Lecture 1 - Hydraulics

Hydraulics Eng 4A 2/8/2019
Weekly Timetable
HYDRAULICS IV
(THD 411)
Time Module Lecturer Room/
Venue
Lecturer: SATURDAYS Hydraulics IV MO Dinka (Lecture
14:00 - 17:00 (Lectures) Room)
Prof. Megersa O. Dinka MONDAY 10:00 Hydraulics IV G.K. Nkhonjera (Office)
– 12:00 (Consultations)
(Ext. 2540) WEDNESDAYS Hydraulics IV MO Dinka (Office)
12:30 – 14:30 (Consultations)
Department of Civil Engineering
2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 1 2 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka
THD 411 Syllabus

THD 411 Syllabus continue …
Week Date Content Readings Week Date Content Readings
9-Feb Hydrostatics: Fluid Properties, Pressure, Pumps: Pump Performance Curves, Pump Selection.
1 Chapter 1, 2 6 23-Mar Chapter 5
Pressure measurements CLASS TEST 1, ASSIGNMENT 2
Hydrostatics: Forces on plane surfaces, Forces
16-Feb 7 30-Mar MID BREAK
2 on curved surfaces, Buoyancy and stability. Chapter 2
ASSIGNMENT 1 9 6-April Pumps: Pumps in Series & Parallel, Cavitation & NPSH.
Hydrodynamics: Flow Properties, Mass Open Channel: Introduction, Classification of flows,
3 23-Feb Equation, Bernoulli Equation, Momentum Chapter 3 10 13-April Chapter 5
Uniform Flow, Best Hydraulic Sections. ONLINE TEST 3
Equation. ONLINE TEST 1
11 20-April Open Channel: Specific energy, Hydraulic jump. Chapter 6
2-Mar
4 Pipe Flow: Pipe losses and arrangement Chapter 3 Open Channel: Non-uniform flow in Open Channels.
13 27-April Chapter 6
9-Mar ONLINE TEST 4
5 Pipe Flow: Pipe network analysis. Chapter 3, 4 14 4-May Hydraulic structures: Dams, Spillways, Weirs, Culverts Chapter 8
Pipe Flow: Types of Pumps, Pump installation. 15 11- May CLASS TEST 2
6 16-Mar Chapter 4
ONLINE TEST 2.
3 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 4 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka
1
Class Text-book Evaluation

• Title: • Attendance
– Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering Systems.
(Hardcover or Soft cover). • Online Tests
• Edition:
– 4th Edition, 2010 or Latest Edition. • Class Tests (Normal Tests)
• Author: • Assignments
– Robert J. Houghtalen; Ned H.C. Hwang; A. Osman Akan
• Examination
• Price:
– About R600.00
5 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 6
Weightings Weightings (Continue …. )
Evaluation Type of Evaluation Weightings (%)

Evaluation Weightings (%) DP Class Tests 40
(40% of Online Tests 20
Online Tests 20 total marks)
Assignments 100
Class Tests 40
Project 30
Assignments 10
Total DP 100
Project 30
Examination
2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 7 8 Prof. MO Dinka 2/8/2019
2
Topics 10
Lecture 1
• Introduction
• Fluid Properties
• Hydrostatics Fluid Properties
• Hydrodynamics
Lecturer:
• Pipes Prof. Megersa O. Dinka.
• Pumps Civil Engineering Science
• Open Channel Flow

• Hydraulic Structures
2/8/2019
2/8/2019 9
Prof. MO Dinka Prof. MO Dinka
History of Hydraulics Introduction to Hydraulics

• Fluids:
• Egypt - Irrigation and Drainage in 3200 BC. – Substance which deforms continuously under the action of shearing
forces, no matter how small the magnitude of that shear force will be.
• Rome - Water Supply Systems (Aqueducts) in 312 BC. – It includes liquid and air
• China – Irrigation Systems about 2500 years ago. – gases and liquids, water and air most prevalent in
daily experience.
• Buoyancy (work on Floating Objects) by Archimedes in – Likewise, if a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing
forces acting upon it. Therefore, all forces must be
around 250 BC. perpendicular to the planes upon which they act.
Do plastic substances are considered as fluid?

Distinguish between solid and fluid
Distinguish between liquid and gases
2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 11 Refer units
2/8/2019 ofDinka
Prof. MO measurement for fluids 12
3
Fluids (e.g. water)everywhere!!!

