cOMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS LAB -1

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Page No.

1.0 BASICS
1.1. Identify the various components of a Computer system--------------------------------------01
1.2. Differentiate between hardware and software components----------------------------------18
1.3. State the configuration of a computer system--------------------------------------------------22
1.4. Exercise on creation of Text Files using Notepad, WordPad--------------------------------29
1.5. Exercise on creation of .jpeg, .bmp Files using MS-Paint-----------------------------------33
1.6. Exercise how to use calculator-------------------------------------------------------------------35
2.0 DOS Operating System
2.1. Practice on Internal and External commands.--------------------------------------------------36
2.2. Create and use Batch Files.-----------------------------------------------------------------------44
2.3. Know the usage of Editors.-----------------------------------------------------------------------46
3.0 WINDOWS Operating System
3.1. Exercise on creation of folders and organizing files in different folders--------------------49
3.2. Exercise on use of Recycle Bin-------------------------------------------------------------------56
3.3. Exercise on use of My Computer and My Documents-----------------------------------------59
3.4. Exercise on creation of shortcut to files and folders (in other folders) on Desktop--------62
3.5. Exercise on arranging of icons – name wise, size, type, Date modified---------------------63
3.6. Exercise on searching of files and folders-------------------------------------------------------65
3.7. Exercise on using of explorer for accessing of files and folders------------------------------66
3.8. Change the system date and time.---------------------------------------------------------------67
4.0 Internet
4.1. Importance of web browser software-------------------------------------------------------------68
4.2. Structure of URL------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
4.3. Create an e-mail account---------------------------------------------------------------------------73
4.4. Send an e-mail---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74
4.5. Receive an e-mail-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------74
4.6. Browse the Internet using various search engines----------------------------------------------76
 IT WORKSHOP

BASICS

1.1Identify the various components of a Computer system

A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly
complicated problems quickly and accurately.

Input Unit:
Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem. Therefore
we need to input the data and instructions into the computers. The input unit consists of
one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input device.
Other commonly used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc.
All the input devices perform the following functions.
1. Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.
2. Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.
3. Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.

Storage Unit:
The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through
the input unit, before they are processed. It preserves the intermediate and final results
before these are sent to the output devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The

CSE/SBIT Page 1
 IT WORKSHOP

various storage devices of a computer system are divided into two categories.
1. Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to hold
the program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received from the
input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program. The primary memory is
temporary in nature. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store
the data permanently, the data has to be transferred to the secondary memory.
The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage. Therefore
most computers have limited primary storage capacity.
2. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores several
programs, documents, data bases etc. The programs that we run on the computer are first
transferred to the primary memory before it is actually run. Whenever the results are
saved, again they get stored in the secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower
and cheaper than the primary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory
devices are Hard disk, CD, etc.,

Memory Size:
All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0’s and 1’s. Each character or a
number is represented by an 8 bit code. The set of 8 bits is called a byte. A character
occupies 1 byte space. A numeric occupies 2 byte space. Byte is the space occupied in the
memory. The size of the primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB
(Megabyte). One KB is equal to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB. The size of
the primary storage in a typical PC usually starts at 16MB. PCs having 32 MB, 48MB,
128 MB, 256MB memory are quite common.

Output Unit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a
computation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly
used output devices. Other commonly used output devices are floppy disk drive, hard
disk drive, and magnetic tape drive.

CSE/SBIT Page 2
 IT WORKSHOP

Arithmetic Logical Unit:

All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the
computer. It also does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform basic
operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic
operations viz, >, <, =, ‘etc. Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers
the data from storage unit to ALU once the computations are done, the results are
transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and then it is send to the output unit for
displaying results.

Control Unit:
It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit,
where to store the data after receiving it from the user. It controls the flow of data and
instructions from the storage unit to ALU. It also controls the flow of results from the
ALU to the storage unit. The control unit is generally referred as the central nervous
system of the computer that control and synchronizes its working.

Central Processing Unit:

The control unit and ALU of the computer are together known as the Central
Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions
• It performs all calculations.
• It takes all decisions.
• It controls all units of the computer.
A PC may have CPU-IC such as Intel 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron, Pentium,
Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, and AMD etc.

Introduction to Computer Hardware:

Hardware is the physical appearance of the devices or tools. It is what which we can
touch and feel. Computer Hardware consists of the Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse and all other
devices connected to the computer either externally or internally.

CSE/SBIT Page 3
 IT WORKSHOP

A typical computer (personal computer, PC) consists of a desktop or tower case (chassis)
and the following parts:

1. CPU The central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the
processor. The processor is fitted on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board
contains various components, which support the functioning of a PC.

2. system board/Motherboard which holds the Processor, Random Access Memory

and other parts, and has slots for expansion cards

3. RAM (Random Access Memory)-

For program execution and short term data-storage, so the computer doesn't have
to take the time to access the hard drive to find something. More RAM can contribute
to a faster PC.

CSE/SBIT Page 4
 IT WORKSHOP

The main memory of the computer is called as Random Access Memory (RAM).
The name derives from the fact that data can be stored in and retrieved at random, from
anywhere in the electronic main memory chips in approximately the same amount of
time, no matter where the data is.
Main memory is in an electronic or volatile state. When the computer is off, main
memory is empty, when it is on it is capable of receiving and holding a copy of the
software instructions, and data necessary for processing.
Because the main memory is a volatile form of storage that depends on electric power
can go off during processing, users save their work frequently on to non volatile
secondary storage devices such as diskettes or hard disk.

The main memory is used for the following purposes:

1. Storage of the copy of the main software program that controls the general
operation of the computer. This copy is loaded on to the main memory when the
computer is turned on, and it stays there as long as the computer is on.
2. Temporary storage of a copy of application program instruction, to be received by
CPU for interpretation and processing or execution.
3. Temporary storage of data that has been input from the key board, until
instructions call for the data to be transferred in to CPU for processing.

Temporary storage of data, which is required for further processing or transferred as

output to output devices such as screen, a printer, a disk storage device.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Instructions which are critical to the operation of a computer are stored

permanently on Read only Memory. (ROM) chip installed by the manufacturer inside the
computer. This ROM chip is also called firm ware, retains instructions in a permanently
accessible nonvolatile form. When the power in the computer is turned off, the
instructions stored in ROM are not lost.
It is necessary and also convenient to have instructions stored in ROM. The more
instructions in ROM, the fewer diskettes we may have to handle. Until recently the

CSE/SBIT Page 5
 IT WORKSHOP

process of manufacturing ROM chips and recording data on them was more expensive
than the process of producing RAM chips. Today, due to improvements in the
manufacturing process of ROM chips have lowered the cost to the point where
manufacturers are beginning to include additional software instructions.
In addition to ROM, three additional categories of non volatile memory are used
in some computer systems. They are PROMs, EPROMs, and EPROMs. PROM stands for
programmable read only memory. It works similar to that of ROM. PROM chips are
custom made for the user by the manufacturer. The user determines what data and
instructions are to be recorded on them. The data on PROM is permanent and cannot be
erased. Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), developed as an
improvement over PROM. The data on the EPROM can be read with the help of a special
device that uses ultra violet light. The data or instructions on the EPROM are erasable
and new data can be entered in its place electronically erasable programmable read only
memory (EEPROM) avoids the inconvenience of having to take chips out of the
computer to change data and instructions. Changes can be made electrically under
software control. These are used in point of sale terminals to records price related data for
products. The prices recorded on them can be easily updated as needed. The only
disadvantage of EEPROM is, the regular ROM chips.

Differences between ROM &RAM

ROM (Read only memory)

1. We can only read the data.

2. Data can’t be written every time, to write the data we need PROM, EPROM, OR
EEPROM.
3. ROM is non volatile in nature. The data stored in ROM is permanent in nature.
4. Size of the ROM has nothing to do with processing.

