1 - WCDMA Wireless Principle 49

WR_BT02_E1_1
WCDMA Wireless Principle
ZTE University
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Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

» Radio Propagation Characteristics
» Spreading Technology
» Channel Coding
» Interleave Technology
» Modulation
WCDMA Radio Mechanism

Multi-path characteristics of radio channel
n Electromagnetic propagation:
--direct radiation, reflection, diffraction and scattering
n Signal attenuation:
„ Path loss: Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread
reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading
„ Slow fading: Loss because of being blocked by the building and hill in the
propagation path
„ Fast fading: Electromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens
wavelength ranges
n Description of Fast fading distribution

„ Rayleigh distribution: non line-of –sight(NLOS) transmission
„ Rician distribution: line-of –sight(LOS) transmission

Multi-Path Effects
sending signal
strength
receiving signal
0 time

Characteristics of Radio Propagation
Interference dithering
0 τ 2τ 3τ σ σ+ τ
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal
delay fading
0dB -25dB
0 τ σ σ+ τ
Sending signal Accepting signal Sending signal Accepting signal
Frequency
Frequencyoff-
off-set caused
off-set caused by
bythe
themovement
movementof mobile，
ofmobile ，
that
thatis
isDoppler
Dopplereffect
effect

Contents

» Channel Coding
» Modulation
WCDMA Radio mechanism

Spread Spectrum Principles
SHANON Formula
C
C == B*log
B*log22(1+S/N)
(1+S/N)
Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum

communications.

MAT
HAM H Power is “Spread” Over a Larger Bandwidth
MER
MATH
HAMMER
30 KHz
1.25 MHz

Despreading
Spreading radio channel
Noise
Transmitter Receiver
„ User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

multiplying high speed spread code(chip)
„ Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal
bandwidth Rb
„ For WCDMA, W=3.84Mchip/s, Rb(voice)=12kbit/s

S（f） S（f）
signal
signal
f0 f0 f
f
Before spreading After spreading
S（f） S（f）
White noise signal

signal White noise
f0 f f0 f
After despreading
Before despreading
signal interference White noise

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication v
Spreading Mode
n Direct sequence spread spectrum（DS-SS）

„ Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise (PN)
sequence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence
generated by the pseudo-noise generator
„ BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
„ Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by
power detection accuracy
„ WCDMA uses DS-SS
n Frequency hopping spread spectrum（FH-SS）

„ Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency
hopping
„ Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband
modulation
„ No near-far effect

DS-SS communication system
n A technology of transmission after spreading signal

spectrum.
Wideband
Signal
Slow Slow
Information Information
Sent Recovered
TX RX
Fast Fast
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence

Many code channels are individually

“spread” and then added together to
create a “composite signal”

„ Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite

signal by using the “right” orthogonal code
„ Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than interference and
noise
Processing Gain
Broadband
Interference
Unwanted Power from

Other Resources

扩频通信原理
The relation between Eb/N0 and PG
Signal Power S E/t Noise Power N

Eb = = = N0 = =
Bit Rate R B/t Bandwidth W
Signal to Noise
S
R
Eb S W S W
= = X = X
N0 R N N R
N
W
Processing Gain

Processing Gain
Processing Wc
Gain Processing Gain =
Rb
Despreading
f
W Rb
n PG=W c/Rb (W c : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

„ Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after spread/despread
„ The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger PG, the better
The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.

Question
What’s the Processing Gain for voice service in WCDMA

system?
Given: Voice data rate = 12.2kbps
n PG=10lg(Wc/Rb) , dB units
„ Wc: 3.84Mchip/s
„ Rb: 12.2kbps
n So for voice service,

„ PG=10lg(3.84*106 /12.2*103)= 25 dB

Concept of orthogonal code
Code1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 Code1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1
Code2 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 Code2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1
Mul -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 Mul +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1
Sum 0 Sum -2
Orthogonal Non-orthogonal
n Orthogonal—
the result of multiplying
and sum is 0

Example of orthogonal code
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
MUL MUL -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 1 1 1
-4 4 -1 1
Integral Judge
0 0

Direct spread technique
S1 S1xC1
W
Spreading
S2XC2
Air Interface
S2
S
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1
N =S1 (S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Despreading
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2 C1xC2=0,
=S2 C1,C2,orthogonal

