POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN 8:

BINHANGGANI:

A Rice Cultivation and farming production Community in San Jose Del

Monte, Bulacan

PROPOSED BY:

AILA ANGELINE LOPEZ

KAREN NARDO

KHARYNE ANGEL AGAM

LYZA ANGELIQUE GALIBUT

BS ARCHITECTURE 4-2

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1. Background of the Study………………………………………….….………………5
1.2. Statement of the Problem……………………………………….……………….……6
1.3. Goal and Objectives…………………………………………….……………….……7
1.4. Scope and Delimitation…………………………………………………….…………7
1.5. Justification of the Study………………………………………………………..……8
1.6. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………..….......…9-12

Chapter 2 Systems of Research/ Data Gathering Procedures (Methodology)

2.1. Research Design…………………………………………………………………….13
2.2. Methods and Technique Used………………………………………………..……..13
2.3. Subject of the Study…………………………………………….…………………..14

Chapter 3 Terms of References

3.1. Review of Related Literature Adaptation………………………………………..15-17
3.2. Case Studies Adaptation…………………………………………………………17-18

Chapter 4 Data Presentation and Analysis

3.1. Gross Site Selection…………………………….…….….…………………….……19
3.2. Macro Site Data……………………...……………………….….……………….…20
3.2.1. Physical Profile
Topography………………………………………………………………21
Geology……………………………………………………………..……22
Soil………………………………………………………………...….22-24
Climate………………………………………………………………..24-26
Natural Hazards…………………………………………..…………..27-28
3.2.2. Cultural
Land Use & Tenure…………………….….……………...…………...…29
Public Infrastructure………………………………………………..…….30

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 3.3. Micro Site Data and Analysis
3.3.1. Technical Site Data…………………….….………................................…31
3.3.2 Topographical and Surface Drainage Analysis………………...…….….…32
3.3.4. Visual Analysis Map…………………….….………...…………………...33
3.3.5. Micro- climate Map…………………….….…………………………...…34
3.3.6. Noise Analysis Map……………….…….….……….............................…35
3.3.7. Summary of Site Analysis…………………….….……………….........…36
3.3.8. SWOT Analysis……………………………………………………......37-40
3.4. User Data and Analysis
3.4.1. Estimated data of Expected Users…………………….………….………..41
3.4.2. Organizational Chart…………………….….………..............................…42
3.4.3. Behavioral Pattern…………………….….……………………..….…...…43

Chapter 5 Architectural Programming

5.1. Spatial Organization...................................................................................................44
5.1.1. Space Identification……………………………………………………….45
5.2. Graphical Spatial Translation
5.2.1. Spatial Elements………………………………………………………46-49
5.2.2. General Matrix Diagram………………………………………………50-53

Chapter 6 Environmental Systems

4.1. Structural System……………………………………………………………….54-55
4.2. Electrical System………………………………………………….……………55-56
4.3. Mechanical Systems…………………………………………………………….57-58
4.4. Fire Protection Systems…………………………………………………………58-59
4.5. Sanitary and Plumbing System……………………………………………………..60
4.6. Waste Management……………………………………………………..………61-62
4.6. Landscape Systems………………………………………………………………….63

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Chapter 7 Design Framework
5.1. Design Philosophy…………………….……………………………....………….…64
5.2. Design concept…………………….….……………..…...…………………...……..65
5.3. Sub- Concept
5.3.1. From Concept……………………………………………………………..65
5.3.2. Function Concept…………………………………………………...…….66
5.3.3. Time Concept……………………………………………………………...67
5.3.4. Economy Concept………………………………………………………....68
5.4. Style Guiding Principles
5.4.1. General Architectural Character…………………………………..………69
5.4.2. Styles to be Adapted………………………………………………………70

Chapter 8 Manner of Financing

8.1. Source of Funding…………………………………………………………….……..71
8.2. Probable Project Construction Cost……………………………………………...….71
8.2.1. Land Acquisition Cost…………………………………...………………..71
8.2.2. Building Cost………………………………………….…………………..71
8.2.3. Projected Land Development Cost…………………..……………………72
8.2.4. Projected Furniture and Equipment Cost…………..…………….………..72
8.2.5. Projected Professional Fee………………………………………..……….72
8.2.6. Projected Total Professional Fee………………………………...………..73

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………….…………………………………………...…74-92

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Rice is an edible starchy cereal grain. It comes from a grass specie Oryza sativa, an annual

grass of Graminae family. Around half of the world’s population eat rice, where mostly of these

comes from the East and Southeast Asia whom they consider this crop as staple food. 95% of the

rice crop is eaten by humans. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018)

This plant grows about to 1.2 metres (4 feet) in height. It has long and flattened leaves with

panicle made of spikelets bearing flowers that produces grain. It is mostly grown on submerged

land in coastal plains, tidal deltas, and river basins of tropical, semitropical, and temperate regions.

(The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018)

The process of farming rice usually starts with seeds, which are sown in prepared beds and

will rest for 25 to 50 days old. These will soon be transferred or transplanted to a paddy field,

enclosed by levees and submerged in water for under 5 to 10 cm or 2 to 4 inches. (The Editors of

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018)

In todays’ generation, more than hundreds of countries started to grow and harvest rice

with farmlands for about 158 million hectares, with 700 million tons of harvest annually. 90% of

these comes from Asian countries, with 640 million tons of harvested rice; followed by the Latin

America, which produces rice for approximate value of 24 million tons; and Sub Saharan Africa,

with 19 million tons harvested rice. (The International Rice Research Institute, 2017)

The Philippines is the 8 largest producer of rice in the world, with an arable land of 5.4
th

million hectares, and 4.4 million hectares of rice area harvested. However, merely 69% of these

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are irrigated, and the rest are probably rainfed. From those areas, 71% of these rice is only

produced. (Maclean, Hardy, & Hettel, 2013)

Annually, 10% of the rice consumption in the Philippines are imported from the countries

Thailand and Vietnam. And in 2010 and 2011, the country was ranked as the largest rice importer

with 2.38 million tons of rice, which are mostly produced by the said country. (Maclean, Hardy,

& Hettel, 2013)

Among the regions in the Philippines, the Central Luzon has the most irrigated rice

farmland. This region is known to be the nation’s rice bowl, for it contributes about 18,7% of the

total rice production. Its provinces were acclaimed as one of the fastest gains in the rice industry

with production increase of 2.8% from 2010 to 2015. (Department of Agriculture. Philippine Rice

Research Institute, 2016)

Despite the nation’s ranking for the largest rice producer, shortcomings for the needs of

the farmlands, and farmland planning are still undeniable, which can affect the production. The

study aims to uplift the economy through problem identification, which are to be resolved

architecturally.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There is a common set-up in the Philippines, where the research facility are far from the

farmlands which are also parted from the rest. Farming process facilities that can cause an effect

on its economic status due to extra expenses, such as transportation, etc.

Sub-problem 1: What are the facilities needed for a complete process of rice production from

research to distribution?

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Sub-problem 2: What are the innovations needed for a complete process of rice production from

research to distribution?

Sub-problem 3: How can these be solved architecturally?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will benefit the society of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan since

rice is a staple food in the Philippines and comes deeply with our Filipino culture.

GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

Goal: To design a self-sustained farm where research facility and post-farm process are provided

in one site.

Objective 1: To research and gather information and data relating to the facilities needed in the

complete cycle of rice production

Objective 2: To analyze the past studies and similar cases that can be useful for the proposal

Objective 3: To design a self-sustained farm with research facility for better rice cultivation &

production to create opportunities for the local farmers and traders

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The scope of the study includes crops no other than rice, process of trading & distribution

of crops, and innovations that can be applied for the proposal which are architecturally related.

The study will limit the proposal concerning about the economic status rice in the

Philippines, research methods & systems available in the Philippines relating to rice farming

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process, and market place where the product will be distributed. The date limit regarding the case

studies are facts as much as possible, should not exceed 5 year span.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The study merely focuses on research-to-farming-to-market rice applying the Industrial

Location Theory- Least Profit Approach of Alfred Weber, where the raw material, manufacturer,

and market are geographically located to each other.

In actual, rice research centers, farming schools, rice farms, and rice post-harvest facilities

are all already existing, merely this study focuses on giving these facilities direct connection with

each other by putting these in one location.

The purpose of the study gives highlights the following roles: the rice research center

mainly contributes on maximizing rice in terms of innovations; certain innovations will be shared

to the farming school, with educational benefits for the farmers and future farmers; the rice farm

itself, where the innovations and the farmers’ knowledge and skills will be applied; and the post-

harvesting facilities that will give these farmers the opportunity to directly sell their very own

product to the market. In addition, it will give them profit much more than the usual income of

farmers in a common scenario. The design of the houses provided is for the proper settlement of

the local farmers.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Amorphous silica- Is an inorganic material commonly used in semiconductor circuits to isolate

different conducting regions. Due to its mechanical resistance, high dielectric strength, and

selectivity for chemical modification, amorphous silica has also become a key material in

microelectronics and chromatography.

Carbon neutral- having a net zero carbon footprint, refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions

by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or

offset, or buying enough carbon credits to make up the difference. It is used in the context of

carbon dioxide releasing processes, associated with transportation, energy production and

industrial processes. (www.go-green.ae)

Coaxing Lyricism- Seeking architectural design solutions through investigations and

collaborations across disciplines. Jeanne Gang expresses her emotions imaginatively and

beautifully through Architecture, through her design solutions that undergone careful research.

