Estimation of Doa Using Existing Front End Electronics On Lines of Esm System

Estimation Of DOA Using Existing Front End Electronics On Lines Of Esm System
ELECTRICAL SPECIALIZATION COURSE
PROJECT REPORT ON
ESTIMATION OF DOA USING EXISTING

FRONT END ELECTRONICS
ON LINES OF ESM SYSTEM
GUIDE SYNDICATE
Cdr PK Roy Lt DWS Lakmina

Lt KGJP Ranatunge
Lt MKKC Premarathne
INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. We express our gratitude and indebtedness to our guide Cdr PK Roy for
guiding our project to success. His knowledge in the subject has helped us cross many
hurdles which we faced from time to time during the course of our project.
2. We also thank Lt Cdr Praphul Chandra for his motivation and support by
providing a conducive environment and facilities at FTP in LTS. Special thanks to
Nirvan McEAR-II and for his help to conduct practicals and valuable inputs. We also
thank Staff of FTP and CEE for their untiring support in our endeavor.
DWS Lakmina KGJP Ranatunge MKKC Premarathne

Lt Lt Lt
NRL 2205 NRL 1788 NRL 1764

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report titled “ESTIMATION OF DOA

USING EXISTING FRONT END ELECTRONICS ON LINES OF ESM
SYSTEM” is a bona fide record of the project work carried out by the under
mentioned
1. Lt DWS Lakmina
2. Lt KGJP Ranatunga
3. Lt MKKC Premarathne
This has been done under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment of
the requirements of Electrical Specialization Course at INS Valsura.
(PK Roy)
Commander
Project Guide

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CONTENTS
Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2 : SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Chapter 3 : EW FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 4 : DF ANTENNA SYSTEMS
Chapter 5 : ESM AND DF SYSTEMS USED IN INDIAN NAVY
Chapter 6 : IMPLEMENTATION, FLOW AND CONCERNS
Chapter 7 : PROJECT SET UP
Chapter 8 : OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
Chapter 9 : BOTTLE NECKS
Chapter 10: FUTURE PROSPECTUS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
Appendix A : Specifications of PCI 1050 Data Acquisition Card
Appendix B : Beam Patterns of Receiver
Appendix C : Visual Basic program

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The modern day scenario asks for good defensive techniques to be used for
various applications were in the role of ESM system is utmost. The use of an RF font
end of an ESM receiver helps in providing adequate information with regard to
presence of enemy targets.
Direction Of Arrival (DOA) refers to the establishment of the direction from
which a received signal was transmitted. The estimation of DOA can be done from
multi channel antenna, either phase comparison or amplitude comparison of the
received signal.
The syndicate through this project has tried to show the software and
arrangement of the antenna in the front end and the detection of the signal at the
output of the receiver and find the DOA by amplitude comparison.

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CHAPTER 2
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
2.1 Scope of Work in the Project.

Design and implementation of hardware/ software to estimate the DOA for X- Band
receiver.
2.2 Brief History Of The Project.

2.2.1 The project was in continuation of O-145 project in which the physical
arrangement of the fed horns was done on a platform .The arrangement contain 6 feed
horns covering an angle of 180 degrees. The project has enhanced by designing an
amplifier for detection at a distance of 2 meters. Finally this project further enhanced
by software to find the DOA by comparing amplitudes of 6 feed horns outputs.
2.3 Present Milestones.

The project was initially started to find the DOA by comparing the
phase of the out put signals of six feed horns. But after matlab simulation it is
observed that the separation of feed horns of the antenna should be more than
10mtrs to get comparable phase out put to find the DOA. This is impossible
because in the existing ESM receiver having nearly 1 feet of separation of
each feed horns at the front end.
Therefore project was shifted from phase comparison to amplitude

comparison. Initial method of DOA estimation was the use of micro
controllers and displays the result in seven segment display. But at the same
time PCI 1050 data acquisition card was received and then alter the process of
calculation and display to a computer program.

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The programming language which chose to write the program was

Visual Basic (VB).6.0. The PCI 1050 data acquisition card is having its own
VB program and it is writing the outputs of 6 channels to a text file on
computer and those data is read by another program written from VB 6.0 and
calculate the DOA and display the result.
To find exact DOA, number of simulations and approximations, has

been done. A set of values of “angle Vs voltage” was obtained after doing
some simulations. There was a set of values of “angle Vs voltage” as well. An
approximate formula was established as a result. This formula is satisfying
more or less the original values up to 15 degrees. By using this formula the
exact DOA has been calculated.
2.4 Deliverables at the end of the Project.

a) Software to find the Direction of Arrival of a RF emitter.
2.5 Methods Of Final Testing And Validation Of The Project.

a) Direction of Arrival of a RF emitter approximately 3 degree of
discrimination.
2.6 Application Field.

a) The system can be used as training aid for trainees to teach the front end of
ESM system with Direction of Arrival estimation.

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CHAPTER 3
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC WARFARE
3.1 Introduction.
Electronic Warfare deals with the nullification or degradation of the
performance of the enemy’s electronic activity. Electronic activity is defined as an
activity which employs electronic means and is concerned with the transmission or
reception of electro-magnetic energy. Since the nullification of the enemy’s electronic
activity can only be achieved after its presence has been detected and identified, the
interception of this activity will also form a part of this warfare.
Electronic warfare can be broadly classified into two categories:
a) Passive Warfare: This category of electronic warfare only deals with
interception and identification of the enemy’s electronic activity in the area of
interest. The measures employed to achieve this are commonly known as
Electronic Support Measures (ESM).
b) Active Warfare: This deal only with the objective of nullification of the
enemy’s electronic activity if possible or otherwise degradation of the
performance to such an extent as to achieve this purpose are commonly known
as Electronic Counter Measures (ECM).
3.2 Electronic Support Measures (ESM).

Frequencies up to about 3MHz are mainly propagated by means of ground
wave and their range of interception is dependent on the transmitted power and
frequency. Frequency between 3-30MHz is propagated by means of ground wave and
sky wave. Though the interception of sky-wave for purpose of intelligence gathering
can be achieved at extremely high ranges, it is unsuitable for the purpose of
determination of direction due to the random and continuous phase variation of the
intercepted wave.

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This limits the effective range of all passive systems to operate on reception of
ground waves only.
All the frequencies beyond about 30MHz are propagated by means of space
waves only. This limits the ranges to line of sight only for all practical purposes.
3.2.1 Special Features.

A present day intercept receiver must have certain special features as against a
conventional receiver, these are listed below:
a) Provision of a continuous and automatically tunable receiver over the
complete band so that it is in a position to intercept an emission
immediately.
b) Facility to receive various types of transmissions at the same time.
c) Facility of a choice of IF bandwidth and IF frequencies for better
resolution.
d) Immediate recording of intercepted emission.
A good ESM system must have certain unique features as compared to conventional
receivers. It must be able to carry out the following functions satisfactorily and with
required accuracy
a) It must be able to intercept an emission at the earliest and in the shortest
possible time.
b) An ESM system must also be able to intercept
c) The system must also be capable of determining the direction of the
intercepted emission with considerable accuracy and should be able to
carry out this function for all interceptions at different frequencies from
different direction at the same time.
d) In addition to interception and direction finding of the emission, a passive
system must have the facility to analyze the intercepted emission for its

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characteristic parameters with a view to determine the role and identity of

the intercepted emission.
CHAPTER 4
DIRECTION FINDING ANTENNA SYSTEMS
4.1 Rotary DF Antenna Systems
Rotary DF antenna systems have been designed and developed for locating
the enemy radar accurately. The antenna system is composed of a cylindrical
parabolic reflector with prime focused broad-band co-planar log periodic feed and
generates a narrow beam in azimuth and broad beam in elevation. The antenna is
mechanically scanned in azimuth to obtain 360° azimuth coverage with elevation
coverage obtained by the wide elevation beam, which maintains a constant amount of
signal on the target at a given altitude. To receive the signals of any polarization, the
antenna is made slant linear Polarized at 45°.For low frequency bands (PÄL band),
where size and weight is premium, a novel compact monopulse antenna system has
been developed with improved angular accuracy. This RDF antenna works on the
principle of generation of sum and difference pattern. The antenna system consists of
two-amplitude and phase-matched co-planar printed log periodic dipole array antenna
enclosed in very low-loss thin wall radome. The sum and difference modes are
formed in azimuth at microwave frequencies by using hybrid junctions and phase-

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matched interconnections. The size reduction of 10:1 and corresponding reduction in

weight has been achieved.
A light-weight MM wave rotary DF antenna covering Ku-Ka frequency band

has also been developed. Fabrication Al techniques like CNC machining for reflector
and wire cut EDM techniques for feed were used because of small size and tight
dimensional and surface accuracy requirements at millimeter wave frequencies. The
antenna is currently under production. These antennas work over very wide frequency
band and can be used on vehicles, ships, and aircraft with suitable radomes. A very
low-loss 'A' sandwich radome has also been designed and developed for using the
antenna on land-based platform.
4.2 Amplitude Comparison DF Antenna System
Amplitude comparison DF antenna system uses multiple directional

antennas displaced symmetrically in azimuth plane. A broad-band 8 antenna
amplitude comparison DF system has been developed covering a frequency range of 1
to 18 GHz for ship borne applications. This system is wide open in frequency and
bearing with 100 per cent probability of intercept. Since the system works on
amplitude comparison techniques all pyramidal log periodic radiating elements are
developed with amplitude matching within +1.5 dB over 1:18 frequency bandwidth.
These antenna elements are slant polarized at 45° with very low cross-polarization
characteristics. The antenna elements are covered with specially designed individual

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low-loss radomes to protect them from hostile environment and also reduce the
mutual coupling between antennas. The amplitude comparison DF antenna system has
been productionised and inducted into the Services.
4.3 Antenna DBD Circular Array
Circular array of a wide open DF receiver called digital bearing

discriminator (DBD) is small in size and has low RCS. The DF system works on
phase comparison technique with a field of view of 360° and 100 per cent probability
to intercept/detect and locate enemy targets in a high dense signal environment. It is
wide open both in frequency and bearing. It gives angle information on a single pulse
basis with bearing accuracy better than 2.5° RMS. The circular array consists of
radiating elements equally spaced around a circle to provide a field of view of 360°
with each radiating element connected to an input port of the feed network. Power
applied to each output port of the feed network provides separate excitation of spatial
phase modes. The nth phase mode consists of an excitation which is constant in
amplitude with phase varying linearly with angle so that there are n complete cycles
of phase change around 360° of angle. The higher order modes are used for accuracy
and lower order modes are used for resolving the ambiguity. Phase comparison
between these output ports directly gives DOA.The circular array consists of specially
designed 16 radiating elements of reduced size printed circuit tapered slot line
antennas working over 1:4 frequency bandwidth (P and L band) incorporating
innovative techniques. This system working over P and L bands is not available off-
the-shelf from world market for import. DRDO's technology is simple and cost-
effective.

