ASSIGNMENT NO.

5
Topic:

MACHINE SHOP

SUBMITED TO: Sir Burhan

SUBMITTED BY: 18-Chem-84

NAME: Abdul Rehman

 Machine Shop
Definition:
A machine shop is a room, building, or company where machining, a form of subtractive manufacturing, is
done. In a machine shop, machinists use machine tools and cutting tools to make parts, usually
of metal or plastic (but sometimes of other materials such as glass or wood).

Machine Tool
A machine tool is a machine for shaping or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting,
boring, grinding, shearing, or other forms of deformation.

Capabilities of Machine Tool:

There are four main capabilities which must be fulfilled by a machine tool:

 Power Driven
 Cutting Ability
 Material Holder
 Should be able to move the material

Fundamental Machine Tools:

 Drilling Machine
 Milling Machine
 Grinding Machine
 Power Saw
 Lathe Machine

Drilling Machine:
Drilling machine can be defined as a machine which makes a circular hole in the job by removing volume of the
metal from it with the help of a cutting tool called drill bit.

Principle:
The rotating edge of the drill exerts a large force on the workpiece and the hole is generated. The removal of
metal in a drilling operation is by shearing and extrusion.

Parts of Drilling Machine:

Major parts of Drilling machine are given below:

 Spindle
 Spindle Clamp
 Chuck
 Base table
  Work Table
 Column

Operations of Drilling Machine:

Drilling machine gives following operation:

 Counter boring
 Countersinking
 Reaming
 Taping

Milling Machine:
Milling is a process performed with a machine in which the cutters rotate to remove the material from the work
piece present in the direction of the angle with the tool axis. With the help of the milling machines one can
perform many operations and functions starting from small objects to large ones.

Principle:
The work piece is holding on the worktable of the machine. The table movement controls the feed of work piece
against the rotating cutter. The cutter is mounted on a spindle or arbor and revolves at high speed. Except for
rotation the cutter has no other motion. As the work piece advances, the cutter teeth remove the metal from the
surface of work piece and the desired shape is produced.

Operations of Milling Machine:

Various operations of Milling Machine

 Plane Milling
 Face Milling
 Side Milling
 Slotting
 Sawing
 Cam Milling
  Thread Milling
 Gang Milling
 Angular Milling
 Form Milling

Types of Milling Machine:

There are three types of Milling Machine:

 Vertical Milling Machine

 Horizontal Milling Machine
 Universal Milling Machine

Grinding Machine:
A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power tools or machine tools used
for grinding, which is a type of machining using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of abrasive on
the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece via shear deformation.

Principle:
The process of grinding can take shape in many forms, but one of the oldest forms of grinding is the grinding
ball mill. In this process, a hollow ball is used. Usually, the ball is made of metal, though it can be made of
other material as well. Inside of the ball there is some form of grinding media. Grinding media is the material
that is used to rise and fall inside of the ball. The fall of the grinding media is what causes the material to be
ground.

Operations of Grinding Machine:

The operations of Grinding Machine:

 Surface Grinding
 Cylindrical Grinding
  Centerless Grinding
 Internal Grinding
 Creep-Feed Grinding

Types of Grinding Machine:

There are four types of Grinding Machine:

 Tool and Cutter Grinder

 Crankshaft Grinder
 Vertical Grinder
 Cylindrical Grinder

Power Saw:
A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or abrasive disc or blade to cut different materials using a rotary
motion spinning around an arbor. A hole saw and ring saw also use a rotary motion but are different from a
circular saw. Circular sawsmay also be loosely used for the blade itself.

Principle:
Typically, the material to be cut is securely clamped or held in a vise, and the saw is advanced slowly across it.
In variants such as the table saw, the saw is fixed and the material to be cut is slowly moved into the saw blade.
As each tooth in the blade strikes the material, it makes a small chip. The teeth guide the chip out of the
workpiece, preventing it from binding the blade.