……Habitat for Aquatic Animals In Rivers and Streams
2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 13 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 14
Air to breathe Air as Transportation means
4
Flow of air around your car Water or gas in pipes
Canals used for irrigation Pumps used to lift water
5
Hydro-electric Dams Flood protection Dams
Flooding dangers Flooding dangers … continue

2012 Floods in Mpumalanga
2012 Floods in Mpumalanga
6
Hydraulics in Civil Engineering Hydraulics and its Applications

• Fluid Mechanics - Science of the mechanics of liquids & gases
• Water supply system
– branch of applied mechanics concerned with the statics and dynamics
of fluids - both liquids and gases.
• Dam spillways, valves, etc
• Hydraulics – fluid mechanics with bias towards water.
• Canals, waterways, etc.
• Examples:
• ships, submarines, breakwaters, marinas
– Flow in pipes and channels
– Air resistance or drag
• Windmills,
– Irrigation, sediment transport
– Meteorology, oceanography, etc
• Turbines, pumps, etc.
Classification of fluids Viscosity in fluids

• Ideal fluids - the fluid is considered to be non-viscous & incompressible • A measure of a fluid's resistance to shear stress.
=0 =0 • Ideal fluids
– No friction and no viscosity.
• Real fluids - tangential or shearing force always exists whenever there
– Practical applications: many flows approximate
is motion. Fluid friction is formal due to the fluid property named viscosity.
frictionless flow away from solid boundaries.
– Newtonian fluids - linear r/s between the shear stress (τ) and the resulting rate
of angular deformation (du/dy).
• Real fluids.
Examples: gases & thin liquids
– Tangential or shearing forces always develop where there is motion
relative to solid body
– Non-newtonian fluid - non- linear r/s between the shear stress ()
– Thus, fluid friction is created
and the resulting rate of angular deformation (du/dy).
– Friction forces gives rise to a fluid property called
Examples: Thick, long - chained hydrocarbons
viscosity.
7
Classification of fluids Fluid properties

• General properties of fluids which are of interest in engineering.
• Density
• Specific or unit Weight.
• Mass and Weight.
• Specific Gravity (relative density).
• Specific Volume
• Viscosity.
• Pressure.
• Temperature.
• Others: Compressibility, Elasticity, Capillarity, Surface tension, Vapour pressure, etc.
Density (ρ) Mass Density (ρ)

• Mass density () - is mass per unit volume. • Mass density () - is mass per unit volume.
M M
   
 
- Density units = kg/m3 - Density units = kg/m3
• Density is the function of temp and pressure • Density is the function of temp and pressure
• Density of water is usually assumed ,  = 1000 kg/m3 • Density of water is usually assumed ,  = 1000 kg/m3
8
Unit (Specific) weight (ɣ) Specific Gravity

• Specific weight () is weight per unit volume. • Sometimes known as relative density.
W Mg Mg   • Specific gravity of a liquid is the ratio of the fluid density to the
    g density of water.
 M M

• Units of specific weight, N/m3. • Also defined as ratio of a specific weight of a given fluid to the
- Typical values: specific weight of water
 water = 9.81x103 Nm-3 = 9.81 kNm-3  fluid  fluid  g  fluid
 air = 12.07 Nm-3 • Value of SG is dimensionless. SG   
 water  water  g  water
• Specific weight is preferred by Mechanical Engineers and the - Typical values: s.g water = 1; s.goil = 0.9
unit weight is preferred by Civil Engineers.
Specific Volume (Vs) Viscosity in fluids

• defined as the reciprocal of either mass density or • Viscosity is the property of the fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance
specific weight. to shear stress. A measure of a fluid's resistance to shear stress.
• Ideal fluids
• Vs = Volume per unit mass (1/) or – No friction and no viscosity.
– Practical applications: many flows approximate
= volume ' ' ' ' weight (1/) frictionless flow away from solid boundaries.
• Note the Effect of Temperature & Pressure on density of fluids. • Real fluids.
– Tangential or shearing forces always develop where there is motion relative to
solid body
– Thus, fluid friction is created
– Friction forces gives rise to a fluid property called
viscosity.
9
Viscosity in fluids
Viscosity in fluids … Continue
• For non-linear profile, shear stress,
• Viscosity is the property of the fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to
Force
shear stress. A measure of a fluid's resistance to shear stress.  

 Area 
Force * Time

Mass
du Velocity Area Length * Time
– Example: dy Dis tan ce
• Molasses & tar - highly viscous liquids units:  



N / m2 Ns
 2
du s 1 m
• Water & air - small viscous fluid dy
Where: du/dy = the slope of the velocity profile at position y,
μ = coefficient of viscosity, absolute viscosity,
• Variation with temperature: dynamic viscosity, or simply viscosity.
 Liquids: viscosity decreases as temperature increases
 Gases: viscosity increases as temperature increases Newtonian fluid: μ is constant
Air, water are Newtonian fluids
Home activity Non-Newtonian fluids: μ varies with velocity

• Discuss the causes of viscosity in fluids gradient (du/dy)
Paints, printer's ink, gels, emulsions are Non-
Newtonian fluids.
Kinematic viscosity Pressure

• Ratio of absolute viscosity to density • Compression stress at a point in a static fluid.

  • In a fluid, pressure increases with depth.
 • Expressed in either:
– Pressure intensity, P   gh
• Appears in many problems in fluids. – Pressure head, h 
P
g
• Called kinematic viscosity because it involves no force (dynamic) • Units of Pressure.
– Newton per metre square (N m2 )
dimensions.
– Pascal, ( Pa ) 1Pa  1 N m 2
Ns – Metres (m )
• Units: 
 2
 m m
2
s
– Bar, ( bar ) 1 bar  10 m  10 5
N m 2
 kg
3
m
10
Forms of pressure Atmospheric pressure

• Pressure can either be: • Defined as the weight of the atmosphere exerting on the Earth’s surface.
• Atmospheric pressure is also called barometric Pressure.
– Atmospheric pressure.
• Maximum at sea level (approx. 101.3 kPa).
– Gauge pressure. • Atmospheric pressures varies:

– with elevation (altitude).
– Absolute pressure. – with changes in meteorological conditions
• Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude.
• Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure

• Pressure reading with atmospheric pressure taken as datum. • Absolute pressure is measured with respect to the absolute
Sometimes called HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. zero pressure (perfect vacuum).
Absolute  Atmospheri c  Gauge
Pgauge  gh
Pabs  Patm  Pgauge
• Gauge pressure can be either positive or negative. • Absolute pressure values are all positive.
• Gauge pressures: • Use absolute pressure for
most problems involving gases
– Positive: if above atmospheric and vapour (thermodynamics).
– Negative: if below atmospheric • Thus, the pressure at a point in
• If Pgauge < Patm, we call it a vacuum pressure, its gauge value = how a fluid can be labeled as
ABSOLUTE or GAUGE
much below atmospheric. pressure.
• Common way of measuring pressure in Water/Civil Engineering.
• Use gauge pressure for most problems related to liquids (eg water).
11
Surface Tesnion Surface Tesnion

Consider liquid water open to free surface
• Defined as the property of the liquid w/h makes the surface of a liquid as a
thin membrane under tension.
Equal hydrostatic
forces • Commonly denoted by the Greek letter ' ' sigma' ' () and is actually
defined as the force (F) per unit length (L) of free surface.
Force , F
 
• Within the liquid: Unit length , L
- all molecules are in constant motion
- the molecules are equally attracted in all directions by equal forces. • it acts in the plane of the surface, normal or perpendicular to any
line in the surface and is the same at all points.
• At the surface of the liquid (i.e. interface b/n liquid & air).
- upward and down ward attractions are unbalanced. • depends on:
- as an effect the liquid surface behaves as if it were an elastic membrane under
Tension. This phenomenon is called surface tension. • Nature of the fluid
• Temperature - decreases with  temperature
Capilarity Capilarity
• Capillarity is the phenomenon by w/h the water will rise in the tube to a level above the • Consider the forces acting on a diameter plane three a spherical drop of radius r
water outside the tube. It is caused by both cohesion of the liquid's molecules & adhesion of
the liquid to a solid surface. Forces due to internal pressure:
= Weight of the water column =P.A = r h.  r2
• Consider a small-diameter gloss tube inserted into mercury & water though a free surface.
Forces due to surface tension round the perimeter
of the tube. = vertical component of surface tension
= 2r x  cos 
For static condition, the two forces are in equilibrium. r h.  r2 = 2r x  cos 
2  cos 
h  h = height of capillary rise
a) Capillary rise in water : b) Capillary fall in mercury:  r
r = radius of pore space
• adhesion > cohesion • cohesion > adhesion
• liquid rises in the tube and wet the solid For small angle , cos   1 (As   0 , cos  1)
• Liquid is depressed within the tube.
surface with w/h they are in contact. 2 4
h  
• Area of contact b/n liquid and solid  r d
tends to increase.
12
Vapor Pressure Vapour Pressure