RAM (Random access memory):

1. We can read and write data on the chip.

2. RAM has volatile memory. It looses its contents when the power is switched off.

CSE/SBIT Page 6
 IT WORKSHOP

3. Size of the RAM makes difference in the processing i.e., bigger the size of the
RAM more is the speed of processing.
4. The data can be read and written at anytime.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

1. Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)

2. Static RAM (SRAM)

4. Buses: PCI bus, PCI-E bus, ISA bus (outdated), USB, AGP

CSE/SBIT Page 7
 IT WORKSHOP

5. Power Supply - a case that holds a transformer, voltage control and fan

6. Storage controllers, of IDE, SCSI or other type, that control hard disk, floppy
disk, CD-ROM and other drives; the controllers sit directly on the motherboard
(on-board) or on expansion cards

7. Video display controller that produces the output for the computer display

8. computer bus controllers (parallel, serial, USB, Fire wire) to connect the
computer to external peripheral devices such as printers or scanners

9. Some type of a removable media writer:

10. CD - the most common type of removable media, cheap but fragile.

CSE/SBIT Page 8
 IT WORKSHOP

CD-ROM, , CD-RW, CD-R, DVD, DVD-ROM., DVD-RW, DVD-R,

12. Tape Drive - mainly for backup and long-term storage

13. Internal storage - keeps data inside the computer for later use.

14. Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.

CSE/SBIT Page 9
 IT WORKSHOP

15. Disk array controller

16. Sound card - translates signals from the system board into analog voltage levels,
and has terminals to plug in speakers.

17. Networking - to connect the computer to the Internet and/or other computers

18. Modem - for dial-up connections

CSE/SBIT Page 10
 IT WORKSHOP

19. Network card - for DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)/Cable internet, and/or

connecting to other computers.

20. Other peripherals: In addition, hardware can include external components of a

computer system. The following are either standard or very common.

Standard input devices: Keyboard

Mouse

CSE/SBIT Page 11
 IT WORKSHOP

Alternate input devices:

Pens, Touch screens, Game controllers (joy stick),Touch pad, Trackball.

Optical input devices: Barcode reader, Image scanners.

Audio visual input devices: Microphones, Video input, Digital cameras

21. Output: The output devices are:

Standard output devices: Monitor

Types of monitors

CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors

CSE/SBIT Page 12
 IT WORKSHOP

CSE/SBIT Page 13
 IT WORKSHOP

LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors

Printer

Types of printers

Impact printers: An impact printer creates an image by using pins or hammers to

press an inked ribbon against the papered. Dot matrix printer.

Non impact printers: This type uses other means to create an image for example in
ink jet printers tiny nozzles are used to spray droplets of ink on the page.ex: Ink jet
printer

Laser Printer LCD Projectors:

CSE/SBIT Page 14
 IT WORKSHOP

Dot- Matrix printer: Inkjet printer

Other output devices:

Speakers, LCD projectors, Networking, Network card

Speakers

CSE/SBIT Page 15
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:

1. Define a computer?

2. Define Processor?

3. What are the functional units of a computer?

4. What is the use of a mother board?

5. Write the abbreviation for the following

a. CD
b. DVD
5. What is mean by bit?

.
6. 1MB=__________bytes, 1GB=---------------MB

7. Explain Keyboard?

CSE/SBIT Page 16
 IT WORKSHOP

8. Explain about optical Mouse?

9. Explain the types of Printers?

10. Explain the types of Memory with Examples

CSE/SBIT Page 17
 IT WORKSHOP

1.2. Differentiate between hardware and software components

 Hardware and software are mutually dependent on each other. Both of them must
work together to make a computer produce a useful output.

 Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware.

 Hardware without a set of programs to operate upon cannot be utilized and is

useless.

 To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software should be loaded
into the hardware.

 Hardware is a one-time expense.

 Software development is very expensive and is a continuing expense.

 Different software applications can be loaded on a hardware to run different jobs.

 Software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.

 If the hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then the software is its 'soul'.
Both are complementary to each other.

Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A

program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.

There are two types of software −

 System Software
 Application Software
System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend
the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared
by the computer manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs written
in low-level languages, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System
software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users.

CSE/SBIT Page 18
 IT WORKSHOP

Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter,

Assemblers, etc.

Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system software −

 Close to the system

 Fast in speed
 Difficult to design
 Difficult to understand
 Less interactive
 Smaller in size
 Difficult to manipulate
 Generally written in low-level language
Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular
environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the
category of Application software.

Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad for
writing and editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often
called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a
spreadsheet package.

Examples of Application software are the following −

 Microsoft Office Suite Software

 Microsoft Word
 Microsoft Excel

CSE/SBIT Page 19
 IT WORKSHOP

 Microsoft PowerPoint

Features of application software are as follows −

 Close to the user

 Easy to design
 More interactive
 Slow in speed
 Generally written in high-level language
 Easy to understand
 Easy to manipulate and use
 Bigger in size and requires large storage space

Questions:

1.Define Hardware and Software?

2.Give some examples of application software?

CSE/SBIT Page 20
 IT WORKSHOP

3.Give some examples of system software?

4.What are difference between the application software and system software?

CSE/SBIT Page 21
 IT WORKSHOP

1.3. State the configuration of a computer system

I. Configuring the XP interface and appearance

Right-click on an empty spot on the screen and choose “Properties” from the menu.

 Click tab “Desktop” and choose background

 Click tab “Appearance” and modify as desired in drop-down boxes
o “Windows and Buttons”
o “Color scheme”
o “Font size”
 Still in “Appearance” window, click button “Effects” and modify as desired
o Unchecking “Use the following transition effect for menus and tooltips”
may speed up your computer
o Check “Use following method to smooth edges of screen fonts” and
choose “ClearType” if you are using a laptop or LCD screen
o Adjust other settings as desired
 Can use “Themes” tab to pick a particular combination of appearance and sound
effects

Another way that adjustments can be made is to go to Start-My Computer and right-
click. Choose “Properties” and click the tab “Advanced.” In the “Performance” section
click the button “Settings.” Choose the tab “Visual effects.” A variety of tweaks to the
appearance can be made here. Choosing “Adjust for best performance” will make things
look the same as in Windows 98. Note that any changes made here will override
whatever settings you may have made elsewhere.

II. Some Recommended System Tweaks

Go to Start-My Computer and right-click. Choose “Properties” from the context menu

 Click the tab “Automatic Updates”

o Choose the method of updating that best suits your situation. Those with
dial-up Internet connections should probably choose “Notify me before
downloading any updates ….”
 Click the tab “System Restore.” If necessary select a drive.
o Click the button “Settings”
o Use the slider to adjust the amount of space set aside for Restore Points.
The amount depends on individual system parameters and usage but 500
MB should generally be more than ample. If you have a large hard drive
the default setting will be much too large.
 Click the tab “Advanced.”
o Click the button “Error Reporting”
o Disable error reporting

CSE/SBIT Page 22
 IT WORKSHOP

III. Microsoft Management Consoles (MMC)

Windows comes with many applications for administering and managing the system. In
older versions, these programs had to be used separately. In Windows XP, there is an
interface that can be customized to contain in one package all the system tools that a
particular user employs on a frequent basis. For networks or multi-user systems there are
also a variety of security settings that can be made within the interface. Microsoft calls
this interface a “management console” and generally refers to it as MMC. A computer
user can choose which of the many available tools to include. The individual tools are
referred to as “snap-ins”. A console has a hierarchical structure with folders and in fact
resembles a Windows Explorer tree.

