CHAPTER 5 Base course – the fraction passing the 0.425mm(No.

40) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not more

Aggregates (according to AASHTO & DPWH) than 25 and the plastic index not greater than 6. For sub-base course, the LL should not be greater
 (for either bituminous/asphalt or PCC pavement) than 35,and PI not greater than 12
- Shall consist of hard durable particles or fragments of crushed stone, crushed slag, or
crushed rock or natural gravel Surface course- the fraction passing the 0.425
mm(No.40) sieve shall have a LL not more than
Test for aggregates to be classified as good quality: 35 and PI not less than 4 nor exceed 9
1. Test for strength
2. Test for soundness Mineral Filler – a dust additive which reduces the void contents in the mixture
3. Test for affinity and swell Classification of dust additive:
4. Test for shape and texture 1. Finely powdered limestone
5. Test for resistance to polishing 2. Slag
6. Degradation Test 3. Hydrated Lime
4. Portland cement
Hydrophilic 5. Trap rock dust
– term used when the aggregate has greater affinity for water than asphalt 6. Fly ash
Relatively rounded smooth aggregate particles Bituminous material(asphalt) – viscous liquid used as binder for aggregates in road construction
– like natural gravel is recommended for PCC pavement Purpose of asphalt binder – to resist the abrasive force brought about by heavy traffic
Angular or cubical shape and rough surface texture Asphalt cement
– an excellent material for asphalt pavement because of its strong interlocking action and − used as binder for almost all high types of bituminous pavement
well adherence of asphalt binder t the articles − A semi solid hydrocarbon retained after fuel and lubricating oils are removed from
Thin /elongated piece of dirt petroleum
– considered undesirable material for either asphalt or concrete pavement − 200-300 penetration softest grade
− 60-70 penetration hardest type
PARTICLE SIZE Penetration
1. Dense graded pavement – the particle size of aggregate ranges from coarse to dust − consistencies of asphalt cement as described under AASHTO-T49
2. Open graded pavement – one or more layer of the coarse rock of uniform size is used − Distance that a standard needle penetrates a sample under known conditions of loading
3. Sheet asphalt – the mineral aggregate Is a carefully graded sand and mineral dust time and temperature
Liquid asphalt – petroleum product consisting of asphalt cement with a liquid distillate
88%- 96% by weight or more than 75% by volume Reason of being frowned in using cutback:
- Constitution of aggregate for bituminous or asphalt pavement − it is a usable fuel
− it is an air pollutant
Test to obtain high quality concrete for PCC pavement: Classification of cutback or liquid asphalt:
- Test for strength  slow curing(SC) road soil
- Test for soundness  medium curing (MC) cutback asphalt
- Test for wear  rapid curing (RC) cutback asphalt
Coarse aggregate – material retained on the 2.00 mm(No.10) sieve and shall have a percentage of Emulsified asphalt
water not more than 50 for sub-base and not more than 45 for base and surface courses − a kind of mixture wherein the minute globules of asphalt disperses in water
Fine aggregate – material passing the No.10 sieve (2.00 mm) consisting of natural, crushed sand − An alternate to cutback
and fine mineral particles. The fraction passing the 0.075 mm(No.200) sieve should not be Cationic Emulsion – very effective on high siliceous aggregates but may strip form high alkaline that
greater than 0.66(2/3) of the fraction passing the 0.425mm(No.40) sieve carry strong positive surface changes
Rejuvenating agent – an emulsified petroleum resin sprayed over the surface of an asphalt road that Names of mixture of rock materials with asphalt:
changes the asphaltenes causing the binder to harden and cracks 1. asphalt macadam
Oxidized asphalt – suitable only for roofing and similar applications 2. asphaltic concrete
Road tar – by-product of the distillation process of coal 3. mastic
Bitumen rubber mixture – experimented in Holland in the year 1929. 4. national paving
Epoxy resin binders – produced in a clear, dark, rigid and flexible form for application to either 5. plant mix
concrete or asphalt pavement. 6. asphalt sheet
Test for bituminous binders: 7. road mix
