Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5  

CHAPTER

5 Indices and Logarithms

­ 1 = ­–1––
3
25
1. (a) —1 2
4 43 (d) ­–25
ABBB ABB
–– = ––––
36 36
ABB
= ­–1–– 5
64 = ­—
6
(b) (5 + 1)2 = 62
= 36 (e) 3ABBBBB 27
32 + 18 = 3ABB
=3
(c) (–3 – 7)2 = (–10)2
= 100 17 – 20 = ABBBBB
(f) ABBBBB 17 – 1
16
= ABB
­ 2 = ­–2––
–1
–1
(d) —1 2
3 3–1 =4
= ­— 3 ­1
—
2 ­1 (3–2) 2
(g) ­–3––
–2 —
1 2
4
=
2
––––––
(e) ­–2–– = ­–5––
–3 2 1
­—
42
5–2 23
­–3––
–1
=
= ­–25 –– 2
8 1
3 –1
1 = –––––
(f) ­––– = ­––––– 2×3
72 72 · 3 1
1 = ­—
= ­–––– 6
147

­ 3 = ­–3–– 3 × 4–2
2
3 × ­–1––
2
(g) —1 2
4 42 3. (a) –––––– = ­—
5 5 42
= ­–9–– = ­––– 3
16 80
1 1 34 × 23
(b) –––––– = 34 – 1 × 23
­— ­—
2. (a) 8 3 = (23) 3 3
=2 = 33 × 23
1
­— 1
­— = 216
(b) 16 2 = (42) 2
=4 ­21 2 1­—89 2 = ­—32 × ­—89
–1
(c) —
1
– ­—
3
4 1
4
­4
2
= ­—
– ­—
1 2
= ­––––
(c) — 2
9 1
– ­— 3
9 2 1
(22) 2
= ­­––––––
– ­—

1
– ­—
(d) ABB­—35 × ABB­—35 = ­—35
(32) 2 ­1
—
(e) (4 2 × 23) – (32 × 9)
= ­–2––
–1

3–1 = (2 × 23) – 81
3 = 16 – 81
= ­— = – 65
2
25 + ABB
27
3
ABB 5+3
(f) ––––––––––– = –––––
23 8
=1

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5

3
­—
3
­— x3 – x x(x2 – 1)
(k) –––––––––––– = ––––––––––––
(g) ­–9–– = ­3
2 2 2
1 2
16 31 2 4
—
4
(x + 1)(x – 1) (x + 1)(x – 1)
x(x + 1)(x – 1)
3 3 = ––––––––––––
1 2
= ­—
4 (x + 1)(x – 1)
=x
= ­–27
––
64 9x2 + x0 – y0 = ABBBBBBBB
(l) ABBBBBBBBB 9x2 + 1 – 1
ABx · ABx 9x2
= ABBB
4. (a) ­­––––––– = ­ xx
— = 3x
ABxB2
= 1
x2y3 2 x4y6
ABxyB ABx · ABy
(b) –––– = –­­ –––––– 1
(m) –––––
1
­—
4p 2
2
= –––––
4 2
·p
ABy ABy xy4 6
= –––––
= AB
x 16p

x –2 · y4 x –2 + 5 · y4 – 2 5. (a) 16 = 24

(c) ––––––– = ­––––––––––
2x –5 · y2 2 log2 16 = 4
= ­—1 x3y2
2 (b) 100 = 102
­1
— ­1
—
log10 100 = 2
(d) AB
x (2AB
x – x 2 ) = AB
x (x 2 )
=x
­ 4 = 1­—23 2
2
(c) —
9
x2 – y2 (x – y)(x + y)
(e) ––––––– = ––––––––––– 4
2x + 2y 2(x + y) log—2
3
1 2
­— =
9
2
x–y
= ––––– (d) ­ 1 = 3–2
—
2
9

ABBBB
x5y3
(f) 3 ––––
x2
x5 – 2 · y3
= 3ABBBBBB
= ABBB
3
x3y3
log3 ­—1 = –2
9
­1
= (x3 · y3) 3
—
(e) 5 = ABB
25
1 1 ­1
—

­—
= (x ) · (y )
3 3
­—
3 3 = 25 2
= xy 1
log25 5 = ­—
2
x + y · ABBBB
ABBBB x+y x+y (f) c = ba
(g) ––––––––––––––– = –––––––
x2 + yx x(x + y) logb c = a
=— 1
x (g) x = ay + 2
1
1
– ­—
loga x = y + 2
x – 4 – ­—
(x – 4) 2
1 2
2
(h) ––– = –––––– (h) p = q2x
y2 1
– ­—
(y2) 2 logq p = 2x
x2
= –––
y–1 6. (a) log10 1 000 = 3
= x2y 1 000 = 103
­1
— ­1
— (b) log2 8 = 3
(i) (x 2 · y4)2 = (x 2 )2 · (y4)2 8 = 23
= xy8
(c) logAB2 4 = 4
x2 – y2
ABBBBB
(j) ––––––– = ––––––
x–y x–yABBBBB
x2 – y2 4 = (AB
­ 4 =
2 )4
ABBBB (d) log 2 — 1 2
9
2
ABBBBBBBBB
(x + y)(x – y)
—
3
= ––––––––––– 4 =
1­—23 2
2
(x – y) ­—
9
x+y
= ABBBB
(e) loga c = b
c = ab