Preconfigured consoles
Many of the system tools that come with Windows XP are already in a console form.
They can be used alone or as snap-ins to a console that contains a collection of
applications. More details are in this article. The consoles that we will consider are:
§ dfrg.msc- Disk Defragmenter
§ diskmgmt.msc- Disk Management
§ services.msc- Manages the many services involved in Windows and also installed
software.
§ compmgmt.msc- Computer Management Console. It contains a number of the
other consoles as snap-ins
Note that the consoles have the extension msc (not to be confused with MMC). These
consoles can be opened by entering their names (including the extension) in the Start-
Run line. Depending on how your computer is set up, some may also be listed in Start-
All Programs-Administrative Tools and in Control Panel. As is common in Windows
there are also several other ways to open some of the tools. However, using the Run line
is probably the easiest way.

IV. Routine Maintenance

Hard drive (More details here )

 Go to Start-My Computer
 Right-click on drive icon and choose “Properties”
 Click button “Disk Cleanup” and choose appropriate actions
 Click tab named “Tools” and run error checking and defragmentation

CSE/SBIT Page 23
 IT WORKSHOP

System Restore
This is a feature that allows a way for the system to be monitored and rolled back to the
configuration of some previous date if needed. Snapshots are automatically made
approximately every 24 hours and are kept for three months (space allowing). This
is not the same as a full backup. Data and personal files are not monitored. Only files
with certain extensions such as EXE, DLL, and others are monitored
To access System Restore, go to Start-All Programs-Accessories-System
Tools or Start-Control Panel-Performance and Maintenance. Restore points should
be made before installing new software or making system changes.

Windows firewall
It is better to use one of the many other possibilities such as Zone Alarm but, in the
absence of anything else, turn on the partial firewall that comes with Windows XP. Note:
Do not turn on the XP firewall if you already have one.
In versions of XP prior to SP2 (supposedly coming in August, 2004) the native Internet
Connection Firewall (ICF) is disabled by default. To enable it

 Go to Start-Control Panel-Network and Internet Connections-Network

Connections
 Right-click the icon for your connection
 Choose “Properties”
 Click the tab “Advances”
 Put a check in the box under “Internet Connection Firewall”

V. Controlling Startup and What Runs in the Background

Using System Configuration Utility to control what loads at startup

 Go to Start-Run and enter “msconfig”

 Click the tab “Startup”
 Remove the check by any process you wish to prevent from loading at startup
 Click “Apply” and “Close”. Changes take effect at next reboot.
 At next reboot, a window will appear saying that you have used the System
Configuration Utility.
 Check “Don’t show this message…..”

Using the Services Console to control what runs

A number of services are not listed in Msconfig. A more complete way to control what
runs is to use the Services Console
§ Go to Start-Run and enter “services.msc”
§ Right-click a selected service and choose “Properties”
§ In the drop-down menu “Startup type” select “Manual” or “Disabled

CSE/SBIT Page 24
 IT WORKSHOP

VI. Getting Information about the System

Task Manager

 Hold down all three keys Ctrl-Alt-Delete to open Task Manager or right-click on
an empty spot on the Taskbar and choose “Task Manager” from the menu
 View under tab “Applications” will show running programs
 Button “New Task…” is equivalent of Run line
 View under tab “Processes” shows all the running services and other processes
including their memory and CPU usage
 View under tab “Performance” gives graphical representation of CPU and Page
File (aka Swap File)

System Information Utility

 Go to Start-Run and enter “msinfo32” or go to Start-All Programs-

Accessories-System Tools-System Information to open
 To see what’s running click the (+) next to “Software Environment” and choose
“Running Tasks”
 To see the status of various services choose “Services”
 To see what programs are loaded at startup choose “Startup Programs”
 A great variety of information about hardware and other areas is available also

Device Manager

 Go to Start-My Computer and right-click.

 Choose “Manage”
 Click “Device Manager”
 Contains information and ways to configure hardware

VII. Control Panel

Many functions and settings are accessible through Start-Control Panel. View can be by
Categories or in “Classic” style (similar to Windows 98). Category view is task oriented.
Many of the tasks already discussed can also be reached through the “System and
Performance” category.

VIII. Folder Options

§ In any open folder, open the menu “Tools.”
§ Choose “Folder Options”
§ Click tab “General” and make desired settings
§ Click tab “View”
o Click radio button by “Show hidden files and folders”
o Remove check by “Hide extensions for known file types”
o Make other settings as desired

CSE/SBIT Page 25
 IT WORKSHOP

System information
System information may refer to any of the following:
A free tool included with Microsoft Windows that allows users to view information about
the computer, its hardware, drivers, and software related data. The picture below is an
example of the Windows System Information tool showing the System Summary for the
computer.

How to Open System Information in Windows

 Microsoft Windows 8 and Windows 10 users can open the System Information
tool by clicking the Start button or pressing the Windows key and then typing
"msinfo32" or "system information" and press Enter.
 Microsoft Windows Vista and Windows 7 users can open the System Information
tool by clicking Start and searching for "System Information".
 Microsoft Windows XP users can open the System Information tool by
clicking Start, Programs, Accessories, System Tools, and then System
Information.

CSE/SBIT Page 26
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:
1. How to set Power Using Desktop properties?

2. How to set the Screen Resolution Using Desktop properties?

3. How to Add User from Control Panel and Create Password to the User?

4. Write about Device Manager?

5. How to add a Printer from Control Panel?

6. Write the OS Name installed in our computer.

7. Write the Version and manufacture of the OS.

CSE/SBIT Page 27
 IT WORKSHOP

8. What is the size of RAM?

9. What is the capacity of the HARD DISK?

10. Write about Processor present in the system.

CSE/SBIT Page 28
 IT WORKSHOP

1.4 Exercise on creation of Text Files using Notepad, WordPad

Notepad

Notepad is a generic text editor included with all versions of Microsoft Windows that
allows us to create, open, and read plaintext files. If the file contains special formatting or
is not a plaintext file, it will not be able to be read in Microsoft Notepad. The image to
the right is a small example of what the Microsoft Notepad may look like while running.
Note: If we need built-in features such as a spell checker, grammar checker, font sizes,
multimedia (e.g. pictures), etc. we should be using a word processor and not an editor.
How to open Windows Notepad

Users who are using Microsoft Windows can run Microsoft Notepad (notepad.exe) by
following the steps below.
Windows 7 and earlier
1. Click Start
2. In the Run box, type notepad and press Enter.
or
1. Click the Start.
2. In the Start Menu, click Programs or All Programs, then click
the Accessories folder.
3. Click the Notepad icon.
How to create a text file using Notepad

Open Notepad and type the text we want in the file. Once done, save the file by clicking
File and then Save. When saving the file, make sure the file is saved with a .txt extension.
or
On the Windows Desktop or in any folder, right-click an empty spot. In the pop-up menu,
select New and then Text Document. After this has been done, a file should appear
named "New Text Document". Double-click this file to open the text document,
or rename the file to the name of the choice and then open the file.

CSE/SBIT Page 29
 IT WORKSHOP

WordPad
Microsoft WordPad is a free rich text editor included with Microsoft Windows.
Although capable of doing more than Notepad, WordPad is not as advanced as Microsoft
Word. However, does give us additional features such as the capability of inserting
pictures and text formatting. The picture below shows an example of Microsoft WordPad.

Microsoft WordPad is capable of editing and saving plain-text file (.txt), Rich Text
Format (.rtf), and Word for Windows 6.0 (.doc or .docx), and Open Document Text (.odt)
format files.
Note: Not all versions of WordPad support all above formats. Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows ME, and Windows XP does not support .doc. Windows 7 introduced the
support of .odt files, so early versions of Windows do not support this format.
How to open Microsoft WordPad

Users who are using a version of Microsoft Windows that supports WordPad can run
Microsoft WordPad (wordpad.exe) by following the steps below.
1. Click Start
2. Click Run
3. Type "wordpad" or "write" press Enter.
or
1. Click Start
2. Click Programs and then Accessories
3. Click the "Wordpad" icon

CSE/SBIT Page 30
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:

1. What is the difference between Copy Paste and Cut Paste?

2. What is the difference between Notepad and Word-pad?

3. Exercise on the Format Menu in Notepad?

4. What is Word-wrap in Notepad?

5. What is called status Bar and what is its use in notepad?

6. How to insert an image in word-pad?

CSE/SBIT Page 31
 IT WORKSHOP

7. Explain the InsertObject in the word-pad?

8. Exercise on Edit Menu in Notepad?

9. Exercise on Edit Menu in Notepad?

CSE/SBIT Page 32
 IT WORKSHOP

1.5 Exercise on creation of .jpeg, .bmp Files using MS-Paint

MS Paint
MS Paint is an image editing program that comes with Windows operating systems. To
open the MS Paint program click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Paint.