Cultivation- There are two types of cultivation, in extensive cultivation, the farmer uses old

methods of cultivation. On the other hand, in intensive cultivation, he uses improved methods of

cultivation like better seeds, fertilisers, timely crop rotation and irrigation, modern tools and

implements, etc.

FTIC (Farmers’ Training and Information Center) - provide information on new farming

techniques, improved seed and training on business management

Industrial Location Theory- Alfred Weber formulated a theory of industrial location in which an

industry is located where the transportation costs of raw materials and final product is a minimum.

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He singled out two special cases. In one the weight of the final product is less than the weight of

the raw material going into making the product. This is the weight losing case. In the other the

final product is heavier than the raw material that require transport. Usually this is a case of some

ubiquitous (everywhere available) raw material such as water being incorporated into the product.

This is called the weight-gaining case.

LED- Stands for "Light-Emitting Diode." An LED is an electronic device that emits light when

an electrical current is passed through it. Early LEDs produced only red light, but modern LEDs

can produce several different colors, including red, green, and blue (RGB) light. Recent advances

in LED technology have made it possible for LEDs to produce white light as well.

Rice Bowl- A large area where wheat grows well; an area where rice is grown extensively and

relatively easily is a 'rice bowl'.

Rice Fortification- Fortification is the practice of deliberately increasing the content of an essential

micronutrient, i.e. vitamins and minerals (including trace elements) in a food, so as to improve the

nutritional quality of the food supply and provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health.

Rice- Rice can be fortified by adding a micronutrient powder to the rice that adheres to the grains or

spraying of the surface of ordinary rice grains in several layers with a vitamin and mineral mix to form a

protective coating. Rice can also be extruded and shaped into partially precooked grain-like structures

resembling rice grains, which can then be blended with natural polished rice. Rice kernels can be fortified

with several micronutrients, such as iron, folic acid and other B-complex vitamins, vitamin A and zinc.

Rice husk- Rice husk, also called rice hull, is the coating on a seed or grain of rice. It is formed

from hard materials, including silica and lignin, to protect the seed during the growing season.

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Each kg of milled white rice results in roughly 0.28 kg of rice husk as a by-product of rice

production during milling. (IRRI - International Rice Research Institute)

CONTEXTUAL DEFINITION (Definitions are adopted from Merriam Webster Dictionary)

Carbon neutral green- (Adjective) having or resulting in no net addition of carbon dioxide to the

atmosphere; counterbalancing the emission of carbon dioxide with carbon offsets.

Coaxing- (Noun) persistent gentle persuasion; gently and persistently persuade (someone) to do

something; arrange (something) carefully into a particular shape or position.

Lyricism- (Noun) an artist's expression of emotion in an imaginative and beautiful way; the quality

of being lyrical.

Cultivation - (Noun) the action of cultivating land, or the state of being cultivated; the process of

trying to acquire or develop a quality or skill.

Delta- (noun) the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet ( Δ, δ ), transliterated as ‘d’; the fourth (usually

fourth brightest) star in a constellation; a code word representing the letter D, used in radio

communication; a difference between two things or values; a change or set of changes made to a

file or program, especially as part of an update to a later version.

Farming- (Noun) the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock.

LED- (Noun) a semiconductor diode that emits light when a voltage is applied to it and that is used

especially in electronic devices (as for an indicator light)

Paddy- (Noun) a field where rice is grown; rice before threshing or in the husk; a fit of temper.

Rice bowl- (Noun) a dish out of which rice is eaten; an area in which abundant quantities of rice

are grown; one's livelihood (used especially in reference to Asia).

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(Rice) fortification- (Noun) an act or process of fortifying; something that fortifies, defends, or

strengthens especially: works erected to defend a place or position.

(Rice) husk- (Noun) a usually dry or membranous outer covering (such as a pod or one composed

of bracts) of various seeds and fruits (such as barley and corn) : HULL; a carob pod; an outer layer;

an emptied shell; a supporting framework

Staple- (noun) a small wire both ends of which are driven through layers of thin and easily

penetrable material (such as paper) and usually clinched to hold the layers together; a town used

as a center for the sale or exportation of commodities in bulk; a place of supply; the sustaining or

principal element.

(Adjective) used, needed, or enjoyed constantly usually by many individuals; produced

regularly or in large quantities;

Swale- (Noun) a low or hollow place, especially a marshy depression between ridges.

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 CHAPTER 2: SYSTEMS OF RESEARCH/DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

(METHODOLOGY)

2.1 Research Design

Research design covers a comprehensive description of the scheme or plan on how the

research will be conducted. It includes effective methods of research in order to attain the main

specific objective of the subject.

2.2 Methods and Techniques Used

This study shall use a combination of Qualitative and Quantitative method in finding the

solution to the problem. The two methodologies shall be considered appropriate to the study and

expected to lead the researcher in proper analyses and interpretation.

From the chosen project proposal, the researcher uses the method of Qualitative Method

in obtaining data regarding every aspect of the design. Qualitative Method is used by the

researcher, because for her this is the most reliable kind of research method that she can use. This

method gives the overall relationship of the chosen topic/study, it is 100 percent perfect in terms

of gathering data, answering most questions needed by the researcher and it can give the most

dependable solution for a research.

Before the researcher starts the gathering of data, the first thing to do is to identify the

problem, identify its background and other things related to the study. After identifying the

problem, formulation of the objectives should be next, from general to more specific ones, stating

and studying brief programs.

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2.3 Subject of the Study

This study entitled “RICE RESEARCH CENTER AND FARMING PRODUCTION

COMMUNITY” has several subjects of the study. Because this will serve as a gateway, the main

users of the project will be the local famers of Dulong Bayan in San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan. The

project is studied together with the use of building by the people, the experience of the subjects.

The researcher identifies future users and beneficiaries of the project.

2.3.1 Research Instruments

There were different research techniques that the analyst utilized. Mapping, site

visits, site analysis and archived materials are only some of them. Through these, the

analyst obtained the information expected to continue with the study.

a. Site Visit and Inspection

The researchers gathered information the Municipality of San Jose Del Monte to

pick the site that is more advantageous and suitable to the said venture. This kind of

research is essential on the grounds that the assembled information through this can't

be obtained through some other way. Information on location including wind and light

heading, existing water element and different things ought to be considered by the

researcher.

b. Archived Materials

The researcher should start gathering the data that will be a solution to the issue

and will fulfill the objectives formulated. The data gathered were taken from an archive

of information from journals, books, and electronic media. These are the fundamental

research assets that helped the researcher in the study.

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 c. World Wide Web

The internet through World Wide Web is an online wellspring of reference

materials whether published or unpublished. In view of the data innovation age, inquire

about through web is extremely useful, effectively available and has a high possibility

of data obtaining because of information are open and open to all.

After gathering all the data, it will then be analyzed. The researcher then studies and

evaluates its significance to the project, and them uses it in forming a solution to the problem.

Sorting of analyzed data will follow before the preparation of the final data. After the final data

has been gathered, analysis will again make. Synthesis of the analyzed data will take place, creating

major and minor problems. From these problems will derive the design concepts and philosophy.

Miscellaneous topic and computation arise. After all the data and preliminary drawings are

finalized, with appropriate requirements and computation, drafting starts.

From the prepared/formulated questionnaires, the researcher started disturbing

questionnaires to the project users or people concerned in the study. After the researcher gathered

the answers from the questionnaires, they evaluated and analyzed the answers and used in the

studies.

CHAPTER 3: TERMS OF REFERENCE

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ADAPTATION

In the Philippines, there is no other food widely used as rice. For Filipinos, rice is the country’s

staple food and is more than a food itself that come deeply with historical and numerous cultural values

that is within Filipino culture. During 1970s until early 1980s, the Philippines has been able to produce

15
sufficient amount of rice needed for its country. But according to World Rice Statistics, the Philippines was

the biggest importer of rice in the world for about 1.8 million tons of rice into the country. Thus the demand

increased while supply decreased for rice in the Philippines.

According to Flordeliza H. Bordey, Piedad F. Moya, Jesusa C. Beltran, David C. Dawe (2016) in

the book entitled “Competitiveness of Philippines Rice in Asia”, since Philippines is one of the major rice

importer, we can be competitive regarding to the quality of rice we produce compared to imported rice to

lessen rice imports since lower class citizens of the country won’t be able to afford it due to added costs. In

the book entitled “Rice and Risk Decision making among low-income farmers”, Roumasset, J. A. now

discussed the decision-making under certainty by small rice-farmers in order to improve the rice quality by

risky techniques, contractual choice and metayage, risk of investment in nitrogen fertilizer,

optimum fertilizer rates and the role of risk in the demand for fertilizer and implications for

agricultural policy while Amber Heckelman, Sean Smukler, and Hannah Wittman under Cambridge

University Press also studied about climate resilience of agriculture in the Philippines since

Philippines is said to be the most affected by climate change and also since we experience unusual

climate disturbance, and high population density and high dependency on agriculture in order to

know how are can design an effective project for rice development. Because of these continuous

demand of rice supply Luz M. De-Regil, Juan Pablo Pe˜na-Rosas, Arnaud Laillou, and Regina Moench-

Pfanner (2014) said that fortification of staple foods and commonly used condiments with vitamins

and minerals which is considered as one of the most cost- effective interventions to prevent and

control micronutrient. Because of wide local consumption, the World Health organization (WHO)

includes rice fortification with micronutrients. The industrial and regulatory technical

considerations in rice fortification, as well as the considerations for implementing it as a public

health strategy and ensuring equitable access and universal coverage.

