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1Q2 A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ

2 flushing for removal of arsenic in contaminated soil

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Xiulan Yan, Qiuxin Liu, Jianyi Wang, Xiaoyong Liao⁎

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Q43Q3

4Q5 Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources

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5 Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail: yanxl@igsnrr.ac.cn
6 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy
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of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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10 AR TIC LE I NFO ABSTR ACT

12 Article history: Phytoremediation and soil washing are both potentially useful for remediating arsenic 17
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13 Received 1 August 2016 (As)-contaminated soils. We evaluated the effectiveness of a combined process coupling 18
14 Revised 26 October 2016 phytoremediation and in situ soil flushing for removal of As in contaminated soil through a 19
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15 Accepted 31 October 2016 pilot study. The results showed that growing Pteris vittata L. (P.v.) accompanied by soil 20
16 Available online xxxx flushing of phosphate (P.v./Flushing treatment) could significantly decrease the total As 21
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concentration of soil over a 37 day flushing period compared with the single flushing 22
37 Keywords: (Flushing treatment). The P.v./Flushing treatment removed 54.04% of soil As from 23
38
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Arsenic contaminated soil compared to 47.16% in Flushing treatment, suggesting that the growth 24
39 Soil flushing of P. vittata was beneficial for promoting the removal efficiency. We analyzed the As 25
40 Phytoremediation fractionation in soil and As concentration in soil solution to reveal the mechanism behind 26
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41 Pteris vittata L. this combined process. Results showed that comparing with the control treatment, the 27
42 Phosphate percent of labile arsenate fraction significantly increased by 17% under P.v./Flushing 28
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43 treatment. As concentration in soil solution remained a high lever during the middle and 29
later periods (51.26–56.22 mg/L), which was significantly higher than the Flushing 30
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treatment. Although soil flushing of phosphate for more than a month, P. vittata still had 31
good accumulation and transfer capacity of As of the soil. The results of the research 32
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revealed that combination of phytoremediation and in situ soil flushing is available to 33

remediate As-contaminated soils. 34
© 2016 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 35
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Published by Elsevier B.V. 36

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49 Introduction soils and therefore agricultural products (Ramirez-Andreotta 57

et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2014). Since the extensive mining 58
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50 Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid, which pose a high risk to activities and irrigation of wastewater with high As, China has 59
51 large human populations. The contamination of As in become one of the most severely As-contaminated countries 60
52 Bangladesh groundwater was first reported in the mid-1990s (Yu et al., 2015; Zhang et al., in press). 61
53 (Nickson et al., 1998), and since then, a lot of investigations Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the 62
54 and studies involving As contamination had been done for the remediation of contaminated soil. An As-hyperaccumulator, 63
55 recent decades. The utilization of As-contaminated water for Pteris vittata L. (P.v.) has extraordinary tolerance and accumu- 64
56 irrigation has resulted in elevated As levels in agricultural lation capacity of As (Ma et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2002). A series 65

⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail: liaoxy@igsnrr.ac.cn (Xiaoyong Liao).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.015
1001-0742/© 2016 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Please cite this article as: Yan, X., et al., A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ flushing for removal of arsenic
in contaminated soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.015
 2 J O U RN A L OF E N V I RO N ME N TA L S CIE N CE S X X (2 0 1 6 ) XXX –XXX

66 of trials had shown positive results of this emerging technol- tank. The three treatments were conducted in three flushing 123
67 ogy. P. vittata removed 46%–66% total As from soils over 7 tanks simultaneously. 124
68 harvests in 3.5 years (Lessl et al., 2014), 8% of the total As was
69 removed in 7 months through growing this fern (Liao et al., 1.2. Soil preparation and plant transplantation 125
70 2004). However, the remediation efficiency of this technology
71 is relatively low and a long remediation period is required The contaminated soils were collected at a depth of 0–30 cm 126
72 (Shelmerdine et al., 2009; Luu et al., 2014). from an As-contaminated farmland in Chenzhou, Hunan 127
73 Increasing availability of soil As, which can be achieved Province (25°48′N and 113°02′E). After removing stones, 128
74 by applying appropriate amendments, is of significance for plant, animal residues and other impurities, the sample 129
75 promoting phytoremediation efficiency. Studies have found was air-dried, and passed through a 2 mm sieve. The soil 130
76 that addition of phosphate fertilizers can significantly increase properties were as follows: pH 8.38, organic matter content of 131
77 the biomass and As accumulation of P. vittata grown in As- 31.90 g/kg, total P of 0.6 g/kg, cation exchange capacity of 132