Copying the image

1. Press the Print Screen <Prt Scr> key on wer keyboard to make an image copy of the
entire computer screen.

OR
2. Right-click on an image and select Copy or Copy Image.
Pasting and Cropping the image into MS Paint
1. Open the MS Paint program.
Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Paint.
2. Click on the Paste button at the top left corner.

3. Once the image is in MS Paint, select the Crop option from the selection menu.

We can also Right click on the image and click Crop from the menu or use keyboard
shortcut (<ctrl>+<shift>+x).
4. Click and drag the cursor around the area we wish to crop.
5. Click on the Crop button again.
6. Select File > Save to save the new image.
Note: For Save as type, choose .JPEG, .PNG, or .GIF.

CSE/SBIT Page 33
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:

1. How to create Bitmap and JPG Files?

2. What is the Difference between Save and SaveAs?

3. What is use of Crop in MS Paint explain with Example?

4. How to apply Resize in MS Paint?

5. Explain about Flip/Rotate with example?

CSE/SBIT Page 34
 IT WORKSHOP

1.6 Exercise how to use calculator

Calculator
Windows Calculator is a calculating application included in all the
versions of Windows. It can be used to perform simple calculation,
scientific

Calculation and Programming calculation.

 Choose Start >> Programs >> Accessories >> Calculator to

start Calculator application, or
 Alternately we can open Run dialog box (Start >> Run) dialog
box then type calc and hit enter.
 From View menu choose the required type of calculator – Standard, Scientific,
Programmer, Statistical
 Edit >> Copy and Paste commands can be used to input the numbers into
calculator or paste the result to other applications

Questions:

1.How to use the Scientific Calculator with example

CSE/SBIT Page 35
 IT WORKSHOP

2.0 DOS Operating System

2.1 Practice on Internal and External commands.

The syntax and usage of selected DOS internal commands, including: TIME, DATE,
CLS, DIR, COPY, TYPE, DEL, REN, RD, MD, CD, PATH, and SET PROMPT.

DOS Internal Commands

The DOS (Windows 9x) internal commands are so-called because their instructions are a
part of COMMAND.COM, the DOS (Windows 9x) command processor.

Recall that COMMAND.COM is placed into memory each time the DOS or Windows 9x
OS is booted. Therefore, the internal commands are always in memory and can always be
executed from any command line prompt.

This is in contrast to the disk-bound external commands, which reside in secondary

memory up until the moment they are needed, at which time the OS must find them and
load them into primary memory.

The syntax for some frequently used internal commands follows.

TIME
Displays current time and allows it to be changed.
Syntax:

TIME

DATE
Displays current date and allows it to be changed.
Syntax:

DATE

CLS
Clears the screen.
Syntax:

CLS

DIR
Shows directory information of a diskette: name, size, and the date and time stamp of
files.
Syntax:

CSE/SBIT Page 36
 IT WORKSHOP

DIR [d:][path]
Optional switches:
/p Display dir info and pauses display when the screen is full
/w Display names and extensions only in five columns

To display a file directory listing for D:\DATA\LETTER\ANNUAL from

different current directories:

D:\DATA\LETTER\ANNUAL> DIR
D:\DATA> DIR LETTER\ANNUAL
C:\WINDOWS> DIR D:\DATA\LETTER\ANNUAL

COPY
Copies a file. Name of copy may be the same as original, or different. Syntax:

COPY [d:][path][name.ext] [d:][path][name.ext]

Optional switches:
/v Verify, copies the file and compares it with the original
/b Binary file

To copy a file from D:\BATCH to the root of A: drive

A:\> COPY D:\BATCH\CL.BAT (from A: drive)

D:\BATCH> COPY CL.BAT A:\ (from D:\BATCH)

To copy a file from the root of C: to A: drive and change its name

A:\> COPY C:\MSDOS.SYS MSDOSSYS.BAK (from A:)

C:\> COPY MSDOS.SYS A:\MSDOSSYS.BAK (from the root of C:)

To copy all of the files from the root of A: to D:\CCV\ENGCOMP

A:\> COPY *.* D:\CCV\ENGCOMP (from A:)

D:\CCV\ENGCOMP> COPY *.* A:\ (From D:\CCV\ENGCOMP)

TYPE
Displays the contents of a file.
Syntax:

TYPE [d:][path][name.ext]

To display the contents of the file MY.LET to the screen

A:\> TYPE MY.LET

CSE/SBIT Page 37
 IT WORKSHOP

DEL
Deletes a file from disk.
Syntax:

DEL [d:][path][name.ext]

To delete one file:

A:\> DEL A:\MY.LET

To del all files in current directory

A:\> DEL *.*

REN
Renames a file.
Syntax:

REN [d:][path][name.ext] [d:][path][newname.ext]

To change the name of the file D:\LET\ANNUAL\99.DOC to 1999.DOC

D:\LET> REN ANNUAL\99.DOC 1999.DOC (from D:\LET)

D:\DATA> REN \LET\ANNUAL\99.DOC 1999.DOC (from D:\DATA)
C:\WINDOWS> REN D:\LET\ANNUAL\99.DOC 1999.DOC (from
C:\WINDOWS)

MD
Makes (creates) a new directory.
Syntax:

MD [d:][path][dirname]

To create a directory named HERMIT in the root of D: drive

D:\> MD HERMIT (from D:\)

C:\> MD D:\HERMIT (from C:\)

RD
Removes an existing directory (directory must be empty).
Syntax:

RD [d:][path][dirname]

To remove the HERMIT sub-directory:

CSE/SBIT Page 38
 IT WORKSHOP

D:\> RD HERMIT (from D:\)

C:\> RD D:\HERMIT (from C:\)

CD
Changes the current directory.
Syntax:

CD [path][dirname]

To make D:\HERMIT the current directory

D:\> CD HERMIT (from D:\)

D:\DATA> CD \HERMIT (from D:\DATA)
D:\DATA\SOURCE> CD \HERMIT (from D:\DATA\SOURCE)
D:\DATA\SOURCE> CD .. (from D:\DATA\SOURCE)

PATH
The PATH command is used to help the command interpreter find external commands
which are not in the current directory. The command interpreter looks into the DOS
environment for "PATH=" and then searches the paths (each separated from the next by a
semicolon) that follow.
Syntax:

PATH=[path;path;...]

To set the DOS PATH:

PATH=C:\DOS;C:\PCW;\C:\BIN

To display the current path:

PATH

SET PROMPT
Used to specify the appearance of the DOS prompt.
Syntax:

SET PROMPT= (from the command line)

PROMPT= (in a batch file)

DOS PROMPT Characters

$b | $d system date
$e esc char $g >
$h destructive bk space $i <

CSE/SBIT Page 39
 IT WORKSHOP

$n default drive $p full path description

$q = $t system time
$v DOS version no $_ CR and LF
$$ the $ sign

To display current drive & current path followed by ">" as prompt

SET PROMPT=$P$G

To display the current date, time, and drive on separate lines

SET PROMPT $D$_$T$_$N$G

To redefine F9 to CD\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

SET PROMPT $e[0,67;"'CD\Windows\Start

Menu\Programs\Startup'";13p

DOS External Commands

Unlike the DOS internal commands, which are loaded into random access memory as
part of COMMAND.COM each time a computer is booted, the DOS external commands
are disk-bound. That means they must be fetched from disk and loaded into RAM each
time they are used.
FORMAT.EXE, CHKDSK.COM, and DISKCOPY.EXE are three examples of external
commands. Their syntax follows.
FORMAT
Prepares a diskette for use by DOS.