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4.4 Base Line lnterferometric Array
Phase comparison base line interferometric (BLI) arrays are used where high
DF accuracy is required. The angle of arrival is measured in the interferometer by
measuring the phase difference of signals received by two antennas separated in
space. The measured phase difference is directly related to the angle of arrival. The
interferometer is the optimum solution for best DF accuracy over a maximum field of
view. The maximum distance between two antennas without causing ambiguity is half
the wavelength. If accuracy without ambiguity over large band-width is required a
multiple antenna array with non-uniform spacings is used. DRDO has developed 4-
element interferometric arrays covering 2-8 and 8-18 GHz bands for ship borne and
vehicle based platforms. This technique can also be adopted for airborne applications.
Four such arrays are used to cover 360ø in azimuth. Good DF accuracy has been
realized. Low-loss radomes have also been developed for protecting the arrays from
severe environmental conditions.
4.5 TDOA DF Antenna System
Time difference of arrival (TDOA) is a high accuracy large base line DF

system. TDOA technique uses time measurement as a parameter for evaluating the
angular location of the target. This technique is also wide open both in frequency and
bearing with 100 per cent probability of intercept. It works with compact antenna
system even at low frequencies without antenna rotation and the time measurement is
not sensitive to antenna perturbations. A four antenna TDOA DF system has been

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developed covering a wide frequency bandwidth for airborne platform using gain and
phase-tracked biconical antennas.
These antennas are compact in size, light in weight, rugged in construction and
work with slant linear 45° polarization covering 360° in azimuth. These antennas are
covered with low-loss radomes to protect them from environmental effects. With the
present day advances in speed and accuracy of time measurement TDOA technique is
used for short base line platform, like aircraft, helicopters, ships, etc. with good DF
accuracy.

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CHAPTER 5
ESM SYSTEMS USED IN INDIAN NAVY
5.1 Ajanta.
5.1.1 Introduction.
Ajanta is the major ESM system used onboard the ships of Indian navy. The
system AJANTA (P) is a single operator controlled tactical, quick reaction ESM
system. The ESM system is of the wide open type having an exceedingly high
probability of intercept with a very low false alarm rate. It contains frequency as well
as direction finding channels. The digital instantaneous frequency measurement
(DIFM) receiver is capable of measuring frequency on pulse to pulse basis.
The frequency channel consists of

a. conical log spiral and biconical antenna
b. RF front end assembly (component drum)
c. RF head
5.1.2 Direction finding channel of Ajanta
The direction finding receiver works on pulse to pulse amplitude comparison

technique, to determine the DOA of the target. The DF receiver has a capability to
receive RF signals, amplifying, detecting and converting them into video signals by
using a crystal detector and processing for DOA. The receiver also process continuous
wave emission.
The DF sub system has 8 antennas to cover 360 degree. The receiver also
ensures good DF accuracy in the operating ranges. The RF signals receiver are
amplified and converted into 8 video pulses in the DF head of ESM antenna. These 8
video pulses are summed and converted into 4 signals in the principal axis i.e. north,

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south, east and west. Using these 4 signals from the principal axis, The DF receiver
computes the DOA. Minimum 5 pulses are required to compute the DOA.
There is an other mode of operation known as High Sensitivity Direction

Finding (HSDF). In this mode of operation, the RF signal received is diverted through
SP2T and SP4T microwave switches (DF head) to the component drum, where the
signal is amplified using the existing low noise amplifiers. The corresponding band
detector is used for detecting and converting into a video signal. The summed video
from IFM video adder is passed on to the VDU drawer of the receiver rack where the
amplitude is measured and it is passed on to the HSDF drawer in a processor rack.
This summed video signal is taken for all the 8 channels in a particular sequence and
the amplitude codes are passed to the HSDF drawer located in the processor rack.
Taking all the amplitude codes the HSDF drawer computes the DOA.

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CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION, FLOW AND CONCERNS
The entire development of the system comprised of the following steps:

a. Repaired the feed horn setup and amplifier setup
b. Development of software for DOA estimation and interface with
existing front end ESM receiver.
Initially there are 3 feed horns channels didn’t give any output. When
examine the system, there were problems in the connections of the amplifier system.
Then the problem was rectified by soldering the connections and replacement of
defective components.
Development of the software is done as following way. The programming
language which uses to develop the software was visual basic 6.0.
6.1 Reasons to choose Visual Basic to write the program
a.) Visual Basic is a much-enhanced version of the BASIC programming

language and the BASIC Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The
bottom line of the enhancement is the VB can create Windows programs
whereas BASIC could only create DOS programs.
b.) Simple program can be created without writing so many lines of code.
c.) Forms are created using drag and drop techniques. A tool is used to
place controls (e.g., text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Visual
Basic was designed to be easy to learn and use.
d.) Allows programmers to create simple GUI applications

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6.2 Flow of the program

The program is divided into 6 parts mainly
a. Acquire data and store data in a text file.
b. Reading values from the text file.
c. Arrange into descending order.
d. Calculate the highest 3 values
e. Calculate rough Direction of Arrival
f. Calculate exact Direction of arrival
6.2.1 Read data from the file?

There are a number of ways. Starting off with the simplest would
be using the Line Input statement.
Dim mystring As String

Open "c:\test.txt" For Input As #1
Line Input #1, mystring
'mystring now contains the first line of test.txt
Close #1
Subsequent calls of the Line Input statement will cause subsequent

lines of the opened file to be read in. So it’s obvious then that if we do many
subsequent calls of this statement we could read in the entire file;

Do
Debug.Print mystring
Loop
Close #1
The above code will read in the entire file, but there is no condition
in that Do Loop so the code will keep trying to read in lines from the file. For

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those of you interested, Visual Basic will throw runtime error 62: Input past
end of file.
So how do we keep reading lines in from the file, while we're not at
the End of the file? Or to put it another way, how do we keep reading lines in
from the file until we reach the end of the file? Well there is a function EOF ()
which will return a Boolean value {True, False} indicating whether or not
we've reached the end of the file. Here's an example of how to use it:

Do Until Eof(1)
Debug.Print mystring
Loop
Close #1
So the above code will keep reading in data until the end of the file.
Each line of the file is read into mystring though. But what if we wanted to
store the information in an array so that we can access the data later? There's a
very handy function in Visual Basic 6 that will take a String of text, and given
specific delimeters, will return an array. The function is the Split() function.

mydata = Split(myString, ",")
Close #1
So the above lines of code will take the entire contents of a file,
read it in line by line, and store the data in an array. This, as far as I know, is
the best and fastest way of reading the contents of a file into an array.

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6.2.2 Calculate exact Direction of Arrival
To find exact DOA, so many calculations, experiments,

approximations, has been done. A set of values of “angle Vs voltage” was
obtained after doing some practicals. We had a set of values of “angle Vs
voltage” as well. An approximate formula was established as a result. This
formula is satisfying more or less the original values up to 15 degrees. By
using this formula the exact DOA has been calculated
After calculate the rough Direction of Arrival, the exact angle is
within the limits of + or – 15 degree. As mention above, it is observed that the
angle vs. voltage follows some exponential curve up to 15 degrees. The
formula of exponential curve is as follows;
Y=Exp^ (-0.047*X)
Where Y is the Voltage and X is the angle
The actual values and exponential curve values are as follows
Angle Practical value( voltage) Exponential value

( normalize value)
0 1 1
2.5 0.928 0.9
5 0.86 0.8
7.5 0.72 0.71
10 0.648 0.63
12.5 0.58 0.56
15 0.488 0.49

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Fig. Exponential curve
Fig. Actual curve
After the rough DOA, this formula is searching which value of voltage is
more or less getting the corresponding angle. Then this angle will be add or subtract
according to the situation.

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Fig: screen shot of the software
Fig: screen shot of the software

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Example program of finding the exact Direction of Arrival is given below

x = (Obj_Pos(1) / Obj_Pos(2))
If x > 1.5 And x < 1.8 Then
For l = i To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * i)
If z > 0.83 And z < 0.93 Then
X1 = i
Print "value z is : "; z

Print "value X1 is : "; X1
Exit For
End If
Next i
End If
Label5.Caption = Format(b(p1) - X1, "0.00")

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Writing codes
Normally, a default form Form1 will be available when starts a new project. Now,
double click on form1, the source code window for form1 as shown in figure will
appear. Codes are written in between the lines “Private Sub Form_Load.......End Sub”.
There is nothing to worry about above lines. This “form” option and “load” can be
change as required. As a example “command1_click”.
A simple example program can be written as follows
Private Sub Form_Load ( )
Form1.show
Print “Welcome to Visual Basic tutorial”
End Sub

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When press “run” button program will run and will give a form like below

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CHAPTER 7
PROJECT SET UP
7.1 Test Bench Set Up.

The set up consists of a waveguide bench using klystron as the source. This
has a power supply which is connected by a 7 core cable. The waveguide is in turn
connected to feed horn which is acting as radiating antenna. A platform was
constructed to support the 6 feed horns, the feed horns being connected to detectors.
The output of the detectors is now given to the amplifier designed and the amplified
output at a distance of 2 meters is fed to a computer through the data acquisition card.
The construction of various units is described below in detail; however the general
layout is shown below for better appreciation.
Klystron
power
supply
Frequency Variable
Klystron Isolator
meter attenuator
Computer Data Amplifier Detector

accusation
card

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7.2 Klystron Power Supply.

This power supply gives supply to the klystron. The klystron power supply has
many features:
a) Regulated beam supply and repeller supply voltages
b) Digital display of beam voltage, current and repeller voltage
b) AM, FM, CW available.
7.2.1 Power Supply Specifications.

Klystron is an X-band source with a centre frequency of 9.33 GHz.
a) Input voltage 230VAC+/- 10%, 50Hz

b) Beam supply current: 50mA
Regulation: 0.5% for 10% Input variation
Voltage: 240 to 420 V DC, Variable
Ripple :< 5mV RMS
c) Repeller supply 10-270 VDC, Variable
Regulation: 0.25%, for 10% Input variation
d) Filament supply 6.3 V DC
e) Over voltage trip current 65 mA
f) Modulation
AM (square) FM (Saw-tooth)
Frequency Range: 500-2500 Hz 150-300Hz

Amplitude : 0-110 V 0-65 V
External : through External Modulating Signal
g) Display beam voltage, beam current

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Fig. Klystron Power Supply

7.3 Transmitter Setup.
The klystron transmits at a frequency of 9.33 GHz. These transmissions are
routed towards the feed horn via an isolator, frequency meter and variable attenuator.
The isolator is provided so that the reflections do not enter the klystron and hence
VSWR is reduced. The frequency meter helps in monitoring the radiated frequency.
The variable attenuator provides a control over the transmitted power.
Fig. Transmitter Set Up

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7.4 Receiver Setup.

