‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺋﻦ و اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬

‫‪Fluid Mechanics II‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ)‪(2‬‬
‫)ﻣﻠﺨﺺ(‬

‫‪3rd year Mechanical Engineering‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪-‬آﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎت‬
‫‪2009/2008‬‬

‫ﻣﺪرﺳﻮ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫د‪.‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ إدرﻳﺲ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ‬ ‫د‪.‬إﺧﻼص ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﻴﺎض‬
‫أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
 Syllabus (‫ﻣﻔﺮدات اﻟﻤﺎدة )ﻓﺮع اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ اﻟﻌﺎم‬
Subject : fluid mechanics II ‫ ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ‬: ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
Weekly Hours : 2 Theoretical:2 UNITS: 5 5 : ‫ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬2 : ‫ ﻧﻈﺮي‬: ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
Tutorial : : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
Experimental : 1 1 : ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

week Contents ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‬

1. The ideal fluid – introduction ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ .1

2. Stream function, potential function, circulation ‫ اﻟﺪوران‬، ‫ داﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬، ‫داﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎب‬ .2
3. Basic flow patterns ‫أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ .3
4. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .4
5. Combination of basic flows ‫ﺟﻤﻊ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن‬ .5
6. Flow around circular cylinder ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻮل اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ داﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬ .6
7. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .7
Boundary layers (introduction) , displacement ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬، ‫ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬-(‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ )ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
8. and momentum thicknesses .8
‫اﻟﺰﺧﻢ‬
9. Momentum equation for boundary layer ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺰﺧﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ‬ .9
10. Laminar boundary layer ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ .10
11. Turbulent boundary layer ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﻴﺔ‬ .11
12. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .12
13. Transition region (‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل )اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ .13
Effect of pressure gradient (separation and ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ) اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎل و اﻟﻜﺒﺢ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻰ ﻋﻦ‬
14. pressure drag)
.14
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
15. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .15
16. Navier – Stokes equations (derivation) (‫ ﺳﺘﻮك ) ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ و اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﺎت‬-‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺮ‬ .16
Laminar flow between parallel plates and ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﺘﻴﻦ و ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
17. Couette flow
.17
‫آﻮت‬
18. Hydrodynamic lubrication ‫اﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ اﻟﻬﻴﺪرودﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬ .18
19. Laminar flow between co-axial rotating cylinders ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺘﻴﻦ دوارﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﺮآﺰﺗﻴﻦ‬ .19
20. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .20
21. Introduction to hydraulic machines ( ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ) ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ .21
22. Impulse turbine ‫اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪﻓﻌﻲ‬ .22
23. Reaction turbine ‫ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ .23
24. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .24
25. Pumps/ classification ‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬/ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت‬ .25
26. Centrifugal pumps ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت اﻟﻄﺎردة اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ‬ .26
27. Performance of Centrifugal pumps ‫أداء اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت اﻟﻄﺎردة اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ‬ .27
28. Similarity laws for pumps/ Specific speed ‫ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺎت‬ .28
29. Cavitation in hydraulic machines ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ .29
30. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .30
 Syllabus (‫ﻣﻔﺮدات اﻟﻤﺎدة )ﻓﺮﻋﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ و اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬
Subject : fluid mechanics II ‫ ﻣﻮاﺋﻊ‬: ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
Weekly Hours : 2 Theoretical:2 UNITS: 5 5 : ‫ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬2 : ‫ ﻧﻈﺮي‬: ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
Tutorial : : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
Experimental : 1 1 : ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

