing power continued to decrease, the cost of manpower to
implement and manage computer systems have increased. Centralized
computing facility needs more version upgradation to reach the cloud
computing stage. Some computer scientists have suggested a vast grid of
computers attached via the Internet, whose power is combined for large-
scale tasks, when needed. In certain cases, large numbers of computing
systems are used for particular tasks. Other scientists have recommended
a computing utility which would offer just as much computing power as a
society needs in an on-demand basis, as in the case of electricity.

Therefore, Google and Amazon web users have built enormous data
centres for their own use. They have realized that they can allow others to
access these data centres at reasonable prices. Thus began the era of cloud
computing.

1.2 HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing comprises of various phases, which include grid and

utility computing, application service providers (ASP) and Software as a
Service (SaaS). Though the concept of delivering computing resources
through a universal network was started in the 1960s, intergalactic
computer network was introduced by J.C.R. Licklider. His dream was for
everyone on the earth to be connected with anyone and be able to access
programs and data at any location from any place. In 1960, the famous
scientist John McCarthy predicts that the computation being available as
pubic service. In 1960, the cloud computing evolved along with numbers
of lines, Web 2.0 being the most recent development. Salesforce.com
(http://Salesforce.com) was the first cloud computing to have arrived in the
1999, which pioneered the idea of delivering enterprise applications
through a simple website.

The concepts behind the cloud computing are not new, whereas all these
concepts are really needed for the current trends. The influence and
degree of the cloud have changed enormously from what it was in the
commencement phase. Over time as the skills and business environments
have progressed, the status quo of cloud computing has become
untouched. The principle behind the cloud computing has not changed
but the users approach have changed immensely.

There is no doubt that this type of processing power is certainly attracted

by large companies that have an unappeasable hunger for the ability to
process tasks such as crunching records and providing users with Web 2.0

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To a greater extent, information is out there in the digital

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sphere and there is so much of it that desires to be structured in ways that

we can fully understand and use it to our advantage.

The beginning of what was recognized as the concept of cloud computing

can be traced back to the mainframe days of the 1960s, when the idea of
‘utility computing’ was propounded by MIT computer scientist and
Turing’s medal winner John McCarthy. Utility computing ended up
becoming a thing of large business units like IBM. The concept was so
simple that the computing power could be wrecked down as a metered
service for the business, similar to how telephone companies operate for
their consumers.

‘The Computers of Tomorrow’ is an article which was published in

Atlantic Monthly in 1964 by Martin Greenberger. He envisioned a future
in which computers would become super powerful worldwide and major
companies will be operating through wires all over the place in the due
course of time. The ‘information utility’ would almost immediately grow
but the issue was, “would it become regulated like the power
manufacturing unit or be a private body?”. IBM, of course, foresaw the
possibility of massive profit to be made in this type of business, and
turned the wheel of fortune in providing computing services to companies
of enormous scale.

Huge organizations (e.g., banks) find it difficult to access computing

power from their enormous mainframes as is too costly and large to run
on their own. Once the personal computer became ubiquitous, the
concept of utility computing came to be known as more of an operational
profligacy that most companies did not need. This also awakened the
reality that computers were becoming reasonable and easily accessible.

The other major constraint in the design of utility computing which could
shrink the growth of the usage of personal computer was the technical
restrictions on bandwidth as well as disk spaces. The infrastructure for
this type of technology was just not in place until now to support cloud
computation, even though the use of rented mainframe processing still
proved to be beneficial for quite some time.

It was in the late 1990s that companies such as Sun Microsystems decided
to introduce the concept called ‘the network is the computer’. The idea
that Oracle founder Larry Ellison stated was as follows ‘all these ideas
were indeed profound but they never failed with consumers, who were
looking for more complete personal computer solutions specializing with,
some storage capacity availabilities’. As of now, the personal computer is
not a dummy terminal. In reality, the rise of the Internet, in the mid
1990s, changed the usage of computers and information distribution.
With the idea of utility computing, Amazon began to establish and control
server farms, to offer apps to their buyers.

Essentially, Amazon is far from being a company that specializes in retail.