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78 contaminated soils, these phosphate fertilizers were solid-state 34.52 cmol/kg, total As concentration of 209.30 mg/kg, and a 133
79 and thoroughly mixed with contaminated soils (Tu and Ma, soil particle size distribution of 60.93% sand, 23.68% silt, and 134

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80
Q6 2003; Liao et al., 2008). Some phosphate fertilizers which are 15.39% clay. 135
81 more soluble would provide more readily available phosphate P. vittata seedlings were collected from a local greenhouse 136

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82 to the plant (Fayiga and Ma, 2006; Yan et al., 2012). Based on (Chenzhou, Hunan) and were selected for the following 137
83 existing results, we cannot help to think that maybe adding characteristics: a height of 5–10 cm, 4–5 pairs of pinnae, and 138
84 liquid phosphate is more effective for phytoremediation. equally sized rhizomes. The seedlings were then cultivated in 139

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85 Actually, the remediation process involves adding liquid a greenhouse (at 22–25°C, and with a relative humidity of 75%– 140
86 solution into the contaminated soils called “in situ soil 80%) at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Fangshan 141

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87 flushing” (Wasay et al., 2001). In situ soil flushing could District, Beijing. After 60 days of cultivation, nine seedlings 142
88 permanently remove the contaminants within a relatively with identical growth status were transplanted to the P.v./ 143
89 short period of time (Yun et al., 2015). However, this Flushing and P. vittata treatments tanks, respectively.
D 144
90 technology is not effective in low permeability or heteroge-
91 neous soils (Abumaizar and Smith, 1999). Obviously, plant root 1.3. Sample collection 145
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92 growth could loosen the soil and increase soil permeability to
93 a certain degree. Moreover, the root exudate of P. vittata Prior to the start of the experiment, each tank was watered 146
94 147
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altered rhizospheric chemical composition and enhanced As with 300 L of groundwater (As concentration is 0.014 mg/L).
95 bioavailability in the soil (Mandal et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2014). During the experiment, the Flushing and P.v./Flushing tanks 148
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96 Hence, we hypothesized that growing P. vittata may in turn was each flushed with 1000 L of KH2PO4 solution per day, at a 149
97 accelerate the efficiency of in situ flushing. rate of 150 L/hr for 37 days, and soil solutions were collected 150
98 The overall objective of this research was to determine the at 8:00, 14:00, and 18:00 daily. The collected solutions were 151
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99 availability of a combined process coupling phytoremediation filtered through a 0.45 μm filter before testing. 152
100 and in situ flushing for remediation of As-contaminated soils. Soil samples were collected from Layer B (0–20 cm) on days 153
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101 The specific objectives were to evaluate (1) the impacts of soil 7, 12, 17, and 37, and at the end of the experiment, collecting 154
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102 flushing (using phosphate) on As accumulation of P. vittata, soils from Layer D and F. After cultivation for 37 days, the 155
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103 and (2) whether growing P. vittata is beneficial for promoting plants were harvested from the P.v./Flushing and P. vittata 156
104 the efficiency of flushing. tanks. 157
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1.4. Chemical analysis 158

106
105 1. Materials and methods
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The As concentration of soil and plant was analyzed by the 159

107 1.1. Pilot study method reported by Yan et al. (2012). The soil samples were 160
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air-dried and passed through a 0.85 mm sieve, and the As 161

108 The experiment included three treatments: (1) flushing (in situ fractions were extracted from soil samples using the five-step. 162
109 163
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flushing of 0.8 mol/L KH2PO4 without growing P. vittata); Soil samples were treated sequentially with 1 mol/L NH4Cl to
110 (2) P. vittata (growing P. vittata without in situ flushing); and separate labile arsenate (L-As), 0.5 mol/L NH4F to separate 164
111 (3) P.v./Flushing (growing P. vittata combined with in situ aluminum-bound As (Al–As), 0.1 mol/L NaOH to separate 165
112 flushing of 0.8 mol/L KH2PO4). iron-bound As (Fe–As), and 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 to separate 166
113 The experiment was conducted in a closed brick-powder Ca-bound As (Ca–As). Finally, the samples were digested with 167
114 flushing tank (1.5 m × 1.5 m × 1.5 m) which contained (from HNO3 and H2O2 to determine residual As (O–As). The fresh plant 168
115 top to bottom) seven layers. The schematic diagram of the samples were rinsed with deionized water, heated at 105°C for 169
116 remediation mode was shown in Fig. 1. Our early study has 30 min, dried at 60°C to achieve constant weight. 0.5 g of dry 170
117 shown that the barrier adsorption material (mixture of tissue samples was weighted, mixed with HNO3 (10 mL) and 171
118 activated carbon and iron oxide (volume ratio = 1:1), and its HClO4 (2 mL, 70%–72%), and digested over a heating plate until it 172
119 initial As concentration was 2.87 mg/kg) had a high adsorp- became a clear liquid. 173
120 tion capacity to As. In addition, soil solution collectors were The digested plant and soil samples were analyzed 174
121 placed in Layer B (at 17 cm) and Layer F (at 62 cm), and there for total As using AFS (AFS-9130, Titan Instruments, Beijing, 175
122 was a wastewater collection port at the bottom of the flushing China). All reagents used for As analysis were guaranteed 176