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5  

(f) logb (p + 1) = q (h) logAB2 8 = x

p + 1 = bq 2 )x
8 = (AB
­1x
—
p 23 = 2 2
1 2
(g) logt ­— = d
2 1x
p 3 = ­—
­— = t d 2
2 x = 6
(h) logp (xy) = t logAB2 8 = 6
xy = pt
(i) log25 AB 5 = x
(i) log4 1 = 0 AB5 = 25x
1 = 40 1
­—
5 2 = 52x
(j) log10 0.1 = –1 1
0.1 = 10–1 2x = ­—
2
1
x = ­—
7. (a) log10 1 000 = x 4
1 000 = 10x 1
5 = ­—
log25 AB
103 = 10x 4
x = 3
9 = log ­—
3 2
\ log10 1 000 = 3 (j) log—3 ­—
2 4 1 2 3
—
2 2 1 2
OR
3
log10 1 000 = log10 103
2
1 2
= 2 log—3 ­—
2
= 3 log10 10
=2×1
=3×1
=2
=3
(k) log2 (5 – 3) = log2 2
(b) log10 0.1 = log10 ­–1––
1 2 =1
10 (l) log—1 25 = x
= log10 1 – log10 10 5
=0–1 1 x

= –1
25 = ­—
5 1 2
52 = 5–x
1 = log 1 – log 5 x = –2
1 2
(c) log5 ­—
5 5 5
log—1 25 = –2
=0–1 5

= –1 8. (a) log2 15 = log2 (3 × 5)

(d) log2 8 = log2 23 = log2 3 + log2 5
= 3 log2 2 = 1.59 + 2.32
=3×1 = 3.91
=3 (b) log2 25 = log2 52
(e) log9 9 = x = 2 log2 5
9 = 9x = 2(2.32)
x = 1 = 4.64
log9 9 = 1 3 = log 3 – log 5
(c) log2 ­—
5 1 2 2 2
(f) log2 1 = x = 1.59 – 2.32
1 = 2x = –0.73
20 = 2x
(d) log2 10 = log2 (2 × 5)
x = 0
= log2 2 + log2 5
log2 1 = 0
= 1 + 2.32
(g) log2 16 = log2 24 = 3.32
= 4 log2 2
=4×1
=4

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5

3 (c) 2 log10 a – log10 t

(e) log2 0.6 = log2 ­—
51 2 = log10 a2 – log10 t
= log2 3 – log2 5 a2
= 1.59 – 2.32 1 2
= log10 ­—
t
= –0.73
(d) log10 p + 2 log10 q
= log10 p + log10 q2
(f) log2 ­–25
1 2 –– = log2 25 – log2 9
9 = log10 (pq2)
= log2 52 – log2 32
(e) 2 log10 p + 3 log10 q + log10 m
= 2 log2 5 – 2 log2 3
= log10 p2 + log10 q3 + log10 m
= 2(2.32) – 2(1.59)
= log10 (p2q3m)
= 2(2.32 – 1.59)
= 1.46 (f) 4 log2 p – log2 8 + log2 q
= log2 p4 – log2 8 + log2 q
1 = log 1 – log 4
(g) log2 ­—
41 2 2 2

p4q
1 2
= log2 ­­–––
= 0 – 2 log2 2 8
=0–2×1 1 log b
(g) 2 log2 3 – log2 a + ­—
= –2 2 2

(h) log2 452 = 2 log2 (45) = log2 3 – log2 a + log2 b

2 AB
= 2 log2 (5 × 9) 9AB b
= 2(log2 5 + log2 9)
1
= log2 ––––
a 2
= 2(2.32 + 2 log2 3) (h) 5 log2 a – log2 b – log2 2c
= 2[2.32 + 2(1.59)] = log2 a5 – log2 b – log2 2c
= 11 a5
1
= log2 ––––
2bc 2
(i) log2 0.15 = log2 ­–15
–––1 2
100 1 log a – log 4b – log 2d
(i) ­—
2
= log2 ­–3––
2 2 2

20 1 2 = log2 ABa – log2 4b – log2 2d
= log2 3 – log2 20
= log2 3 – log2 (4 × 5)
ABa
= log2 3 – (log2 22 + log2 5)
3
= log2 –––––––
(4b)(2d)
4
= log2 3 – 2 log2 2 – log2 5 ABa
= 1.59 – 2(1) – 2.32
1
= log2 ––––
8bd 2
= –2.73
1
­—
(j) 2 log3 AB
a + log3 p2 – 3 log3 q
5 = log2 5 2
(j) log2 AB = log3 a + log3 p2 – log3 q3
1 log 5
= ­— ap2
2 2 1 2
= log3 –––
q3
1
= ­— (2.32)
2 log10 10
= 1.16 10. (a) log8 10 = –––––––
log10 8
1
­— 1
(k) log2 3ABB
25 = log2 25 3 = –––––––
log10 8
1 log 25
= ­—
3 2 = 1.107

1
= ­— × 2 log2 5 log10 0.1
3 (b) log3 0.1 = –––––––
log10 3
2
= ­— × (2.32)
3 = –2.096
= 1.547 log10 12
(c) log4 12 = –––––––
log10 4
9. (a) log10 a + log10 b = log10 (ab) = 1.792
p
(b) log10 p – log10 q = log10 ­—
1 2
q

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5  

(d) log2 (2 + 7) = log2 9 13. log2 x = 36 logx 2

log10 9 1
= –––––––
log10 2
= 36 ––––– 1
log2 x 2
= 3.170 (log2 x)2 = 36
log2 x = ±ABB 36
= ±6
11. (a) log9 ­–25
1 2 –– = log9 25 – log9 8 x = 26 or 2–6
8
log3 25 log3 8
= ––––––– – ––––––
log3 9 log3 9 14. 3 – 2 logx 4 = log4 x
log3 52 log3 23 1
= –––––––
log3 32
– –––––––
log3 32
1 log4 x 2
3 – 2 –––––– = log4 x