Its assistance to cloud computing will be discussed shortly in a profile of
companies using cloud technology, but it is clear to any IT expert that
Amazon is the first company that built on the basics of technical
innovation, particularly after the dot-com bubble time.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN THE CURRENT ERA

1.3.1 Example
21st Feb 2011, Sometime in ICC Cricket World Cup, India
Furious cricket fans slammed organizers of the World Cup on
Monday as the official ticketing website crashed amid a scramble
for 1,000 tickets available for the final. (Source: Times of India
[Magazine])
The manager of ICC posted a message in his Facebook fan page:
We are facing absolutely unprecedented amounts of traffic from
all over the world with hundreds of millions of people hitting at
once. Some of you may have trouble accessing the site. It seems
that cricket fever has surpassed all anticipations and expectations.
Please bear with us as our global network team works on bringing
you the tickets you all have been waiting for. (Source: Kyazoonga
FB page)

Each day between 8:00 AM and 9:00 AM, Since when? Till
Date, Online Ticket Booking: IRCTC, India
The bookings and enquiry requests are 6–7 times higher during
the peak hours than the rest of the day. So while the existing
infrastructure is well equipped to handle the daylong traffic, it is
the peak hour traffic that clogs servers. (Source:
http://www.techno-pulse.com/2011/01/what-irctc-learn-redbus-
cloud-iaas.html (http://www.techno-pulse.com/2011/01/what-irctc-learn-redbus-
cloud-iaas.html))

—What IRCTC can study from cloud?

In May 2009, India

The world’s largest democracy, 1 billion+ people, goes for its
general election. The Election Commission unveiled a new website
for publishing results in real time. It showed off preparations,
which indicated it was well arranged to handle 80.64 billion hits
in eight hours (2,800 hits/second), clearly a decent number by any
standard. Media reported on the election result day: 300,000
hits/second make Election Commission website crash. (Source:
Times of India [Magazine])

Similarly, server crashes were reported across India when the online CAT
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(Indian Institute of
Management) in 2009; although they were smartly attributed to a virus

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and not to the number of hits. It points to the fact that the cloud service
without security aspect could also be powerless.

1.3.2 Reason for Server Crashes/Failures

The above said examples of server crashes are very few compared to the
approximate of hundreds of incidents occurring all over the place in the
world on a regular basis.

The circumstances can only get worst. At present, only 25% of the world
population has Internet access. Compared to Television and other mass
media, it is still adjudged as the best medium of communication. At
present, India and China have roughly 15% or less Internet penetration.
Even a reasonable increase in Internet access and usage, say 50%, will add
more than a billion Internet users. Going by information backed up by
approximately double digit GDP growth, they are only going to add to the
number.

1.3.3 Solution to Prevent Server Crashes/Failures

The majority of us will answer as follows:

Add additional servers to balance the load.

In view of these facts, it will help us to make a sensible guess.

Facebook has 30,000 servers and is increasing its capacity on a

daily basis.

An unofficial estimate predicts Google servers to be unbelievable

in numbers; with 1 million servers across the world wide at
present.

The above discussed websites are not as big as Facebook or Google but
their spike in traffic on that particular day may have trampled these
giants. Given these kind of information, in order to acquire the essential
number of servers, the organizations/entities concerned will pay enough
money to make them eligible to file insolvency protection. If the
organizations are economically sound to add servers, before doing so, they
have to check the following:

The Red Cross may get that kind of traffic once in a decade.

The website of the Indian Election Commission attracts visitors

during elections, i.e., preferably once in 5 years.

The above description clearly shows the following trend:

The majorities of the traffic spikes are predictable and can be easily
planned. Even the Red Cross traffic was expected, but there was no
enough time to respond and plan to handle the crisis.

1.3.4 The Scenario

An organization will face heavy traffic on some particular day or days.
Thus, number of servers to face that kind of traffic needs to be enhanced,
may be 1,000 times more than what they have in normal days. However,
it is not wise to purchase extra servers and place it as standby to be used
only on those heavy traffic days. This would be a sheer waste of valuable
resources. There are no forecasters who can predict when the business
will speed up. The reverse can also happen; a recession can hit and the
infrastructure may have to be reduced significantly.

Technically, the competition and economics have led to a scenario where

a business needs the following, when it comes to computing as a whole.

Dynamism
It is quite simple, similar to how you use your mobile phone connection. If
you want to talk more, you will buy a top-up card. If you are a post-paid
customer, you will change your plan to meet your requirement. Your need
is dynamism. Therefore, your infrastructure should support your
changing needs.

Abstraction
From an end user’s point of view, they do not have to worry for the OS,
the plug-ins, web security or the software platform. Everything is its place.
The business/consumer should focus his attention more on its core
competency rather than distressing himself over secondary resources such
as the OS or the software.