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading
Symbol
1
Data=010010 -1
Chip
Spreading
Spreading code =
1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
( SF = 8 )
1
Spread signal -1
= Data × code
Despreading
Spreading code 1
-1
Data = 1
Spread signal × -1
Spreading code

Characteristics of Spreading Communication
n High anti-multi-path interference capability
n Anti-sudden-pulse
n High security
n Lower transmitting power
n Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access

Communication
n Occupy band wide
n Complex realization

Contents

» Channel Coding
» Modulation

Purpose of Channel Coding
n By adding redundant information in the original data stream,

receivers can detect and correct the error signal, and
improve data transmission rates.
Can not satisfy

No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2 the communication
Can satisfy the

Convolutional coding：BER<10-3 speech communication
Can satisfy the

Turbo coding： BER<10-6 data communication

Principle of Channel Coding
n Channel coding
„ Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the original data
„ Convolutional coding and Turbo coding （1/2，1/3） are widely applied.
„ Increase noneffective load and transmission time
„ Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors
WCDMA WWCCDDMMAA W? CCDDMMAA

TURBO
Encoding
T T UURRBBOO T T ? URRBBOO
SPEAK S S PPEEAAKK S S PPEE A? KK
Decoding

Contents

» Channel Coding
» Modulation

Principle of Interleave Technology

n advantage
„ Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the unexpected
errors
„ Advance the correcting validity
n disadvantage：
„ Increase the processing delay
„ Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for the
unexpected error .
e.g.
x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
Data input x2 x7 … x22 Data output

x3 x8 … x23 A’= (x1 x6 x11 x16… x25)
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 … x25)
x4 x9 … x24
x5 x10 … x25

Encoding and Interleaving
WCDMA WWCCDDMMAA WTSWTS

Encoding Interleaving
TURBO T T UURRBBOO CUPCUP
SPEAK S S PPEEAAKK DREDRE
MBAMBA
Encoding + Interleaving can correct both AOKAOK
continuous and non-continuous errors
WTS???
Decoding W ? ? C D D M M A ? Deinterleaving
? ? ?CUP
T ? ?UR??BOO
DR?D?E
S ? ?P?EAAKK
M?AMBA
AOK?OK

Contents

» Channel Coding
» Modulation

Principle of Modulation
n Definition
„ Modulation is the process where the amplitude, frequency, or
phase of an electronic or optical signal carrier is changed in
order to transmit information.
„ Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve
communication effectiveness
bit Symbol
Modulation
n Classification
„ Analog Modulation
„ Digital Modulation

Analog Modulation
n The purpose of analog modulation is to impress an

information-bearing analog waveform onto a carrier
for transmission.
„ Common analog modulation methods include:
Ÿ Amplitude modulation (AM)
Ÿ Frequency modulation (FM)
Ÿ Phase modulation (PM)

Digital Modulation
n The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an

information-bearing discrete-time symbol
sequence into a continuous-time waveform
(perhaps impressed on a carrier).
„ Basic modulation methods include
Ÿ Amplitude shift Keying (ASK)
Ÿ Frequency shift Keying (FSK)
Ÿ Phase shift Keying (PSK)

Contents

» WCDMA Data Transmission Procedure
» Channel Coding of WCDMA
» Spreading Technology of WCDMA
» Modulation of WCDMA

WCDMA Data transmission Procedure
Encoding & Baseband Spreading

UE Data Modulation
Interleaving modulation
RF Transmitting
Despreading Demodulation RF Receiving
Baseband Decoding & UE Data

demodulation De-inteleaving

Contents

» WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

Convolutional Code
n Characteristics
„ Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal
channel
„ Coding rate : 1/2 & 1/3
„ Channel bit error rate is 10-3 magnitude
„ Easy decoding
„ Short delay
„ Suitable for realtime service

Ÿ e.g. speech and video service.

Turbo Code
n Characteristics
„ Used in Data service channel
„ Code Rate is 1/3
„ Channel bit error rate is 10-6 magnitude
„ Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long

delay services
„ Complex decoding, needs cycle iterative calculation
„ Very suitable for non-realtime package service which is BER

sensitive & delay insensitive
Ÿ e.g. WWW, FTP, E-mail , multimedia transmission .

