ASSIGNMENT – 3

UNIT – 5
1.optoelectronics is a field in which light interact with the electronics and initiate some
process.
Discuss few examples with process involved.

Ans- Optoelectronics is the communication between optics and electronics which includes the
study, design and manufacture of a hardware device that converts electrical energy into light
energy vice-verca.
Photo diode- A photo diode is a semiconductor light sensor that generates a voltage or current
when light falls on the junction. It consists of an active P-N junction, which is operated in
reverse bias. When a photon with plenty of energy strikes the semiconductor, an electron or
hole pair is created. The electrons diffuse to the junction to form an electric field.

Photo diode

Optical fiber- An optical fiber or optic fibre is a plastic and transparent fiber made of plastic or
glass. It is somewhat thicker than a human hair. It can function as a light pipe or waveguide to
transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fibers usually include three concentric
 layers: a core, a cladding and a jacket. layers: a core, a cladding and a jacket.

Optical fiber

Solar cell- A solar cell or photo-voltaic cell is an electronic device that directly converts sun’s
energy into electricity. When sunlight falls on a solar cell, it produces both a current and a
voltage to produce electric power.

SOLAR CELL

SOURCE**(https://www.google.com/search?q=optical+fibre&rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN842IN842&source=lnm
s&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi93ZKY6_LhAhWIvI8KHXYQBekQ_AUIDigB&bi)

2.What are difference between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission?what is light
amplification and why it is required to have a laser light ?

Ans- (a) Spontaneous emission-when electron absorb energy and goes to excited state . To return
to its normal or ground state it emitts the absobed extra energy (photons) at undetermined
time. This unpredictable release of energy from atom is called spontaneous emission.
(b) Stimulated emission-the stimulated emission occur when a photon with a correct wavelenght
approach excite atom.if the atom excited has the energy structure such that electron can drop to the
lower level of and release amount of energy or wavelenght of incident photon then photon will
emitted from excited atom.This photon is identical to incidence photon.
3.Explain conducting and insulating solids interacts with the light ?

Ans-(a)Conducting materials- In solids like metals and semiconductors, a great number of electrons are
available to interacts with electromagnetic radiation. Incident photons over a broad wavelenght range
are readily higher energy level absorbed by conucting band eletrons.These excited electrons occupy
where they may undergoes collision with lattice atoms.the energy is dissipited through lattice vibrations
that heat the metals, and we speak absorption.

(b)Insulating solids-The insulating materials do not contains free electrons . The electromagnetic
radiation interacts in a different way than with conductors . Both electrical and optical phenomena in
dielectrics as well as in conductors , stem from applied ac electric field (E)and response to charge it
.When frequeny is low dc being extreme case ,E field can be applied via surface contact from electric
power supply .but when frequeny is extremly high , as in light ,E field component of electromagnetic
radiation interacts with material in contactless way. In either case same kind of polarization phenomena
occurs.Electrons and ions ocsillate to and fro , while molecular dipole try to re-oriented in an attempt to
responsd in concernt with rapidly alternating electric field.

4.What is LED .List down varous materials that can be used to produce various colours in LEDs.
Ans- A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current
passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a
single wavelength. The output from an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700
nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830
nanometers or longer); such a device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED).

Source*(https://www.google.com/search?q=material+used+in+led+to+produce+colour&rlz=1C1CHBF_e
nIN842IN842&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjqtv6x5_LhAhUV)

5.what is LASERs and LASER diode?What are materials used to creat laser diode?
Ans-LASER- A device that generates an intense beam of coherent monochromatic light (or
other electromagnetic radiation) by stimulated emission of photons from excited atoms or
molecules. Lasers are used in drilling and cutting, alignment and guidance, and in surgery; the
optical properties are exploited in holography, reading barcodes.
LASER DIODE- A Laser Diode is a semiconductor device similar to a light-emitting diode (LED).
It uses p-n junction to emit coherent light in which all the waves are at the same frequency and
phase. This coherent light is produced by the laser diode using a process termed as “Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”, which is abbreviated as LASER. since a p-n
junction is used to produce laser light, this device is named as a laser diode.

LASER DIODE

Source**(https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN842IN842&biw=1366&bih=657&tbm=isch
&sa=1&ei=IKDFXKT_O7Daz7sPx9GagAM&q=laser+diode&oq=laser&gs_l=img.)

6.What is optical communications?

Ans- Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one
place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. ... Optical fiber is
used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet
communication, and cable television signals.
SOURCE**(https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN842IN842&tbm=isch&q=optical+COMM
UNICATIONS&chips=q:optical+communications,g_1:laser:CXUAVOrUgBM%3D&u)