Basic Environmental Technology

Water Supply, Waste Management,

and Pollution Control

Sixth Edition

Jerry A. Nathanson, MS, PE

Emeritus Professor
Union County College
Cranford, New Jersey

Richard A. Schneider, MS, PE

Madison Area Technical College
Madison, Wisconsin

PEARSON

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Upper
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 CONTENTS

Chapter Chapter

BASIC CONCEPTS 1 HYDROLOGY 50

1-1 Overview of Environmental 3-1 Water Use and Availability 50

Technology 2
3-2 The Hydrologic Cycle 52
1-2 Public Health 5
3-3 Rainfall 53

1-3 Ecology 8
3-4 Surface Water 59
1-4 Geology and Soils 15
3-5 Droughts 64

1-5 Historical Perspective 18

3-6 Reservoirs 65

1-6 Chapter Synopsis 21

3-7 Groundwater 69

Review Questions 22
3-8 Chapter Synopsis 72

Review Questions 73
Chapter

Practice Problems 74
HYDRAULICS 24

2-1 Pressure 24
Chapter
2-2 Flow 29
WATER QUALITY 76

2-3 Flow in Pipes under Pressure 32

4-1 Fundamental Concepts In

2-4 Gravity Flow in Pipes 36 Chemistry 77

2-5 Nonuniform Open Channel 4-2 Physical Parameters of Water

Flow 42 Quality 86

2-6 Computer Applications in 4-3 Chemical Parameters of Water

Hydraulics 46 Quality 88

2-7 Chapter Synopsis 46 4-4 Biological Parameters of Water

Quality 95
Review Questions 47
4-5 Water Sampling 101
Practice Problems 48

4-6 Chapter Synopsis 102

Review Questions 103

Practice Problems 105

viii Contents

7-7 Chapter Synopsis 184

Chapter
Review Questions 186

WATER POLLUTION 106

Practice Problems 187

5-1 Classification of Water

Pollutants 106
Chapter
5-2 Thermal Pollution 108
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS 189

5-3 Soil Erosion and Sediment

8-1 Sanitary Sewer Design 190
Control 109

8-2 Sewage Lift Stations 199

5-4 Stream Pollution 110

8-3 Sewer Construction 201

5-5 Lake Pollution 114

8-4 Infiltration and Inflow 207

5-6 Groundwater Pollution 117

8-5 Sewer Rehabilitation 208

5-7 Ocean Pollution 121

8-6 Alternative Wastewater

5-8 Water Quality Standards 124
Collection Systems 211

5-9 Chapter Synopsis 126

8-7 Computer Applications
Review Questions 128 and GIS 213

Practice Problems 128 8-8 Chapter Synopsis 213

Review Questions 215

Chapter
Practice Problems 215

DRINKING WATER PURIFICATION 129

6-1 Safe Drinking Water Act 130

Chapter

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT 217

6-2 Sedimentation 136

9-1 Estimating Storm Runoff 218

6-3 Coagulation and

Flocculation 140
9-2 Storm Sewer Systems 225

6-4 Filtration 141

9-3 Stormwater Mitigation

145 Techniques 229

6-5 Disinfection

9-4 Floodplains 236

6-6 Other Treatment Processes 149

154 9-5 Control of Combined Sewer

6-7 Chapter Synopsis
Overflow 238
Review Questions 155
9-6 Computer Applications 241
Practice Problems 155

9-7 Chapter Synopsis 242

Review Questions 243

Chapter
Practice Problems 243
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 157

7-1 Design Factors 158

Chapter
7-2 Water Mains 161
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND

7-3 Centrifugal Pumps 167 DISPOSAL 245

7-4 Distribution Storage 175 10-1 Legislation and Standards 246

7-5 Flow in Pipe Networks 179 10-2 Primary Treatment 248

7-6 Computer Applications 182 10-3 Secondary Treatment 249

 Contents ix

10-4 Tertiary Treatment 260

Chapter
10-5 On-Site Wastewater Treatment a|
and Disposal 267 AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL 345

10-6 Sludge (Biosolids) 13-1 Historical Background 345

Management 278
13-2 Atmospheric Factors 346

10-7 Operation and

13-3 Types, Sources, and
Maintenance 285
Effects 350

10-8 Chapter Synopsis 287

13-4 Global Air Pollution 355

Review Questions 288

13-5 Indoor Air Quality 362

Practice Problems 289

13-6 Air Sampling and

Measurement 367

Chapter
^^ 13-7 Air Pollution Control 373
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 291
13-8 Chapter Synopsis 385

11- 1 Historical Background 292

Review Questions 387

11-2 Solid Waste

Practice Problems 388
Characteristics 292

11-3 Solid Waste Collection 295

Chapter

11-4 Solid Waste

14
Processing 297
NOISE POLLUTION AND CONTROL 389

11-5 Recycling 304

14-1 Basic Physics of Sound 389

11-6 Sanitary Landfills 309

14-2 Measurement of Noise 391

11- 7 Chapter Synopsis 316

14-3 Effects of Noise 396

Review Questions 317

14-4 Noise Mitigation 397

Practice Problems 318

14-5 Chapter Synopsis 401

Review Questions 402

Chapter
^ Practice Problems 403
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 319

12- 1 Characteristics and

Quantities 321 APPENDIXES 404

12-2 Transportation of Hazardous A Environmental Impact Studies

Waste 323 and Audits 404

12-3 Treatment, Storage, and B Education, Employment,

Disposal 325 Licensing, and Certification 408

12-4 Site Remediation 331 C LEED Green Building Project

Certification Process 413
12-5 Hazardous Waste
Minimization 341 D Review of Basic Mathematics,
Units, and Unit Conversions 414
12-6 Chapter Synopsis 342

E Glossary and Abbreviations 423

Review Questions 343
F Answers to Practice

Problems 437

INDEX 438