week Contents ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‬

1. The ideal fluid – introduction ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ .1

2. Stream function, potential function, circulation ‫ اﻟﺪوران‬، ‫ داﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬، ‫داﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎب‬ .2
3. Basic flow patterns ‫أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ .3
4. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .4
Boundary layers (introduction) , displacement ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬، ‫ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬-(‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ )ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
5. and momentum thicknesses .5
‫اﻟﺰﺧﻢ‬
6. Effect of displacement thickness on internal flow ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻹزاﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ .6
7. Momentum equation for boundary layer ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺰﺧﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ‬ .7
8. Laminar boundary layer ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ .8
9. Turbulent boundary layer ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﻴﺔ‬ .9
10. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .10
11. Transition region (‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل )اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ .11
Effect of pressure gradient (separation and ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ) اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎل و اﻟﻜﺒﺢ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻰ ﻋﻦ‬
12. pressure drag)
.12
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
13. Separation in internal flow ‫ﻇﺎهﺮة اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ .13
14. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .14
15. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .15
16. Navier – Stokes equations (derivation) (‫ ﺳﺘﻮك ) ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ و اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﺎت‬-‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺮ‬ .16
Laminar flow between parallel plates and ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﺘﻴﻦ و ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
17. Couette flow
.17
‫آﻮت‬
18. Hydrodynamic lubrication ‫اﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ اﻟﻬﻴﺪرودﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬ .18
19. Laminar flow between co-axial rotating cylinders ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺘﻴﻦ دوارﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﺮآﺰﺗﻴﻦ‬ .19
20. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .20
21. Introduction to hydraulic machines ( ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ) ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ .21
22. Pumps/ classification ‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬/ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت‬ .22
23. Centrifugal pumps ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت اﻟﻄﺎردة اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ‬ .23
24. Performance of Centrifugal pumps ‫أداء اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت اﻟﻄﺎردة اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ‬ .24
25. Similarity laws for pumps/ Specific speed ‫ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬/ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺨﺎت‬ .25
26. Cavitation in hydraulic machines ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻬﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ .26
27. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .27
28. Fans ‫اﻟﻤﺮاوح‬ .28
29. Performance of fans ‫أداء اﻟﻤﺮاوح‬ .29
30. Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ .30
 Syllabus (‫ﻣﻔﺮدات اﻟﻤﺎدة )ﻓﺮع اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‬
Subject: Aerodynamics ‫ دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ هﻮاء‬: ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬
Weekly Hours : Theoretical :2 Units : 5 5 : ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬ 2 : ‫ ﻧﻈﺮي‬: ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
Tutorial : : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
Experimental : 1 1 : ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
Week Contents ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‬
1 The ideal fluid – introduction ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ 1
2 Stream function, potential function, ‫ اﻟﺪوران‬، ‫ داﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬، ‫داﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎب‬ 2
circulation
3 Basic flow patterns ‫أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ 3
4 Combination of basic flows ‫ﺟﻤﻊ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن‬ 4
5 Flow around circular cylinder ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻮل اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ داﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬ 5
6 Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ 6
7 Boundary layers (introduction) , ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬، ‫ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬-(‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ )ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ 7
displacement and momentum ‫اﻟﺰﺧﻢ‬
thicknesses
8 Momentum equation for boundary ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺰﺧﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ‬ 8
layer
9 Laminar boundary layer ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ 9
10 Turbulent boundary layer and ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﻴﺔ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل‬ 10
Transition region (‫)اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
11 Effect of pressure gradient(separation ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ) اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎل و اﻟﻜﺒﺢ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻰ‬ 11
and pressure drag) ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
12 Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ 12
13 Navier – Stokes equations ( ‫ ﺳﺘﻮك ) ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ و اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﺎت‬-‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺮ‬ 13
(derivation)
14 Laminar flow between parallel plates ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﺘﻴﻦ و‬ 14
and Couette flow ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن آﻮت‬
15 Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ 15
16 Pumps / Classification ‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬/ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت‬ 16
17 Centrifugal pumps and Performance ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت اﻟﻄﺎردة اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ و أداﺋﻬﺎ‬ 17
18 Incompressible flow over airfoils (thin ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻼاﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻰ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ )ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ‬ 18
airfoil theory – an introduction) (‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
19 Finite wings –downwash , induced ‫ اﻟﻜﺒﺢ‬، ‫اﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة –اﻻﺟﺘﺮاف اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ 19
drag, rotary wings ‫ اﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﺪوارة‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﺚ‬
20 Incompressible flow over wings (finite ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻼاﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ )ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ‬ 20
wing theory – an introduction) (‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﺎح اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬
21 Introduction to the numerical methods ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻮل‬ 21
for airfoils and wings ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ و اﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬
22 Gas dynamics – introduction , speed ‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻮت‬، ‫دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ اﻟﻐﺎزات – ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ 22
of sound
23 Isentropic flow ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻻﻳﺰﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻲ‬ 23
24 The area-velocity relation (flow in (‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ )اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻮاق‬ 24
nozzles)
25 shock waves ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺼﺪﻣﻴﺔ‬ 25
26 Normal shock waves ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺼﺪﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ‬ 26
27 Oblique shock waves ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺼﺪﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ 27
28 Oblique shock analysis ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ 28
29 Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ 29
30 Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ 30
 References ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬

1- Fluid Mechanics By Streeter & Wylie

2- Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications

By Daugherty & Franzini

3- Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

By Fox & McDonald

4- Engineering Fluid Mechanics

By Roberson & Crowe

:‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬II ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ‬
‫وه ﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻐﻨ ﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻟ ﺐ ﻋ ﻦ ﺣ ﻀﻮر اﻟ ﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺮرة ﻓ ﻲ ﺟ ﺪول‬
.‫اﻟﺪروس اﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻲ‬
 Chapter One
Ideal Fluid Flow
Contents
1- Introduction.
2- Requirements for ideal fluid flow.
3- Relationships between stream function (ψ), potential function
(φ) and velocity component.
4- Basic flow patterns.
5- Combination of basic flows. (‫)ﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ اﻟﻌﺎم و اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات ﻓﻘﻂ‬
6- Examples.
7- Problems; sheet No. 1

1- Introduction

Velocity
v v
vector
v
v
q = ui + vj + wk In Cartesian coordinates
v v v v
q = u r r + uθ θ + wk In Polar coordinates

v
Divergence of q = ∇ ⋅ qv
v ∂u ∂v ∂w
∇⋅q = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

Continuity equation
v
∇⋅q = 0
Or
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Curl of qv = ∇ × qv

Vorticity equation
v ⎛ ∂w ∂v ⎞ v ⎛ ∂u ∂w ⎞ v ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ v
∇ × q = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟i + ⎜ − ⎟ j + ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟k
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
v v v v
∇ × q = ωxi + ω y j + ωz k

If ∇ × qv ≠ 0 the flow is called rotational

If ∇ × qv = 0 the flow is called irrotational

2- Requirements for ideal- fluid flow

1- non viscous.
2- incompressible.
3- ∇ ⋅ qv = 0
4- ∇ × qv = 0

3- Relationships between stream function (ψ), potential function

(φ) and velocity component

∂ψ ∂φ
u= =
∂y ∂x
∂ψ ∂φ
v=− =
∂x ∂y
In cylindrical coordinates :
1 ∂ψ ∂φ
ur = =
r ∂θ ∂r
∂ψ 1 ∂φ
uθ = − =
∂r r ∂θ
4- Basic flow patterns:

1- Uniform flow
a- Uniform flow in the x- direction

b- Uniform flow in the y- direction

c- General uniform flow

2- Source flow

3- Sink flow

4- Doublet flow
5- Free vortex flow

Stream function and Potential function for Basic flow patterns:

Type of flow ψ φ
Uniform flow in the x- direction uy ux
Uniform flow in the y- direction -vx vy
General uniform flow uy-vx ux+vy
Source kθ k ln r
Sink -kθ -k ln r
Doublet − μ sin θ μ cos θ
2π r 2π r
Free vortex Γ Γ
− ln r θ
2π 2π
Q m
Note: k = strength of the source = or (= )
2π 2π

Definition of circulation (Г):

Γ = ∫ q s ds
c

Circulation = vorticity×area
Г = ωz × A
5- Combination of basic flows:

1- Uniform flow and a source.