2 log3 5 3 log3 2 2
= ––––––– – –––––––– 1 log4 x 2
log4 x 3 – –––––– = log4 x (log4 x)
2 log3 3 2 log3 3
3 log4 x – 2 = (log4 x)2
= ––––––––– 3 × 0.631
2 × 1.465 – ––––––––– (log4 x)2 – 3 log4 x + 2 = 0
2×1 2×1 (log4 x – 1)(log4 x – 2) = 0
= 0.5185 log4 x – 1 = 0 , log4 x – 2 = 0
log4 x = 1 log4 x = 2
log3 50 x = 4 x = 42
(b) log0.3 50 = –––––––
log3 0.3 = 16
log3 (2 × 52)
= ­­–––––––––––
15. log3 x2 + 2 logx 3 = 5
log3 ­–3––
1 2 10 1
log3 2 + log3 52
1
2 log3 x + 2 –––––– = 5
log3 x 2
= –––––––––––––
log3 3 – log3 10 2
0.631 + 2 log3 5
1 2
log3 x 2 log3 x + –––––– = (log3 x)(5)
log3 x
= ––––––––––––––––– 2(log3 x)2 + 2 = 5 log3 x
1 – (log3 2 + log3 5)
2(log3 x)2 – 5 log3 x + 2 = 0
0.631 + 2(1.465) (2 log3 x – 1)(log3 x – 2) = 0
= ––––––––––––––––
1 – (0.631 + 1.465) 2 log3 x – 1 = 0 , log3 x – 2 = 0
= –3.249 1
log3 x = — log3 x = 2
2
—1 x = 32
12. (a) log2 (2b) = log2 2 + log2 b x = 3 2
= 9
1 = AB 3
= 1 + ––––––
logb 2
1 16. 2 logx 5 + log5 x = 3
=1+—
c
1
b = log b – log 9 1 2
2 –––––– + log5 x = 3
log5 x
1 2
(b) log3 ­—
9 3 3
2 + (log5 x)2 = 3 log5 x
1 (log5 x) – 3 log5 x + 2 = 0
2
= ––––– – log3 32
logb 3 (log5 x – 1)(log5 x – 2) = 0
1 log5 x – 1 = 0 , log5 x – 2 = 0
=—
a – 2 × log3 3 log5 x = 1 log5 x = 2
1 x = 5 x = 52
=—
a –2
= 25
logb b2
(c) log6 b2 = ––––––
logb 6 17. (a) 52x + 1 = ­–1––
125
2 logb b
= ––––––––––
logb (2 × 3) = ­–1––
53
2×1 = 5–3
= –––––––––––––
logb 2 + logb 3 2x + 1 = –3
2 2x = –4
= –––––
c+a x = –2

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5

(b) 21 – 3x = 2 × 8 1
(h) 2x · 3x = ­­––––
= 16 36
ABB
= 24 1
1 – 3x = 4 (2 · 3) = —
x
6
3x = –3 6x = 6–1
x = –1 x = –1
1
(c) 2 · 4x – 3 = –––– 1
— x+1
81 – x 18. (a) 3 · 5x + 25 2 = 140
1
2 · 22x – 6 = ––––– 1
21—x + 12
23 – 3x 3 · 5x + 5 2 = 140
22x – 5 = 23x – 3 3 · 5x + 5x + 2 = 140
2x – 5 = 3x – 3 3 · 5x + 5x · 52 = 140
x = –2 5x(3 + 25) = 140
140
(d) 33x – 5 · 91 – x = 1 5x = ––––
28
33x – 5 · 32 – 2x = 1 = 5
3x – 3 = 30 x = 1
x – 3 = 0
x = 3 (b) 2 · 3x + 4 · 3x + 1 = 126
2 · 3x + 4 · 3x · 3 = 126
4
24x = ––––––––
(e) ABB 3x(2 + 12) = 126
16 )x + 2
(ABB 126
—1
4 3x = ––––
(24x) 2 = –––– 14
4x + 2 = 9
22x = 4–x – 1 = 32
= 22(–x – 1) x = 2
2x = 2(–x – 1)
= –2x – 2 (c) 5 · 2x – 4 · 2x – 1 = 8
4x = –2 5 · 2x – 4 · 2x · 2–1 = 8
x = – — 1 5 · 2x – 2 · 2x = 8
2 2x(5 – 2) = 8
1 2x = —8
125 3
— x
3
(f) (25) = ––––––
1 – 2x
8
5x
1
— x
x log10 2 = log10 —1 2
3
(5 ) 3 3
8
52(1 – 2x) = ––––––
5x 1 2
log10 —
3
x = –
­ ––––––––
5 x
log10 2
52 – 4x = –––
5x = 1.415
= 1
= 50
2 – 4x = 0 19. (a) 5x = 2x + 1
4x = 2 log10 5x = log10 2x + 1
1 x log10 5 = (x + 1) log10 2
x = —
2 = x log10 2 + log10 2
x log10 5 – x log10 2 = log10 2
3x
25 x(log10 5 – log10 2) = log10 2
–––
(g) ––– =
5x9 log10 2
3 x =
5 2 x = ––––––––––––––
—
5
1 2 1 2
—
3
log10 5 – log10 2