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 Though rice cultivation is needed so as rice production, since according to the book entitled

“An Overview of Global Rice Production, Supply, Trade, and Consumption” (2014) there is an

impact between consumer and production ratio since it has its effects on widespread poverty and

other global health issue and the application of technology and the actions of the world trade on

the food commodities, that serve as control and response to the world wide rice issue and crisis

where we should be aware of, like in Kenya which is according to the book “Production and

Marketing of rice in Kenya: Challenges and Opportunities” (2002-2018) that there is an the

positive impact of rice farming on increasing household food security, raising farmer’s income as

well as reducing risks in the years of poor weather conditions in Kenya since the demand for rice

in Kenya outstrips its production, a gap that is filled through imports. Thus, increase of rice

production and productivity in Kenya was badly needed. They believed that in order to integrate,

promote and upgrade their existing agribusiness; there is need for the rice entrepreneurs to have

easy access to financial services that will provide sustainable funds and in order to meet the rice

demand in Kenya which can be applied in the Philippines to help the farmers to integrate, promote

and upgrade the agribusiness in the Philippines as well.

CASE STUDIES ADAPTATION

The research has the sole purpose of providing a design that will help rice farmers and

agriculture. Four of the best ways in achieving it is to provide applied knowledge, education, labor,

and a community that will bind them together. Similar to the values that the Gawad Kalinga

Enchanted Farm did, in order to help local farmers and to create wealth on the countryside, the

raise of social entrepreneurship is a must, together with the advantage of the country’s abundancy

with natural resources. The GK Enchanted Farm actually gave the poor and the farmers

opportunities through a Farm Village University.

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 Envisioning a life harmonized with nature is the key solution of Nur Hikmah Kindergarten.

This pre-school located their building along-side the rice field, and it had brought spirit to the

teachers and children, motivating them to take care of the environment. This design and space

allocation does not only bring peace and respect to the nature, but it also helps the school to

enhance the quality of learning.

This is similar to the idea of the Shenyang Architectural University Camp, where its

campus is located within the rice fields. According to an American Society of Landscape

Architecture jury, this project is both productive and beautiful landscape. Bringing agriculture to

the landscape targets to have a great impact on environment for learning, and it otherwise exposed

culture to the students, given that the China is the primary rice exporters in the world. These two

different school aims to create an awareness to the students and children, the future of this planet,

upon the significance of agriculture and rice farming.

In order to fulfill the goal of contributing to agriculture and rice farming in particular, a

research institute facility will be provided. The Philippine Rice Research Institute has succeeded

on this, for they have discovered several innovations that will be helpful for this field. The PhilRice

did not only provide equipment and facilities, but they also continue to give trainings and support

Filipino researchers who are soon will contribute to the field of biotechnology. The research

institute facility is consequential in terms of maximizing the richness of the nation’s natural

resources when it comes to rice farming.

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 CHAPTER 4: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

3.1. SITE SELECTION

Table 1. Site selection is a method in selecting a site most preferable for the proposed project. The three selected sites are evaluated
based on the major and minor criteria prepared by the researcher, where the proposed site will benefit the most.

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3.2 MACRO SITE DATA

Location: San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

3.2.1 Brief Description

San Jose del Monte, officially

the City of San Jose del Monte, or

simply known as San Jose del Monte

City, is a 1st class city in

the province of Bulacan, Philippines.

According to the 2015 census, it has a

population of 574,089 people, making it

the largest local government unit within

the province of Bulacan and the 18th

most populated city in the Philippines.

Figure 1. Map of Bulacan

Located in the south-east of the (Source: Google.com)

province, it is bordered by the cities of Caloocan and Quezon of Metro Manila in the south, by the

town of Rodriguez, Rizal in the east, the towns of Santa Maria and Marilao in the west

and Norzagaray in the north.

The city is home to some of the biggest resettlement areas in the Philippines like the Sapang

Palay resettlement area spread over 36 Barangays, Pabahay 2000 in Barangay Muzon and

Towerville in Barangay Minuyan Proper. Most of the city's population come from former informal

settlers along the creeks, esteros, riverbanks and railway tracks of Metro Manila. (San Jose del

Monte,Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

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3.2.2. PHYSICAL PROFILE

3.2.2.1. Topography
Table 2. The table shows the distribution of Slope classes and Areas across the Barangays of Bulacan San Jose del Monte,Bulacan
CLUP, 2017)

The elevation of the City ranges from approximately 40 to 900 meters above sea level; the

relief transitions from warm lowland to cool upland as one goes eastward. This is because the

City is part of the Sierra Madre mountain range. Plains and river valley flats characterize the

western and southwestern quadrant of the City. The central portion and much of its eastern

section is made up of undulating hills with low relief. High relief areas and moderate slopes best

describe its extreme eastern and northwestern quadrant (see Table 2).

Slopes of three to eight percent (3-8%) are extensively found in the City, particularly on the

western half of the area. Slopes of 30 to 50% comprise the smallest portion of the total land area

(see Table 2).

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 3.2.2.2. Geology

The general geology underlying the plains, hills, and mountains of the area are a

combination of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Various types of igneous rocks

from the Oligocene and Paleocene dominate the eastern part of the City. Towards the center are

sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Finally, recent alluvium from sedimentation is more common

towards the west part of the City; this alluvium is usually variants of silt loam and clay loam.

In particular, the geology is composed of seven different rock formations that range from

Recent to Cretaceous-Paleogene. These are namely: fuviatile alluvium, marine and terrestrial

sediments, marine clastics, compacted fine to coarse limestone, reworked pyroclastics, submarine

basaltic to andesitic flows, and andesite/basalt flows in sequence. Reworked pyroclastics comprise

the biggest geologic land area of the City or about 40.87% of its total land area. On the other hand,

marine and terrestrial sediments comprise the second largest or about 40.62% of the City’s total

land area. Limestone deposits in Barangay Minuyan comprise the smallest land area of rock

formations. (San Jose del Monte,Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

3.2.2.3. Soil

Pedologic surveys identified three major soil series/categories for City of San Jose Del

Monte. These broad categories include the Novaliches Clay Loam, Novaliches Loam, and the

Sibul Clay. The Novaliches Clay Loam is extensively distributed and covers almost 75% of the

land area. About 20% of the land area is covered by Novaliches Loam, which may be found along

the relatively flat areas in the western section. Sibul Clay coincides with limestone deposits in

Minuyan Proper (see Table 3).

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 Table 3. The table shows the distribution of Slope, Areas, Percent Distribution and Crops/ Vegetation for San Jose,
Bulacan (San Jose del Monte, Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

On the other hand, record from the Province through PPDO-GIS Division shows about

37% of Kay Bamban clay series mapped in the city of San Jose Del Monte. Kay bamban series

clay classified as very fine, mixed isohyperthermic Typic Tropudalfs and was named after

barangay Kaybanban. It consists of deep well-drained clayey soils that occur on rolling to steep

moderately dissected volcanic foothills and ridges of the hilly landscape. Vegetative cover consists

of orchard trees, diversified upland crops and native trees but the higher slopes (15-25%) are

mostly covered with grasses, brushes, and trees. After that is the Paradise Series, mostly in rolling

sedimentary hills with good drainage and low to medium natural fertility. These soils are primarily

under pasture grass. Some cultivated areas are grown to diversified crops and 34% of the city land

is covered by this soil. Other soil series such as Batia series are classified as fine , mixed Aquatic

Tropudalfs and consists of deep poorly drained fine clayey soils on nearly level to undulating

dissected tuffaceous piedmont footslopes. The surface soil is pale brown clay loam with yellowish

brown mottles, extending down to about 20 cm. 10% of land area covered the city. Novaliches,

mountains and sibul are the least in the table with 12%, 6%, 1% respectively covering the land of

23
San Jose Del Monte. (The Soil of the Philippines by: Rodelio B. Carating, Raymundo Calanta and

Clarita Bacatio)(see Table 4). (San Jose del Monte,Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

Table 4. The table shows the distribution of Soil type in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan (San Jose del Monte, Bulacan CLUP,
2017)

3.2.2.4. Climate

In the Modified Corona Climate Classification System, the City is under the Type I climate.

This implies that the dry season of San Jose Del Monte, and the Province in general, is usually

from December to April. On the other hand, the wet season is from May to November. The dry

season usually coincides with cool weather while the wet season is associated with the tropical

24
storms and afternoon thunderstorms. Out of all tropical cyclones that pass through the country

every year, about 16% pass through the area.