Operations of Power Saw:

 Cutting
 Shaping
Parts of Power Saw:
Following are the parts of Power Saw Machine:
  Adjustable Vise Jaw
 Hydraulic Motor Assembly
 Stationary Vise Jaw
 Fluid Filter
 Coolant Pump
 Control Box

Lathe Machine:
A lath Machine is used for cutting, drilling, knurling and other related machine operations. Lath is one of the
old machines that are used for cutting and knurling operations. This machine has the property of producing a
three-dimensional surface.
Principle:
The lathe is a machine tool which holds the workpiece between two rigid and strong supports called centers or
in a chuck or face plate which revolves. The cutting tool is rigidly held and supported in a tool post which is fed
against the revolving work. The normal cutting operations are performed with the cutting tool fed either parallel
or at right angles to the axis of the work.
Types of Lathe Machine:
 Centre Lathe /Engine Lathe /Bench Lathe
 Tool Room Lathe
 Torrent Lathe and Capstan lathe
 Gang-Tool Lathe
 Multi Spindle Lathe
 CNC lathe / CNC Turning Center
 Turrent Lathe
 Engine Lathe
 Swiss-style Lathe/ Swiss Turning Centre
 Combination Lathe / 3in 1 Machine
Parts of Lathe Machine:

Head Stock:
A non moving part of a machine or power tool that supports a revolving part, such as the spindle of a lathe.
The part of a stringed instrument adjoined to the end of the neck, where the strings are wound. Also called
tuning head .

Spindle:
In machine tools, a spindle is a rotating axis of the machine, which often has a shaft at its heart. The shaft itself
is called a spindle, but also, in shop-floor practice, the word often is used metonymically to refer to the entire
rotary unit, including not only the shaft itself, but its bearings and anything attached to it.

Tail Stock:
A tailstock, also known as a foot stock, is a device often used as part of an engineering lathe, wood-turning
lathe, or used in conjunction with a rotary table on a milling machine. It is usually used to apply support to the
longitudinal rotary axis of a work piece being machined.
Carriage:
Carriage is located between the head stock and tail stock on the lathe bed guide ways. It can be moved along the
bed either towards or away from the head stock. It has several parts to support, move and control the cutting
tool.

Cross Slide:
The cross-slide rides on the carriage and has a feed screw which travels at right angles to the main spindle axis.
This permits facing operations to be performed, and the depth of cut to be adjusted. This feed screw can be
engaged, through a gear train, to the feed shaft (mentioned previously) to provide automated 'power feed'
movement to the cross-slide. On most lathes, only one direction can be engaged at a time as an interlock
mechanism will shut out the second gear train.

Compound Slide:
The compound rest (or top slide) is usually where the tool post is mounted The compound rest axis can be
adjusted independently of the carriage or cross-slide. It is used for turning tapers, to control depth of cut when
screw cutting or precision facing, or to obtain finer feeds (under manual control) than the feed shaft permits.
Usually, the compound rest has a protractor marked in its base
Tool Post:
A slotted or channeled post or analogous part in a lathe or other machine tool in which the cutting tool is
clamped.

Bed Ways:
The bed of Lathe acts as the base on which the different fixed and operations parts of the Lathe are mounted.
Lathe beds are usually made as single piece casting of semi-steel (i.e., toughened cast iron),with the addition of
small quantity of steel scrap to the cast iron during melting; the material ‘cast iron’ facilitating an easy sliding
action.

Saddle:
A device mounted as a support and often shaped to fit the object held.
Apron:

Attached to the front of the carriage of lathe machine, it has the mechanism and controls for moving the
carriage and cross slide.

Bed:

Usually made of cast iron. Provides a heavy rigid frame on which all the main components are mounted.

Lead Screw:

A leadscrew (or lead screw), also known as a power screw or translation screw, is a screw used as a linkage in a
machine, to translate turning motion into linear motion.

Feed Rod:

Feed rod is a power transmission mechanism used for precise linear movement of the carriage along the
longitudinal axis of the lathe.
Such lathe machines generally have a lead screw as well for thread cutting (refer to the figure below).