Please cite this article as: Yan, X., et al., A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ flushing for removal of arsenic
in contaminated soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.015
 J O U RN A L OF E N V I RO N ME N TA L S CI EN CE S X X (2 0 1 6 ) XX X–XXX 3

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Fig. 1 – Schematic diagram of the remediation mode combined phytoremediation and in situ flushing.
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177 reagent grade and the national standard reference materials

178 (plant: GBW-07603; soil: GBW-07404) were used for the purpose 2. Results 187
186
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179 of QA/QC analysis.

2.1. Effects of Flushing and P.v./Flushing on As concentration 188
of soils 189
180 1.5. Data analysis
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181 Statistical analysis and graph plotting were performed using Fig. 2 shows the effects of Flushing and P.v./Flushing on As 190
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182 Microsoft Excel 2010 and SAS V8 for Windows (SAS Institute, concentration of As-contaminated soil (Layer B). With the 191
183 Cary, NC, USA). Data were analyzed by one-way analyses of flushing duration increased, the soil As concentration gradu- 192
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184 variance with Duncan's multiple range test to separate ally decreased under both treatments. After flushing 37 days, 193
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185 means. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. the As concentration under the Flushing treatment was 194
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Fig. 2 – Changes in total As concentration of soil in Layer B under Flushing and P.v./Flushing treatment. Identical letters indicate
that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the total As concentration of soils under different treatments at the same
time point. P.v.: Pteris vittata L.

Please cite this article as: Yan, X., et al., A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ flushing for removal of arsenic
in contaminated soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.015
 4 J O U RN A L OF E N V I RO N ME N TA L S CIE N CE S X X (2 0 1 6 ) XXX –XXX

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Fig. 3 – Effects of Flushing and P.v./Flushing on total As concentration of soil in Layer B (As-contaminated soil), Layer D
(adsorption material), and Layer F (uncontaminated soil). Identical letters indicate that there were no significant differences

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(p < 0.05) in the total As concentration of the same layer under different treatments. P.v.: Pteris vittata L.

D
195 110.60 mg/kg, thus providing a soil As removal efficiency of 2.2. Effects of Flushing and P.v./Flushing on soil As fractionation 209
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196 47.16%. Furthermore, the As concentration under the P.v./
197 Flushing decreased from 209.3 to 96.2 mg/kg, thus providing a The influence of Flushing and P.v./Flushing on As fraction- 210
198 removal efficiency of 54.04%, which increased by 6.84% than ation in the As-contaminated soil after 37 days is shown in 211
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199 the single flushing. Interestingly, As concentration between Fig. 4. The two treated soils present a consistent composition 212
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200 two treatments was not significantly different until the end of of: Ca–As > O–As > Fe–As > L-As > Al–As. Comparing with the 213
201 the experiment. In contrast, after 37 days under the Flushing control treatment, the concentration of L-As fraction signifi- 214
202 and P.v./Flushing treatments, As concentration in adsorption cantly increased, and the increasing percent under P.v./ 215
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203 material (Layer D) increased from 7.32 to 284.10 and 246.1 mg/kg, Flushing and Flushing were 17% and 12.7%, respectively. 216
204 respectively (Fig. 3). Although the flushing solution contained Obviously, soil flushing of phosphate could greatly decrease 217
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205 contaminant continuously migrate downward, As concentra- soil Fe–As, and Ca–As fraction by 12.67% and 6.1%, respective- 218
206 tion of non-contaminated soil (Layer F) was still lower than the ly. Although the concentration of O–As fraction decreased, its 219
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207 national standard (30 mg/kg) because of the excellent adsorp- percent relatively increased compared to the control treat- 220
208 tion capacity of adsorption material. ment. Moreover, flushing of phosphate and growing P. vittata 221
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Fig. 4 – Effects of Flushing and P.v./Flushing on soil As distribution of Layer B. Identical letters indicate that there were no
significant differences (p < 0.05) in the As concentration of the same fraction under different treatments. CK: the original soil;
P.v.: Pteris vittata L.