The receiver setup consists of the antenna having 6 in number feed horns, the
platform which houses these 6 feed horns, the amplifier for the 6 in number channels,
the PCI 1050 data acquisition card and the computer to display the Direction of
Arrival. The subunits will now be described in detail.
7.4.1 Antenna Construction.

The ESM receiver constructed features six feed horns covering an angle of 180
degrees in azimuth. Each feed horn is covering an angle of 30 degrees in azimuth
.Each feed horn is covering an angle of 30 degrees and the feed horns are placed
appropriately. The feed horns are directly connected with the detectors and the output
is taken from the detector .A platform is constructed in order to hold the feed horns in
proper positions.
Fig. Antenna Arrangement

7.4.2 Platform Construction.
The platform has a height of 1.2 meter mounted on a square base of 30 by 30
cm. It has three perpendicular arms for supporting the arcs on which the feed horns
are mounted.The length of each arm is 30 cm. There are two semicircular arcs
separated by 10 cm. The radius of the outer arc is 35 cm and the thickness is 2.5 cm
this arc supports the feed horns. The radius of the inner arc is 25 cm and has a
thickness of 3 cm this arc supports the detector mounts. 10mm thick plywood is

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employed to cater for the construction for the arc.
7.4.3 Amplifier Design.

The output of the detector is in the range of mill volts. The video amplifier had
to be designed to give an amplification factor of 1000.This was employed by using a
two stage amplifier circuitry. The first stage of which has amplification factor of 10.
And the next stage has an amplification factor of 100.
Fig.1 First stage of amplifier using LM 324

Fig.2 Second stage of amplifier using µA741
7.4.4 PCI 1050 data acquisition card
General description
The PCI 1050 is a multichannel, multifunction DAS card for PCI bus. It features 16
single ended channels 12-bit A/D converter, a single channel 12-bit D/A converter, 16 digital
inputs and 16 digital outputs. The input multiplexer used has a fault and overvoltage
protection built in. Now the trend is to use the plug & play PCI cards, which replaces the old
ISA architecture bus. All the I/O ports are accessed by 32-bits I/O instruction, therefore
increasing the data throughput rate. It is supported by powerful 32-bit API functions for I/O
processing under WIN98/2000 operating system.
All the user interface signals are terminated on rugged 62 pin high density D-type connector.

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Features
• Low cost 32-bit PCI bus, Plug and Play Multifunction DAS cards
• 12-bit A/D converter, with 8 us conversion time
• 16 single-ended analog inputs
• Over voltage protection (-40V to +50 V)
• One 12-bit D/A converter
• 16 digital inputs and 16 digital outputs
• 62-pin D-type HD Female connector
• Provides wiring terminal module for DIN-rail mounting
• Uniform software drivers for WIN 98/2000
Overview of Function Category
Device Functions
These functions are used for initializing and configuring the hardware and
software.
FN_DeviceOpen
This function must be called before any other functions that use DriverHandle
as a parameter.
This function retrieves the information related to the device required for its
operation from the Windows Registry and allocates memory to store it for quick
reference.
For the devices with digital output channels, this function also sets all the
output bits to their power-up state and remembers the state. It also configures the DIO
ports either to input or output mode as set in Device Registration utility.

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FN_DeviceClose
This function releases the memory allocated in the FN_DeviceOpen function.
Before terminating or exiting from an application you must always close all the
devices, which were opened. Closing of device means all the resources allocated are
freed.
FN_GetErrorMessage
The purpose of this function is to get the error message string for a specified
error code from the previous function call.
FN_GetNoOfDevicesInfo
This function gets all the information of PCI cards registered on the system like
number of cards registered, its BoardID, its Device type and its Device number. The
usage of this function helps in allocating all I/O channels dynamically.
Analog I/O Functions

a. FN_AIReadVoltage: Reads the analog input channel voltage.
b. FN_AIReadBinary: Reads the analog input channel in binary.
c. FN_AIMultiReadVoltage: Reads the analog input channel voltage for
multiple channels.
d. FN_AIMultiReadBinary: Reads the analog input channel in binary for
multiple channels.
e. FN_AISetConfig: It sets the analog channel configuration at run-time.
f. FN_AIGetConfig: It gets the analog channel configuration.
g. FN_AISetExpPage: It sets the daughter board setting.
h. FN_AOWriteVoltage: It writes the voltage value on analog output channel.
i. FN_AOWriteBinary: It writes the binary value on analog output channel.
j. FN_AISetExpPage: It sets the daughter board page.

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Hardware Description
Introduction
This card features 12-bit ADC with 16 single-ended inputs, 12-bit single
channel DAC and 16 channels DIO. The input range for ADC is programmable to ±
10V, ± 5V and 0-10V. The DAC output voltage range is fixed Unipolar 0-10V.
The card also provides 4-way DIP switch, which can be read. This is used for
identifying the physical card when there are multiple cards of same type installed in a
system. That means you can have 16 cards of same type in a system with different
Board-ID.
Number of address spaces used

In this card, there are two address spaces used, one ADDA section and another
for DIO ports.
I. The first address space uses 4 I/O space.
II. The second address space also uses 4 I/O space.
Number of Digital I/O

There is one 16-bit input port and one 16-bit output port on the same address.
On power-On output ports lines at low-level logic. This 16-bit port can be accessed
only on 16-bit boundary i.e. FN_DioReadByte and FN_DioWriteByte functions are
not supported.
Number of A/D channels

There are 16 single ended channels on this card. Each channel can be
programmed for different input range. The input ranges are ± 10v, ± 5V and 0-10V.
Number of D/A channels

There is only one 12-bit D/A converter channel and its output range is 0-10V.

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Device Configuration
Introduction
The Device Registration program is a utility that allows you to configure your
device, store your settings in windows system registry and later test your device. The
APIs of DLL drivers used these settings stored in this windows system registry.
Follow the steps shown below for Device Configuration.
1. Run Device Registration utility. (By accessing Start/Programs/Dynalog

Driver/Device Registration. You will see the screen shown below. It lists all
the devices, which were configured and registered earlier.
Fig: Device registration window
2. Click the “Add” button and a list of devices will appear as shown below.

35
Fig : Device menu window

2. Select the Device you want install and then press “OK” button.
Fig: Device Selection.
04. It shows the list of PCI-1050 devices found in a system. It also shows the
BoardID and the I/O address of the device. If there are many devices of same type
then select the required device and then press “OK” button.

36
Fig 13.0
5. Select the polarity and range for all the 16 AD channels.
6. Press “AddDaughterBoards” button if any of the daughter boards connected to
PCI-1050 card. For further installation setting refer to user’s manual for that
particular daughter boards.
7. Press “OK” button. The starting screen appears with the new device added in
the list.
8. Press “Close” button for exit.

37
Note:
In the registered devices list you see Device Number assigned to the device,
name of the device, Board ID and Base address of the device. All these
information gets stored in windows registry.
When a new device gets registered, a Device number is assigned to it, which is
passed to the DLL driver “FN_DeviceOpen” function.
The Board ID (BID) is nothing but the DIPswitch position, which helps you
identifying each card particularly when there are many cards of same type in
the PC.
Device Testing
Introduction
When running Device Registration utility you will see the following screen
with list of devices already installed on the system.
Select the device (PCI-1050), which you want to test and press “Test” button.
You will see the following screens.

38
8.1 PCI-1050 test screen
Fig: Analog Input Test Screen
This screen shows the layout for PCI-1050 test program. It has 4 tabs for 4
test screens.
1. Reading analog inputs.

2. Writing on analog output.
3. Writing on digital outputs.
4. Reading digital inputs.
The default tab is analog input screen. This screen displays the analog values
both in volts as well as in binary format along with the channel’s polarity and range. It
is in continuous scan mode. To stop scanning, press “StopScan” button. Individual
channel polarity and range can be changed at run-time. This example demonstrates
the usage of functions FN_AIReadVoltage and FN_AIReadBinary.

39
If any daughter board is connected to the PCI-1020 device then one can set the
page by using FN_AISetExpPage function. Enter the page number value in the text
box at right-top corner of the screen and press “SetExpPage” button.
For multiple channels reading press “ReadMultiChan” button. The following screen
appears over the existing screen.
Fig: Analog Input Test Screen (Reading from Multichannel)
Select start and stop channels, press “StartScan” button. It displays the specified
channels. This example demonstrates the usage of functions
FN_AIMultiReadVoltage and FN_AIMultiReadBinary.
Press “StopScan” button to stop scanning.
Press “Previous” button to go to previous screen.

40
CHAPTER 8
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
. Operating procedures
a) The set up for the transmitter is rigged up.

b) Switch on the Klystron fan.
c) Switch on the klystron power supply.
d) Adjust the beam and Repeller voltages.
e) Select the desired signal required (AM, FM, CW).
f) Connect the input and output channels of the amplifier and connect it to a
computer through data acquisition card.
g) Switch on the power supply for the six channel amplifier.
h) Keep the front end of the receiver in front of the transmitter.
i) Adjust the distance between the transmitter and the receiver accordingly (0 to
2 metres).
j) Configure the data acquisition card on the computer
k) Open the software for write data to text file
l) Press “start scan” button on the screen, wait some time and press “stop scan”
button.
m) Open the software for find the direction of arrival and follow the steps of that
software and get the result of exact DOA
n) Repeat the same by rotating the antenna in different angles by keeping the
source in steady.

41
Precautions
a) The Klystron fan should be switched on before the Klystron Power Supply.
b) Rated Beam and Repeller voltages should only be applied to the Klystron.
c) The amplifier should be provided with good ventilation.
d) DA card should be check before go to the actual process.
e) Connectors of DA card should be plug to correct slot
Operational Data
Repeller Voltage : 37V

Beam Voltage : 300V
Frequency Band of Operation : X-Band
Amplitude of Output : 2.5 V peak to peak. (RxR and TxR in same
line)
Distance of Separation : 2 metres.
Waveform Selected : AM, FM
Channel of Operation : Channel 1

42
CHAPTER 9
BOTTLENECKS
During the course of our endeavor the syndicate had to face many difficulties and
obstructions.
1. Initially out of six channels only three channels were working. So our first task
was to make the setup fully operational. When examine the setup, it is
observed that there are some braked connections and defective components.
That problem was overcome after soldering those connections and replacing
defective components to new components.
2. The microwave components had always the problem of moisture ingress
owing to which the outputs used to vary much during the course of project.
Due to this the waveguide components were packed up carefully with
polythene and care was taken while handling. Moreover these components
were regularly cleaned and the system was switched on everyday and checks
were done
3. The nonlinearity in the behavior of feed horns was also a problem which was
largely compensated by employing potentiometers at the input to adjust the
input gains
4. The klystron which is there in the transmitter was non- operational since in the
month of May and result of the software couldn’t see after the software is
written. Therefore some simulations has done from previous data which have
been taken and observed the final result.