• To analyse the cavitation phenomenon, the vapour pressure is required. • All liquids tends to evaporate (vaporizes). At the free surface there is the continual movement
• It is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or of molecules out of the liquid. As the result some molecules of liquid in the surface layer will
liquid) at a given temp. Simply, it is defined as the moisture carrying capacity of the air. escape. The rate at w/h molecules escape from the liquid is balanced by the rate at which
they return to it. This is due to the Newton's 3rd Law of motion w/h states: for every action,
• Vapour pressure is usually expressed in kPa. By dividing by the unit weight of there is equal & opposite reaction. A partial pressure of the vapour is crested just above the
water, the vapour pressure is converted to the vapour pressure head in m, which liquid surface as the result of the returning molecules.
is more convenient for our use.
• V.P is the pressure caused by the vopour molecules leaving the liquid surface within
• The vapour pressure of water is a function of temperature. such a closed space.
Table. Vapour pressure at different temperatures
 V.P  s with  temp.
 Boiling occurs when the pressure above the liquid surface equals V.P. of the liquid.
 However , boiling can be made to occur at a temp well below the boiling point by reducing the
pressure below the atmospheric Pressure or V.P. of the liquid.
Ex. If pressure is reduced to 0.2 bar (0.2 atm) water will boil @ temp. of 600c
Cavitation Pressure
• The phenomenon by w/h the area of local boiling & a cloud of vapour bubbles
will form because of the fall of local pressure below the V.P. of the fluid. • Compression stress at a point in a static fluid.
– Example: local pressure can be pressure at the pump inlet
– Note that cavitation can also occur when the water temperature rises high enough (boiling pt).
• In a fluid, pressure increases with depth.
• Expressed in either:
• Under this condition, the water starts to vaporise to form small cavities of water vapour.
The vapour bubbles form (water starts to boil) at the impeller inlet.. – Pressure intensity, P   gh
P
– Pressure head, h 
 When these bubbles are carried into a zone of higher g
pressure, they colapse abruptly • Units of Pressure.
– Newton per metre square (N m2 )
 The bubble collapse is audible and it sounds like
– Pascal, ( Pa ) 1Pa  1 N m 2
pumping marbles and stones or as if gravel is forced
through the pump. – Metres (m )
– Bar, ( bar ) 1 bar  10 m  10 5
N m 2
it can affect the performance of machineries such as pumps, turbines & propellers.
The impact of collapsing bubbles can cause local erosion of metal surface.
13
Forms of pressure Atmospheric pressure

• Pressure can either be: • Defined as the weight of the atmosphere exerting on the Earth’s surface.
• Atmospheric pressure is also called barometric Pressure.
– Atmospheric pressure.
• Maximum at sea level (approx. 101.3 kPa).
– Gauge pressure. • Atmospheric pressures varies:

– with elevation (altitude).
– Absolute pressure. – with changes in meteorological conditions
• Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude.
• Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure

• Pressure reading with atmospheric pressure taken as datum. • Absolute pressure is measured with respect to the absolute
Sometimes called HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. zero pressure (perfect vacuum).
Absolute  Atmospheri c  Gauge
Pgauge  gh
Pabs  Patm  Pgauge
• Gauge pressure can be either positive or negative. • Absolute pressure values are all positive.
• Gauge pressures: • Use absolute pressure for
most problems involving gases
– Positive: if above atmospheric and vapour (thermodynamics).
– Negative: if below atmospheric • Thus, the pressure at a point in
• If Pgauge < Patm, we call it a vacuum pressure, its gauge value = how a fluid can be labeled as
ABSOLUTE or GAUGE
much below atmospheric. pressure.
• Common way of measuring pressure in Water/Civil Engineering.
• Use gauge pressure for most problems related to liquids (eg water).
14
Pressure variations in fluids Pressure variation with depth

• Pressure varies with depth and is independent of
the shape of the container.
• In a continuous mass of the same static fluid,
pressure is equal on the same horizontal plane.
• Pressure is a function of depth.
• In a fluid at rest, pressure at a point is the same
in all direction, (Pascal’s Law). Taylor, M.A.J & Rice, J.R.
Property of Civil Engineering Department 57 Property of Civil Engineering Department 58
Pressure variation with depth