3 –2 = 0.7565
= —
5
1 2 (b) 32x – 1 – 5 = 10
x = –2 32x – 1 = 15
log10 32x – 1 = log10 15
(2x – 1) log10 3 = log10 15
log10 15
2x – 1 = –––––––
log10 3

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5  

log10 15 3x – 4 = 0 , x + 1 = 0
2x = 1 + ––––––– 4 x = –1
log10 3 x = —
log10 15 3
1 1 + –––––––
x = —
2
1 log10 3 2 Since x = –1 does not satisfy the original equation,
4.
then x = —
= 1.732 3

3x (d) logABx 125 + logABx 5 = 8

(c) 2x + 1 = –––
27 logABx (125 × 5) = 8
3x 125 × 5 = (AB x )8
= –––
33 54 = x4
= 3x – 3 x = 5
log10 2x + 1 = log10 3x – 3
(x + 1) log10 2 = (x – 3) log10 3 (e) 3 logx 3 + logx 125 – log5 25 = 1
x log10 2 + log10 2 = x log10 3 – 3 log10 3 logx 33 + logx 125 – 2 = 1

x log10 3 – x log10 2 = log10 2 + 3 log10 3 logx (27 × 125) = 3
x(log10 3 – log10 2) = log10 2 + 3 log10 3 27 × 125
x = 3ABBBBBBB
log10 2 + 3 log10 3 x = 15
x = ––––––––––––––––
log10 3 – log10 2
= 9.838
(d) 2x – 1 × 5x = 4
4 1. 272x – 1 = 94x
5x = ––––
2x – 1 33(2x – 1) = 32(4x)
22 3(2x – 1) = 2(4x)
= ––––
2x – 1 6x – 3 = 8x
5x = 23 – x 2x = –3
log10 5x = log10 23 – x x = – — 3
x log10 5 = (3 – x) log10 2 2
= 3 log10 2 – x log10 2

x log10 5 + x log10 2 = 3 log10 2 2. (a) x = 12
p
3 log10 2
x = –––––––––––––– p = 1
log10 5 + log10 2 1
—

= 0.9031 x2
1
–—
1 2
logx p = logx x 2

20. (a) 2 log2 x + log2 4 = 4

log2 x2 + log2 4 = 4 = – 1
2
log2 (4x2) = 4
4x2 = 24 (b) logp x3 = 3 logp x
x2 = 4
x = ±AB4 = 3 1 log1 p 2
= –2 or 2 x

1
Since log2 (–2) does not satisfy the equation 1
= 3
– 1 2
2 log2 x + log2 4 = 4, then x = 2. 2
(b) 3 log2 x – 2 log2 x = log3 9
= –6

log2 x = log3 32
3. 61 + 3x = 7x
= 2
log10 61 + 3x = log10 7x
x = 22
(1 + 3x) log10 6 = x log10 7
= 4
log10 6 + 3x log10 6 = x log10 7
(c) –log2 2x + 3 = log2 (3x – 1) x log10 7 – 3x log10 6 = log10 6
log2 (3x – 1) + log2 2x = 3 x(log10 7 – 3 log10 6) = log10 6
log2 2x(3x – 1) = 3 log10 6
6x2 – 2x = 23 x = –––––––––––––––
log10 7 – 3 log10 6
6x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
= –0.5225
3x2 – x – 4 = 0
(3x – 4)(x + 1) = 0

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5

4. log2 30 = log2 (2 × 3 × 5)
10. ­ xy = 3 + 2 log3 x – log3 y2
log3 —1 2
= log2 2 + log2 3 + log2 5
x
=1+k+p 1 2
log3 ­—
y – 2 log3 x + log3 y = 3
2

3 1­—xy 2(y )
4
2
49 = log 49 – log (4p)
1 2
5. logp –––
4p p p log3 ––––––– = 3
x2
= logp 72 – logp 4 – logp p
y
= 2 logp 7 – 2 logp 2 – 1 log3 ­— x = 3 1 2
= 2q – 2m – 1 y
­—
x = 3
3

3x + 2 y = 27x
6. 3x – 2 + –––– = 2
81
3x + 2 log3 50
––––
3 + 4 = 2
x–2 11. log9 50 = –––––––
3 log3 9
3x – 2 + 3x – 2 = 2 log3 (52 × 2)
2(3x – 2) = 2 = –––––––––––
log3 32
3x – 2 = 1
= 30 log3 52 + log3 2
= ––––––––––––––
x – 2 = 0 2 log3 3
x = 2 2 log3 5 + log3 2
= ––––––––––––––
2(1)
7. 2 log5 (x – 1) = log2 3
2q + p
log10 (x – 1) log10 3 = –––––––
2 –––––––––– = ––––––– 2
log10 5 log10 2 1p
log10 3 =q+—
2
2 log10 (x – 1) = ––––––– × log10 5
log10 2
log10 3 × log10 5 16p2
1 ––––––––––––––
log10 (x – 1) = — 1 2 1 9 2
12. logp –––– = logp 16 + logp p2 – logp 9
2 log10 2 = logp 24 + 2 logp p – logp 32
log10 (x – 1) = 0.5539 = 4 logp 2 + 2 – 2 logp 3
x – 1 = 100.5539 = 4m + 2 – 2t
x – 1 = 3.580
x = 4.580
13. (a) (i) log2 (p3ABq)
8. 3 = log2 (1 + 4x) – log2 x = log2 p3 + log2 AB
q
1
= 3 log2 p + — log2 q
1 + 4x
= log2 –––––– 1 x 2 2
1 + 4x = 3a + — 1b
–––––– = 23 2
x
= 8 4p
1 + 4x = 8x (ii) log2 –––
ABq
1 2
4x = 1
x = —1 = log2 (4p) – log2 AB
q
4
1 log q
= log2 4 + log2 p – —
9. x = 3 p 2 2

