Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)

2019 MID-YEAR CONVENTION

DAVAO CITY
JUNE 13 to 15, 2019

“Securing Water for

the Future”
by
Engr. Romualdo Ma. T. Beltran, BSCE, Dipl. WRE, CES
and
Engr. Carlito I. Silvestre, Jr. BSCE, MS in Eng’g Mgt.
1
Presentation Outline
1. Introduction
2. The Water Cycle
3. Water Security
4. Risk Based Approach – Water
Security
5. Closing

2
Introduction

3
Water is a vital resource to support all
forms of life on earth.

4
Water is the basis of life, the life of
plants, animals and mankind.

5
 Water is the basic element for growth and
development as well as the basic requirement for
the health of the world’s environment.

6
 But, water is a finite resource.

And, there is no life w/o WATER!

7
The Water Cycle

8
The HYDROLOGIC
or WATER CYCLE
9
10
 The earth’s total rainfall amounts to
approximately 577,000 km3

79 % of which falls back into the ocean; 19% on land; and 2% on lakes. 11
The distribution of the world’s water

Majority of the earth’s water is located in the

oceans, the permanent snow and ice, glaciers of
the Artic and Antartic, rivers, lakes and
groundwater.

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13
Distribution of World’s Water
Estimated by Country

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15
Water Security

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Water Security: Defined
• “Water Security” is defined as “the availability of an acceptable
quantity and quality of water for health, livelihood, ecosystems
and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related
risks to people, environment and economics” (Grey and Sadoff,
2007).
• It is also understood as the management of four water risks
namely:
• Scarcity
• Floods
• Pollution, and
• Fresh water ecosystem resilience (OECD, 2013)
• Water security is very significant to long-term economic,
environmental and social dimensions, addressing challenges
related to access to water, water sanitation and water-related
disasters is of important and critical to economic growth.

17
Philippines
• In the Philippines, water supply, sanitation and disaster risk reduction
are critical development sectors in both urban and rural areas.
• Based on the report of the World Health Organization (WHO) –
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 93% of urban population
and 92% of rural population have access to drinking water.
• While, the Philippines is an archipelago consisting of some 7,107
large and small islands, with Luzon island being the largest followed
by Mindanao island. Two distinct seasons, the wet and the dry,
characterize the climate of the country.
• During the wet season, (June until November of the year), rains shower all
across the land, and too much rainfall causes floods.
• The dry season, meanwhile, starts from December to May of the succeeding
year, with lesser amount or almost zero rainfall.
• The change in climate from dry to wet are always associated with
drought / shortage of water and floods / excess water.

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Metro Manila
• In the case of Metro Manila, given the realities of population
growth, aging water and sewerage infrastructure,
vulnerability to natural calamities and climate change,
watershed degradation and environmental abuse, reckless
water usage and conservation inaction, flooding and other
effects of water misuse, the scenario of a Metro Manila-
wide water crisis remains a threat.
• Metro Manila is under the jurisdiction of MWSS, and its
service area contributes close to 40% of national GDP.
• In 2011, MWSS took cognizance of the above and laid down
the foundation for a roadmap, a long-term master plan to
water sustainability, and implemented the “Water Security
Legacy Plan”.

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“Water Security Legacy Plan” (MWSS)
• Legacy 1: Water Resources and
Infrastructure Development,
Management and Protection
• Legacy 2: Water Distribution
Efficiency
• Legacy 3: Sewerage and
Sanitation Compliance
• Legacy 4: Water Rates Review
and Rationalization
• Legacy 5: Organizational
Excellence
• Legacy 6: Partnership Building
and Development
• Legacy 7: Communications and
Knowledge Management
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Metro Cebu
• In the island of Cebu, groundwater resources is the main
source of its domestic water supply including municipal and
industrial water requirements.
• However, groundwater extraction has its limitations in terms
of safe available yield, over extraction will result in some
environmental problems like land subsidence or salt water
intrusion.
• As of 2017, the Metropolitan Cebu Water District (MCWD), is
producing over 220,000 cubic meters per day and serving
over 183,000 service connections in its service area
composed of the cities of Cebu, Mandaue, Talisay and Lapu-
Lapu and the Municipalities of Consolacion, Liloan,
Compostela and Cordova.
• The Metro Cebu Development Coordinating Board in
cooperation with JICA made a “Roadmap Study” which
included action plans for water supply and sanitation for 21
Metro Cebu, with a vision 2050.
 Main elements of the Cebu City Water
Security Roadmap
To address water supply: To address sanitation:
• Short-term - developing project • Short-term – construction of se
s to build new water supply facil ptic treatment plant, improvem
ities i.e. reservoirs, pump statio ent of inappropriate septic tanks
ns, well development, the const , construction of wastewater tre
ruction of Mananga 1 dam. atment facilities in development
• Medium-term – construction of areas.
Kotkot and Lusaran dams, study • Medium-term – construction of
of groundwater exploration, the a centralized sewerage system a
reduction of non-revenue water. nd promotion of ecological sanit
• Long-term – development of sur ation technologies.
face water and groundwater in t • Long-term – expansion of the cu
he northern and southern areas rrent sewerage systems.
of Cebu, the construction of des
alination plant, the reduction of
non-revenue water, groundwate
r recharge and use of recycled w
ater. 22
Risk Based Approach – Water
Security