Please cite this article as: Yan, X., et al., A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ flushing for removal of arsenic
in contaminated soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.015
 J O U RN A L OF E N V I RO N ME N TA L S CI EN CE S X X (2 0 1 6 ) XX X–XXX 5

222 simultaneously could further decrease the Ca–As fraction by 40.68 mg As was extracted from the As-contaminated soil 257
223 10%. under the P.v./Flushing treatment. 258

224 2.3. Dynamic changes of As concentration in soil solution

3. Discussion 260
259
225 Fig. 5 shows the effects of soil flushing and growth of P. vittata
226 on the As concentration in soil solutions of As-contaminated The combination of phytoremediation and in situ soil flushing of 261
227 soil. The As concentration in soil solution showed an initial phosphate is available to remediate As-contaminated agricul- 262
228 increase, and then, gradually decreased with time under both tural soils. Phosphate and arsenate have similar chemical 263
229 treatments. After 9 days of reaction, the soil flushing of properties, and would compete with each other for adsorption 264
230 phosphate (Flushing) increased the As concentration in soil sites on soil particles. Under the flushing treatment, the As 265
231 solution to maximum (53.01 mg/L), and then, followed by a concentration in soil solution and the As removal efficiency 266

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232 gradual decrease. As concentration in soil solution under P.v./ gradually increased with time, after 37 days of flushing, 47.16% 267
233 Flushing treatment had the similar changes with Flushing of total As was removed. Furthermore, when combined with 268

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234 treatment during 0–9 days, whereas it remained a high lever phytoremediation, the As removal efficiency (P.v./Flushing 269
235 during 10–34 days (51.26–56.22 mg/L), which was significantly treatment) increased to 54.04%, and As concentration in soil 270

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236 higher than the Flushing treatment. In addition, at the end of solution was 40.97 mg/kg, which was 11.33 mg/kg higher than 271
237 reaction, the As concentration in soil solution under Flushing that of the flushing alone. We speculated that the growth of 272
238 slightly increased to 29.64 mg/L, and the As concentration P. vittata may provide two potential benefits for soil flushing: 273

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239 under P.v./Flushing gradually decreased to 40.97 mg/L. enhancing As availability and increasing permeability of soil. 274
Root of P. vittata could exude large amounts of dissolved organic 275

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240 2.4. As accumulation in P. vittata under P. vittata and P.v./ carbon (DOC) and oxalic acid to enhance As desorbed from soil 276
241 Flushing treatments (Xu et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2016). In addition, P. vittata has an 277
extensive root system and this is beneficial for loosening soil
D 278
242 Bioaccumulation factor (BF) is defined as the ratio of the As and increasing permeability. Growing P. vittata can also improve 279
243 concentration in different part of plant to that in soil. Transfer the ecological landscape of the contaminated site. 280
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244 factor (TF) is defined as the ratio of the As concentration in P. vittata still holds good capacity to accumulate and 281
245 shoot to that in root. Effects of flushing of phosphate on the transfer As while it grows in soil flushed of phosphate, and 282
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246 growth of P. vittata and its As accumulation were shown in the TF and BF were 1.55 and 1.02, respectively. Adding 283
247 Table 1. Compared with P. vittata grown in the control soil, phosphate to soil is generally found enhancing P. vittata 284
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248 ferns that grow in the soil flushing of phosphate had the growth and As uptake (Yan et al., 2012; Lessl et al., 2014). 285
249 similar biomass. Also, the As accumulation of root and Flushing of phosphate facilitated Fe–As and Ca–As fractions 286
250 rhizome under P. vittata and P.v./Flushing treatments was not transforms to L-As, these two fractions decreased by 12.67% 287
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251 significantly different. Although the fern grown in soil flushing and 6.1%, respectively. The similar results were observed by 288
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252 of phosphate had a lower As concentration and As accumula- Jho et al. (2015). It is important that other fractions transform 289
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253 tion in fronds, the TF and BF for plants aboveground portion to L-As fraction so that it can be directly absorbed by plants 290
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254 under the P.v./Flushing treatment were 1.55 and 1.02, respec- (Whitacre et al., 2013). However, Fayiga and Ma (2006) and Han 291
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255
Q9 tively, which indicated that P. vittata still has excellent transfer et al. (2016) reported that phosphate slightly reduced As 292
256 and bioaccumulation capacities of As. After 37 days of growth, uptake in the fronds of P. vittata. This was probably due to the 293
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Fig. 5 – Dynamic changes of the total As concentration of soil solutions under Flushing and P.v./Flushing treatments. P.v.: Pteris
vittata L.