Contents


Spreading Process of WCDMA
Symbol Chip
Data Spread Data
3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps
OVSF Code Scrambling

Code
Symbol rate × SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps

For WCDMA, SF of uplink channelization code：4~256
SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

Channelization Code
n Adopt OVSF code
„ Definition: Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where

SF : spread factor， k : code number, 0 < k≤SF-1
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, -1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,4,2 = (1, -1 ,1, - 1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1, -1, -1, 1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Scrambling Code
nWCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence (PN code)

„ It has similar noise array character, seemingly random but with regularity.
„ Can make the user data further random, strengthened by scrambling code
to keep secret the user data, at the same time easy to carry out multiple
access communication.
n WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence

„ Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation.
„ Cross-correlation is very weak between two codes.
„ It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.

Characteristic of Scrambling code
n There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to distinguish
different users in one cell.
n There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish different

cells
„ Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes, which are code
0，1，……，8191. They are divided into 512 aggregations，each
aggregation has 1 primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary
scrambling codes (SSC).
„ The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further into 64 primary
scrambling code groups , with 8 primary scrambling codes in each group.

Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling
Codes
18
2 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all
(0..262142)
No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group

……
No. 511 Scrambling Code
No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group
Group
No. 7 Scrambling Code
8176 No. 510 Scrambling
8176：PSC Code
Group
… Group
8177 8177：SSC No. 1 Scrambling Code
8160 No.8160：主扰码
504 Scrambling
112 Code
8176：PSC
Group
… No. 0 Scrambling Code
Group
8161 8161：辅扰码 113 8177：辅扰码 …
16 16：PSC Group
8191 8191：SSC
8064 8064：主扰码 …17 17：SSC
… 0 0：PSC
8065 8065：辅扰码127 8191：辅扰码
8175 8175：辅扰码 … 1 1：SSC
…
31 31：SSC …
8079 8079：辅扰码
15 15：SSC

Code Functions
„ Channelization code ---- for separation of physical channels

in the uplink and separation of users in the downlink
„ Scrambling code ---- for separation of users/terminals in the

uplink and cells/sectors in the downlink.

Spreading code & scrambling code
c ch 1 Air Interface
Modulation
c ch 2 c scrambling
c ch 3
„ Cch：spread code
Ÿ Relative to service rate，extended to 3.84Mchips/s
Ÿ A kind of orthogonal code
„ Cscrambling：scrambling code
Ÿ Have no effect on signal bandwidth
Ÿ downlink for identifier cell，uplink identifier terminal
Ÿ A pseudo-random sequence

Despreading procedure
n Method of despreading
Input signal
Output after despreading
Ts
(*)dt
0
When T=Ts, judge

integral
Local PN code

Contents


Modulation Methods in WCDMA

n BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channels
n QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
n 16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA

Summary
n Principle of WCDMA
„ All users are simultaneously transmitted in the same frequency band
„ Users interfere with each other
„ Adjacent cells use the same frequency
„ Cells, users (terminals), and physical channels are separated by codes
n Channel coding
„ Convolutional code
„ Turbo code
n Codes
„ Channelization code
„ Scrambling code
n Modulation
„ BPSK
„ QPSK
„ 16QAM

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WR_BT02_E1_1

WCDMA Wireless Principle

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

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Multi-path characteristics of radio channel

--direct radiation, reflection, diffraction and scattering

n Description of Fast fading distribution

„ Rician distribution: line-of –sight(LOS) transmission

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Characteristics of Radio Propagation

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The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

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Spread Spectrum Principles

It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum

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Spread Spectrum Principles

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Spread Spectrum Principles

„ User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

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Spread Spectrum Principles

White noise signal

signal interference White noise

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n Direct sequence spread spectrum（DS-SS）

n Frequency hopping spread spectrum（FH-SS）

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DS-SS communication system

n A technology of transmission after spreading signal

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Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually

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Spread Spectrum Principles

„ Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite

Unwanted Power from

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The relation between Eb/N0 and PG

Signal Power S E/t Noise Power N

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n PG=W c/Rb (W c : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

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What’s the Processing Gain for voice service in WCDMA

n So for voice service,

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Concept of orthogonal code

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Example of orthogonal code

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Direct spread technique

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Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading

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Characteristics of Spreading Communication

n High anti-multi-path interference capability

n Lower transmitting power

n Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access

n Occupy band wide

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The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication