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CE 134 - Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Chapter 5 Outline
1. Introduction

Chapter 5 2. Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Beams

Shear and Diagonal Tension of 3. RC Beams without Shear Reinforcement

Beams 4. RC Beams with Shear Reinforcement

Instructor: Richelle G. Zafra, PhD

Introduction
Shear Failure of Concrete Beams Shear Failure of Concrete Beams

• Beams must have an adequate safety margin

against other types of failure, some of which
may be more dangerous than flexural failure.
• Shear failure of reinforced concrete, more
properly called diagonal tension failure, is one
example.
• Shear failure occurs suddenly, with little or no
advance warning.

3 4

Diagonal Tension in
Shear Failure of Concrete Beams (Cont.) Homogeneous Beams
• Because of these differences in behavior, ν
reinforced concrete beams are usually provided Consider: A differential
with shear reinforcement to ensure that flexural element subject to pure ν ν
failure would occur before shear failure if the shear.
member should be severely overloaded. ν

Recall: The element has a ν

plane subject to a tensile
stress numerically equal ν
to the shear stress ν σ
5
acting on a 45o plane. 6

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Diagonal Tension in
Homogeneous Beams (Cont.) Shear and Diagonal Tension
w
ν M
• The diagonal tension
constitutes the main ν
cause of inclined V
cracking. σ
V Shear VQ
ν =
Stress Ib
• “Shear failures” are
actually tension failures
Flexural σ = Mc
at the inclined cracks. Stress
M I
Beam Column
7 8

Shear and Diagonal Tension (Cont.) Combined Stress

w
• These stresses combine into inclined
N.A. compressive and tensile stresses, called
principal stresses which can be determined
An element of a from:
beam not located at 2
σ σ 
Shear ν an extreme fiber or fp = ±   + ν 2 (1)
2 2
at the neutral axis
is subject to both • The direction of the principal stresses can be
Flexure σ bending and shear determined from:
stresses. ν
tan 2α max = (2)
σ
9
2 10

Combined Stress (Cont.) Combined Stress (Cont.)

Principal Stress fp (max) fp (max)
fp(max) 2
σ σ  fp (min)
fp = ±   +ν 2
fp
2 2
Crack
Typical cracking due to principal tension direction

Flexure-shear
(fp,ν)
fp(max) crack Shear crack
fp Flexure crack
fp

11 12

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Shear-Span Ratio Shear-Span Ratio (Cont.)

• Stresses ν and σ cannot be determined
• Shear failure characterized by diagonal cracks. analytically but as a first approximation

ν = k1
V  M
• Type of failure affected by the relative  (3) σ = k2 (4)
 bd  bd 2
magnitudes of shear stress ν and flexural
stress σ . where: k1 and k2 are unknown constants

σ
• The ratio is
ν

=
(
σ k2 M bd 2 ) M 
= k3   (5)
13 ν k1 (V bd )  Vd  14

Shear-Span Ratio (Cont.) Failure Modes of RC Beams

P P
From Eq’n. (5), defining a a
Tests indicate that failure of beams may be
shear span a = M V categorized based on (a/d) values:
a
σ a 1. Long beams > 6. 0
= k3   (6) d
ν d  a
P 2. Intermediate length beams 2.5 < ≤ 6.0
V d
Large values of (σ/ν) a
imply dominance of -P 3. Short beams 1.0 < ≤ 2.5
d
flexure and small values M = Pa
imply dominance of 4. Deep beams a
≤ 1. 0
shear. M d
15 16

Failure Modes of RC Beams (Cont.) Failure Modes of RC Beams (Cont.)

2. Intermediate length beams  2.5 < ≤ 6.0 

a
a 
1. Long beams  > 6.0   d 
d  • Characterized by sudden occurrence of inclined
• Failure governed by flexure. crack from flexural crack and failure shortly after
the application of the diagonal cracking load
• Although flexural shear cracks may form, occurs.
ultimate strength is entirely dependent on
maximum moment value.

17 • Beam is not able to redistribute the load. 18

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Failure Modes of RC Beams (Cont.) Failure Modes of RC Beams (Cont.)

 a  a 
3. Short beams 1.0 < ≤ 2.5  4. Deep beams  ≤ 1.0 
 d  d 
Ultimate shear capacity exceeds inclined After formation of diagonal crack, a deep beam
cracking load. transforms immediately into a tied-arch which could
sustain considerable load above the inclined cracking
load. Compression 1. Anchorage
arch failure
2. Bearing
4 3 failure
5
2 3. Flexural
1
Tension tie
3 failure
a.) Shear-tension failure b.) Shear-compression failure 4. & 5.Arch-rib
19
a.) Arch action b.) Failure mechanism failure 20

RC Beams Without Shear

Reinforcement Shear Resistance of Concrete
• Consider a portion of a plain concrete beam in which a The total shear resistance of the concrete is
diagonal tension crack has formed.
Va Vcz = shear stress
on uncracked
Vcz concrete
Va = interface shear
or aggregate
Vd interlock shear
Vd = dowel shear or
portion of shear
• Once a crack is formed, no tension force perpendicular to force resisted by
the crack can be transmitted. the longitudinal
Vc = Vcz + Va + Vd (7)
• However, as long as the crack is narrow, it can still steel in dowel
21 22
transmit shear forces through aggregate interlock. action

Shear Resistance of Concrete Shear Resistance of Concrete (Cont.)

Shear resistance on uncracked concrete Shear resistance due to dowel action of

• Closely related to the area of flexural longitudinal reinforcement
compression zone. • Mainly influenced by the flexural rigidity of
longitudinal reinforcement and flexural rigidity of
Shear resistance due to aggregate interlock the surrounding concrete.
• Along the diagonal crack of concrete, shear
transfer due to the effect of aggregate interlock
can be expected.
• This effect is especially large when the crack
width is small.
23 24

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Shear Resistance of Concrete (Cont.) RC Beams With Shear Reinforcement

Until now, predicting the shear force due to each of • Web reinforcement is provided to ensure
the mentioned effects has not been formulated yet.
that the full flexural capacity can be
Thus,
developed.
Vc = Vcz + Va + Vd
{ { {
(20 − 40%) (33 −50%) (15 − 25%) • It is desired to have a flexural failure mode
rather than a brittle shear failure.
The total shear capacity of the beam without shear
reinforcement is • Web reinforcement acts as “clamps” to
keep shear cracks from widening.
V = Vc (8)
25 26

Types of Web Reinforcement Anchorage of Stirrups

Stirrups must be well anchored

a) Vertical stirrups b) Inclined stirrups

27 28
c) Bent up bars

Behavior of Beams with Web

Reinforcement Concept of Truss Analogy
Verticals/ diagonals Top chords
Truss Analogy

A reinforced concrete beam with shear reinforcing a. Steel truss Bottom chords
is said to behave much as a statically determinate
parallel chord truss with pinned joints Inclined Horizontal
tension compression
C
d
α θ
T
Diagonal
R Horizontal
compression
29
tension 30
b. Truss analogy

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Concept of Truss Analogy (Cont.) Benefits of Using Stirrup

Concrete Web reinforcement
• After a shear crack has developed in a beam,
only a little shear can be transferred across the
crack, unless web reinforcement is used to
Tensile reinforcement bridge the gap.

c. Truss action in an RC beam • When such reinforcement is present, it keeps

the pieces of concrete on two sides of the crack
from separating. Several benefits result. These
include:
Web reinforcement a. The steel reinforcing passing across the
d. RC beam with vertical reinforcements cracks carries shear directly.
31 32

Benefits of Using Stirrup (Cont.) Design for Shear

b. The reinforcing keeps the cracks from Based on the NSCP, design of beams for shear is
becoming large, and this enables the concrete to be based on the relation
to transfer shear across the cracks by
aggregate interlock. Vu ≤ φVn (9)
c. The stirrups wrapped around the core of where:
concrete act like hoops and thus increase the Vu = total shear force applied at a given section
beam’s strength and ductility. The stirrups of the beam due to factored loads
tie the longitudinal bars into the concrete core
Vn = nominal shear strength
of the beam and restrain them from prying off
the concrete cover. φ = 0.75 for shear
33 34

Nominal Shear Strength Shear Strength of Concrete

The nominal shear strength Vn is the sum of The shear strength of concrete Vc
1
Vn = Vc + Vs (10) Vc = λ fc' bw d (SI units) (11)
6
where:
where:
λ =1 (normal weight concrete)
Vc = shear strength of concrete λ = 0.75 (lightweight concrete)
Vs = shear strength of shear reinforcement λ = 0.85 (sand-lightweight concrete)
fc' = concrete compressive strength
bw = beam width
35 d = effective depth of beam 36

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Shear Strength of Shear

Definition of Web Width Reinforcement (Stirrups)

d
Number of stirrups: n=
s
bw bw bw
Shear strength provided by stirrup:
Av fyt d
Vs = Av fyt n =
37 s 38

