6/29/2019 Minimize evaporation

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Minimize evaporation losses by calculating

boiloff gas in LPG storage tanks
S. Shiva Shamekhi and N. Ashouri, Faradast Energy Falat Co., Tehran, Iran

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is stored and transported in tanks as a cryogenic liquid, at a
temperature below its boiling point near atmospheric pressure. Due to heat entering the cryogenic
tank during storage and transportation, a portion of the LPG continuously evaporates, creating a gas
called boiloff gas (BOG). BOG causes evaporation losses in the LPG supply chain over time.

It is imperative to minimize vaporization and displacement losses due to the economic and safety
problems that can result from such losses. The amount of BOG depends on the design and operating
conditions of LPG plants. In the LPG supply chain, BOG can be reliquefied or sent to the flare and
burned. The evaluation of BOG in a storage tank in all operating scenarios is important for the correct
selection and design of a BOG compressor. 1D 5D 1M 3M 1Y 2Y

Different sources exist for the generation of BOG. These sources include heat leaks from ambient air Commodity Last Change
around the storage tank, heat ingress due to the dissipation of pumping power inside the tanks, heat Crude Oil WTI 58.47s -0.96
leaks from pipelines, flash vapor generated by liquid rundown and displaced vapor from the tank due
Natural Gas (Henry Hub) 2.308s -0.016
to liquid filling (known as the piston effect).

In this study, boundary conditions and parameters have been implemented to accurately estimate the Copyright © 2019. All market data is provided by Barchart
amount of BOG that evaporates at the C3 and C4 refrigeration and loading facilities at the Bandar Solutions. Futures: at least a 10 minute delay. Information is provided 'as is' and
Abbas gas condensate refinery in Iran. solely for informational purposes, not for trading purposes or advice. To see all
exchange delays and terms of use, please see disclaimer.
Study outline. The produced propane and butane from propane/butane splitter units are cooled
down in the propane/butane refrigeration unit via open-cycle refrigeration, and then run down to the
associated refrigerated tanks and stored at atmospheric pressure before being exported to overseas
markets via propane/butane carrier ships.

As shown in Fig. 1, butane rundown is subcooled at the required temperature level in two exchangers
in series, both utilizing propane. The chilled butane is then sent to the storage tanks.
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growth over the past decade due to the 1/6
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Minimize evaporation losses by calculating boiloff gas in LPG storage tanksof inexpensive feedstock and
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Reliable Operations &

Saving OPEX for Gas Plant
Refrigeration – Selecting
the right technologies

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Fig. 1. Propane refrigeration BOG production.
By selecting integrally geared
turbocompressors for gas
Propane is divided into two streams. One stream flows to the first exchanger and is flashed, and the plant refrigeration duty
other stream is sent to the high-pressure C3 suction drums and then flashed in the second exchanger. coupled with a mag bearing
Liquid propane from the suction drum is utilized in the second exchanger, and relevant flashed vapor turboexpander, operators get
is sent to medium-pressure C3 suction drums and then to the low-pressure C3 suction drums. the added values of
technology with highly reliable
Liquid propane flashes to lower pressure levels in medium- and low-pressure suction drums before operations and reduced
being pumped to refrigerated storage tanks. Propane vapors result from the rundown product OPEX. Join Sami Tabaza and
pressure reduction, and flashes at the different pressure levels are compressed in two parallel, three- Chris Blackmer from Atlas
stage centrifugal compressors, before being condensed in a C3 air cooler and a C3 compressor Copco Gas and Process for a
presentation followed by Q&A
condenser. Liquid propane is collected in a C3 accumulator and flashed again to the high-pressure
surrounding the
suction drum to restart the cycle.
turbocompressor and
turboexpander technologies
Boiloff vapors from propane tanks are sent to the low-pressure suction drums and then to the first
that can efficiently and
compressor stage. No vapors develop from butane tanks due to the subcooling of the stored liquid
reliably fit your gas plant
product.
design and operation to get
Two tanks each are used for C3 and C4 storage. Since the boiloff calculation method can be used for the advantages of both
technologies.
both types of storage tanks, calculations are described for only one of the C3 storage tanks.
June 18, 2019 10:00 AM
Operating modes. To load propane and butane to the ship, it is necessary to cool down the pipelines CDT
at the lowest possible temperature, with the aim of reducing BOG production during the entrance to
the ship compartments. Three steps are needed: preloading, loading and holding. Pre-loading
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includes two parts—the initial phase and the final phase—to achieve cooling of the pipeline with low
flowrates and appropriate pipeline temperature, respectively.