The stream function:

ψ = Uy + kθ
ψ = U .r sin θ + kθ

The velocity components:

1 ∂ψ k
ur = = U . cos θ +
r ∂θ r
and
∂ψ
uθ = − = −U . sin θ
∂r
Q
The dividing streamline (ψ = ) could be replaced by a solid surface of the
2
same shape, forming a semi-infinite body (half-body).
2- Uniform flow and a source-sink pair.

The stream function:

ψ = Uy + kθ1 − kθ 2
y y
ψ = Uy + k tan −1 − k tan −1
x+b x−b

The velocity component:

∂ψ k k
u= =U + −
∂y ⎡ 2
⎤ ⎡ ⎛ y ⎞2 ⎤
(x + b )⎢1 + ⎛⎜ y ⎞⎟ ⎥ (x − b )⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ x + b ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎝ x − b ⎠ ⎦⎥

The dividing streamline (ψ = 0 ) could be replaced by a solid surface of the

same shape, forming an oval called a Rankine oval.

3- Uniform flow and a doublet:

(Non lifting flow over a cylinder)
The stream function:
μ sin θ
ψ = Uy −
2π r
⎛ R2 ⎞
ψ = U .r sin θ ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ r2 ⎠
where
μ
R2 =
2πU

The velocity components:

1 ∂ψ ⎛ R2 ⎞
ur = = U . cos θ ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
r ∂θ ⎝ r ⎠
and
∂ψ ⎛ R2 ⎞
uθ = − = −U . sin θ ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟
∂r ⎝ r ⎠

The dividing streamline (ψ = 0 ) could be replaced by a solid surface of the

μ
same shape, forming a circular cylinder with radius R = .
2πU

The pressure distribution on the cylinder surface is obtained from:

Ps = Po +
1
2
(
ρU 2 1 − 4 sin 2 θ )

The pressure distribution is symmetrical around the cylinder and the

resultant force developed on the cylinder = zero.
4- Doublet and free vortex in a uniform flow:
(Lifting flow over a cylinder)

The stream function:

⎛ R2 ⎞ Γ
ψ = U .r sin θ ⎜⎜1 − ⎟+ ln r
⎝ r 2 ⎟⎠ 2π

The velocity components:

1 ∂ψ ⎛ R2 ⎞
ur = = U . cos θ ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
r ∂θ ⎝ r ⎠
and
∂ψ ⎛ R2 ⎞ Γ
uθ = − = −U . sin θ ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ −
∂r ⎝ r ⎠ 2πr

The location of the stagnation points is given by:

⎛ −Γ ⎞
r = R ; sin θ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4πRU ⎠

There are four possible cases:

a- (Г = 0)
 b- (Г < 4πRU)

c- (Г = 4πRU)

d- (Г > 4πRU)

The pressure distribution on the cylinder surface is obtained from:

2
1 1 ⎛ Γ ⎞
Ps = Po + ρU 2 − ρ ⎜ − 2U . sin θ − ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2πR ⎠
The lift force on the cylinder is
Lift = ρUГL where L = length of the cylinder

6- Examples:

1- Does the stream function (ψ = xy) represent a physically possible flow?

If so, determine the velocity at a point (2,3).

Solution:
2- A velocity potential in two-dimensional flow is given by (φ = y+x2-y2);
find the stream function for this flow.

Solution:

3- A stream function in two-dimensional flow is (ψ = 9+6x-4y+7xy); find

the velocity potential for this flow.

Solution:
University of Technology Sheet No. 1
Mechanical Engineering Dep. Ideal Fluid Flow
Fluid Mechanics II (3 rd year) 2008/2009

1- Show that the two-dimensional flow described by the equation ψ = x + 2 x 2 − 2 y 2 is

irrotational. Find the velocity potential for this flow. [ φ = − y − 4 xy + c ]

2- A certain flow field is described by the velocity potential φ = A ln r + Br cos θ where

A and B are positive constants. Determine the corresponding stream function and locate
[ψ = Aθ + Br sin θ + c ; ⎛⎜ ,0 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ , π ⎞⎟ ]
A A
any stagnation points in this flow field.
⎝B ⎠ ⎝B ⎠

3- The velocity components in a two-dimensional flow field for an incompressible fluid

y3 x3
are expressed as: u = + 2 x − x 2 y ; v = xy 2 − 2 y − .
3 3
a) show that these functions represents a possible case of irrotational flow.
b) obtain expressions for the stream function and velocity potential.