Shear Strength of Shear

Reinforcement (Stirrups) Critical Section for Shear
The “critical section” for shear is at a distance ‘d ’
The shear strength of shear reinforcement (stirrups) Vs from the face of the support (NSCP).
Av fyt d
Vs = (12)
s
where:
Av = 2 x cross-sectional area of stirrup bar
s = spacing of stirrups
fyt = yield strength of stirrups

39 40

Critical Section for Shear (Cont.) Design Procedure for Shear

wu
• Sections between the critical section and face of 1. Draw Vu diagram. M
support are designed for Vu at the critical d
2. Calculate Vu at a
section. V
distance d from the
• Above provision is applicable only when support support, denoted as φVs φV c
φVc/2
reaction produces compression in the end region Vud (shear at the Vud φVc
(Fig. a and b). critical section) from d
Stirrups needed CL
the support.
• Does not apply when there is a concentrated up to here only
load between face of support and critical section 1 '
3. Calculate φVc = φ fc bw d Vu diagram
(Fig. c & d). 6
φV
41
4. Stirrups are needed if design Vu > c 42
2

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Minimum Area of Shear

Reinforcement Determination of Stirrup Spacing
wu
Based on the NSCP, provide minimum shear
reinforcement when
Vud C
L
3φVc
φVc
Vu > φVc 2 Vu diagram Zone C
φVc 2
Zone B Zone A
bw s
and min Av = (13) where:
3fyt 1. Calculate φVc 2 , φVc , and 3φVc .
bw = beam width
s = stirrup spacing 2. Zone A: When φVc 2 < Vu ≤ φVc
fyt = yield strength of d 3 Av fyt
stirrups smax = smallest of , 600 mm,
43 2 bw 44

Stirrup Spacing (Cont.) Stirrup Spacing (Cont.)

wu wu

Vud C
L Vud C
L
3φVc 3φVc
φVc φVc
Vu diagram φVc 2 Vu diagram φVc 2
Zone C Zone B Zone C Zone B
Zone A Zone A

3. Zone B: When φVc < Vu ≤ 3φVc 4. Zone C: When Vu > 3φVc

Av fyt d (Vu − φVc ) Av fyt d (Vu − φVc )
s= where: Vs = s= where: Vs =
Vs φ Vs φ
d 3 Av fyt d
smax = smallest of , 600 mm, smax = smallest of , 300 mm
2 bw 45
4 46

Stirrup Spacing (Cont.) Stirrup Spacing (Cont.)

wu
Notes:
• Some designers place first stirrup a distance d
Vud C
L
3φVc
φVc
from face of support, others place it one-half of
Vu diagram Zone C
φVc 2 the end-calculated spacing requirement from the
Zone B Zone A face. The more common practice is to put one
50 mm from the support.
5. When Vu > 5φVc
• Stirrup spacing is usually specified in multiples
Section is too small to accommodate stirrups.
of whole inches (25 mm).
Therefore, increase beam dimensions.

47 48

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Example 1 Example 2
For the beams and loads given, select stirrup spacing For the beams and loads given, select stirrup spacing
if concrete f’c = 21 MPa and main bar fy = 414 MPa. if concrete f’c = 28 MPa and main bar fy = 414 MPa.
The dead loads shown include beam weights. Use 10 The dead loads shown does not include beam
mm diameter stirrups having fyt = 275 MPa. Draw a weights. Use 12 mm diameter stirrups having fyt = 275
complete beam layout showing the stirrup spacing. MPa. Draw a complete beam layout showing the
350 mm stirrup spacing. 250 mm
w DL = 45 kN/m
PLL = 75 kN (inclusive of wLL = 20 kN/m
beam weight)
wDL = 15 kN/m (exclusive of
600 mm

500 mm
10 mmφ 12 mmφ
stirrups beam weight) stirrups

5-25 mm φ 3-28 mm φ
3m 3m 49 3m 50
65 mm 65 mm

References
Bengusta, F. 2004. Syllabus in CE 34 - Reinforced Concrete Design.
Department of Civil Engineering, UPLB.

Jiravacharadet, M. Lecture Notes in Reinforced Concrete Design-T-Beams.

School of Civil Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand.
Accessed June 10, 2013. Thank you for
Nilson, A. H. 1997. Design of Concrete Structures.
Singapore.
12th Edition. McGraw-Hill:
listening!
Niwa, J. 2010. Mechanics of Structural Concrete Lecture Notes. Department of
Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology.

McCormac, J. C. and Nelson, J.K. 2005. Design of Reinforced Concrete. 6th

Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New Jersey.

National Structural Code of the Philippines. 2010. Association of Structural

Engineers of the Philippines.
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