log3 x = p 1
= 2 + a – —b
2
y = 3 k

log3 y = k (b) AB3 (2x – 1) = 9

9
x = log x – log y 2x – 1 = –––
log3 ––– AB3
y 3 3

1 32
= — log3 x – log3 y = ––––
2 —1
32
= — 1p–k 3
—
2 = 3 2

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5  

3
— 2. 32x + 1 = 5x
log10 2x – 1 = log10 3 2 log10 32x + 1 = log10 5x
3 log 3
(x – 1) log10 2 = — (2x + 1) log10 3 = x log10 5
2 10
2x log10 3 + log10 3 = x log10 5
3 log 3 2x log10 3 – x log10 5 = –log10 3
— x(2 log10 3 – log10 5) = –log10 3
x – 1 = 2
10
–––––––––
log10 2 –log10 3
x = –––––––––––––––
3 log10 3 2 log10 3 – log10 5
x = –––––––– + 1 = –1.869
2 log10 2
= 3.377 1
3. 1253x = –––––
5x – 1
(53)3x = 51 – x
14. Given 2p = 5q = 10r. 59x = 51 – x
2p = 10r 9x = 1 – x
p log10 2 = r log10 10 10x = 1
= r 1
x = –––
r 10
log10 2 = —
p
4. log5 P + log25 Q = 2
5q = 10r log5 Q
q log10 5 = r log10 10 log5 P + ––––––– = 2
log5 25
= r log5 Q
log10 5 = — r log5 P + ––––––– = 2
q 2
2 log5 P + log5 Q = 4
log10 10 = log10 (2 × 5) log5 (P2Q) = 4
= log10 2 + log10 5 P2Q = 625
r + r 625
1 = —
p — q P2 = ––––
Q
r +— r
pq(1) = pq —
p1 q 2
25
P = ––––
pq = qr + pr Q
ABB
pq – pr = qr
3
p(q – r) = qr 5. log2 0.3 = log2 –––1 2
10
qr
p = –––––
q–r = log2 3 – log2 10
= m – log2 2 – log2 5
=m–1–n

6.
log3 2x – log3 (1 – 3x) = 2
4 = ABB 2x
1. ––––
x–1

8
2x 1
log3 –––––– = 2
1 – 3x
2
22(x – 1) 2x
1
–––––– = 32
––––––
— x
23 = 2 1 – 3x
2

1
— x
= 9
22x – 2 – 3 = 2 2 2x = 9(1 – 3x)
= 9 – 27x
1
— x
22x – 5 = 2 2
29x = 9
2x – 5 = — 1x 9
2 x = –––
29
1
2x – —x = 5
2 7. 1
24 – x – 23 – x = —
3 x = 5 4
—
2 2 · 2 – 2 · 2 = —
4 –x 3 –x 1
10 4
x = –––
3 2–x(24 – 23) = 2–2
2–x(8) = 2–2

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5

2–x · 23 = 2–2 1
= 4 – –––
23 – x = 2–2 1
—
3 – x = –2 2
x = 5 =4–2
=2
x
8. 1 2
log3 x – 2 log3 y = 3 – log3 —
y 14. log3 (2x – 1) + log3 (x – 2) = 2
x
log3 x – 2 log3 y + log3 —1 2
y = 3 log3 [(2x – 1)(x – 2)] = 2
(2x – 1)(x – 2) = 9
x
x—1 2 2x2 – 5x + 2 = 9
log3 ––––– 3 4 y
y2
= 3 2x2 – 5x – 7 = 0
(2x – 7)(x + 1) = 0
x2 2x – 7 = 0 , x + 1 = 0
log3 –––
y3
= 3 1 2 x = —7 x = –1
x 2 2
––– = 33
y3 Since log for negative number is non-existent, then
x2
y3 = ––– x=— 7.
27
2
x2
3ABB
y = ––––
3 4
15. 1 2
log4 x = 1 – log2 —
x
log10 7 log2 x
9. log5 7 = –––––– –––––– = 1 – log2 4 + log2 x
log10 5 log2 4
= 1.209 log2 x
–––––– = 1 – 2 + log2 x
2
10. log2 [log3 (2x – 5)] = log4 16 = –1 + log2 x
= 2 —1 log x – log x = –1
log3 (2x – 5) = 22 2 2 2

2x – 5 = 34 1
– — log2 x = –1
2x = 81 + 5 2
= 86 log2 x = 2
x = 43 x = 22
= 4

11. 5log5 (x – 1) = 10
x – 1 = 10 16. (a) log2 45 = log2 (5 × 9)
x = 11 = log2 5 + log2 9
OR = 2.32 + 2 log2 3
log5 5log5(x – 1) = log5 10 = 2.32 + 2(1.59)
log5 (x – 1) · log5 5 = log5 10 = 5.5
log5 (x – 1) = log5 10 3
x – 1 = 10 1 2
(b) log2 1.5 = log2 —
2
x = 11 = log2 3 – log2 2
= 1.59 – 1
8logx + 1 5 = 5
12. = 0.59
x + 1 = 8
log2 75
x = 7 (c) log5 75 = ––––––
log2 5
13. log3 81 – logABt t log2 (25 × 3)
= –––––––––––
logt t log2 5
= log3 34 – –––––––
logt AB t log2 52 + log2 3
= –––––––––––––
1 log2 5
= 4 log3 3 – –––––––
1 log t
— 2 log2 5 + log2 3
2 t
= ––––––––––––––
log2 5

