Grade Level : 11
Subject : PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Grading Period : First Quarter
I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standards
B. Performance Standards
C. Learning Competencies/
Objectives
II. CONTENT
III. LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
1. Teacher’s Guide pages
2. Learner’s Materials pages
3. Textbook pages
4. Additional Materials from
Learning Resource (LR) portal
B. Other Learning Resources
IV. PROCEDURES
A. Reviewing previous lesson
B. Presenting the new lesson
C. Establishing a purpose for the
lesson
D. Discussing new concepts and
practicing skills.
GUIDE QUESTIONS
Learning Station 1
 What is an element?
 How many elements are known
at present?
Date : June 4, 2019
Time : 4:00 – 6:00 p.m.
Section : CHAMOMILE
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to;
 describe an element
 identify the light elements formed during Big Bang and describe how are these elements
formed
 write the nuclear reactions which lead to the formation of these elements.
 state how the elements which are heavier than iron were formed in the universe.
The learners demonstrate an understanding of ;
1. the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during the stellar evolution
2. the distribution of the chemical elements and the isotopes in the universe.
The learners make a creative representation of the historical development of the atom or the
chemical element in a timeline.
The learners;
 give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang Theory
(S11/12PS-IIIa-1)
 give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star formation
and evolution. (S11/12PS-IIIa-2)
 write the nuclear fusion reactions that take place in stars, which lead to the formation of
new elements. (S11/12PS-IIIa-3)
 describe how elements heavier than iron were formed. (S11/12PS-IIIa-b-4)
How the elements found in the universe were formed.
None
None
http://sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Just-Elemental/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/How-elements-
are-formed retrieved Oct. 29, 2016
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/84-the-universe/stars-and-star-clusters/nuclear-
burning/402-how-are-light-and-heavy-elements-formed-advanced retrieved Oct. 29, 2016
Preliminary Activities:
Opening Prayer
Checking of Attendance
Checking of classroom cleanliness
(5 minutes)
Let the students fill in the K-W-H-L chart regarding elements on the board.
Show the symbols of different elements such as Ne, He, H, C, O to the students.
Ask the learners;
 What do the symbol represents?
 Where can we see the lists of these elements at present?
 How are these elements formed?
Learners will hop from one learning station to another and will answer the guide questions
provided.
Learning Station 1
How elements are formed?
Our world is made of elements and combinations of elements called compounds. An element is a
pure substance made of atoms that are all of the same type. At present, 116 elements are known,
and only about 90 of these occur naturally.
Elements and the ‘Big Bang’ theory
  How many elements occur
naturally?
 What are the elements formed
during the Big Bang?
 The energy released during
nuclear reactions is released in
the form of ______________.
 What makes the solar winds?
 What happens when a star’s
core run out of hydrogen?
 When does a dying star begin
to manufacture carbon atoms
by fusing helium atoms?
 What is the resulting element
after the fusion of carbon and
helium atoms?
Learning Station 2
 What are the lightest elements
in the universe?
 Why is fusion reaction possible
in the early universe?
 What kind of stars produces the
lightest elements?
 How are the elements heavier
than iron were formed?
During the formation of the universe some 14 billion years ago in the so-called ‘Big Bang’, only the
lightest elements were formed – hydrogen and helium along with trace amounts of lithium and
beryllium. As the cloud of cosmic dust and gases from the Big Bang cooled, stars formed, and
these then grouped together to form galaxies. The other 86 elements found in nature were created
in nuclear reactions in these stars and in huge stellar explosions known as supernovae.
Elements and our Sun
For most of their lives, stars fuse elemental hydrogen into helium in their cores. Two atoms of
hydrogen are combined in a series of steps to create helium-4. These reactions account for 85% of
the Sun’s energy. The remaining 15% comes from reactions that produce the elements beryllium
and lithium.
The energy from these nuclear reactions is emitted in various forms of radiation such as ultraviolet
light, X-rays, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves and radio waves. In addition, energized
particles such as neutrinos and protons are released, and it is these that make up the solar wind.
Earth is in the path of this energy stream, which warms the planet, drives weather and provides
energy for life. The Earth’s atmosphere is able to screen out most of the harmful radiation, and the
Earth’s magnetic field can deflect the harmful effects of the solar wind.
Dying stars
When a star’s core runs out of hydrogen, the star begins to die out. The dying star expands into a
red giant, and this now begins to manufacture carbon atoms by fusing helium atoms.