43
CHAPTER 10
FUTURE PROSPECTS
The project in its present capacity can be used a training aid to demonstrate the
working of the ESM system with DOA estimation. The range can be further increased
by employing greater power source and by increasing the gain of the receiver. The
antenna arrangement is similar to that being employed in the systems employed in the
navy.
Part of the software can be taken to read any text file in a computer by changing its
path. So if there is any requirement of such type program, this software can be use
after doing some changes of calculation part.
In this setup the Direction finding is limited to 180 degree in azimuth. This can be
extended to 360 degree by adding more number of feed horns and amplifier channels.
This setup cannot be distinguished two or more targets coming from different angles.
So this system can be further enhanced to find the direction of two or more targets.

44
Appendix A
Specifications of PCI 1050 Data Acquisition Card
Analog Inputs
AI channels: 16 channels single-ended
Resolution: 12-Bit A/D
Input range: ± 10V, ± 5V, 0-10V.
Accuracy: 0.025 % of FSR ± 1LSB
Linearity error: ± 1LSB
Conversion time: 8 µs
Input protection: -40 V to +50 V – Multiplexer gets turns off, only
leakage current flows.
Input Impedance: 30 MΩ
CMRR: 94dB
Analog Output
Channels: 1
DAC: AD7541A
Resolution: 12-Bit D/A
Relative accuracy: ± 1 LSB
Current Setting Time: 0.6μsec
Output buffer Slew Rate: 17μsec
Output range: 0-10V
Driving capability: 10mA

45
Digital Input
Channels: 16 TTL inputs
Input voltage: Low: 0.8 V max.
High: 2.4 V min.
Digital Output
Channels: 16 TTL outputs

Output voltage: Low: 0.4 V max. (Sink)
High: 2.4 V min. (source)
General Specifications
Operating temperature: 0 to 50 deg. (Normal)
0 to 60 deg. (with force cooling)
Storage temperature: 0 to 70 deg.
Operating voltage: +5V, +/- 5% from PC.
Connector: 62 pin High density D-type connector.
Dimension: 10.5 cms x 12.5 cms
Power Consumption: 2 watts typ

46
Appendix B:
Beam Patterns of Receiver
Fig: beam pattern of the receiver with all 6 feed horns
Fig: beam pattern of single feed horn

47
Appendix C:
Visual Basic Program
Dim MyString As String ' variable declaration

Dim Obj_Pos(5) As Double
Dim c(5) As Double
Dim b(6) As Double
_____________________________________________________________________
Dim temp, max, arr, k, p1, p2, p3, y, X1, z As Double
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim i, j As Byte
For i = 0 To 5 ' initialization of the array

Obj_Pos(i) = 0
Next i
Open "C:\data.txt" For Input As #1 'open the text file

i=0
Do While Not EOF(1) 'do all events until end of the file
Line Input #1, MyString 'read first line of the file
ObjData = Split(MyString, ",") 'store the string as an array
If UBound(ObjData) < 5 Then 'if upper dimention is less than 5 exit from
the loop
Exit Do
End If
If i >= 100 Then 'if counter equals to 100, exit from the loop
Exit Do
Else
For j = 0 To 5
Obj_Pos(j) = Obj_Pos(j) + ObjData(j) 'data of the particular column is
adding
Next j
i=i+1
End If
Loop
Close #1 'close the file
For j = 0 To 5
Obj_Pos(j) = Obj_Pos(j) / I 'get the average value

48
Next
For j = 0 To 5
c(j) = Obj_Pos(j) ' assign the array to another array
Next j
arr = 0
Print "Your array contains: " ' display the values of array
For k = 0 To 5
Print "c"; "("; arr; "):"; c(k)
arr = arr + 1
Next k
End Sub
'obtain highest 3 fedd horn positions

p1 = p2 = p3 = 0
For i = 0 To 5
If Obj_Pos(0) = c(i) Then

Label3.Caption = i + 1
p1 = i + 1
End If
Next i
For i = 0 To 5
p2 = i + 1
End If
Next i
For i = 0 To 5
p3 = i + 1
End If
Next i
End Sub

49
'exit from the form

Unload Me
End Sub
_____________________________________________________________________
'araange the array elements into dessending order

For i = 0 To 5
For j = i + 1 To 5
If Obj_Pos(i) < Obj_Pos(j) Then
temp = Obj_Pos(i)
Obj_Pos(i) = Obj_Pos(j)
Obj_Pos(j) = temp
End If
Next j
Next i
temp = Obj_Pos(max)
arr = 0
Print "After desending order Your array contains: "
For k = 0 To 5
Print "Obj_Pos"; "("; arr; "):"; Obj_Pos(k)
arr = arr + 1
Next k
Print " The maximum value is : "; Obj_Pos(max)