1. Test of consistency is subdivided into; 8. armor coat
 kinematics viscosity test 9. oil mat, etc.
 saybolt-fural test Qualities of asphalt road:
 engler specific gravity test 1. surface must be free form cracks or raveling due to shrinkage and fatigue failure
 the float test 2. must withstand weather condition
 penetration test 3, must be resistant to internal moisture
 softening point test 4. must possess a tight or porous impermeable surface
2. test for durability 5. must be smooth, riding and skid free surface
3. test for solubility
4. distillation test Asphalt concrete
5. thin film oven test − refers to a dense graded road surface made of hot mineral aggregate
6. flashpoint − Mix with hot asphalt and laid at high temp. of 275’ F – 300’F
7. test for homogeneity of petroleum asphalt Bituminous Pavement Failure- caused by excessive load.
8. special test for emulsion asphalt Surface treatment – method that is applied to upgrade untreated surface into rejuvenate an existing
 test for demulsibilty pavement
 test for settlement Dust palliative – a surface treatment or application of asphalt to control dust and fine sand along the
 sieve test highway
 cement mixing test Armor coat-
 particle charge and PH tests − surface treatment using a thin bituminous binder covered by mineral aggregate applied to
 miscibility and freezing test an earth, gravel or water bound macadam surface
Problems associated with bituminous binders − Applied to two or more lifts
1. Test result showed that the thicker the asphalt film, the lesser is the process of aging but the Seal Coat – application of asphalt binder to a pavement surface cover with aggregate.
thickness of asphalt film ranges from 0.005 to 0.10mm. Sheet Asphalt – mixture of sand fillers and asphalt cement
2. Mixtures that are too dry, cracks and breaks easily Cold laid asphalt – mixture of course and fine aggregates and liquid asphalt or emulsion.
3. Higher asphalt content and lower percentage of voids may cause instability of the pavement Slurry seal - combination of sand, crushed stone, emulsified asphalt and water.
4. Improper construction procedure can age asphalt prematurely Asphalt Overlay – layer of asphalt bound aggregate laid to an existing pavement.
5. Extended period of mixing, the temp. produces substantial reduction of asphalt penetration.
6. Climatic conditions can seriously affect the behavior of asphalt binders Aggregate for Bituminous Concrete
7. Diff. brand or source has variability in behavior - Coarse aggregate retained on 2.36 (no. 8 sieve) should be either crushed stone, crushed
8. Asphalt with 77’ F penetration but high viscosity temp. ration will become hard and brittle at ower slag, crushed or normal gravel
temp. - Fine aggregates passing the 2.36 mm (no. 8 sieve) shall consist of natural sand, stone
screening or slag screening or a combination thereof.
Bituminous pavement – combination of mineral aggregate and binders.
Bed Course Materials (for sidewalks, pave-waterways and curving) CHAPTER 7
 Cinders 3 Major Structural Parts of Roadway
 Sand 1. Sub-base or subgrade
 Slag - earth beneath the road, properly arranged and graded, compacted and stabilized.
 Gravel - supporting structure on w/c the pavement surface and its special under courses rest.
 Crushed Stone 2. Base Course
 Other materials 37.5 mm - materials laid on top of the subgrade consisting of crushed stone/ gravel, sometimes mixed w/
asphalt binders.
Construction Requirements 3. Pavement
1. Seal coating should not be undertaken on foggy, or rainy day. - material laid over the base course consisting of asphalt concrete/ PCC.
2. Wet material cover coat should not be used on the work and no seal coating work be continued at
night unless provided with sufficient lighting. Types of Base Course
3. Seal coating operation should not be started until the bituminous surface is thoroughly compacted 1. Granular Base Course / Untreated Soil Mixture
by traffic and road roller. 2. Treated Base Course
4. Seal coating should not be placed on newly constructed or reconditioned road surface less than 10
days after the surface is laid and open to traffic. Materials used in Stabilizing Base Course
5. Road surface to receive bituminous materials should be cleaned of dirt, sand, dust, and  Asphalt
objectionable materials.  Lime
 Portland cement
 Other binders mixed w/ aggregate base course