Syntax: FORMAT [d:]

Parameters: [d:] = Drive which is to receive the format.

Optional switches:

 /s Include all system files necessary to make disk "bootable"

 /b Reserve space for system files on diskette. (Formats 320k instead of 360k).
 /v Volume label of 11 characters

Some examples:

 To format a diskette in drive B: without system files:

FORMAT B:

CSE/SBIT Page 40
 IT WORKSHOP

 To format a diskette in drive A: with system files:

FORMAT A: /s

 To give the formatted diskette a volume name, include the /v switch:

FORMAT A: /V

 Combine switches to format a boot diskette with a volume label:

FORMAT A: /S /V
CHKDSK
Analyzes disk or diskette (first and only parameter) and displays disk and memory status
report.

Syntax: CHKDSK [d:] [/f] [/v]

Parameters: [d:] = Drive upon which to perform CHKDSK.

Optional switches:

 /f Fix. Writes lost clusters to a disk file and corrects file allocation table.
 /v Verbose. Lists all files on a disk.

Example:

 To display statistics about the diskette in drive A:

CHKDSK A:

 To display statistics about the first hard disk and fix any lost clusters:

CHKDSK A: /f
DISKCOPY
Makes an exact copy of a diskette, including hidden system files if they are present.

Syntax: DISKCOPY [d1:] [d2:]

Parameters:[d1:] = Drive for source diskette, [d2:] = Drive for target diskette.
Example:

 To make an exact copy of a diskette in drive A: to a diskette in B:

CSE/SBIT Page 41
 IT WORKSHOP

DISKCOPY A: B:

 To make an exact copy of a diskette using only drive A:

DISKCOPY A: A:

(Change source and target diskettes as requested).

DISKCOPY asks for a SOURCE diskette (the diskette being copied) and a TARGET
diskette (the diskette being copied to). The TARGET diskette need not be formatted;
DOS will format it while doing the DISKCOPY. If the SOURCE diskette is bootable, the
system will be transferred to the TARGET as well. The two disk drives must always use
the same media.

Questions:

1. What is DOS

2. What is meant the external and internal command of DOS?

3. Write command to create directory in DOS?

4. Write command to create FILE in DOS?

5. Write command to copy the content of one to another FILE?

6. Explain about CHKDSK?

CSE/SBIT Page 42
 IT WORKSHOP

7. Explain DISK Copy With Example?

CSE/SBIT Page 43
 IT WORKSHOP

2.2. Create and use Batch Files.

How to Write a Batch File

A batch file contains a series of DOS commands, and is commonly written to automate
frequently performed tasks. Instead of typing the same commands over and over, we can
simply double-click the batch file. Writing a batch file is easier than it looks; the difficult
part is making sure that everything happens in the right order. Well-made batch files can
save we a lot of time over the long run, especially if we deal in repetitive tasks.

Open Notepad. Notepad allows us to create code as a text file and then save it when we're
done as a batch file. We can open Notepad by clicking Start → Programs → Accessories
→ Notepad. We can also enter notepad into the Run box.

Learn some basic batch commands. Batch files run a series of DOS commands, so the
commands that we can use are similar to DOS commands. Some of the more important
ones include:

 ECHO - Displays text on the screen

 @ECHO OFF - Hides the text that is normally output
 START - Run a file with its default application
 REM - Inserts a comment line in the program
 MKDIR/RMDIR - Create and remove directories
 DEL - Deletes a file or files
 COPY - Copy a file or files
 XCOPY - Allows we to copy files with extra options
 FOR/IN/DO - This command lets we specify files.
 TITLE - Edit the title of the window.

Write a program to create a directory. One of the easiest ways to learn how to create
batch files is to focus on doing basic tasks first. For example, we can use a batch file to
quickly create multiple directories

MKDIR C:\example1

MKDIR C:\example2

CSE/SBIT Page 44
 IT WORKSHOP

Save the file. Once we have entered the code, we can save the file using the Batch file
type. Click File → Save As.

 Click the "Save as type" dropdown menu.

 Select "All files".
 Enter a name for the program followed by .bat or .cm d .
 Make sure the encoding is ANSI and save the file

Sample Batch File

Say Hello
Hello.bat
@echo off
REM Next command inputs the greeting
echo Hello! This a sample batch file.
REM Next command displays “Press any key to continue” and waits for user to press a key
pause
dir c:\windows

Questions:

1. Copy the Content of one File into another file using XCOPY in Batch file?

2. How to Create Options in Batch Files?

CSE/SBIT Page 45
 IT WORKSHOP

2.3. Know the usage of Editors.

EDLIN EDITOR
Edlin was created by Tim Paterson in two weeks in 1980, for Products’ 86-DOS (QDOS)
based on the CP/M line editor ED.
Microsoft acquired 86-DOS and sold it as MS-DOS, so Edlin was included in v1.0–v5.0
of MS-DOS, after which the only editor included was the new full-screen MS-DOS
Editor in v6.0–v8.0.
Early Windows versions ran on top of the later versions of MS-DOS, so Edlin was
typically not available.
However, Edlin is included in the 32-bit versions of Windows NT and its derivatives—up
to and including Windows 10—because the NTVDM's DOS support in those operating
systems is based on MS-DOS version 5.0. However, unlike most other external DOS
commands, it has not been transformed into a native Win32 program. It also does not
support long filenames, which were not added to MS-DOS and MS-Windows until long
after Edlin was written.

Usage [edit
There are only a few commands. The short list can be found by entering a? at the edlin
prompt.
When a file is open, typing L lists the contents (e.g., 1,6L lists lines 1 through 6). Each
line is displayed with a line number in front of it.

*1,6L
1: Edlin: The only text editor in early versions of DOS.
2:
3: Back in the day, I remember seeing web pages
4: branded with a logo at the bottom:
5: "This page created in edlin."
6: The things that some people put themselves through. ;-)
*

The currently selected line has a *. To replace the contents of any line, the line number is
entered and any text entered replaces the original. While editing a line pressing Ctrl-C
cancels any changes. The * marker remains on that line.
Entering I (optionally preceded with a line number) inserts one or more lines before the *
line or the line given. When finished entering lines, Ctrl-C returns to the edlin command
prompt.

CSE/SBIT Page 46
 IT WORKSHOP

*6I
6:*(...or similar)
7:*^C

*7D
*L
1: Edlin: The only text editor in early versions of DOS.
2:
3: Back in the day, I remember seeing web pages
4: branded with a logo at the bottom:
5: "This page created in edlin."
6: (...or similar)
*

D - deletes the specified line, again optionally starting with the number of a line,
or a range of lines. E.g.: 2,4d deletes lines 2 through 4. In the above example, line
7 was deleted.
R - is used to replace all occurrences of a piece of text in a given range of lines,
for example, to replace a spelling error. Including the ? prompts for each change.
E.g.: To replace 'prit' with 'print' and to prompt for each change: ?
rprit^Zprint (the ^Z represents pressing CTRL-Z). It is case-sensitive.
S - Searches for given text. It is used in the same way as replace, but without the
replacement text. A search for 'apple' in the first 20 lines of a file is
typed 1,20?sapple (no space, unless that is part of the search) followed by a press
of enter. For each match, it asks if it the correct one, and accepts n or y (or Enter).
P - displays a listing of a range of lines. If no range is specified, P displays the
complete file from the * to the end. This is different from L in that P changes the
current line to be the last line in the range.
T - transfers another file into the one being edited, with this syntax: [line to insert
at]t[full path to file].
W - (write) saves the file.
E - saves the file and quits edlin.
Q - quits edlin without saving.