Resource Sharing
The whole architecture should be implemented such that it provides you
the flexible environment where it is possible to share applications as well
as other network resources. This will provide you with need-based elastic
architecture, where the resources will grow without any major
configuration modifications.

1.3.5 The Solution

There is one model of computing which satisfies the three requirements
mentioned above in business and is becoming the technology trend of the
future, it is known as cloud computing. Have you ever used cloud
computing? Most of you will answer in the negative. May be you have
been hearing about the buzz created by cloud computing for the last few
years, but you don’t think it has anything to do with you. But if you are
reading this page, we can assume that you are web savvy enough to have

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cloud. An e-mail like
Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail are cloud-based examples of SaaS (Software

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as a Service). SaaS is a piece of cloud computing. Cloud is an acronym of

the phrase: Common, Location-independent, Online Utility that is
available on Demand.

IT professionals recognized that there are eight basic components that are
very important in enabling the cloud computing concept (Figure 1.1) for
the cloud to work in the public or private sector, they are as follows:

1. World wide connectivity: users should have near-ubiquitous

access to the Internet.
2. Open access: Users should have fair, open-minded access to the
Internet.
3. Reliability: The cloud’s performance should equal to or better
than recent standalone systems.
4. Interoperability and user choice: Users must be able to progress
among different clouds.
5. Security: It should ensure that data of users are safe.

Figure 1.1 Basic Components of Cloud Computing

6. Privacy: Users’ rights must be clearly defined and allow access

based on rights.
7. Economic value: The cloud must provide substantial savings and
benefits.
8. Sustainability: The cloud must increase power effectiveness and
reduce environmental impact.

1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Server is the most important element in cloud computing. It plays a vital

role since it is the brain behind the entire processing environment. In
cloud computing, server environment need not be a high-end hardware.
Rather, the key advantage of this technology is the ability of an
organization to tie together the power of inexpensive hardware on a larger
scale in contrast to using lesser amount of servers, high in quality.

It is helpful for a global organization to use cloud computing capabilities

since it allows all of their customers to access the data from any computer
when required, which prevents data loss or bad management of digital
files. This makes an organization portable with improved data security.

It also can assist to break down the command structure in an organization

into many systems located across the world, which is a managerial style
that is gaining popularity as businesses are trying to grow internationally
and have more flexibility at the same time.

The fact that all the data for a user is available in one physical location
allows its hardware and software to be organized more effectively by a
respective on-location team, who are responsible for updating of the
hardware and software.

In fact, this process is perfect and not seeks any help to retain its features
rather than the small difference in power usages. Only portions of
processing power are down and an average user would have no idea about
what was not going on, nor would they care. Along those lines, the
managed care of the hardware is something that companies are looking
for in a cloud computing solution. Because it is simply cheaper for them to
have someone else managing the technology part so that they can focus on
their core business.

Large-scale companies are always trying to economize their system. That

is, they are convinced that someone who hosts a bigger server is going to
do it faster with better efficiency than themselves. There are many
activities that are no longer core of the business; while outsourcing the
processing work to a group of servers responsibilities such as providing
space for equipment, costs associated with hiring technicians and
providing them with benefits are taken-care of. Generally a company may
consider this an unnecessary overhead that can be trimmed.

The more the numbers of servers, higher will be the power consumption.
Usually servers are placed near power plants or hydroelectric power
plants. Apart from the large space occupation and energy consumption,
they need large cooling towers to keep the machines operating at the right
temperature. They also need to have solid base to access the Internet, so
that information can flow freely connecting all the users globally. Data
centre managers are increasingly concerned about power efficiency
techniques within the server environment. One of their major

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issues is to make sure that costs remain reasonable,
particularly in the recent years on energy security. This has led to

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ineffectiveness of data centre environments to resort to air conditioning

and energy consumption.

Following are the five characteristics of cloud computing.

Dynamic Computing Infrastructure

Dynamic infrastructure environment is needed for cloud computing. The
basis of a dynamic infrastructure is standardized, scalable and secure
physical infrastructure. There should be various redundancies to ensure
high levels of availability, but mostly it must be easy to enlarge as the
demand increases, without requiring architecture restructure. Next, it
must be virtualized.

Virtualized environment uses server virtualization to run the services,

these services needs to be easily provisioned and de-provisioned via
software automation. These service workloads have to be switched over
from one physical server to another as capacity demands increase or
decrease. Finally, this infrastructure should be utilized by an external or
an internal provider. The infrastructure must provide business value
beyond the investment.