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5  

2(2.32) + 1.59 x – 1 = 6 + 2y
= –––––––––––––
2.32 x = 7 + 2y...................................... 1
= 2.685 32x – 243 = 0
–––
9y
32x = 243
–––
ABa
b 1 2
17. (a) logp ––– = logp ABa – logp b 32y
32x – 2y = 35
=— 1 log a – log b
2x – 2y = 5...................................... 2
2 p p

=— 1 (0.613) – 1.209 Substitute 1 into 2,

2 2(7 + 2y) – 2y = 5
= –0.9025 14 + 4y – 2y = 5
(b) loga (ap2) = loga a + loga p2 2y = –9
9
y = – —
= 1 + 2 loga p 2
1
1
= 1 + 2 ––––––
logp a 2 9 into 1,
Substitute y = – —
2
1 9
1
= 1 + 2 –––––
0.613 2 1
x = 7 + 2 – —
2
2
= 4.263 =7–9
ABp = –2
1 2
(c) logb –––
b2
= logb ABp – logb b2
9.
1 log p – 2 log b Hence, the solution is x = –2, y = – —
=— 2
2 b b

1
1 –––––
=—
2
1
1.209 2
–2×1 20. logb (xy) = 2
logb x + logb y = 2......................... 1
= –1.586
logb (x2y3) = 3
18. (a) 4x – 3(2x) + 2 = 0 2 logb x + 3 logb y = 3......................... 2
22x – 3(2x) + 2 = 0 1 × 2, 2 logb x + 2 logb y = 4.......... 3
(2x)2 – 3(2x) + 2 = 0
Let 2x = y 2 – 3, logb y = –1
y2 – 3y + 2 = 0 Substitute logb y = –1 into 1,
(y – 1)(y – 2) = 0 logb x – 1 = 2
y = 1, 2 logb x = 3
Therefore, 2x = 1, 2x = 2
= 20 x = 1 When b = 2,
x = 0 log2 y = –1
y = 2–1
(b) 2 log2 (x – y) – log2 x = 3 + log2 y
1
y = —
log2 (x – y)2 – log2 x – log2 y = 3
2
(x – y)2 log2 x = 3
log2 ––––––– = 3
xy x = 23
(x – y)2 = 8
––––––– = 23
xy
(x – y)2 = 8xy x
x2 – 2xy + y2 = 8xy x
log2 —
y 1 2
x2 + y2 = 8xy + 2xy y1 2
21. log4 — = ––––––––
log2 4
x2 + y2 = 10xy
log2 x – log2 y
= ––––––––––––
2x 16 log2 22
19. ––– = –––––
2 4–y – 1 log2 x – log2 y
24 = ––––––––––––
2x – 1 = ––––– 2 log2 2
2 –2y – 2
1
= 26 + 2y = —(log2 x – log2 y)
2

11 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5

x = —1 3x = 4y – 1............... 2
log4 —
y 1 2 4
Substitute 1 into 2,
1 1
(log2 x – log2 y) = —
— 3(3 – 3y) = 4y – 1
2 4
1 ....................... 1 9 – 9y = 4y – 1
log2 x – log2 y = — 13y = 10
2
2 log2 x – 3 log2 y = 0......................... 2 y = ­–10
––
13
1 × 2, 2 log2 x – 2 log2 y = 1........... 3
3 – 2, log2 y = 1 Substitute y = ­–10
–– into 1,
13
y = 2
x = 3 – 3 ­–10
1 2
––
Substitute log2 y = 1 into 1, 13
1
log2 x – 1 = — = 3 – ­–30
––
2 13
log2 x = — 3 = ­–9––
2 13
3
—
x = 2 2
= AB 8 24. y = mxn – 5........................................... 1
Substitute x = 4, y = –3 into 1,
22. (a) 2 log10 (xy3) + log10 x = 3 log10 y + 6 –3 = m · 4n – 5
log10 x2y6 + log10 x – log10 y3 = 6 m · 4n = 2
x2y6 · x 2
log10 –––––––
y31 = 6 2 m = –––
4n
log10 x y = 6
3 3
2
= –––
log10 (xy)3 = 6 22n
(xy)3 = 106
xy = 102 m = 21 – 2n....................................... 2
100
y = ––––
x Substitute x = 2, y = 11 into 1,
11 = m(2)n – 5
3x + 1 m(2)n = 16............................................ 3
(b) 5x = ––––
2x
Substitute 2 into 3,
5 · 2 = 3
x x x+1
21 – 2n · 2n = 16
(5 × 2)x = 3x + 1
21 – n = 16
10x = 3x + 1 = 24
log10 10x = log10 3x + 1 1 – n = 4
x log10 10 = (x + 1) log10 3 n = –3
= x log10 3 + log10 3
Substitute n = –3 into 2,

x log10 10 – x log10 3 = log10 3
m = 21 – 2(–3)
x(log10 10 – log10 3) = log10 3
= 27
log10 3
x = –––––––––––––––
log10 10 – log10 3 6 n . 106
= 0.9125
25. 5 000 —
5
1 2
6 n . 200
—
5
1 2
23. log3 x – log3 (1 – y) = 1
x 6 . log 200
1
log3 ––––– = 1
1–y 2 n log10 —
5
1 2 10

x log10 200
––––– = 3 n . ––––––––
1–y 6
x = 3 – 3y............... 1 log10 —
5
1 2
42y
8x = ––– n . 29.06
2 Therefore, n = 30
23x = 24y – 1