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Risk Based Approach to Water
Security
• A risk based approach to water security involves:
• The determination of acceptable levels of the different risks in terms
of the likelihood that they will occur and the potential economic or
other impacts, and balancing against the benefits of improving or
implementing water security projects.
• It is also flexible in terms of the acceptable level of risk and can be
adjusted in a relatively short notice should a more cost-effective
solution or measures to mitigate the risks becomes available or
identified, and if new opportunities for economic development
warrant action to further reduce the level of risks.
• In practice, it is often the natural disasters – and not new opportunities –
that prompt countries to revisit the acceptable levels of water risks
implicit in their policies and measures.

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“How can we SECURE our
WATER SUPPLY for the
FUTURE?”

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 Dam Development

Dams were built to store water. 26

 Dams and reservoirs have contributed to the
development of human being since the beginning
of time.

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Dams were built to provide water for irrigated agriculture,
domestic or industrial use, to generate hydropower or help
control floods.

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 Dams – Benefits
•Dams are important contributors to the
development of many countries. They
improve and expand power generation,
irrigation, and domestic and industrial
water supplies, and provide security
against droughts and protection from
floods.

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 The Early dams in the
Philippines were built
to secure water supply.

ANGAT DAM

IPO DAM
Wawa Dam
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 CASE EXAMPLE - ANGAT DAM

• BUILT IN 1967 AS A MULTI-PURPOSE DAM / RESERVOIR TO PROVIDE

IRRIGATION WATER, DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY AND POWER
GENERATION.
• BASED ON HISTORICAL RECORDS, IT’S RESERVOIR ELEVATION OR
WATER STORAGE AVAILABLE FOR WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION
BECOMES DEFICIT DUE EL NINO THAT OCCURS AT INTERVALS OF 2 TO
9 YEARS (PER PAGASA).
• GIVEN THE EVER INCREASING POPULATION IN METRO MANILA
(WATER DEMAND), SHORTAGES WILL OCCUR MORE FREQUENT AND
AFFECTING A LOT OF PEOPLE IN THE COMING YEARS.
• THE ORIGINAL WATER RIGHTS / ALLOCATIONS FROM THE ANGAT DAM
/ RESERVOIR NOW BEING RE-ALLOCATED FROM IRRIGATION TO
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY.

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 CASE EXAMPLE - ANGAT DAM

• AS A CONSEQUENCE, FOOD SECURITY WILL BE AFFECTED IN FAVOR OF

DOMESTIC WATER SECURITY.
• BY IDENTIFYING THE RISK INVOLVED, THE PROCESS OF WATER
ALLOCATIONS AMONG STAKEHOLDERS CAN BE FACILITATED USING A
RISK BASED APPROACH.
• ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF WATER RELATED RISKS SHOULD BE ACHIEVED
AT LEAST COST POSSIBLE, AND THE RESULT OF A WELL-INFORMED
POLICY CHOICES AND TRADE-OFFS WITH OTHER RELATED SECURITY
OBJECTIVES – I.E. FOOD, ENERGY, CLIMATE AND BIODIVERSITY.

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 Closing
• A holistic and proactive approach is needed to
address water security concerns.
• Water security is about learning to live with an
acceptable level of water related risk (drought and
flood) that requires a better understanding of the
risks involved, ensuring the level of risks that is used
for planning and policy purposes taking into
account all social preferences, and managing risks
and trade-offs at the least cost to all stakeholders.
• The key factors are to know the risk, target the risk
and manage the water related risks to ensure: (a)
FOOD Security, (b) WATER Security, (c) ENERGY
Security, (d) HEALTH, and (e) SAFETY.
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 Closing
“Water is a Resource of inter-generational
equity and challenges all of us that scarcity of
this resource today and in the future will
dramatically widen the gap between the rich
and the poor, the develop and under
developed (country).” – Edith Brown Weise

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“RP losing the war – for clean water” by
Former Pres. Fidel V. Ramos
(Article published on April 28, 2003, Philippine Graphic)

Water is life. Water is our responsibility.

What we do with our water resources
– whether good or bad –
will define our legacy to those who will come after us.
All sectors – governments, private, business, civil society,
local communities – must team up together to ensure the
sustainable availability of clean water.
Only by doing so can we guarantee a bountiful and healthy
future for our children and grandchildren to enjoy.

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 Are we losing …?
Let’s SECURE our FUTURE WATER
NOW !!!
36
Thank you!

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 Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)
2019 MID-YEAR CONVENTION
DAVAO CITY
JUNE 13 to 15, 2019

“Securing Water for

the Future”
by
Engr. Romualdo Ma. T. Beltran, BSCE, Dipl. WRE, CES
and
Engr. Carlito I. Silvestre, Jr. BSCE, MS in Eng’g Mgt.
38