A dynamic computing infrastructure is complex in supporting the flexible

nature of service provisioning and de-provisioning as requested by a
client, still maintaining high levels of reliability and security.

IT Service-centric Approach
Cloud computing is service-centric business. This is in stark difference to
more conventional system- or server-centric models. In the majority
cases, users of the cloud usually want to run some business service or
application for an exact timely purpose and they don’t want to get bogged
down in the system and network administration of the environment. They
would prefer to rapidly and easily access a devoted application or service.
By abstracting away the server-centric outlook of the infrastructure, users
can effortlessly get access to pre-defined computing environments
conceived especially around their service.

An IT service-centric advance makes customer acceptance and enterprise

agility which is less difficult and speedier. A customer can perform an
administrative work, the more expedient, the enterprise progresses,
lessening are the charges or propelling is the revenue.

Self-service Based Usage Model

Interaction with the cloud needs some level of user self-service. Best of
breed self-service creates the chance to the users to upload, build, deploy,
schedule, manage and report on their business services on-demand basis.
Self-service cloud must provide easy-to-use, intuitive user interfaces that
help the users to effectively manage the service-delivery life cycle. The
superiority of self-service from the users’ purpose of business is a stage of
empowerment and yields valued enterprise agility. One advantage often
overlooked from the service provider’s point of view is that the more self-
service that can be delegated to the users, the least managerial
participation is needed. This saves time and money and allows
administrative staff to concentrate on strategic and high-valued
responsibilities.

Minimally or Self-managed Platform

Self-managed platform is very essential for a service provider in cloud
environment. Best-of-breed clouds make self-management through
software automation, leveraging the following capabilities:

A provisioning engine where the services are deployed should have

high levels of reuse.

Mechanisms for scheduling the resources and reserving resource

capacity.

Capabilities for configuring, organizing and reporting to make sure

resources are allocated and reallocated to several groups of users.

Tools must be available for controlling access to resources and

policies for resources to be utilized or operations to be performed.

All of these competencies sanction finance agility while concurrently

enacting valued and necessary administrative power. This balance of
power and delegation maintains security and uptime, reduces the level of
administrative efforts and maintains working expenses low, and releases
resources to focus on higher-value projects.

Consumption-based Billing
At last, cloud computing is usage based. Users have to compensate for
only for the usage and consequently they are assured or given an assertion
supported on usage basis. Cloud computing platforms must deliver
mechanisms to catch information about the usage that enables that
charge is calculated and that should be integrated into the billing systems.

From a user’s point of view, this scenario helps them in keeping their
costs down. From a provider’s perspective, it allows them to monitor
usage for charge calculation and billing purposes.

In summary, all of these defining characteristics are necessary in

producing an enterprise private cloud capable of achieving compelling
business value, which includes savings on capital equipment and
operating costs, reduced support costs and significantly increased
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business agility. All of these enable corporations to improve their profit

margins and competitiveness in the markets they serve.

1.5 WHAT CLOUD COMPUTING REALLY IS?

In simple terms, cloud computing can be broken down to a browser-based

application that is hosted on a remote server. To an average user, that is
all he or she really needs to know about cloud computing, however, there
is a lot more to it than just that. What cloud computing really represents
is huge: it facilitates small organizations to compete with much larger
ones, it helps in saving lot of money and to utilize energy efficiency in
operations.

Cloud computing as it relates to Internet technology is all around us for

example, accessing e-mail and searching for information in the world
wide web. In these examples, the power of processing technology is used,
which exists in distant locations and are not known to the users. Actually,
network connection these days is so important to perform basic
applications. As an example, the thesaurus operation in Microsoft Word
needs a network connection to look up another word.

In effect, the cloud provides users of this network with an addition of their
own machine. As long as a user is connected to the Internet, the
capabilities of cloud computing comes into play and many advantages can
be achieved. One example is processing power.

One of the biggest benefits would be storage. Large number of servers

possesses massive amounts of storage. An example of this would be free e-
mail services that are available on the web. Most often e-mail services
offer a large amount of storage to their users because it is inexpensive for
them to do so by using the unoccupied space that is in the cloud. This is a
characteristic that is to be noted, because the prevalence of reduced
storage on a group of servers will benefit users immensely in the future.
One major benefit of this is data loss prevention. The less data loss in the
transactions is the main feature of cloud computing that attracts the
potential clients.