End Sub
_____________________________________________________________________
'Estimation of rough DOA

b(1) = -75 'assign center values of feed horns
b(2) = -45
b(3) = -15
b(4) = 15
b(5) = 45
b(6) = 75
For i = 0 To 5

Label2.Caption = Format(b(i + 1), "0.00") 'display the result in a label
End If
Next i

50
End Sub
_____________________________________________________________________
‘Estimating exact DOA
b(1) = -75
b(2) = -45
b(3) = -15
b(4) = 15
b(5) = 45
b(6) = 75
'right hand side
If p1 = 4 Or p1 = 5 Or p1 = 6 Then
'y = (Obj_Pos(0) / Obj_Pos(1)) 'ratio of highest value of feed horn and 2nd highest
value of feed horn
x = (Obj_Pos(1) / Obj_Pos(2)) 'ratio of 2nd highest value of feed horn and 3rd highest
value of feed horn
Print " The value of x is : "; x
Print " The value of y is : "; y
If p2 > p3 Then 'if the position of 2nd highest feedhorn greater than the position of
3rd highest frrd horn
If x > 14 Then
For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.45 And z < 0.53 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If
If x > 10 And x < 12 Then

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)

51
If z > 0.53 And z < 0.59 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.59 And z < 0.68 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.68 And z < 0.75 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

52

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.75 And z < 0.83 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.83 And z < 0.93 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If
Label5.Caption = Format(b(p1) + X1, "0.00") ' displaying exact DOA in a label

Print " The value of z is : "; z
End If
If p2 < p3 Then
If x > 14 Then
For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)

53
If z > 0.45 And z < 0.53 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.53 And z < 0.59 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.59 And z < 0.68 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

54

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.68 And z < 0.75 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.75 And z < 0.83 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.83 And z < 0.93 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l

55
End If

End If
End If
'left hand side
If p1 = 1 Or p1 = 2 Or p1 = 3 Then
y = (Obj_Pos(0) / Obj_Pos(1))
x = (Obj_Pos(1) / Obj_Pos(2))
Print " The value of x is : "; x
Print " The value of y is : "; y
'If y > 0.95 And y < 1.05 Then
'Label5.Caption = Format(b(p1) - 15, "0.00")
'End If
If p2 > p3 Then
If x > 14 Then
For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.45 And z < 0.53 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)

56
If z > 0.53 And z < 0.59 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.59 And z < 0.68 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.68 And z < 0.75 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

57

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.75 And z < 0.83 Then
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.83 And z < 0.93 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If
Label5.Caption = Format(b(p1) + X1, "0.00")

End If
If p2 < p3 Then
If x > 14 Then
For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.45 And z < 0.53 Then

58
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.53 And z < 0.59 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.59 And z < 0.68 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.68 And z < 0.75 Then

59
X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.75 And z < 0.83 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

For l = 1 To 14
z = Exp(-0.047 * l)
If z > 0.83 And z < 0.93 Then

X1 = l
Exit For
End If
Next l
End If

End If
End If

60
End Sub

61

Estimation of Doa Using Existing Front End Electronics On Lines of Esm System

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Estimation Of DOA Using Existing Front End Electronics On Lines Of Esm System

ELECTRICAL SPECIALIZATION COURSE

ESTIMATION OF DOA USING EXISTING

Cdr PK Roy Lt DWS Lakmina

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

DWS Lakmina KGJP Ranatunge MKKC Premarathne

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

This is to certify that the project report titled “ESTIMATION OF DOA

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

Chapter 2 : SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Chapter 4 : DF ANTENNA SYSTEMS

Chapter 5 : ESM AND DF SYSTEMS USED IN INDIAN NAVY

Chapter 6 : IMPLEMENTATION, FLOW AND CONCERNS

Chapter 7 : PROJECT SET UP

Chapter 8 : OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter 9 : BOTTLE NECKS

Chapter 10: FUTURE PROSPECTUS

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

Appendix A : Specifications of PCI 1050 Data Acquisition Card

Appendix B : Beam Patterns of Receiver

Appendix C : Visual Basic program

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Scope of Work in the Project.

2.2 Brief History Of The Project.

2.3 Present Milestones.

Therefore project was shifted from phase comparison to amplitude

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

The programming language which chose to write the program was

To find exact DOA, number of simulations and approximations, has

2.4 Deliverables at the end of the Project.

2.5 Methods Of Final Testing And Validation Of The Project.

2.6 Application Field.

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC WARFARE

3.2 Electronic Support Measures (ESM).

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

3.2.1 Special Features.

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

characteristic parameters with a view to determine the role and identity of

DIRECTION FINDING ANTENNA SYSTEMS

4.1 Rotary DF Antenna Systems

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

matched interconnections. The size reduction of 10:1 and corresponding reduction in

A light-weight MM wave rotary DF antenna covering Ku-Ka frequency band

4.2 Amplitude Comparison DF Antenna System

Amplitude comparison DF antenna system uses multiple directional

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

4.3 Antenna DBD Circular Array

Circular array of a wide open DF receiver called digital bearing

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

4.4 Base Line lnterferometric Array

4.5 TDOA DF Antenna System

Time difference of arrival (TDOA) is a high accuracy large base line DF

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

ESM SYSTEMS USED IN INDIAN NAVY

The frequency channel consists of

5.1.2 Direction finding channel of Ajanta

The direction finding receiver works on pulse to pulse amplitude comparison

INS VALSURA Faculty Of Training Project

There is an other mode of operation known as High Sensitivity Direction