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5  

2 n , 2
26. 5 000 —
3
1 2 1 500 log3 x = – —
3
2
2 n , 1 500 x = 3
–—
—
3
1 2 –––––
5 000 1
3

= ––––
1—23 2 , 0.3 9
n 3AB

(b) 2 log4 x – 2 log4 y
2 , log 0.3 log2 x log2 y
1 2
n log10 —
3 10 = 2 –––––– – 2 ––––––
log10 0.3 log2 4 log2 4
n . –––––––– log2 x log2 y
2 = 2 –––––– – 2 ––––––
log10 —
3
1 2 2 2
= log2 x – log2 y
n . 2.969
x
Therefore, n = 3 = log2 —
y 1 2
x = b 29. (a) x – 4AB x – 5 = 0
27. 1 2
loga –––
y2 (ABx )2 – 4ABx – 5 = 0
loga x – 2 loga y = b............................ 1 y2 – 4y – 5 = 0
loga (x2y) = c (y – 5)(y + 1) = 0
2 loga x + loga y = c............................ 2 y = 5 , y = –1
x = 5
AB AB x = –1
1 × 2,
2 loga x – 4 loga y = 2b....................... 3 (ABx )2 = 52 (AB x )2 = (–1)2
x = 25 x = 1
2 – 3, 5 loga y = c – 2b
c – 2b (b) x4 = 7x2 + 18
loga y = –––––– ................ 4 (x2)2 = 7x2 + 18
5
y2 = 7y + 18
Substitute 4 into 1,
y – 7y – 18 = 0
2
2 (c – 2b) = b
loga x – — (y – 9)(y + 2) = 0
5
2 (c – 2b) y = 9 , y = –2
loga x = b + — x2 = 9 x2 = –2 (x is not defined)
5
2c–— 4b x = ±3
= b + —
5 5
1 2
= —b + —c.......... 5
5 5
s
x2
1 2
loga –––
y = 2 loga x – loga y
1 2 c – 2b 1. x2 + y2 = 6xy

5 1
= 2 —b + —c – ––––––
5 2 1
5 2 x + 2xy + y2 = 6xy + 2xy
2

2 4 1 2 (x + y)2 = 8xy
= —b + —c – —c + —b
5 5 5 5 log2 (x + y)2 = log2 (8xy)
4 3 2 log2 (x + y) = log2 8 + log2 x + log2 y
= —b + —c
5 5 = log2 23 + log2 x + log2 y
= 3 + log2 x + log2 y
28. (a) log3 (9x) + log9 x = 1
log3 x
log3 9 + log3 x + –––––– = 1 2. 2(8x) = 42y
log3 9 2(23x) = 24y
log3 x 23x + 1 = 24y
2 + log3 x + –––––– = 1
2 3x + 1 = 4y
3 3x – 4y = –1......................................... 1
2 + — log3 x = 1
2 log3 x = 1 + log3 (y + 1)
3 log x = 1 – 2 log3 x – log3 (y + 1) = 1
—
2 3
x
= –1 1
log3 ––––– = 1
y+1 2

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5

x log5 0.2x
––––– = 31 (c) logAB5 0.2x = ––––––––
y+1 5
log5 AB
x = 3(y + 1)........... 2
log5 0.2 + log5 x
Substitute 2 into 1, = ––––––––––––––
1
—
3 · 3(y + 1) – 4y = –1 log5 5 2
9y + 9 – 4y = –1 1
5y = –10
5 1 2
log5 — + p
y = –2 = ––––––––––––
1
— log5 5
Substitute y = –2 into 2, 2
x = 3(–2 + 1) log5 1 – log5 5 + p
= –3 = ––––––––––––––––
1
—(1)
2
3. 32n + 1 = 4(2n – 1) 0–1+p
= –––––––––
= 22(2n – 1) 1
—
= 2n + 1 2
loga 32n + 1 = loga 2n + 1 = 2(p – 1)
(2n + 1) loga 3 = (n + 1) loga 2
2n loga 3 + loga 3 = n loga 2 + loga 2
n loga 32 – n loga 2 = loga 2 – loga 3 6. (a) logc 18 = logc (32 × 2)
2 = logc 32 + logc 2
n(loga 9 – loga 2) = loga —1 2
3 = 2 logc 3 + logc 2
9 2 = 2a + b
1 2
n loga — = loga —
2 1 2
3 logc 36
(b) log3 36 = –––––––
logc 3
4. 3t – 2 = 4 × 0.16 logc (22 × 32)
= 0.64 = –––––––––––
a
log10 3t – 2 = log10 0.64
logc 22 + logc 32
(t – 2) log10 3 = log10 0.64 = ––––––––––––––
a
log10 0.64
t – 2 = ––––––––– 2 logc 2 + 2 logc 3
log10 3 = –––––––––––––––
a
log10 0.64 2b + 2a
t = ––––––––– + 2 = –––––––
log10 3 a
= 1.594
7. 5(2x – 3) = AB
5
1
5. (a) log5 25AB
x = log5 25 + log5 AB
—
x 52
2 x–3
= –––
1
— 5
= log5 52 + log5 x 2
1
–—
1 = 5 2
= 2 log5 5 + — log5 x
2 1
–—
1 log2 (2x – 3) = log2 (5 2
)
= 2(1) + —p
2
1 1
= 2 + —p (x – 3) log2 2 = – — log2 5
2 2
1
log5 5 (x – 3)(1) = – —(2.32)
(b) log5x 5 = ––––––– 2
log5 5x = –1.16
1 x = –1.16 + 3
= ––––––––––––– = 1.84
log5 5 + log5 x
1
= –––––
1+p