For the past few years, word spread that big companies like certain banks
lost significant customer information. If this data had been stored in a
cloud environment, theoretically the loss of data would be much lesser.

1.5.1 What Cloud Computing Really Isn’t?

Not a data centre, although they can certainly play a part. Users can
deploy an environment that supports cloud computing in a data
centre, but cloud computing is not about data centres.

The cloud computing is an unique technique that incorporates even

the basic client server computing concepts. With cloud computing,
we have a generalized resource to which one can initiate the work
and that could form part of a client/server application. The cloud
computing has more autonomy.

Not a grid computing, but again users can avail cloud computing
environments to support grid computing.

Not a comeback to mainframes and mini systems or centralized

computing, cloud computing generally involves multiple computers
rather than one and reduces computing power according to user
needs.

SUMMARY

Cloud computing is the use of computing assets (hardware

and software) that are consigned as a service over a mesh
(i.e., Internet).

Cloud computing is a technology that values the Internet

and isolated servers to sustain data and applications.

Cloud computing permits buyers and enterprises to use

applications without setting up and accessing their personal
documents at any computer with Internet access.

Cloud computing technology permits for much more

effective computing by centralizing data storage, processing
and bandwidth.

Consumers assert that cloud computing permits businesses

to bypass upfront infrastructure charges, and aims on tasks
that differentiate their enterprises rather than the
infrastructure.

Cloud computing relies on distributing of assets to

accomplish coherence and finances of scale alike to a utility
(i.e., electrical power grid) over a network.

The base of cloud computing is a broader notion of

converged infrastructure and distributed services.

Cloud computing is the result of evolution and adoption of

surviving technologies and paradigms.

The aim of cloud computing is to permit users to take

advantage from all of these technologies, without the
requirement of in-depth knowledge or know-how with each
one of them.

The major support technologies for cloud computing are

virtualization and autonomic computing.

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Cloud computing is having more advantage over the latest
distributed computing techniques in terms of QoS and

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Reliability.

Tim Berners–Lee suggested the concept of distributing

information known on multiple servers to be made
accessible to the world via client computers. Thus, world
wide web was born.

Enterprise computing proceeds from a server-centric to an

application-centric operations model.

The cloud will assist IT rapidly to establish new capabilities

—applications, services, accessibility—that will endow
enterprises to function more effectively and efficiently.

The salient characteristics of cloud computing defined by the

National Institute of Standards and Terminology (NIST) are
(i) on-demand self-service, (ii) broad network access, (iii)
resource pooling, (iv) rapid elasticity and (v) measured
service.

Cloud computing permits enterprises to boost IT capability

(or add capabilities) on the go and in less time without
buying new infrastructure, staff or programs, and as a
payper-use service.

The renowned cloud deliver models are (i) Cloud Software as

a Service (SaaS), (ii) Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
(iii) Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

The well-known cloud deployment models are (i) private

cloud, (ii) community cloud, (iii) public cloud and (iv)
hybrid cloud.

Cloud computing is often far more protected than customary

computing, because organizations like Google and Amazon
have high-skilled employees who are updated in cyber
security.

Cloud computing actually is not (i) a data centre, (ii) a

client/server computing, (iii) grid computing or (iv) a
centralized computing system.

KEY TERMS
Distributed computing is a system comprising of multiple
programs that are on multiple computers, but run as a single
system.

Grid computing is a pattern of networking. Unlike startup

network systems that aim on connection among devices, grid
computing harnesses unused resources of all computers in a
network for solving problems too intensive for any
standalone machine.

Cloud computing is a technology of computing which is

being adapted fast by IT industry and is moving towards
becoming the trend of tomorrow’s technology.

Autonomic computing is a model where the systems can

self-heal, self-configure, self-protect and self-manage.

Virtualization entails to create a virtual type of a device or

asset, for example, a server, storage device, network or even
an operating system where the structure splits up the asset
into one or more execution environments.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
What is a cloud?

Define cloud computing.

Give your opinion on adoption of cloud by operators around

the world.

Explain the benefits of cloud computing.

Cloud computing can save money. Explain.

Describe cloud computing as concisely and simply as

possible in layman’s language.

Comment on the growth of online data.

Why are professional clouds required in cloud computing?

Explain the role of performance cloud in cloud computing.

Name the three basic clouds in cloud computing.

Why is cloud necessary?

State the importance of cloud computing in IT sector.

Explain the benefits of cloud computing.

What are the uses of cloud computing?

List the characteristics of cloud computing.

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