Please cite this article as: Yan, X., et al., A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ flushing for removal of arsenic
in contaminated soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.015
 6 J O U RN A L OF E N V I RO N ME N TA L S CIE N CE S X X (2 0 1 6 ) XXX –XXX

t1:1
Q1 Table 1 – As accumulation in P. vittata under P. vittata and P.v./Flushing treatments.
t1:3
t1:2
t1:4 P. vittata P.v./Flushing

t1:5 As concentration Frond (mg/kg) 263.4 ± 0.78a 214.52 ± 1.54b

t1:6 Root and rhizome (mg/kg) 151.2 ± 2.09a 138.57 ± 2.10b
t1:7 As accumulation Frond (mg/plant) 3.30 ± 0.01a 2.40 ± 0.13b
t1:8 Root and rhizome (mg/plant) 2.07 ± 0.12a 2.12 ± 0.04a
t1:9 Entire plants (mg/plant) 5.37 ± 0.32a 4.52 ± 0.38b
t1:10 Biomass (g/plant) 26.24 ± 1.35a 26.49 ± 0.68a
t1:11 TF 1.74 ± 0.01a 1.55 ± 0.07b
t1:12 BF (frond) 1.26 ± 0.06a 1.02 ± 0.02b

t1:13 BF (bioaccumulation factor): the ratio of the As concentration in different part of plant to that in soil; TF (transfer factor): the ratio of the As
t1:14 concentration in shoot to that in root. Identical letters indicate that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) under different treatments.

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t1:16
t1:15
t1:17 P.v.: Pteris vittata L.

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294 chemical similarity between P and As. Adding phosphate to to remediate As-contaminated soil, but how it affected 337

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295 soil could release As from the soil, meanwhile it also P. vittata adsorbing As among rhizosphere and its effects on 338
296 competes with As for root uptake (Tu and Ma, 2003). In this soil physical and chemical properties were still not very clear. 339
297 study, As concentration in the frond was 214.5 mg/kg under Further investigation is required to understand the process of 340

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298 the flushing of KH2PO4, which was significantly lower than As mobility and soil properties affected by this combined 341
299 the P. vittata treatment (263.4 mg/kg). This may be caused by technology. In addition, flushing conditions should be identi- 342

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300 three reasons as follows: high available P decreased As uptake fied to balance the removal efficiency, ecological risks and 343
301 by enhancing As–P competition, flushing changed the prop- remediation cost. 344
302 erties of soil and resulting in deterioration of soil fertility D
303 and enzyme activities, flushing of phosphate may accelerate
304 soluble As leaching to the deeper layer and beyond the root Uncited reference 346
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345
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305 zone (Im et al., 2015; Yi and Sung, 2015).
306 Phosphate such as KH2PO4 has a high solubility which Tu et al., 2004 347
307
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would provide more readily available P but might also

308 contribute to eutrophication of surface and ground water
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309 bodies (Fayiga and Ma, 2006). With that in mind, a 10 cm thick Acknowledgments 349
348
310 layer of adsorption material (Layer D, composed of activated
311 carbon and iron oxide) was placed under As-contaminated This work was supported by the National Natural Science 350
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312 soil (Layer B). According to the National Standard for Soil Foundation of China (No. 41271339), the National High Tech- 351
313 (30 mg/kg), the As concentration of uncontaminated soil nology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 352
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314 (Layer F) is lower than the allowable amount after 37 days of 2012AA06A201), and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology 353
315 flushing. Since the cost of adsorption material is relatively Project (No. Z141100000914011). 354
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316 high and needs to scoop up soil to pave it, it is worth

317 considering how effectively remediating the contaminated
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in contaminated soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.015
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Please cite this article as: Yan, X., et al., A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ flushing for removal of arsenic
in contaminated soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.015