CSE/SBIT Page 47
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:
5.Replace a line with new line using EDLIN Command?

6.Delete a line using EDLIN Command?

7.Display lines within the Range using EDLIN Command?

8.Search a Substring in a FILE using EDLIN Command?

CSE/SBIT Page 48
 IT WORKSHOP

3.0. WINDOWS Operating System

3.1. Exercise on creation of folders and organizing files in different

folders
Using Windows Explorer

Windows Explorer is the file management tool that comes with Windows XP. It gives us
the ability to rename, copy, move or delete the folders and files on the computer’s drives.
Folders and files are displayed hierarchically within Windows Explorer. Folders can
contain subfolders as well as files.
Opening Windows Explorer
To start Windows Explorer, find the My Computer icon on the desktop or the Start menu.
Right-click to display the pop-up menu, and choose Explore.

The window that opens will look similar to the example below. The title bar at the top of
the window shows “My Computer”. All the drives and other storage devices associated
with this computer are shown on in the right hand pane.

Note that when we are working on the UCT network, we must NOT store the files on the
C: drive. One of the network drives (usually the F: drive) will be identified by the student
number, and has been allocated for the Personal use. Because it is a network drive, it is

CSE/SBIT Page 49
 IT WORKSHOP

accessible to us from any PC on the network.

To navigate through the directory structure and locate files that we want to open, copy,
move or delete, we would do as follows:
1. Double-click on the required drive or removable device (floppy disk or flash
drive) to display its contents.
2. Within the selected drive or device, double-click on any folder to view the
subfolders and files that it contains.

The title bar at the top of the window will then display the name of the currently selected
folder. On the left side of the window is a list of all the drives and folders on the
computer.
On the right side of the window is a list of all the folders and files located inside the drive
or folder that is currently selected in the left pane.
In the left pane:
A plus sign “+” next to a folder indicates that it contains subfolders that are not currently
visible. Clicking on the plus sign (or double-clicking on the folder name) will reveal the
subfolders.
A minus sign “-“next to a folder indicates that all its subfolders are currently visible.
Click on the minus sign (or double-click on the folder name) to collapse the subfolders
and hide them from view.
Indentation levels in the left pane reflect the folder directory structure.
We can drag the vertical line between the left and right panes to make them wider or
narrower.
If there are too many entries to be displayed in a pane, then we can use the vertical scroll
bar to view the hidden entries.

Selecting folders or files

In the left pane, click on a drive or folder that we want to select. Its contents will be
displayed in the right pane. Similarly, we would click on a file in the right pane to select
it.
To select a group of adjacent files or folders:

CSE/SBIT Page 50
 IT WORKSHOP

Click on the first file (or folder) in the group that we want to select. It will become
highlighted.
Hold down the [SHIFT] key and click on the last file (or folder) in the group that we
want to select. All the items between the first and the last file (or folder) selected will
also be highlighted.
Release the [SHIFT] key.
To select separate files and folders:
Click on the first file (or folder) that we want to select. It will become highlighted.
Hold down the [CTRL] key and click on each of the other files (or folders) that we
want to select. All the items that have been selected will be highlighted.
Release the [CTRL] key.

Creating a new folder

To create folder using right click on desktop
1. On the Desktop right click the mouse button and hold the mouse pointer over the
new command. Choose Folder from the sub-menu that appears. A highlighted
folder icon called [New Folder] will appear at the bottom of the right pane.
2. Type the name that we want to give the new folder, and press [ENTER]. The new
folder has been created!

To create a new folder in Windows Explorer:

1. In the left pane, highlight the folder within which we want to create a new folder.
If we don’t want the new folder to be a sub-folder of an existing folder, then select
the Drive (such as F :) that the new folder should be in.
2. Select the File menu and hold the mouse pointer over the arrow on the right of the
new command. Choose Folder from the sub-menu that appears. A highlighted
folder icon called [New Folder] will appear at the bottom of the right pane.

CSE/SBIT Page 51
 IT WORKSHOP

3. Type the name that we want to give the new folder, and press [ENTER].
The new folder has been created!

Saving a new file

Whenever we start a new task using an application such as Word or Excel, we’ll need to
save the work in a file. The process for saving a new file is basically the
same for all Windows applications; the examples used here are based on
Word.
1. At the top of the screen, click on the File menu, and then select the Save As option
from the drop-down menu. (If the window shows a task bar with buttons,
then we can click instead on the icon of a stiffy disk.) Note that in Office
2007, the File menu has been replaced by the Office Button. A dialogue
box will open.
2. In the Save In field, use the drop-down arrow to select the drive and folder where we
want the file to be stored.

CSE/SBIT Page 52
 IT WORKSHOP

3. In the File Name field, type the name that we want to give the new file.

4. Click the Save button. It’s as easy as that!

Renaming folders or files

1. Highlight the folder or file that we want to rename.
2. Select the File menu and choose the Rename command. Alternatively, we can
right-click on the current file name to get a pop-up menu, and then select
Rename.
3. The current folder or file name is highlighted. Type the new name and press
[ENTER].
Be careful when renaming files that we keep the appropriate file extension (such as
“.docx” for an MS Word 2007 file). If we change or delete a file extension then we may
not be able to re-open the file. If the file extensions are not visible then Windows will
automatically retain them for we.

Copying folders or files

Within Windows Explorer, there are lots of different options for copying folders and
files! Commonly used methods for doing this are: right-clicking, using a toolbar icon,
using a menu, using the keyboard, and dragging with the mouse.
Before we can copy, the file (or folder) that we want to copy must be selected. It’s also a
bit easier if the target folder is visible in the left pane. To do that we first click on the
folder containing the file to be copied, and ensure that the file we want is visible in the
right pane. Then scroll through the folders in the left pane until the target folder is visible.
Now we can see the file we want to copy on the right, and its target folder on the left.

Right – Clicking:

1. In the right pane, select the folders or files we want to copy

2. Right – Click to display the pop-up menu, and select copy.
3. Move the mouse pointer to the folder in the left pane that want to
copy to
4. Right – click and select Paste from the pop-up menu.

CSE/SBIT Page 53
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:

1. Explain Windows Explorer?

2. Difference between Cut and Copy?

3. How to create new folder in Windows Explorer and New Command?

4. How to Rename a Folder?

5. Copy and Paste a group of Files from one Folder to another Folder?

6. Cut and paste Folder from one Drive to another Drive?

7. How to create a Text File?

CSE/SBIT Page 54
 IT WORKSHOP

8. What are the advantages of WordPad over notepad?

CSE/SBIT Page 55
 IT WORKSHOP

3.2. Exercise on use of Recycle Bin

The Recycle Bin

The Recycle Bin is nothing more than a space on the hard disk reserved to store
information that is deleted so that in the event of deleting a file or folder by mistake it is
possible to retrieve it. By default the Recycle Bin restores files or folders to the place
from where they were deleted. If, for example, a file is deleted from D:\my documents,
when it is restored it will go to that folder.

The Recycle Bin will maintain the deleted documents until it is emptied.
To open the Recycle Bin place the cursor on Desktop and double-click on the Recycle

Bin icon.
The following window is the Recycle Bin window. It is possible that it will not look
the same as because it can be customized.

The Recycle Bin window is similar to the Windows Explorer window, and they have
similar options in common, such as customizing the window, the views, etc...
In the Recycle Bin attributes such as the original location of the file or folder before it
was deleted will appear as well as the date and time when it was deleted.

Restoring Files or Folders.

Restoring files or folders to their original location.

To restore all of the elements from the Recycle Bin click on the green arrow on the
left side that says Restore all items.

CSE/SBIT Page 56
 IT WORKSHOP

If we only want to restore some of the elements:

1) Select the elements to be restored by clicking on them. If the elements are not in
subsequent order, use the Ctrl key to select them or the Shift key if they are one below
the other.
2) Once selected, a dialog box will appear on the green arrow on the left that will
say Restore this item or Restore the selected items.
The selected files will return to where they were located before deletion.

