Chapter 7 10.
Physical Inactivity - People may be obese, not because they
Weight Management: Overweight
and Underweight
Causes of Obesity
1. Genetics and Weigh - Genes clearly influence a person’s
tendency to gain weight or stay lean. The risk of obesity is two
to three times higher for a person with a family history of
obesity than for a person without such history.
2. Lipoprotein Lipase - an enzyme mounted on the surface of fat
cells (and other cells). It hydrolyzes triglycerides in the blood
into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption into the cells. There
they are metabolized or reassembled for storage.
3. Leptin - a hormone produced by fat cells under the direction
of the (ob) gene. It decreases appetite and increases energy
expenditure.
leptos = thin
4. Adiponectin - a protein produced by the fat cells that inhibits
infl ammation and protects against insulin resistance, type 2
diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
5. Ghrelin - a hormone produced primarily by the stomach cells.
It signals the hypothalamus of the brain to stimulate appetite
and food intake.
6. Fat Cell Development - Fat cells can also expand in size. Aft er
they reach their maximum size, more cells can develop to store
more fat.
7. Set-Point Theory - the theory that the body tends to maintain a
certain weight by means of its own internal controls.
8. Overeating - People may overeat in response to stimuli in their
surroundings— primarily, the availability of many delectable
foods.
9. Learned Behavior - Psychological stimuli also trigger
inappropriate eating behaviors in some people.
 Hunger - the physiological need to eat, experienced as
a drive to obtain food; an unpleasant sensation that
demands relief.
 Appetite - the psychological desire to eat; a learned
motivation that is experienced as a pleasant sensation
that accompanies the sight, smell, or thought of
appealing foods.
eat too much, but because they move too little.
Obesity Treatment: Who Should Lose?
 Weight-loss advice does not apply equally to all overweight
people.
 Some people may risk more through misguided efforts to lose
weight than by remaining overweight, whereas others may
benefit from just a modest weight loss.
Inappropriate Obesity Treatments
1. over-the-counter weight-loss supplements and drugs
2. herbal products and dietary supplements
Aggressive Treatments of Obesity
OBESITY DRUGS
1. Sibutramine - is an appetite suppressant that works on the
brain’s neurotransmitters.
2. Orlistat - takes a different approach to weight loss. Not an
appetite suppressant, orlistat inhibits the action of fat-digesting
enzymes in the GI tract and so reduces fat digestion and
absorption by about 30 percent.
3. Phentermine - reduces appetite and is a widely prescribed
weight loss drug. However, phentermine use is approved by the
FDA for no longer than three months. Side effects include dry
mouth, insomnia, and constipation.
Reasonable Strategies for Weight Loss
1. A HEALTHFUL EATING PLAN
 A Realistic Energy Intake
 Nutritional Adequacy
 Balancing Carbohydrates, Fats, and Protein
 Lower Energy Density
 Sugar and Alcohol
 Meal Spacing
 Adequate Water
2. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
 Energy Expenditure
 BMR
  Appetite Control
 Psychological Benefits
 Choosing Activities
 Spot Reducing

3. BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDE

 Becoming Aware of Behaviors
 Making Small Changes
 Cognitive Skills
 Personal Attitude
 Weight Maintenance
Underweight

- Underweight is far less prevalent than overweight

Anorexia Nervosa
- as opposed to other thin people, is that the starvation is
intentional
- They go to such extremes that they become severely
undernourished and underweight.
Bulimia Nervosa
- Compulsive overeating, usually with purging.

Strategies for Weight Gain

1. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO BUILD MUSCLES - The person who wants
to gain weight should use resistance training primarily. As activity
is increased, energy intake must be increased to support that
activity.
2. ENERGY-DENSE FOODS
3. THREE MEALS DAILY
4. LARGE PORTIONS
5. EXTRA SNACKS
6. JUICE AND MILK