Sand and Asphalt Base Course

- Composed of either loose beach sand, dune pit or river sand cemented w/ asphalt
materials.
Soil Cement
- A stabilized cement mixture produced by using abundant native local material.
Excavation
- Process of loosening and removing earth/ rock from its original position in a cut and
transporting it to a fill/ to waste deposit.

Classification of Roadway Excavation

1. Unclassified Excavation
2. Rock Excavation
3. Common Excavation
4. Muck Excavation
5. Borrow Excavation

Pre-splitting
- Drilling and blasting procedure that may be employed to control over break and to give
a uniform face to a back slope/ rock cuts.
-
Free Haul Distance Behavior of Concrete Pavement that is exposed to Loading and Environmental effect depends
- Specify distance wherein an excavated material will be hauled w/out additional cost upon:
Overhaul - Quality of concrete
- An authorized hauling in excess of the free hauled distance. - Underlying subgrade and base course
Equipment for compaction: Concrete Pavement
1. pneumatic or rubber tired rollers - Strong in resisting compression loads but weak in resisting tensile stresses.
2. drum type roller with projecting feet or logs called sheep’s foot roller - Expand and contract due to temp changes.
3. vibratory compactors - Changes in length w/ time of day for being exposed to diff. elements of weather
4. smooth drum rollers changes.
Deterioration
CHAPTER 8 - Due to stress brought about by load, moisture and temp.
Portland cement – combination of limestones, marl or other calcareous materials and clay, shale or Categories of Distressed of Concrete
like argillaceous substances - Distortion
Types of Portland cement (AASHTO) - Cracking
1. TYPE 1 or 1A (air entraining) - Disintegration
- for general concrete construction when specified properties of the other 4 types are not required. Distortion
2. TYPE II or IIA (air entraining) - Vertical displacement of concrete slab at the joints or cracks.
- for general concrete construction exposed to moderate action or where moderate heat of hydration Faulting
is required. - Result of back pumping tremendous force/ load that develop under pavement.
3. TYPE III or IIIA (air entraining) Causes of Faulting
- for high strength concrete  Loss of slab support
4. TYPE IV  Erosion of subbase
- for low heat of hydration Cracking
5. TYPE V - Can take many forms in concrete pavement that could be the result from applied load,
- for high sulfate resistance temperature, or moisture changes.
Most common type Crack
Chemical constituting Portland Cement 1. Corner Crack
1. Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) - associated w/ excessive corner deflection
2. Dicalcium Silicate (C2S) 2. Transverse Cracks
3. Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) - associated w/mixture/ temp stresses / poor construction methods.
4. Tetracalcium alumina ferrite (C4AF) Disintegration
- Appears in the form of durability cracking, scaling/spalling as a result of mix design /
Materials used in concrete pavement: construction related problems like:
1. portland cement
2. coarse aggregate Durability cracking
3. fine aggregate o Result from freeze-thaw action
4. water Scaling
5. reinforcing steel o Network of shallow fine hairline rocks w/c extends through the upper surface
6. temperature steel of the concrete.
7. dowel bars Spalling
8. tie bars o Breaking/ chipping of the joints edges
Changes in temp. and moisture content creates: 6. can be laid on any subgrade
 Slab curling 7. can be easily reinforced when they are to resist high stresses due to heavy wheel loads
 Flexure stresses of the traffic
 Overall lengthening and shortening of the slab 8. concrete roads are non-slippery and offer less tractive resistance
Types of Concrete Pavement Joints 9. they provide good visibility for traffic during night hours
Expansion joints 10. maintenance cost is low
Provides space allowance for the lengthening of slab due to expansion.
Longitudinal Joints Disadvantage of concrete pavement
− Provided bet. Adjacent traffic lane 1. the initial cost of concrete road is high
− Considered as hinges to provide edge support but allows rotation bet. the slab. 2. they are liable to crack and warp due to temp. variations
Construction joint 3.become noisy under iron-typed traffic
- to provide suitable transition between concrete laid at diff. times 4. skilled supervision and labor are required for construction
Contraction Joint 5. less resilient than bituminous pavement
- placed transversely at regular intervals across the width of the pavement to release 6. require long time for curing and thus cannot be opened to traffic earlier
some of the tensile stresses that are so induced 7. it is very difficult to locate and repair sewers and water mains lying under the pavement
in their case
Pumping
- Ejection of water and sub grade soil through the joints and cracks along the edges of
the concrete pavement.
Admixture
- Substance added in mixing to change the characteristics of concrete mixture
Air entrainment
- Entrapment of air in the concrete mixture in the form of evenly distributed small
bubbles.
Polymer concrete
- Could be used alone or in combination with Portland cement to bind aggregates
together producing concrete
Classification of polymer mixture:
1. Polymer-Impregnated concrete (PIC)
- a PCC impregnated with monometer after curing
2. Polymer Concrete (PC)
- a mixture of polymer binder and aggregate
3. Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC)
- a pre-mixture cement paste and aggregate wherein a monometer is mixed before curing

Advantages of concrete pavement

1. concrete roads have long life than any other roads
2. these roads are durable and are practically unaffected by weathering agencies
3. they provide an excellent riding surface under all weather conditions
4. they provide an impervious, dustless and sanitary surface
5. they do not develop corrugations