Operations of Lathe Machine:

Facing Operation:

Facing is the process of removing metal from the end of a work piece to produce a flat surface. Most often, the
work piece is cylindrical, but using a 4-jaw chuck you can face rectangular or odd-shaped work to form cubes
and other non-cylindrical shapes. When a lathe cutting tool removes metal it applies considerable tangential (i.e.
lateral or sideways) force to the work piece. To safely perform a facing operation the end of the work piece
must be positioned close to the jaws of the chuck. The work piece should not extend more than 2-3 times its
diameter from the chuck jaws unless a steady rest is used to support the free end.

Turning Operation:

Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a helix toolpath
by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates. There re three types of turning operation:

1. Plane turning
2. Step turning
3. Taper turning
Knurling Operation:

Knurling is a manufacturing process, typically conducted on a lathe, whereby a pattern of straight, angled or
crossed lines is rolled into the material.

Grooving Operation:

Groove cutting on CNC lathes is a multi step machining operation. The termgrooving usually applies to
a process of forming a narrow cavity of a certain depth, on a cylinder, cone, or a face of the part. The groove
shape, or at least a significant part of it, will be in the shape of the cutting tool.

Parting Operation:

Parting uses a blade-like cutting tool plunged directly into the workpiece to cut off the workpiece at a specific
length. It is normally used to remove the finished end of a workpiece from the bar stock that is clamped in the
chuck. Other uses include things such as cutting the head off a bolt.
Threading Operation:

Threading is the process of creating a screw thread. More screw threads are produced each year than any
other machine element. There are many methods of generating threads, including subtractive methods (many
kinds of thread cutting and grinding, as detailed below); deformative or transformative methods (rolling and
forming; molding and casting); additive methods (such as 3D printing); or combinations thereof.

 Pitch: The quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it ; the degree of highness or
lowness of a tone
 .Crest: The highest part or point of something the crest of the wave the crest of a hill.
 Trough: A low point in a regular series of high and low points.

Boring Operation:
In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast) by means of a
single-point cutting tool (or of a boring head containing several such tools), such as in boring a gun barrel or an
engine cylinder.

Accessories of Lathe Machine:

Three jaw chuck:

The most commonly used lathe chucks are the three jawuniversal, four jaw independent, and the collects chuck.
Three-jaw universal chuck: Three-jaw universal chuck is used to hold round and hexagonal work.

Four jaw chuck:

A 4-jaw chuck is a great, almost essential, accessory for any serious lathe worker. While it lacks the self-
centering convenience of the the 3-jaw chuck, it has other capabilities. Some things you can do with the 4-jaw
are...

 Grip rectangular and other non-cylindrical shapes for turning or facing

 Form rectangular shaped objects
 Precisely center cylindrical stock to within the limits of the lathe's accuracy
 Hold stock off-center for turning cams or drilling off-center holes

Face plate:
A lathe faceplate is a basic work holding accessory for a wood or metal turning lathe. It is a circular metal
(usually cast iron) plate which fixes to the end of the lathe spindle. The work piece is then clamped to the
faceplate, typically using t-nuts in slots in the faceplate, or less commonly threaded holes in the faceplate itself.
Dead Center:
A dead center (one that does not turn freely, i.e., dead) may be ... the workpiece at either the fixed or rotating
end of the machine.

Live Center:
Live or revolving center . A revolving center, also known as alive center in some countries, is constructed so
that the 60°center runs in its own bearings and is used at the non-driven or tailstock end of a machine.

Steady Rest:

A rest in a lathe or grinding machine in which long round pieces of work may rotate but without eccentric
movement called also center rest compare follow rest.
Follower Rest:
The purpose of the follower rest is to keep long or small diameter work from deflecting when a cutting tool is
applied to it. It slides along the top of the follower base, allowing the tool post and tool to be moved in and out
while still keeping downward pressure on the follower rest.

Lathe Dogs:
A lathe dog, also known as a lathe carrier, is a device that clamps around the work piece and allows the rotary
motion of the machine's spindle to be transmitted to the work piece. A carrier is most often used when turning
between centers on a lathe, but it may be used on dividing heads or any similar situation.