If the right side of the Recycle Bin is not visible we can also restore from the File menu
by choosing the option Restore.

If we do not know where the files were before deletion, check before restoring on the
route that is shown on the column original location because that is where it will save it.
Restoring Files or folders in a different location than their original location.
1) Select the elements to be restored.
2) Click on the elements with the right mouse button and the shortcut menu will be
displayed; select the option CUT (ctrl+X).
2) 3) Locate the folder where we want the files to be restored; and click Paste or
(ctrl+V).

Deleting Files or Folders from the Recycle Bin

Before deleting any element from the Recycle Bin we need to realize that once it is
deleted it cannot be retrieved or restored.
If we want to delete any file or folder from the Recycle Bin follow these steps:
1) Select the Elements to be deleted..
2) Click right button and select delete command; this will delete the selected
elements. We can also do this by pressing the Delete button.
The selected files will disappear and cannot be restored.
If a window appears asking if we are sure that we want to delete the selected file or
folder click Yes if we are sure we want it deleted.

Emptying the Recycle Bin\

The elements that are deleted usually remain in the recycle bin and in time we need
to empty it to free space or because we do not want to have those elements still there.
In order to do this, simply empty the Recycle Bin by clicking on the icon located on
the left labeled Empty the Recycle Bin.

CSE/SBIT Page 57
 IT WORKSHOP

A window will appear asking Confirm we want to delete these X

elements? Where X is the number of elements currently in the Recycle Bin. Click Yes to
empty it.
We can also empty the Recycle Bin from the File menu and select Empty the
Recycle Bin.

There is an even quicker way. Simply right click on the Recycle Bin icon and a
menu with the option Empty the Recycle Bin. If we do it this way, we have to be sure
that we want to empty the Recycle Bin since we will not be able to see what we are
deleting.

Questions:

1. What is Recycle Bin?

2. How to Delete a File?

3. How to Restore Deleted Files From Recycle Bin?

4. When it is not possible to Restore File Which are Deleted?

CSE/SBIT Page 58
 IT WORKSHOP

3.3. Exercise on use of My Computer and My Documents

My Computer is a section of Microsoft Windows first found in Windows 95 and

included with all later versions that allows we to explore and manage the contents of the
computer drives.
How to open My Computer

In all versions of Windows, pressing Windows key + E opens My Computer (Explorer).

or
1. Get to the Windows Desktop and open Start Menu, or navigate to the Start
Screen if we are using Windows 8.
2. In earlier versions of Windows, after clicking Start, select My Computer. Or,
on the Desktop, double-click the My Computer icon. In Windows Vista and
Windows 7, select Computer from the Start Menu. In Windows 8 and
Windows 10, select This PC from the Windows Files Explorer.
The following images show examples of the My Computer option in both new and old
versions of Windows.

Windows XP
Note: In Windows Vista and Windows 7, My Computer is called "Computer" and is
accessed through the Start Menu, as shown below.

CSE/SBIT Page 59
 IT WORKSHOP

Windows 7
Note: In Windows 8, Windows 8.1, and Windows 10, My Computer is called "This PC"
and is accessed through the Start Menu.

CSE/SBIT Page 60
 IT WORKSHOP

This PC in Windows 8 File Explorer

Using My Computer

Once My Computer is open, we will see all available drives on the computer. The
primary location of all of the files is the Local Disk (C:), which is the default hard drive
that stores all files. Double-click this drive icon to open it and view its contents.

Finding files in My Computer

Most files we create or will want to find are located in the My Documents folder. If we
are having trouble finding where a file is stored, we can also use the Windows find
feature.

Adjust system settings with My Computer

To manage or view the computer settings, right-click on the My Computer icon and then
click Properties. Performing these steps opens the System Properties (the same window
accessible through the Control Panel).

My Documents
My Documents and Documents are Microsoft Windows folders that store computer
documents and other files associated with programs on the computer. For example, when
saving a file in Microsoft Word, the default folder is My Documents. Saving all of the
personal files into the My Documents folder makes them easier to backup and locate.

CSE/SBIT Page 61
 IT WORKSHOP

3.4. Exercise on creation of shortcut to files and folders (in other

folders) on Desktop

To put a shortcut on the desktop

1. Open My Computer
2. 2. Double-click a drive or folder.
3. Click the item we want, such as a file, program, folder, printer, or computer.
4. On the File menu, click Create Shortcut.
5. Resize the window so we can see the desktop.
6. Drag the new shortcut to the desktop

Note
 To open My Computer, click Start, and then click My Computer.
 We can also drag an item to the desktop with the right mouse button, and then
click Create Shortcut(s) Here
 To change the shortcut's properties, right-click the shortcut, and then
click Properties.

CSE/SBIT Page 62
 IT WORKSHOP

3.5. Exercise on arranging of icons – name wise, size, type, Date

modified

To arrange the desktop icons

To arrange the desktop icons Right-click the desktop

Click
To
Arrange icons in alphabetical order by the
Name
icon name.

Arrange icons in order of file size. If the

Size
icon is a shortcut to a program, the size
refers to the size of the shortcut file
Arrange icons in order of type. For
example, if we have shortcuts to several
Type
PowerPoint presentations on wer desktop,
these will be arranged next to each other.

Arrange icons in the order that the shortcut

Modified
was last modified
Arrange the icons in columns along the left
Auto Arrange
side of wer screen.

Snap icons into place as designated by an

Align to Grid invisible grid on wer screen. The grid keeps
the icons aligned with each other.

Hide or show all desktop icons. When this

command is checked, desktop icons are
Show Desktop Icons
displayed on wer desktop.

CSE/SBIT Page 63
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:

1. What is meant by Desktop?

2. How to create shortcut on Desktop?

3. Arrange Desktop icon by name, type, Modified and Auto arrange?

CSE/SBIT Page 64
 IT WORKSHOP

3.6 Exercise on searching of files and folders.

To search for a file or folder

1. Click Start, and then click Search.
2. Click All files and folders.
Important
 If we do not see All files and folders, we have probably changed the
default search behavior.
8. Click Change preferences.
9. Click Change files and folders search behavior
10. Click Standard, and then click OK.
11. Click All files and folders.
3. Type part or the entire name of the file or folder, or type a word or phrase that is
in the file.
4. If we do not know either piece of information or want to narrow the search
further, select one or more of the remaining options:

 In Look in, click the drive, folder, or network we want to search

 Click when was it modified? to look for files that were created or
modified on or between specific dates
 Click what size is it? to look for files of a specific size.
 Click more advanced options to specify additional search criteria.

Questions;

1. Search a text file on when it is modified?

2. Search a image file on its size?

CSE/SBIT Page 65
 IT WORKSHOP

3.7 Exercise on using of explorer for accessing of files and folders

Using Windows Explorer

 We might need to be logged on as an administrator or a member of the

Administrators group in order to perform some tasks.
 Windows Explorer displays the hierarchical structure of files, folders, and drives on
the computer. It also shows any network drives that have been mapped to drive letters
on the computer. Using Windows Explorer, we can copy, move, rename, and search
for files and folders. For example, we can open a folder that contains a file we want to
copy or move, and then drag the file to another folder or drive.
 There are other places in Windows where we can view and work with files and
folders. My Documents is a convenient place to store documents, graphics, or other
files we want to access quickly. We can also view My Network Places, which lists
other computers that are connected to the local area network (LAN) when we delete
files or folders from the hard disk, Windows places them in the Recycle Bin, where
we can retrieve them, until we empty the Recycle Bin. Files or folders deleted from a
floppy disk or a network drive are permanently deleted and are not sent to the
Recycle Bin.
 Open Windows Explorer
NOTE:
To open Windows Explorer, click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories,
and then click Windows Explorer.