4- The formula φ = 0.04 x 3 + axy 2 + by 3 represent the velocity potential of a two-dimensional

ideal flow. Evaluate the constants a and b, and calculate the pressure difference between
the points (0,0) and (3,4)m, if the fluid has density of 1300 kg/m3.
[a = -0.12, b = 0 ; 5.85 kN/m2]

5- The two-dimensional flow of a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in the vicinity of the

90o corner of figure is described by the stream function ψ = 2r 2 sin 2θ .
a) determine the corresponding velocity potential.
b) if the pressure at point(1,0) on the wall is 30kPa, what is the pressure at point (0,0.5) ,
assume ρ = 1000 kg/m3 , and x-y plane is horizontal. [ φ = 2r 2 cos 2θ + c ; 36 kPa]

6- The stream function for an incompressible flow filed is given by the equation
ψ = 3tx 2 y − ty 3 . Find the potential function and determine the flow rates across the faces of
the triangular prism OAB shown in figure having a thickness of 5 units in the z-direction
at time t = 1. [ φ = tx 3 − 3txy 2 + c ; 40; 0; 40]

Problem No. 5 Problem No.6

7- Prove that for a two-dimensional flow, the vorticity at a point is twice the rotation
(angular velocity).

8- The pressure far from an irrotational vortex in the atmosphere is zero gage. If the
velocity at r = 20 m is 20 m/s, find the velocity and pressure at r = 2 m. (ρ = 1.2 kg/m3)
[200 m/s ; -23.76 kPa]

9- A non viscous incompressible fluid flow between wedge shaped-wall into small
opening as shown in figure. The velocity potential which described the flow is φ = −2 ln r .
Determine the volume rate of flow (per unit length) in the opening. [-π/3 m3/s per m]

10- A source with strength 0.2/2π m3/s.m and a vortex with strength 1/2π m2/s are located
at the origin. Determine the equations for velocity potential and stream function. What are
the velocity components at x = 1 m , y = 0.5 m? [0.0285 m/s ; 0.143 m/s]

11- In an infinite two-dimensional flow filed, a sink of strength 3/2π m3/s.m is located at
the origin, and another of strength 4/2π m3/s.m at (2 , 0). What is the magnitude and
direction of the velocity at point (0 , 2). [0.429 m/s ; -68.22o]

12- Flow over a plane half-body is studied by utilizing a free-stream at 5 m/s

superimposed on a source at the origin. The body has a maximum width 2 m. Calculate:
a) the coordinates of the stagnation point.
b) the width of the body at the origin.
c) the velocity at a point (0.5 , π/2). [(0.32 , π) ; 1 m ; 5.93 m/s]

13- The shape of a hill arising from a plain can be approximated with the top section of a
half-body as is shown in figure. The height of the hill approaches 61 m. When a 18 m/s
wind blows toward the hill, what is the magnitude of the air velocity at point (2) above the
origin. What is the elevation of point (2) and what is the difference in pressure between
point (1) and point (2). (ρair = 1.23 kg/m3) [21.34 m/s ; 30.5 m ; 448.83 Pa]

14- A circular cylinder 0.5 m diameter rotates at 600 rpm in a uniform stream of 15 m/s.
Locate the stagnation points. Calculate the minimum rotational speed for detached
stagnation point in the same uniform flow. [-31.6 o and -148.4o ; 1146 rpm]

15- A circular cylinder 20 m long is placed in a uniform stream of 100 m/s (ρ= 0.7 kg/m3).
The lift force generated by the cylinder is 2100 kN. The stagnation points are at (-60o and
-120o). Derive a relationship between the locations of the stagnation points and the
circulation around the cylinder. Calculate the diameter of the cylinder. [2.75 m]

Problem No. 9 Problem No. 13