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 14

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5  

2x 10. (a) 9y = 9log3 2

8. 2(5x + 1) = –––
2 = 32 log3 2
2 x = 3log3 4
5x + 1 = ––– =4
2 2

= 2x – 2 (b) 9x = 9y – 1
log10 5x + 1 = log10 2x – 2 = 9y × 9–1
(x + 1) log10 5 = (x – 2) log10 2 1
x log10 5 + log10 5 = x log10 2 – 2 log10 2 = 4 × —
9
x log10 5 – x log10 2 = –log10 5 – 2 log10 2 4
x(log10 5 – log10 2) = –log10 5 – 2 log10 2 = —
9
–log10 5 – 2 log10 2
x = ––––––––––––––––– 11. log9 (xy2) = log9 x + log9 y2
log10 5 – log10 2
= –3.269 1
= –––––– + 2 log9 y
logx 9
9. (a) 2 logp 2p2 = 2(logp 2 + logp p2) 1 1
= 2(logp 2 + 2 logp p)
= –––
a2
+ 2 ––––––
logy 9 1 2
= 2[logp 2 + 2(1)] 1 1
= 2 logp 2 + 4
= –––
a2
+ 1
2 –––––––
2 logy 3 2
= logp 4 + 4 1 1
= ––– + ––––––
= 0.674 + 4 a2 logy 3
= 4.674 1 1
= ––– + —
a2 b
Alternative Method
2 logp 2p2 = logp (2p2)2 6 n
= logp (4p4) 1 2
12. 50 000 — .
5
106
= logp 4 + logp p4 6 n 106
= 0.674 + 4 logp p
1 2
— .
5
–––––––
50 000
= 0.674 + 4(1) 6 n
= 4.674 1 2
— .
5
20
6 n
(b) 2 · px – 2 = AB
2 1 2
log10 — .
5
log10 20
AB2 6
px – 2 = ––– 1 2
n log10 — . log10 20
2 5
1
–— log10 20
= 2 2
n . –––––––––
1 6
logp px – 2 = logp 2
–—
2 log10 —
5 1 2
1 n . 16.431
(x – 2) logp p = – — logp 2 Therefore, n = 17
2
1
(x – 2)(1) = – — logp 2
2 13. logm (x2y) = n
1 logm x2 + logm y = n
1
4(x – 2)(1) = 4 – — logp 2
2 2 2 logm x + logm y = n........................... 1
4x – 8 = –2 logp 2
x
= –logp 22 logm ––– 1 2
y2
= p
= –logp 4
logm x – logm y2 = p
= – 0.674
logm x – 2 logm y = p........................... 2
4x = – 0.674 + 8
= 7.326 2 × 2, 2 logm x – 4 logm y = 2p........ 3
x = 1.832
1 – 3, 5 logm y = n – 2p
n – 2p
logm y = ––––––............... 4
5

15 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 5

Substitute 4 into 2, 2 log4 x – 2 log4 y = 8.......................... 1

n – 2p log4 y
1 2
logm x – 2 –––––– = p
5 –––––– = 5
n – 2p log4 x
logm x = p + 2 ––––––
5
1 2 log4 y = 5 log4 x................................ 2
2 4
= p + n – —p — Substitute 2 into 1,
5 5 2 log4 x – 2(5 log4 x) = 8
1 2
= —p + —n 2 log4 x – 10 log4 x = 8
5 5
–8 log4 x = 8
x log4 x = –1
y1 2
logm — = logm x – logm y x = 4–1
1 2 n – 2p 1
= (—p + —n) – –––––– 1 2 = —
5 5 5 4
1 2 1 2 Substitute log4 x = –1 into 2,
= —p + —n – —n + —p
5 5 5 5 log4 y = 5(–1)
3 1 y = 4–5
= —p + —n
5 5 1
= –––
45
14. log2 4x + log4 x = 1
log2 x 16. (a) h = 80(0.2)t
log2 4 + log2 x + –––––– = 1 Substitute t = 0 into the equation,
log2 4 h = 80(0.2)0
log2 x = 80(1)
2 + log2 x + –––––– = 1 = 80 cm
2
Multiply both sides by 2, Therefore, the original height is 80 cm.
4 + 2 log2 x + log2 x = 2
(b) Substitute t = 2.1 into the equation,
3 log2 x = –2
h = 80(0.2)2.1
2
log2 x = – — = 2.724 cm
3
2
–—
(c) Substitute h = 40 into the equation,
x = 2 3
40 = 80(0.2)t
1 40
= ––– 0.2t = –––
—
2 80
23 = 0.5
1 log10 0.2t = log10 0.5
= ––––
3AB
4 t log10 0.2 = log10 0.5
= 0.630 log10 0.5
t = ––––––––
log10 0.2
x = 0.43 s
15. log2 — 1 2
y = log2 x – log2 y
log4 x log4 y
= –––––– – ––––––
log4 2 log4 2
log4 x log4 y
= –––––– – ––––––
1 1
— —
2 2
= 2 log4 x – 2 log4 y
x
log2 —
y = 8 1 2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 16