As a general rule, each tank follows three steps during normal operation:

Filling mode: The tank receives the product from the process unit at rundown flowrates.
During the filling mode, it is necessary to prepare the tank for ship loading; in project
documentation, this operation is called preloading.
Emptying mode: When the ship is ready to receive the products (i.e., when the pipeline is at
proper temperature, parcels are at proper temperature, loading arms are connected, etc.),
then it is possible to transfer the product from tank to ship. This operation is called loading.1
Holding mode: The tank is full of product and ready for ship loading, but the ship has not yet
arrived or is not ready for loading. This operation is called holding.

To load propane to the ship, it is necessary to cool down the two pipelines at the lowest possible
temperature, with the aim of reducing BOG production when products enter the ship compartments.
Therefore, some days before the carrier ship arrives, circulation from the storage tank to the jetty and
back to the tank is started. This process is applied when the pipelines are in equilibrium with the
external temperature.

The preloading mode is the most critical operating mode from the point of view of BOG production,
due to the great quantity of hot fluid trapped in the pipeline. For this reason, it is necessary to avoid a
too-rapid displacement of the fluid to prevent abnormal overdesign of the BOG compressor.

One of the major sources of boiloff production in liquefied gas handling is rollover, which can result in
a boiloff rate several times greater than normal, causing rapid over pressurization while venting a
considerable quantity of vapors to atmosphere. When the liquid layer adjacent to a liquid surface
becomes denser than the layers beneath due to boiloff of lighter fractions from the tank, stratification
develops and causes rollover due to rapid mixing as a result of density inversion. An effective solution
is the mixing of the liquid in the tanks. For this purpose, two circulating pumps are placed inside the
tank: one is always circulating the liquid and the other is used for cooling the transfer line.

Calculation methods. BOG evaluation in all operating scenarios of the tank is important for the
correct definition of the flowrates to the BOG compressors.

BOG is produced under the following conditions:

1. Heat absorbed from ambient air by refrigerated storage tanks

2. Heat absorbed from ambient air by lines (rundown lines, pipelines)
3. Heat produced by the operation of pumps (loading, circulation, rundown)
4. Vapor displacement due to liquid inlet in the tank
5. Rapid variation of barometric pressure.
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Total BOG flowrate can be calculated with Eq. 1:
6/29/2019 Minimize evaporation losses by calculating boiloff gas in LPG storage tanks
BOGTotal = BOGTank + BOGTransferLine + BOGLoadingSystem +
BOGElectricalMotor + BOGATM + BOGCirculationSystem + (1)
BOGVaporDisplacement + BOGCompensationEffect

Note: The contribution of BOG due to rapid atmospheric pressure variation is not considered, and is
negligible when compared to the other contributions. Also, the compensation effect due to outflow of
liquid from the tank is not considered.

BOG is calculated utilizing simulation software. The thermophysical properties of propane are
collected in Table 1. Required information for the calculation of BOG is presented in Table 2.
Calculations for the contribution to BOG by heat absorbed in tanks are shown in Eqs. 2 and 3.

(2), (3)

Heat ingress by storage tank is equal in the three cases of holding, preloading and loading. Equations
for the contribution to BOG by the transfer system are shown in Eqs. 4–9.