The City experiences a tropical climate, which is Am in the Koppen-Geiger climate

classification. This means that there is significant rainfall for the most of the year while the dry

season is relatively shorter than the wet season. With an average annual temperature of 27°C, the

City has mean monthly figures that range from 25.6°C in January and 29.6°C in May. The

climatological factors behind such temperature patterns produce 2,637 mm of annual precipitation

(see Graph 1). (San Jose del Monte,Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

Graph 1. The graph shows the Climate Map of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan (San Jose del Monte, Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

25
 Graph 2. The graph shows the temperature of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

Table 5. The table shows the average temperature of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan per Month (San Jose del Monte, Bulacan
CLUP, 2017)

26
 3.2.2.5. Natural Hazards

Flooding

According to the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), the city is prone to two types of

geohazards: mass movement and flooding. On the other hand, flooding is more possible in the

northwestern portions of the city where the local drainage systems connected to the Sta. Maria

River traverse; these were classified by the MGB as “low to moderate susceptibility” areas, which

were highlighted in peach color. (San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

Landslides

The risk of mass movement in the form of landslides covers a large part of the city; the

level of susceptibility associated with the risk was classified by the MGB as “low susceptibility”,

which is highlighted in the map as the yellow-colored areas. Medium to high susceptibility to

landslides (green and red areas) become more common in the northern and eastern sections of the

city. (San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

Natural and Geophysical Hazards

In the Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ), the seismic situation of the city is greatly connected to

the dynamics of the Valley Fault System (VFS). The VFS runs from the Bulacan portion of the

Sierra Madre mountain range; through the National Capital Region (NCR); and southwards to the

provinces of Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas. According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology

and Seismology, the fault system is due to move anytime with respect to historical records and

geological studies; an orange circle indicates the relative location of San Jose Del Monte.

27
 According to the Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study (MMEIRS), in the

event of an earthquake along the fault system there shall be a great amount of destruction in Metro

Manila and surrounding cities and municipalities. The ground shaking and liquefaction that the

earthquake shall induce shall have immediate impacts such as loss of life and catastrophic

destruction of public infrastructure.

In relation to seismic movements such as earthquakes, the risk of ground ruptures and

ground shaking is particularly present in the city and surrounding areas. The potential ground

rupture areas are in the east part of the city, the ground-shaking hazard for the city is registered at

approximately 7.5 to 8 in the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (Destructive to Very

Destructive); this means that the earthquake can cause many well-built buildings to collapse. In

addition, bridges and other infrastructure will be severely damaged while cracks and large fissures

will appear. (San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

Other Hazards

With regard to erosion and siltation, these processes are more observable in the eastern

parts of the city – the hilly and mountainous areas of Barangays San Isidro, Paradise III, San

Roque, Tungkong Mangga, Ciudad Real, Kaybanban, Minuyan Proper, and Sto. Cristo. In those

areas, the combination of the effects of slope angle, lack of vegetative cover, and gravity intensify

the physical/mechanical weathering of the recent alluvium. The sediments are then transformed

into load and carried into the central and northeastern parts of the city towards the higher order

streams and water channels and intensify siltation. In these eastern parts of the city, land cover

change due to suburbanization is the dominant factor in inducing erosion. (San Jose Del Monte,

Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

28
3.2.3. CULTURAL

3.2.3.1. Land use and Tenure

Growing commercial, residential, and light industrial areas, are found all over the

City at major road intersections and along major thoroughfares. However, the bulk of the City's

built-up areas are mostly located west of Quirino Highway at the primary level to gently sloping

08% terrain. Most of the City's schools, government institutions, commercial developments,

industries, and other urban amenities are located within this section. The largest contiguous built-

up area is located at the Sapang Palay Resettlement Project area, followed by the conurbation in

Tungkong Mangga and Muzon.

The clusters of built-up land uses found throughout the City are dominated by

residential uses such as those associated with gated communities, socialized housing, and row

houses. These clusters, together with the built-up areas located along primary and secondary

transport corridors, produce an overall pattern of sprawl.

In between the built-up clusters are pockets of agricultural lands, which are

continuously converted into built-up uses. Planted in these agricultural lands are various crops

such as rice and corn. The clustering pattern for both built-up and agricultural uses is also partly

due to the decisions made by the settlers with regard to the hilly conditions that dominate the

City’s topography. Most households in the western half of the City opted to convert their lands

to residential uses while others maintained the farms. This left upland uses, such as those

pertaining to forest use, more common towards the easternmost zones of the City. (San Jose Del

Monte, Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

29
 3.2.3.2. Public Infrastructure

The Infrastructure Sector of SJDM includes roads, bridges, drainage, sewerage, power, and

telecommunications. The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is the national

government agency mandated to undertake the planning of said infrastructures. As such, DPWH

Regional Office in Bulacan (Region III) has two (2) regional offices to manage their respective

Engineering Districts; 1st and 2nd District Engineering Offices (DEO). The City of San Jose del

Monte belongs to the 2nd DEO, which also comprise Sta. Maria, Norzagaray, and other cities

located on the eastern portion of Bulacan province. The City Engineering Office of SJDM is the

office mandated to undertake infrastructure projects from the barangay to city level.

Roads and bridges are the vital elements in providing mobility, facilitating circulation and

movement in the city. Roads are classified from national roads where it has three subsections

according to Road Data of DPWH. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Roads, to barangay roads.

National roads serve as linkages of the city to the other major cities and other major institutions.

Provincial Roads or Local Roads connect cities and municipalities without traversing National

Roads. Municipal and City Roads are roads within Poblacion and provide inter-barangay

connections to major municipal and city infrastructure without traversing Provincial Roads. Table

below summarizes the total length of the three road type traversing San Jose del Monte. (San Jose

Del Monte, Bulacan CLUP, 2017)

30
3.3. MICRO SITE DATA AND ANALYSIS

Microsite data shows the technical data and site analysis of the chosen site through

diagrams and maps. It includes the different environmental aspects of the site showing the relative

advantages and disadvantages that may affect the proposed project.

3.3.1. Technical Data

Figure 2. Total area of the site

The proposed site in Dulong Bayan, San Jose Del Monte Bulacan have an irregular shaped

lot that has a total area of 384,276 square meters, or 3.84276 hectares (See Figure 2).

31
 3.3.2. Topographical Analysis

Figure 3. Graphical presentation of the topography of the site

The chosen site lies on a plain which is good for farming. It also has a sloped terrain area,

for most part of the site and since it is nearby the San Jose River which could be an advantage for

the proposed project and makes the designing of the site much easier. It also has exisitng trees

planted within the site. (See Figure 3).

32
 3.3.3. Visual Analysis Map

SUMMARY OF SWOT

Figure 4. Visual Analysis of the site

The location of the person from the site shows the good and negative scenes from the

existing situation of the site. To the northeast direction of the site mostly located the residential

area and to the southeast direction of the site located the commercial areas, these vistas causes’

negative scenes for the viewer. (See figure 4).

33
 3.3.4. Micro- climate Analysis

Figure 5. Graphical presentation of micro-climate analysis of the site

The site face east from the major road, it is tilted in the manner that its longer sides

welcomes prevailing winds and catches most of the sunlight on one of the shorter sides which is a

good factor affecting farming. (See Figure 5).

34
 3.3.6. Noise Analysis Map

Figure 6. Graphical presentation of noise analysis map of the site

The noise coming from the residential and commercial area produces moderate to heavy

noise while the noise coming from the San Jose River can be a good noise within the site and can

be considered as advantage for the proposed project. During busy/ peak hours, there is light to

moderate noise coming from vehicular, pedestrian, street vendors, etc. (See Figure 6).

35
3.3.6. Summary of Site Analysis

Figure 7. Graphical presentation of the summary of site analysis of the site

36
 SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS

Figure 8 Graphical presentation of Strength of the site

The area is bounded by roads, making it accessible to users and a service road going to the

site. Also, the site is surrounded by a rich vegetation and a river comparatively good condition of

environmental resources. Also, the site has a potential to provide the rice, fruits and vegetables

needed in the area. (See Figure 1).

37
WEAKNESS

Figure 2 Graphical presentation of the strengths of the site.

Figure 9 Graphical presentation of the weakness of the site

Aside from Lack of concrete roads, regular traffic congestion along intersections due to

their limited road capacity, as well as growth of commercial developments along them. And also,

it is expensive of putting up water systems in the area. (See Figure 9).

38
OPPORTUNITY

Figure 3 Graphical presentation of the opportunities of the site.

Figure 10 Graphical presentation of the opportunities of the site

The site surrounded of residential areas, thus it is advantagious in catchment of people and

professionals. It is surrounded by commercial spaces, residential, school, government facilities,

churches and a nearby cooperative. In addition, there is a nearby electrical substation in the area

where it will be a big help to the project in rice production. Moreover, there is a near a river, the

San Jose Rive which will play a big role in irrigation of rice farming and surrounded by rich

vegetation which can help in the proponents’ edible rice production and farming. (See Figure 10).

39
THREATS

Figure 11 Graphical presentation of the threat of the site

The site is vulnerable to people from the nearby schools, commercial spaces, residential,

government facilities, churches and a nearby cooperative. There is also a threat in security as it is

exposed to the people who have a bad intentions (See Figure 11).

40
 USER DATA AND ANALYSIS

A. Demographic Data of Expected Users

Estimated Annual Production

(Proposed Development): 423 tons (383,739 kg)

2015 Philippine Population: 100, 699, 395

Domestic Rice Production: 19.832 million MT

Imported Rice: 1.8 million MT

Total Rice in 2015: 21.632 million MT (23,845,198.278 tons)

Formula 1:

2015 Ave. rice consumption per person = Total Rice in 2015 ÷ 2015 Philippine Population

Solution 1: 0.236 tons (214.095 kg per person/Annually)

100, 699, 395 ⟌ 23,845, 198, 278

Formula 2: Number of expected users = Estimated Annual Production

(Proposed Development) ÷ 2015 Ave. rice consumption per person
(Annually)

Solution 2:

1, 792 expected # of users

214.095 ⟌ 383,739

41
B. Organizational Structure

Figure 12. Organizational Structure

42
C. Behavioral Patterns

Table 6. The table shows the daily activity pattern of the

users within the site

43
 CHAPTER 5: ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING

5.1. Spatial Organization

In this chapter, the identification of various elements necessary for the success of the

research will be further discussed. This chapter will also provide qualitatively and quantitatively

analyzation and identify the definition of the spaces and its interrelationships.

Knowing that the project is a rice farming and production facility, the proper designation

of needed zones are important. Thus, the proposed Mula Binhi Hanggang Ani (Research-to-Farm-

to-Market) will be divided into zones namely:

Circulation Zone- this refers to where the public, semi- private and private use will be categorized.

Outer Zone- this refers to the publicly used spaces like the cafeteria etc.

Secondary Zone- this refers to the general administrative services from public to semi-private use

Inner Zone- this refers to the research center, post farming and rice production with their own

stations

Agricultural Zone- this refers to the space where rice cultivation and production happens.

Auxiliary Zone- this refers to the support facilities

44
5.1.1. Space Identification

Table 7. The table shows the spaces needed for each facilities

45
5.2. Graphical Spatial Translation

5.2.1.. Spatial Elements

46
47
48
49
5.2.2. General Matrix Diagram

50
51
52
53
 CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

6.1. Structural Systems

6.1.1. Wood Masonry Facade

Figure 13. The figure shows the difference between a wood masonry wall and brick masonry wall

Wood masonry structures date back at least 100 years, but contemporary masons have little

experience with wood. Through consultation with wood masonry experts, hands-on workshops,

material testing, and detailed design development, Arcus Center became the first institutional

application of the said technique. It can be a good material for rice storage facilities since it is

naturally insect- and rot-resistant. It is cut to length, and allowed to dry for more than a year before

construction. Together with rigid and spray foam insulation, the wood masonry provides a very

high-performance envelope. Because the wood was grown near the site and required minimal

processing and energy expenditure (thus sequestering more carbon dioxide than was emitted in its

production), the project's carbon emissions were significantly lower than traditional brick masonry

construction. The delta between a wood masonry and conventional brick facade is equivalent to

removing 10 cars from the road for a year. (studiogang.com)

54
6.1.2. Casement Windows with Low Emissivity Glass

As it is also possible to achieve air tightening with casement windows (see Figure 30) unlike

jalousie, casement windows, when opened, allows maximum air percentage of 90% in a building

when placed in a proper orientation, jalousie giving about 75% is not bad at all. However, casement

windows can be sealed when air-conditioning is needed, unlike jalousie, where cool are can

penetrate through the small gaps.

Figure 14. Casement Window (Source: reliancehome.com)

6.2. Electrical Systems

6.2.1. Solar Street Lights

Solar street lights are raised light sources which are powered by photovoltaic panels

generally mounted on the lighting structure or integrated in the pole itself. The photovoltaic panels

charge a rechargeable battery, which powers a fluorescent or LED lamp during the night.

Parts:

6.2.2. Solar Panels

The solar panel convert solar energy into electricity.

55
 6.2.3. Lighting Fixture

LED provide higher Lumens with lower energy consumption.

6.2.4. Rechargeable Battery

Battery store the electricity from solar panel during the day and provide energy to the

fixture during the night. The life cycle of the battery is very important to the lifetime of the light

and the capacity of the battery will affect the backup days of the lights.

Figure 15. The figure shows a rechargeable battery for the light post (Source: google.com)

56
6.3. Mechanical Systems

Application of the concept of irrigation, a mechanical system used for applying water to

the soil uniformly through variations of tubes pipes, pumps, and sprays (Center of Disease Control

and Prevention, 2016). The following irrigation system are applied to the small farms within the

area, with other variety of crops that can be a source of livelihood.

6.3.1. Drip Irrigation System

This type of irrigation system involves delivering water onto the soil and near the plant’s

roots at very low rates (2-20liters/hr) from a system of emitters as per National Resources

Management and Environment Department. It is an efficient way of irrigating for row crops such

as rice. It is also effective

because it is suitable for most

soils and adaptable to any

farmable slope.

Figure 16. The figure shows the Drip Irrigation System Layout (Source: google.com)

A typical Drip Irrigation system consists of the following

components; pump unit, control head, main and sub main lines (13-

32 mm diameter), laterals (13-32 mm diameter), emitters/drippers

(waterways emitting from 0.2-2.0 mm).

Figure 17. The figure shows

Applying irrigation affects the substance of the soil which is different kinds of Emitters
(Source: google.com)
why it is essential that the water is applied at a rate that will allow

uniform distribution on the root zone down to the soil wetting pattern.

57
 Figure 18. The figure shows the wetting patterns for sand with High and Low discharge rates

Figure 19. The figure shows the wetting patterns for clay soils with high and low discharge rates

6.4. Fire- fighting Systems

PD no. 1185 or Fire Code of The Philippines implemented that fire prevention and

suppression require the adoption of uniform fire safety standards, the incorporation of fire safety

construction and provision of protective and safety devices in buildings and structures (PD

no.1185/Fire Code of the Philippines, august 1977). Building structures should comply and

implement such laws and regulations regarding fire safety to ensure danger prevention and

decrease casualties.

This project/proposal take in considerations pre-emptive measurements and systems for

fire hazardous incident. Designing a farming community where in fire lanes and public ways are

58
implemented and co-related in the environment planning to ensure fast and efficient retaliation of

fire rescue and medical assistance.

Aside from fire safety constructions such as using flame resistant and fire durable material

in constructing, application of fire protective and fire safety devices; fire alarms, sprinkler systems,

exit signs, curtain boards, dampers, etc. enclosed rooms or area such as vestibules are not being

considered in this housing and building design to prevent fire traps to happen.

A Direct Automatic Alarm (DAA) is also recommendable especially in a rural area. The

installation of DAA is connected to a fire alarm monitoring system connected to a zone, fire station

or dispatch center.

Figure 20. The figure shows how a typical system works (Metropolitan Fire Brigade) (Source: google.com)

59
6.5. Sanitary Systems

6.5.1. Water Supply System

Well yield is a sustainable rate of water flow, usually expressed in gallons per minute

(gpm), that a well can draw continuously over an extended period. Supplemental water storage can

allow low yield wells to meet peak water use demand, typically occurs in the morning and evening

when more than one water use is occurring.

Sufficient storage can be provided by a storage tank. A storage tank may be reduced in

size, however, or may not be necessary if sufficient storage is available within the well itself. The

typical 6-inch diameter well will hold approximately 1.5 gallons of water per foot of casing. The

height of the water above the pump when it is not operating, multiplied by the gallons of water per

foot of casing approximates the amount of available storage within the well casing. Shallow wells

and wells with slow recovery may not contain reliable storage and caution is advised when

considering their

potential for storage

capacity.

Figure 21. The figure shows

the diagram of a typical
water tank, providing
supplemental storage for a
well water system (Source:
google.com)

60
6.6. Waste Management

6.6.1. Rice Husk Ash

Rice milling industry

generates a lot of rice husk during

milling of paddy which comes

from the fields. This rice husk is

mostly used as a fuel in the boilers

for processing of paddy. Rice

husk is also used as a fuel for Figure 22. The figure shows where rice husk ash comes from (Source:
google.com)

power generation. Rice husk ash

(RHA) is about 25% by weight of rice husk when burnt in boilers. It is estimated that about 70

million tons of RHA is produced annually worldwide. This RHA is a great environment threat

causing damage to the land and the surrounding area in which it is dumped. (ricehuskash.com)

During milling of paddy about 78 % of weight is received as rice, broken rice and bran

.Rest 22 % of the weight of paddy is received as husk. This husk is used as fuel in the rice mills to

generate steam for the parboiling process. This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile matter

and the balance 25 % of the weight of this husk is converted into ash during the firing process, is

known as rice husk ash (RHA). This RHA in turn contains around 85 % - 90 % amorphous

silica. (ricehuskash.com).

So for every 1000 kgs of paddy milled, about 220 kgs (22 %) of husk is produced, and

when this husk is burnt in the boilers, about 55 kgs (25 %) of RHA is generated. (ricehuskash.com)

RHA is a carbon neutral green product. Lots of ways are being thought of for disposing

61
them by making commercial use of this RHA. RHA is a good super-pozzolan. This super-pozzolan

can be used in a big way to make special concrete mixes. There is a growing demand for fine

amorphous silica in the production of special cement and concrete mixes, high performance

concrete, high strength, low permeability concrete, for use in bridges, marine environments,

nuclear power plants etc. This market is currently filled by silica fume or micro silica, being

imported from Norway, China and also from Burma. Due to limited supply of silica fumes in India

and the demand being high the price of silica fume has risen to as much as US$ 500/ton in India.

(ricehuskash.com)

6.6.2. Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic digestion is a series of

biological processes in which microorganisms

break down biodegradable material in the

absence of oxygen. One of the end products is

biogas, which is combusted to generate

electricity and heat, or can be processed into

renewable natural gas and transportation fuels.

A range of anaerobic digestion technologies are Figure 23. The figure shows the basic process of anaerobic
digestion (Source: google.com)
converting livestock manure, municipal

wastewater solids, food waste, high strength industrial wastewater and residuals, fats, oils and

grease (FOG), and various other organic waste streams into biogas, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Separated digested solids can be composted, utilized for dairy bedding, directly applied to cropland

or converted into other products. Nutrients in the liquid stream are used in agriculture as fertilizer.

62
6.7. Landscape Systems

6.7.1. Bioswale

A bioswale or vegetated swale is a form of bio retention used to partially treat water quality,

attenuate flooding potential and convey storm water away from critical structure (Clark.M., et.al.,

2008). Bioswale is a storm water runoff conveyance system that also serves as a storm sewer.

Swales absorb low flows or carry runoff from rain. It improves water quality by infiltrating the

first flush of storm water. Swales can be enhanced with native plants; thicker and heavier grasses

provide a better swale filter.

Figure 24. Cross section (left) and top view (right) of a bioswale system. (Source: University of Florida – Program for Resource
Efficient Communities by Mark Clark, et. al, 2008)

The bioswale section (on the left of the Figure 50) shows a swale with an underdrain, which

is not necessary in naturally well drained soils. Surface runoff from the adjacent impervious area

enters the swale through the gravel strip and then flows through the vegetative buffers along the

edge of the bioswale. The swale can also be designed with swale blocks (see Figure 31 to the right)

if there is a significant slope or to set the discharge elevation of the control structure higher than

the swale bottom.

63
 CHAPTER 7: DESIGN FRAMEWORK

7.1. Design Philosophy

“Instead of thinking of architecture

as limited to a site plot line; let’s see

how architecture can connect to

larger ecosystems and cultural

communities. Let’s see how

architecture can be the spark for

much bigger change.”

Figure 25. Jeanne Gang (Source: google.com)

-Jeanne Gang

Jeanne Gang is an American architect known for her innovative responses to issues of

environmental and ecological sustainability. She employed sustainable-design techniques—such

as the use of recycled materials—to conserve resources, decrease urban sprawl, and

increase biodiversity. She is internationally renowned for a design process that foregrounds the

relationships between individuals, communities, and environments. Her architecture and design

firm also creates designs that are effective, sustainable and transformative. Every Studio Gang

project acts as an agent of social change and a laboratory for testing ideas to push the boundaries

of architecture and design. Her diverse body of work spans scales and typologies, expanding

beyond architecture’s conventional boundaries to pursuits ranging from the development of

stronger materials to fostering stronger communities. Her approach has resulted in some of today’s

64
most compelling architecture, including Aqua Tower, the Arcus Center for Social Justice

Leadership, and Writers Theatre.

7.2. Design Concept: Mula Binhi Hanggang Ani (Research-to-Farm-to-Market)

The ‘binhi hanggang ani’ concepts, featuring the research-

to-farming-to-market idea. It aims to pioneer a community that

helps the farmer to incorporate these three processes.

Apparently, Filipinos are very fond of rice in their everyday

meal. Seed or “Binhi” is a Filipino term meaning, a thing from

Figure 26. The figure of the growth which anything grows (Tagalog-Dictionary.com) that we tend

of rice
to showcase how knowledge and opportunities grow and

nurture the farmers and its community and be able to keep up with the fast pacing technology

advancements. And from the root knowledge, the ‘binhi’, it shall grow and shall be able to be

harvest or ‘ani’, which is a metaphor for being marketed and distributed to the Filipinos.

7.3. Sub- Concepts

7.3.1. Form Concept

Figure 27. The figure shows the form evolution of the project

65
 The form is inspired by the figure of a growth of rice, coming from its seed up to its grains,

which are to be applied to the buildings. The form wanted to present the ‘binhi hanggang ani’

concepts, featuring the research-to-farming-to-market idea. The ‘binhi’ silhouette will serve as the

main entrance for the facilities, while the rest of the figure are the parts that can be a cantilever

and balcony, giving spaces that will blend the outside and inside environment.

7.3.2. Function Concept

Research Farmers & School

Future Farmers

Farm Post-Harvest Market

Graph 3. The facilities for the process of rice production

The proposed study aims to provide facilities needed for a rice farming industry; from

research-to-farming-to-market. The research building would be the place for studies and

innovations that will be significant and helpful for the rice production. The innovations would be

possible if these are to be taught to the farmers, that is why a farming school is an important

facility. More than that, the farming school aims to teach every generation the relevance of rice

to the nation, in terms of economic and cultural aspect.

66
 The innovations learned by the farmers, plus their traditional knowledge would be applied

to the rice farm. These can helpful for the improvement of the rice production in terms of its quality

and efficiency. The facilities for the post-harvesting system is also included in the site, so right

away, the farmers can easily post-process their goods, readily available to the market.

7.3.3. Time Concept

Future
Rice
Farming
Industry

Research-to-
Farming-to-
Market
System
Prototype Following
for other Generation
crop for
farming Farmers

Graph 4. Target contribution of the proposal to agriculture in terms of timelessness

The proposal where the research-to-production-to-market facilities are not just a pioneer

study, but it can be also a prototype study which can be feasible to other rice farms as well as other

crop farms. The presence of the post-harvesting system in a field is important, so that all of the

harvested goods can be easily produced and sell to the market; the over-production is possible to

be lessened. Also, the farmers can now have the opportunity to sell their own products and that

would be very helpful to their livelihood.

67
 The inclusion of the farming school can also have considered timeless because it aims to

produce more farmers for the following generation. The school, which also has a demonstration

field, helps the future farmers to be more productive. This will not only provide farmers formal

education about farming and marketing, but it will also keep them up to date with the latest

technologies.

7.3.4. Economy Concept

Research

Farmers
Market & Future
Farmers
Rice
Production

Post-
School
Harvest

Farm

Graph 5. Contribution of research-to-farming-to-market facilities to rice production

Economic issues regarding the rice industry are the primary relevance of the study. The

research-to-production-to-market strategy targets the improvement of the rice production in terms

of quality, quantity, and efficiency. Firstly, the goods are biologically studied, and the products

are economically strategized. Also, the transportation expenses can be lessened when the goods

are transferred from the farm to the post-harvesting facility. And lastly, every qualified harvested

crops will be easier to be post-harvested by the farmers, which will not only give them more

68
productive source of livelihood, but it will also maximize the amount of production that can be

sell to the market.

7.4. Style Guiding Principle

7.4.1. General Architectural Character

COAXING LYRICISM
Jeanne Gang have been known with her habit of

coaxing lyricism out of rigor in many of her designs. This

inspiration is evident on her design, Aqua Tower, an 82-

storey tower, with a playful façade that made the building

iconic. This structure is built not only with beauteousness,

rather, the waves formed by a series of balconies allows

residences to venture outdoors at heights. (Surrat, 2011)

Defining coaxing lyricism by words, coaxing means

having a gentle persuade, causing someone to do something

Figure 28. Chicago’s Aqua Tower by Studio
Gang Architects
through reasoning; meanwhile, lyricism means an artist’s

expression of emotion in an imaginative and beautiful way. (Google Dictionary)

Incorporating these two words, coaxing and lyricism, it would be defined as giving

expressions of emotions when creating in an imaginative way, while designing in a reasonable and

logical manners. And by means of habit of coaxing lyricism out of rigor, it must be done strictly.

69
7.4.2. Architectural Style details to be adapted

Figure 29. Style of Balconies to be adopted

The habit of coaxing lyricism out of rigor can create a

juxtaposed design because of its expressionist and reasonable

elements. The target design of the project must be look surreal,

yet maintaining its functional façade, interior and exterior design

features. The elements are evident on the designs of the

balconies and cantilevers. Its core purpose is to incorporate the

outside environment to everything that composes the indoor

activities, including the users. These balconies and cantilevers

can also serve the purpose of the brise soleil. Although Jeanne Figure 30. Exterior façade to be
adopted

Gang’s designs are mostly vertical, this inspiration are to be applied to the proposed horizontal

buildings.

70
 MANNER OF FINANCING

8.1. Source of Funding

The proposed development will be funded under the Department of Agriculture

8.2. Probable Project Construction Cost

8.2.1. Land Acquisition Cost

The land to be used for the proposal of the rice cultivation research center and

farming production is owned by the local government which means that the value of land

acquisition shall not have any effect on the total cost of the proposed project.

8.2.2. Building Cost

The computation of the project initial building construction cost will be based from the

estimated gross floor area multiplied by the cost per square meter based on Construction Cost

Handbook Philippines 2016, Langdon and Seah Davis Inc.

Table 8. Project Building Cost

Construction Approximate Total Probable

Type of Facility Cost per Total Floor Construction
sqm.(Php) Area Cost (Php)
Research 30,500.00 792.05 24,157,525.00
School 30,500.00 1,312.72 40,037,960.00
Post farming 21,575.00 559.65 12,074,448.75
Housing 21,475.00 965.66 20,737,548.50
Total Building Cost 97,007,482.25

71
 8.2.3. Land Development Cost

The land development cost of the project shall be placed approximately at around 30% of

the projected total building cost. This includes landscaping, parking, road construction and other

developments excluding buildings.

Table 8.2 Projected land development cost

Table 9. Projected Land Development Cost

Total Building Cost Land Development Cost

97,007,482.25 29,102,244.68

8.2.4. Furnishing and Equipment

The total cost of furnishing and equipment is estimated to be approximately 25% of the

total building cost.

Table 10. Projected Furnishing and Equipment Cost

Total Building Cost Furnishings and Equipment Cost

97,007,482.25 24,251,870.56

8.2.5. Professional Fee

Based on the SPP Doc. 202, the proposed project belongs to Group 3 which is are structures

of exceptional character and complexity of design or requiring comparatively large amounts of

structural, mechanical and electrical design and research.

According to the architect’s guideline, the minimum professional fee is Php. 11,500,000.00

plus 5% of excess of 200,000,000.00, which is shown in the table below.

72
Table 8.5. Projected professional fee

Table 11. Projected Professional Fee

Fees (Group 3) Amount

Minimum Professional Fee 11,500,000.00
5% of excess of Php 200,000,000.00 80,572,582.20
Total 92,072,582.20

8.2.6. Projected Total Project Cost

Table 12. Projected Total Cost

Building Cost 97,007,482.25

Land Development Cost 29,102,244.68
Furnishing and Equipment 24,251,870.56
Professional Fee 92,072,582.20
Total 242,434,179.69

73
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books: Local [2]

Title: Toward a More Resilient and Competitive Philippine Rice Industry: Lesson

from the Past Three Decades

Author/s: Eliseo R. Ponce, PhD; Arlene B. Inocencio, PhD

Publisher: International Rice Research Institute

Issue No.: March 2017

Source: Google Scholar

Relevance: The book covers the potential for a sustained and mutually beneficial

partnership between the Philippine government through the Department of

Agriculture (DA) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the light

of the national and global challenges faced by the Philippine rice sector. In this

context, the paper examines the National Rice Program and sector performance

overtime, and analyzes government spending in connection with the program.

Title: Competitiveness of Philippine Rice in Asia

Author/s: Flordeliza H. Bordey, Piedad F. Moya, Jesusa C. Beltran, David C. Dawe

Publisher: Philippine Rice Research Institute, Munoz, Nueva Ecija

Issue No.: 2016

Source: PhilRice [philrice.gov]

74
Relevance: This book talks about how Philippines’ is one of the major rice importer,

and how we can be competitive regarding the quality of rice we produce compared

to imported rice. The book gave an overview of the rice industry in the Philippines

throughout the decades and studied what factors might be affecting the rice sector.

It is one of our projects goal, to improve rice quality, to lessen rice imports and this

book will be a good reference to know the possibilities for the development of rice

in the Philippines.

Books: Foreign [8]

Title: The Nigerian Rice Economy: Policy 0ptions for transforming Production,

Marketing and Trade

Author/s: Kwabena Gyimah-Brempong, Michael Johnson, Hiroyuki Takeshima

Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia

Issue No.: 2016

Source:

Relevance: Production, Marketing, and Trade, these are the three keywords that are

focused on this book. In this book, it was explained how Nigeria is one with the

most population in Africa, and is a major rice importer. This sounds familiar

because Philippines’ is in a similar situation. The book assesses the policy

challenges and opportunities in transforming the rice economy of Nigeria.

75
Title: The Future Rice Strategy for India

Author/s: S. Mohanty, P. Chengappa, Mruthunjaya Hedge, J.K. Ladha, etal

Publisher: Academic Press

Issue No.: 1st Edition (June 2017)

Source: Elsevier [elsevier.com/books]

Relevance: This book contains insights for the future of the rice sector in India, to

develop its sustainability. The book talks about different factors that may affect the

rice development, such as environmental demands, economic stagnation, access to

food etc, and what possible strategies to solve those problems. This book will be

helpful for our proposed project as we might use or adapt some strategies and like

in this book, we aim to cover multiple aspects from cultivation, rice production to

market and trade.

Title: Physiology of Crop Plants

Author/s: Gardner, F. P. ; Pearce, R. B. ; Mitchell, R. L.

Publisher: Scientific Publishers

Issue No.: No.Ed. 2 pp.327 pp., 2017

Source: Google Scholar

Relevance: This second edition of a text-book focused on the two major purposes: to

develop an understanding of the important principles underlying the practices used

76
 in the culture of crop plants and to develop the ability to apply these principles in

production strategies. It also discussed include photosynthesis, carbon fixation by

crop canopies, transport and partitioning, water relation, mineral nutrition,

biological nitrogen fixation, plant growth regulation, growth and

development, seeds and germination, root growth, vegetative

growth, flowering and fruiting.

Title: Crop Protection

Author/s: N.H.Hua, L.V.Thiet, H.V.Chien, K.L.Heong

Publisher: Elsevier

Issue No.: Volume 24, Issue 5, Pages 457-464

Source: Google Scholar

Relevance: The book is about how the farmers’ participatory approach was used to

evaluate the reduction of pesticide sprays, seed rates in crop establishment and

nitrogen fertilizer in rice production. Nine hundred and fifty one (951) volunteer

participants found that the reduced inputs had little effect on yields and gave them

higher incomes. Pesticide spray reduction also meant reducing workdays used for

spraying thus providing more incentives for the reduction of seeds and fertilizers.

Title: Rice and Risk. Decision making among low-income Farmers

Author/s: Roumasset, J. A.

77
Publisher: North Holland Publ. Comp. Amsterdam

Issue No.: pp.272 pp. ref.p. 235-245

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Relevance: This book deals with decision-making under uncertainty by small rice-

farmers. It describes the decision theory and appropriate models of choice under

uncertainty for peasant farmers, risky techniques, contractual choice and metayage,

risk of investment in nitrogen fertilizer, optimum fertilizer rates and the role of risk

in the demand for fertilizer and implications for agricultural policy.

Title: Agricultural Water Management

Author/s: T.P Tuong,S.I Bhuiyan

Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V. 1999

Issue No.: Volume 40, Issue 1, Pages 117-122

Source: Google Scholar

Relevance: This book describes the components of water use in rice-based production

systems and identifies water used during land preparation, and seepage and

percolation during crop growth as important sources of water `loss' from the system.

Strategies for increasing farm-level water-use efficiency are discussed, including

the problems of up-scaling from on-farm to system-level water savings.

78
Title: Chinese Rice Production Area Adaptations to Climate Changes, 1949–2010

Author/s: Zhengguo Li, Zhenhuan Liu, Weston Anderson, Peng Yang, Wenbin Wu, Huajun

Tang, and Liangzhi You

Publisher: Environmental Science & Technology 2015

Issue No.: pp 2032–2037

Source: Google Scholar

Relevance: Climate change has great impact on cropping system. The book tackles

about how the rice production system has historically responded to external forces,

both natural and anthropogenic, will provide critical insights into how the system is

likely to respond in the future. The observed historic rice movement provides

insights into the capability of the rice production system to adapt to climate

changes. While the major driving forces of the rice relocation are such social

economic factors as urbanization, irrigation investment, and agricultural or land use

policy changes, climate plays a significant role as well. We found that temperature

has been a significant and coherent influence on moving the rice center in China

and precipitation has had a significant but less spatially coherent influence.

Title: Rice Science

Author/s: Raju Ghimire,HUANG Wen-chi,Rudra Bahadur Shrestha

79
Publisher: 2015 China National Rice Research Institute Production

Issue No.: Volume 22, Issue 1, January 2015

Source: Google Scholar

Relevance: The book covers the use of improved high yielding crop varieties is an

important avenue for reducing hunger and food insecurity in developing countries.

Using cross-sectional data obtained from a survey conducted during 2013 crop

season, they performed a probit model to determine the probability of adopting new

improved rice varieties (NIRVs) by smallholder farmers particularly from two main

agro-ecological regions (hills and tropical plain terai regions) of Central Nepal.

Farm and field characteristic variables such as farm size, endowment of favorable

land type (e.g. lowlands), and animal power (e.g. oxen) are the key factors

influencing the probability of adopting NIRVs. Given the significant role played by

extension and access related variables, increased emphasis on information

dissemination, field demonstration, and farmers’ participatory research and training

programs to popularize new rice varieties and enhance their adoption rate are

required. Such programs ultimately help farmers develop more profit-oriented

behavior which are necessary to enhance adoption rate, production and food

security in the long run.

80
Academic Journals: Local [2]

Title: The role of Culture in Farmer Learning & Technology Adoption: A Case

Study of Farmer Filed Schools among Rice Farmers in Central Luzon,

Philippines

Author/s: Florencia G. Palis

Publisher: Springer 2006

Journal: Agriculture and Human Values 2006

Issue No.: Volume 23, Issue 4, Pages 491-500

Source: Google Scholar

Keyword: Collective learning; Culture; Experiential learning; Farmer field school; Integrated

pest management; Philippines; Rice farmers; Technology adoption

Relevance: The article is about how culture, norms and values of local rice farmers are

applied to the Farming Field School (FFS). The culture and behavior of these

farmers are used as one of the fundamental aspects for the technology-based and

innovative farming practices and learnings that will be relevant to the study.

Title: A Study of Climate-Smart Farming Practices and Climate-Resiliency Field

Schools in Mindanao, the Philippines

Author/s: Alvin Chandra, Paul Dargusch, Karen E. McNamara, Ana Maria Caspe, Dante

Dalabajan

81
Publisher: Elsevier

Journal: World Development

Issue No.: Volume 98, October 2017

Source: Google Scholar

Keyword: Climate-Smart Agriculture; Farmer Field School

Relevance: The technology climate-smart agriculture implemented by climate-

resiliency field schools in Mindanao are observed and examined to test its

effectivity. This intervention is developed for the adaptation of food production

towards climate change and vice versa, which are generally favored for the

livelihood of smallholder farmers. This technology is relevant to the study, which

can be applied to the technology-based and innovative practices and learning in the

farmer field school.

Academic Journals: Foreign [6]

Title: An Overview of Global Rice Production, Supply, Trade, and Consumption

Author/s: Sumithra Muthayya, Jonathan D. Sugimoto, Scott Monthomery, Glen F. Maberly

Publisher: The New York Academy of Sciences 2014

Journal: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2014

Issue: Technical Considerations for Rice Fortification in Public Health

Issue No.: Volume 1324, Issue 1, Pages 7-14

82
Source: Google Scholar

Keywords: global rice production; milling; consumption; trade; fortification; vitamin and

mineral deficiency

Relevance: This is an overview of the global situation of rice industry, and its impact to

the majority of rice consumers in the world. It mainly tackles about the consumer

and production ratio and its effects on widespread poverty and other global health

issue. The application of technology and the actions of the world trade on the food

commodities, that serve as control and response to the world wide rice issue and

crisis are also evaluated in this paper. The awareness of this issue as well as the

processes on how the world cope with it is relevant to the study, so that possible

solution and innovations can take place on the proposal.

Title: Adoption Level and Constraints in Rice Production Technology

Author/s: P.K. Singh, Jay G. Varshney

Publisher: Society of Extension Education 2016

Journal: Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 2016

Issue No.: Volume 16, 2016

Source: Google Scholar

Keyword: Adoption; Constraints; Rice Production Technology

83
Relevance: The current rice production of Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh is

drastically far from the amount of supply needed. Therefore, the journal discusses

about the effectivity of technology in achieving higher rice production, and how

important it is to be adopted by farmers. It is also stated that these kinds of

technology are essentials for the improvement of rice production in terms of

quantity and quality, which is relevant to the study.

Title: Rice industrial processing worldwide and impact on macro- and

micronutrient content, stability, and retention

Author/s: Griffiths G. Atungulu and Zhongli Pan

Publisher: The New York Academy of Sciences 2014

Journal: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2014

Issue: Technical Considerations for Rice Fortification in Public Health

Issue No.: Volume 1324, Issue 1, Pages 15-28

Source: Google Scholar

Keywords: Rice, Industrial processing, milling, nutrition

Relevance: This tackles about various processing methods are used in the food industry

worldwide to produce numerous rice products with desirable sensory qualities

based on cultural and cooking preferences and nutritional considerations. It also

reviewed modern and traditional pre-milling, milling, and post-milling processing

methods of different rice type and its implication in industrial rice processing

84
 methods. This article reviews up-to-date research on rice industrial processing

worldwide which can be very relevant to the study.

Title: Considerations for rice fortification in public health: conclusions of a technical

consultation

Author/s: Luz M. De-Regil, Juan Pablo Pe˜na-Rosas, Arnaud Laillou, and Regina Moench-

Pfanner

Publisher: The New York Academy of Sciences 2014

Journal: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Issue: Technical Considerations for Rice Fortification in Public Health

Issue No.: Volume 1324, Issue 1, Pages 1-6

Source: Google Scholar

Keywords: rice fortification, micronutrients, Oryza sativa, public health

Relevance: The article is about the fortification of staple foods and commonly used

condiments with vitamins and minerals which is considered as one of the most cost-

effective interventions to prevent and control micronutrient. Because of wide

local consumption, the World Health organization (WHO) includes rice

fortification with micronutrients. The industrial and regulatory technical

considerations in rice fortification, as well as the considerations for implementing

it as a public health strategy and assuring equitable access and universal coverage

can be relevant to the study.

85
Title: Energy comparison of two Rice Cultivation Systems

Author/s: Hamdollah Eskandari, Sajjad Attar

Publisher: Elsevier 2014

Journal: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Issue No.: Volume 42, February 2015, Pages 666-671

Source: Google Scholar

Keywords: Energy, Human labor, transplanting rice, direct seeded rice

Relevance: This is an overview of comparison of direct seed rice and transplanting

cultivation systems in terms of energy consumption. Based on the current

experiment conducted in Ramhormiz, Iran, the energy input of the direct seeding

system was lower than that of the transplanting system, resulting in a higher energy

ratio, which suggests that the direct seeding system would increase energy

efficiency and sustainability in rice production. This comparison in can be relevant

in the study.

Title: Effect of Various water regimes on Rice Production in Lowland Irrigation

Author/s: Afifah, Ainun, Jahan, Md Sarwar, Khairi, Mohd; Nozulaidi, Mohd

Publisher: Elsevier 2014

Journal: Australian Journal of Crop Science

86
Issue No.: Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 153-159

Source: Google Scholar

Keywords: Rice Water requirements, Water efficiency, Photosynthesis, Rice-Harvesting,

Plants- Transpiration, Chlorophyll-Measurement

Relevance: The article is about the water-wise rice production that justifies whether less

water affects rice production. They conducted an experiment where rice plants

were cultivated under four different water regimes, T1: flooding at 5 cm depth, T2:

flooding at 1 - 3 cm depth, T3: saturated to 1 cm flooding, and T4: alternative wet

and dry (AWD). Yield and yield parameter, plants physiological, and soil chemical

properties were evaluated. The result of the experiment shows that saturated to 1

cm flooding water could easily be implemented in rice cultivation by the farmers

which might not affect rice production, plant and soil characters which is relevant

to the study.

Academic Journals: Foreign/Local [2]

Title: Production and Marketing of rice in Kenya: Challenges and Opportunities

Author/s: Evans A. Atera, Florence N. Onyancha, Eucabeth B. O. Majiwa

Publisher: Academic Journals 2002-2018

Journal: Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics

Issue No.: Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 64-70

87
Source: Google Scholar

Keywords: Rice; production; imports; marketing; Kenya

Relevance: The article is about the positive impact of rice farming on increasing

household food security, raising farmer’s income as well as reducing risks in the

years of poor weather conditions in Kenya since the demand for rice in Kenya

outstrips its production, a gap that is filled through imports. Thus, increase of rice

production and productivity in Kenya was badly needed. They believed that in order

to integrate, promote and upgrade their existing agribusiness; there is need for the

rice entrepreneurs to have easy access to financial services that will provide

sustainable funds and in order to meet the rice demand in Kenya which can be

applied in the Philippines to help the farmers to integrate, promote and upgrade the

agribusiness in the Philippines.

Title: Cultivating climate resilience: a participatory assessment of organic and

conventional rice systems in the Philippines

Author/s: Amber Heckelman, Sean Smukler, and Hannah Wittman

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Journal: Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems

Issue No.: 33, pg 225-237

Source: Google Scholar

Keywords: Climate resilience, farming system, organic, rice, Philippines

88
Relevance: This article is about a study about climate resilience of agriculture.

Philippines is said to be one of the most effected by climate change, we experience

unusual climate disturbance, and high population density and high dependency on

agriculture. This article also assesses using participatory approach on the difference

between organic and conventional rice systems depending on the climate,

typography and other factors. This study also serves as our guide on how we can

design a effective project for rice development.

Case Studies: Foreign [2]

Project Title: Shenyang Architectural University Campus

Architects/s: Turenscape (Architects);

Kongjian YU (Principal Designer);

Shihong LIN (Overseeing

Landscape Planting)

Year: 2004

Typology: Campus & Rice Farm

Location: Shenyang City, Liaoning

Province, China

Area: 3 Hectare

Owner/Client: Shenyang Architectural University

89
Award/Prize: 2005 ASLA Honor Award of Design (The American Society of Landscape

Architecture)

Project Description:

“Both a productive and beautiful landscape”, an ASLA Jury comment upon

the project. The design aims to bring agriculture as a productive landscape to an

environment for learning. China is one of the primary rice exporters in the Rice

crops, mainly, and other native plants were used to raise the awareness of the

aspiring professionals towards farmlands and farming.

Project Title: Nur Hikmah Kindergarten

Architects/s: Architecture Sans Frontières Indonesia (ASF-ID)

Year: 2017

Typology: Kindergarten & Rice Farm

Location: Tasikmalaya, Western Java, Indonesia

90
Owner/Client: Architecture Sans Frontières Indonesia (ASF-ID)

Project Description:

Nur Hikmah is a kindergarten building made out of bamboo, which is a local

available material in Western Java. The kindergarten is situated along-side the rice

fields, located on the once a busy road of Tasikmalaya. The project’s goal is to have

a vision of living with harmony with nature, considering the material used for

construction, and as the architects’ thought, it ‘has brought a new spirit to teachers,

as well as students, motivating them to take care of the environment.’

Case Studies: Local [1]

Project Title: Aeroponic Vertical Farm

Architects/s: Jin Ho Kim

Year: 2013

Typology: Vertical Rice Farm

Location: Cities in the Philippines

Owner/Client: 2013 eVolo Skyscraper

Competition

Project Description:

Due to the several failures in planning land use and zoning in the

Philippines, the rice industry is now having trouble with scarcity of farm lands. The

solution proposed by Jin Ho Kim is to have vertical rice farms in the cities, with the

91
 use of aeroponic growing technologies. With this, rice can be grown with lower

demands on water while supplying enough food for the area where it will be located.

Case Studies: Local [2]

Project Title: Gawad Kalinga

Enchanted Farm

Year: 2013

Typology: Farming Community

Location: Angat, Bulacan

Owner/Client: Gawad Kalinga

Project Description:

Gawad Kalinga Enchanted Farm is a farming community that aims to give

livelihood to the Filipinos. It has several facilities including housing, farms,

restaurants, training centers, and other types of facilities that will fulfill their goal

of establishing knowledge and entrepreneurial and farming skills to the citizens of

the Philippines.

92