3.8A taskbar
A taskbar is an element of a graphical user interface which has various purposes. It
typically shows which programs or applications are running on the device, as well as
provide links or shortcuts to other programs or places, such as a start menu, notification
area, and clock.
The specific design of the taskbar varies between individual operating systems, but
generally assumes the form of a long strip along one edge of the screen. On this strip are
various icons which correspond to the windows open within a program. Clicking these
icons allow the user to easily switch between programs or windows, with the currently
active program or window usually appearing differently from the rest.

Microsoft Windows
The default settings for the taskbar in Microsoft Windows place it at the bottom of the
screen and includes from left to right the Start menu button, Quick Launch bar,
taskbar buttons, and notification area.

CSE/SBIT Page 66
 IT WORKSHOP

3.9 System Date and Time

Windows 2000/XP - Changing the System Date and Time

1. Right-click on the time in the bottom-right of the screen and select Adjust
Date/Time.

2. Use the arrows to the right of the month/year and the arrows to the right of the

clock to change the time to the correct time.

CSE/SBIT Page 67
 IT WORKSHOP

INTERNET

4.1.Importance of web browser software

 Web browser provides the means to the searching and also helps to download the
web content.
 Web browsers support most of the famous Internet Protocols like HTTP, FTP.
 Common file formats a browser accepts are HTML
 Well known browsers natively support a variety of other formats in addition to
HTML such as JPEG,PNG,GIF image formats
 Different web browsers available in the market are:
 Silversmith
 Mosaic
 Netscape
 Mozilla
 Opera
 Lynx
 Safari
Bookmark:

Each web browser is built-in with the support of Internet Bookmarks which serve
as a named anchor – primarily to URLs. The primary Purpose of this book mark is to
easily catalog and access web pages that the web browser user has visited or plans to
visit, without having to navigate the web to get there.

Pop-up Blockers:

Pop-ups are a form of online advertising on the WWW intended to attract the attention of
the users. These pop ups are hosted on the web sites which are frequently visited by the
netizens. These pop ups are activated when these web sites Few famous plug-INS are:

 Apple Quick Time

CSE/SBIT Page 68
 IT WORKSHOP

 Macromedia flash
 Microsoft Media Player
 Adobe Shockwave
 Sun Microsystems Java Applet
open a new web browser window and there by displaying the advertisements.

Plug-ins:

A plug-in is a software component program that interacts with a main application

to provide a better integration of the media. The basic difference between application
programs and plug-ins is that multimedia files are launched in a separate window where
as in plug-ins multimedia play in the browser window.

Questions:

1.Explain about the favourate menu in Internet Explorer?

CSE/SBIT Page 69
 IT WORKSHOP

c. How to set Homepage?

d. Explain about History menu in Firefox?

CSE/SBIT Page 70
 IT WORKSHOP

4.2.Structure of URL

URL is uniform resource locater. Popularly know as web address. Used with http
request. Also know as Uniform Resource Indicator.
Any of those URLs can be typed into your browser's address bar to tell it to load the
associated page (resource).

A URL is composed of different parts, some mandatory and others optional. Let's see the
most important parts using the following URL:

http://www.example.com:80/path/to/myfile.html?key1=value1&key2=value2

http:// is the protocol. It indicates which protocol the browser must use. Usually
it is the HTTP protocol or its secured version, HTTPS. The Web requires one of these
two, but browsers also know how to handle other protocols such as mailto: (to open a
mail client) or ftp: to handle file transfer, so don't be surprised if you see such protocols.

www.example.com is the domain name. It indicates which Web server is being

requested. Alternatively, it is possible to directly use an IP address, but because it is less
convenient, it is not often used on the Web.

:80 is the port. It indicates the technical "gate" used to access the resources on the
web server. It is usually omitted if the web server use the standard ports of the HTTP
protocol (80 for HTTP and 443 for HTTPS) to grant access to its resources. Otherwise it
is mandatory.

/path/to/myfile.html is the path to the resource on the Web server. In the early
days of the Web, a path like this represented a physical file location on the Web server.
Nowadays, it is mostly an abstraction handled by Web servers without any physical
reality.

?key1=value1&key2=value2 are extra parameters provided to the Web server.

Those parameters are a list of key/value pairs separated with the & symbol. The Web
server can use those parameters to do extra stuff before returning the resource. Each Web
server has its own rules regarding parameters, and the only reliable way to know if a
specific Web server is handling parameters is by asking the Web server owner.

CSE/SBIT Page 71
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:
1. What is called WWW?

2. What is the difference between www and http?

3. What is called Domain Name with example?

4. What is the extension of commercial website?

5. What is the difference between .gov and .org?

CSE/SBIT Page 72
 IT WORKSHOP

4.3. Create an e-mail account, Send an e-mail, Receive an e-mail

Create Email account Gmail

Gmail also provide their Android App on Play Store we can Download and use Gmail
Android App on the Smartphone. If we want to use Free Services of Gmail like send and
Receive Email all over the world we need to join Gmail and create a free hosted
Electronic Mail ID that’s called Email ID. If we want to create email account free with
Gmail we need to follow below steps. Before that we know that Email are understand to
Electronic Mail
1. First Go to www.gmail.com
2. Click Create a New Account. If we have already an Email ID Click Login button

3. Fill the Necessary Field like First name, last name, username, the password, date of
birth and mobile number.
Note: - Choose the Email ID in the username Field and note it and the password
after the entered
4. After Filled the registration form click submit button

CSE/SBIT Page 73
 IT WORKSHOP

5. After Submitted Google ask to verify the mobile number. Now Google Send a
verification code on the registered mobile number enters verification in the field and
verifies the mobile number with Google. 6. after Verification Click Continue to Gmail
7. All done we have successfully login to Gmail. Now we can use Gmail services like

Send and receive Free Email in the world by using free Gmail account. How to Logout
and Login Email with Gmail

Now we have a permanently user of Gmail we can use Gmail services any time by login
with we Gmail id and password.

CSE/SBIT Page 74
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:
1. Create an Email Account in Yahoo and send an E-mail?

CSE/SBIT Page 75
 IT WORKSHOP

4.4.Browse the Internet using various search engines

Search engine:

A search engine can be defined as a web site with tools which help you to find
information on the internet

Function of a search engine:

You can find anything from a schedule of White house tours to instructions for
removing stains from clothes.

Limitations:

Search engines visit web sites only several weeks. Search engines cannot see
information in other data bases later on.

On the internet a search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes: A

spider (crawler or bot) that goes to every page or representative pages on every web site
that wants to be searchable and reads it, using hypertext links on each page to discover
and read site’s other pages.

Pros:

 You can select the search terms

 You can use the same search terms with multiple search engines
 You can change search terms as much as you wish
 You will normally receive numerous links
 Its fast
Cons:

 There are so many different search engines it may be difficult to choose

 You will normally receive too many links often making it difficult to
identify the most relevant sites.

CSE/SBIT Page 76
 IT WORKSHOP

 The vast majority of links may be only marginally relevant or altogether

irrelevant
EX:

 Alta Vista
 Ask Jeeves
 Google
 Lycos etc.,

Meta Search Engines:

Meta search engines or “metacrawlers” don’t crawl the web themselves. Instead
they search the resources of multiple search engines by sending a search to several search
engines at once aggregating the result.

Pros:

 You only need to use one search tool which is time- efficient
 You only need to learn how to use one search engine reducing learning
curve
 You benefit from the difference among several search tools at once
Cons:

 Meta search services may not be able to leverage each individual search
engines full range of query tools resulting in less refined searches
 You can not personally select the search engines queried by Meta search
services.

CSE/SBIT Page 77
 IT WORKSHOP

Questions:

1. What is meant by Search Engine?

2. Write about default search engine in Google?

3. How to search a pdf file on Google?

4. What is a meta search engine?

CSE/SBIT Page 78