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 6/29/2019 Minimize evaporation losses by calculating boiloff gas in LPG storage tanks

(4), (5), (6), (7)

(8), (9)

where:

QNormal=21.3 m3/h

QMax=67.5 m3/h

Head=88.2 m

η=0.68 (ηShaft 0.75 × ηMotor 0.9)

ΔP=SG × ΔH

The ΔH transfer line is calculated by HYSYS.

BOG pertaining to lines (circulation, loading and transfer line) can be calculated manually using Eqs.
10–14.2

(10), (11), (12), (13), (14)

Calculations for the contribution to BOG by the circulation system are shown in Eqs. 15–20.

(15), (16), (17)

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 6/29/2019 Minimize evaporation losses by calculating boiloff gas in LPG storage tanks

(18), (19), (20)

where:

QNormal=225 m3/h

Head=339 m

η=0.63 (ηShaft 0.7 × ηMotor 0.9)

Calculations for the contribution to BOG by the loading system are shown in Eqs. 21–26.

(21), (22)

(23), (24), (25), (26)

where:

QLoading=1,250 m3/h

Head=365.5 m

η=0.72 (ηShaft 0.8 × ηMotor 0.9)

Calculations for the contribution to BOG by electric motors are shown in Eqs. 27–28.

(27), (28)

where:

Power of loading pump = 904.3 kw

Power of circulation pump = 172.7 kw.

The calculation for the contribution to BOG by vapor displacement is shown in Eq. 29.

(29)

Rundown flowrate definitions include:

The normal flowrate is 21.3 m3/h on the transfer pump when the system is in holding mode
The maximum pump flowrate is 67.5 m3/h for the transfer pump when the system is in
preloading mode (initial phase)
ρ is determined by the simulator and is derived from flashing before entrance to the storage
tanks.
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 The results for the different operating modes experienced Minimize
6/29/2019 by storageevaporation
tanks are shown in Table
losses 3.
by calculating boiloff gas in LPG storage tanks

Takeaway. The calculations described represent a simple approach for engineers to estimate
produced BOG ratio in cryogenic systems for LPG and LNG. The BOG ratio can be calculated
manually or with the use of a process simulator. GP

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author thanks the board of directors and the process division of Faradast Energy Falat Co., the
general contractor of Bandar Abbas Gas condensation refinery, for its support.

NOMENCLATURE

λ Latent heat

α Vapor fraction

η Pump shaft efficiency

W Mass flow

Kp Average heat flux through the pipe, W/m2

Ap Piping external surface area, including insulation, m2

H Enthalpy

Kt Vaporization coefficient, considered equal to 0.001 for C3/C4

Vt Geometrical volume of tank, m3

ρ Density

Kf Thermal conductivity of ambient air, W/km

Kins Thermal conductivity of insulation, W/km

LITERATURE CITED

1
Chen, C. C., “Fine-tune refrigerated LPG loading line operation,” Hydrocarbon Processing, August
2005.

2
Wordu, A. A. and B. Peterside, “Estimation of boiloff gas from refrigerated vessels in liquefied natural
gas plant,” International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2013.

3
Adom, E., et al. “Modelling of boiloff gas in LNG tanks: A case study,” International Journal of
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010, pp. 292–296.

S. Shiva Shamekhi is a process engineer in the process engineering department of

Faradast Energy Falat Co. She is working on a mega-size project for a gas
condensation refinery in Tehran, Iran. She holds BSc and MSc degrees from Amirkabir
University of Technology in Iran. Her areas of specialization include basic design of
refrigeration plants and detailed design of gas and petrochemical plants. She can be
reached at S.Shamekhi@fefalat.com or s.shamekhi@gmail.com.

N. Ashouri is the process lead engineer in the process engineering department of

Faradast Energy Falat Co. He is working on a mega-size project for the Bandar Abbas
gas condensate refinery in Iran. He has 16 years of experience in the design of oil and
gas refineries. Mr. Ashouri holds an MSC degree in process engineering from the Iran
University of Technology. He can be reached at N.Ashouri@fefalat.com.

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