… Continue Equal pressure on the same horizontal plane
Pressure is the same everywhere at the same

• For constant density fluids, and taking the level
free surface pressure as zero, p  gh .
• Thus, Pressure is related to the height, h, of
a fluid column.
• Normally referred to as the Pressure Head.
• Thus, in a liquid at rest, an increase in the
elevation (z) means a decreases in pressure
head, and vice versa.
15
Pressure as a function of depth Pressure Measurement
• Barometer.
• Bourdon pressure gauge .
h • Piezometer column.
P = ρgh
• Manometer.
h
P = ρgh
Mercury Barometer Mercury Barometer

… Continue
• Used to measure atmospheric pressure.

• Uses mercury that has very low vapour
pressure.
• Mercury is used because it is the heaviest
common liquid.
• Water barometer would be impractical.
• Pressure at O,
Po   gy  Pvapour  Patm
With negligible vapour pressure,

Patm   gy
16
Bourdon Pressure Gauge Piezometer column

• Measures the difference between
• Measures moderate pressures
absolute and atmospheric pressure. of liquids.
• In pipes, pressure is typically • Sufficiently long tube where
measured at centre line. fluid rises is needed.
• Level of accuracy is high but
not practical.
• Most commonly used in labs.
• Can only be used for liquids.
• Height in tube is
P P
h  
 g
Piezometer column Piezometer column

… Continue … Continue
17
Piezometer column Manometer

… Continue
• Can be simple manometer or differential

manometer.
• Can be used for both liquids and gases.
• When the manometer fluid is mercury (SG =
13.6), the differential manometer is suitable for
measuring large pressure differences.
• For smaller pressure differences, use oil (e.g., SG
= 1.6, SG = 0.8).
Manometer Tutorials
… Continue
• Try some problems in the Text-book.
Property of Civil Engineering Department 71 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 72
18

Lecture 1 - Hydraulics

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Lecture 1 - Hydraulics

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Hydraulics Eng 4A 2/8/2019

Department of Civil Engineering

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 1 2 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka

THD 411 Syllabus

3 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 4 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka

Class Text-book Evaluation

Weightings Weightings (Continue …. )

Evaluation Type of Evaluation Weightings (%)

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 7 8 Prof. MO Dinka 2/8/2019

• Open Channel Flow

History of Hydraulics Introduction to Hydraulics

Do plastic substances are considered as fluid?

Fluids (e.g. water)everywhere!!!

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 13 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 14

Air to breathe Air as Transportation means

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 15 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 16

Flow of air around your car Water or gas in pipes

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 17 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 18

Canals used for irrigation Pumps used to lift water

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 19 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 20

Hydro-electric Dams Flood protection Dams

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 21 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 22

Flooding dangers Flooding dangers … continue

2012 Floods in Mpumalanga

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 23 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 24

Hydraulics in Civil Engineering Hydraulics and its Applications

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 25 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 26

Classification of fluids Viscosity in fluids

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 27 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 28

Classification of fluids Fluid properties

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 29 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 30

Density (ρ) Mass Density (ρ)

- Density units = kg/m3 - Density units = kg/m3

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 31 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 32

Unit (Specific) weight (ɣ) Specific Gravity

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 33 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 34

Specific Volume (Vs) Viscosity in fluids

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 35 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 36

• Molasses & tar - highly viscous liquids units:  

Home activity Non-Newtonian fluids: μ varies with velocity

Kinematic viscosity Pressure

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 39 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 40

Forms of pressure Atmospheric pressure

– Gauge pressure. • Atmospheric pressures varies:

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 41 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 42

Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 43 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 44

Surface Tesnion Surface Tesnion

Vapor Pressure Vapour Pressure

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 49 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 50

Forms of pressure Atmospheric pressure

– Gauge pressure. • Atmospheric pressures varies:

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 53 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 54

Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure

2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 55 2/8/2019 Prof. MO Dinka 56

Pressure variations in fluids Pressure variation with depth

Property of Civil Engineering Department 57 Property of Civil Engineering Department 58

Pressure variation with depth

Pressure is the same everywhere at the same

Pressure as a function of depth Pressure Measurement

• Bourdon pressure gauge .

Property of Civil Engineering Department 61 Property of Civil Engineering Department 62

Mercury Barometer Mercury Barometer