More massive stars begin a further series of nuclear burning or reaction stages. The elements
formed in these stages range from oxygen through to iron.
During a supernova, the star releases very large amounts of energy as well as neutrons, which
allows elements heavier than iron, such as uranium and gold, to be produced. In the supernova
explosion, all of these elements are expelled out into space.
Our world is literally made up of elements formed deep within the cores of stars now long dead. As
Britain’s Astronomer Royal Sir Martin Rees said, “We are literally the ashes of long dead stars.”
When you buy a party balloon that floats in air, it is filled with helium gas – most of which was
created when the universe was only 3 minutes old!
Examples of element making (nucleogenesis) in helium burning reactions:
3 helium atoms fusing to give a carbon atom: 3 @ 4He → 12C
carbon atom + helium atom fusing to give an oxygen atom: 12C + 4He → 16O
oxygen atom + helium atom fusing to give a neon atom: 16O + 4He → 20Ne
neon atom + helium atom fusing to give a magnesium atom: 20Ne + 4He → 24Mg
Learning Station 2
The lightest elements (hydrogen, helium, deuterium, lithium) were produced in the Big Bang
nucleosynthesis. According to the Big Bang theory, the temperatures in the early universe were so
high that fusion reactions could take place. This resulted in the formation of light elements:
hydrogen, deuterium, helium (two isotopes), and lithium and trace amounts of beryllium.
Nuclear fusion in stars converts hydrogen into helium in all stars. In stars less massive than the
Sun, this is the only reaction that takes place. In stars more massive than the Sun (but less
massive than about 8 solar masses), further reactions that convert helium to carbon and oxygen
take place in successive stages of stellar evolution. In the very massive stars, the reaction chain
continues to produce elements like silicon up to iron.
Elements higher than iron cannot be formed through fusion as one have to supply energy for the
reaction to take place. However, we do see elements higher than iron around us. So how did these
elements form? The answer is supernovae. In a supernova explosion, neutron capture reactions
take place (this is not fusion), leading to the formation of heavy elements. This is the reason why it

E. Developing mastery
F. Finding practical application of
concepts and skills in daily living
G. Making generalizations and
abstractions about the lesson
H. Evaluating Learning
J. Assignment
V. REMARKS
VI. REFLECTION
A. No. of learners who earned 80%
on the formative assessment
Prepared:
John G. Smith
Teacher III
is said that most of the stuff that we see around us come from stars and supernovae (the heavy
elements part). If you go into technical details, then there are two processes of neutron capture
called rapid process (r-process) and the slow process (s-process), and these lead to formation of
different elements.
Using periodic table of elements, students in group of three will write the nuclear reactions which
lead to the formation of new elements.
1. 16O + 4He → _____________ (20Ne)Neon
2. 2H + 2H → ______________ (4He)Helium
3. H + H → ______________ (2H) Deuterium
4. He + 3H → ______________ (7Li) Lithium
4
5. 7Li + 2H → ______________ (9Be) Beryllium
(5 minutes)
Let the students cite the significance of knowing how the elements in the universe are formed.
(5 minutes)
Address any misunderstanding that was evident during the application work.
Revisit the elicited thoughts for further elaboration and sharing of responses.
Direction: Fill in the missing terms. (1 point each)
1. A/n ___________ (element) is a pure substance made of atoms that are all of the same
type.
2. Hydrogen, ____________ (helium), deuterium and a trace of lithium and beryllium are
the lightest elements formed during the Big Bang.
3. The elements hydrogen and helium were formed through _______________. (Big Bang
nucleosynthesis)
4. Write the nuclear reactions which lead to the formation of the following elements during
the Big Bang:
a. Helium or 4H (2H + 2H → 4H)
b. Deuterium or H (H + H) → 2H)
2
c. Lithium or 7Li (4He + 3H →7Li)
d. Beryllium or Be (7Li + 2H →9Be)
9
5. With the formation of stars, heavier nuclei were formed from hydrogen and helium
through ___________________. (stellar nucleosynthesis)
6. ________________ (supernova nucleosynthesis) leads to the formation of elements
heavier than iron.
Exit activity: Students will show hand gestures to exhibit learning.
Research more about the r-process and s-process of neutron capture during supernova
nucleosynthesis.
Checked: Noted:
Conchita M. Loja/Glen L. Villonez KAREN O. CAMUS
Master Teacher I Head Teacher III