Savage 1

Allison Savage

Professor Kjirsten Goeller

ENG 1201

29 June 2019

Annotated Bibliography

My essay will attempt to answer how cervical cancer diagnoses can be treated, reduced,

and even prevented. Cervical cancer has been a leading cancer in women for many years, and it

has recently been decreasing, however there are many other ways to make more progress

towards almost eliminating cervical cancer due to the human papillomavirus. I want to research

how cervical cancer can be prevented and the steps women can make to do so.

Keppler, D. and Lin, A.W. (Eds.) (2015). Cervical Cancer: Methods & Protocols. In: Methods in

Molecular Biology (Walker, J.M., Series Ed.), Vol. 1249. Springer Science+Business

Media/Humana Press, New York.

Daniel Keppler’s book, Cervical Cancer: Methods and Protocols, was published in January

of 2015 by Humana. The book includes cutting-edge methods and protocols for researching

high-risk HPV and the cancers, specifically cervical cancer, that is associated with it. First, he

describes the many strains of HPV, how the develop into cervical cancer, prevention, and

potential drug targets. He then explores the pathology and genomics of cervical cancer,

modeling of CxCA, and experimental therapeutic strategies.

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Daniel wrote this book to serve as a valuable resource for scientists, clinicians, and

anyone who wants to step into the realm of high-risk HPVs and its associated cervical cancer, as

well as CxCA. His writing will help educate those interested in expanding their knowledge

regarding HPV, how it leads to cervical cancer, and the steps necessary that can prevent the

contraction and development of the virus.

Daniel Keppler is the associate professor and director of the MS graduate program in

the biological and pharmaceutical sciences department at Touro University in California. He has

his Ph.D. in Biochemistry, obtained from Paris University in France. He has participated in many

research projects regarding biochemistry and disease, received numerous honors for his

research, as well as published many books and articles regarding those topics as well.

The book will provide me with ample information to include in my paper to discuss the

high-risk strains of HPV and give an explanation of how they develop into cervical cancer. This

can help me create a more scientific approach to my paper as well, which helps with the

background of the virus and how dangerous it can be. Scientific evidence is always a principal

aspect to include in a research paper to support claims.

McGregor, Skye, et al. “Decline in Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection Following

Vaccination among Australian Indigenous Women, a Population at Higher Risk of

Cervical Cancer: The VIP-I Study.” Vaccine, vol. 36, no. 29, July 2018, pp. 4311–

4316. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.104.

Skye McGregor’s article, “Decline in Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection

Following Vaccination among Australian Indigenous Women, a Population at Higher Risk of

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Cervical Cancer: The VIP-I Study”, appeared in an Elsevier book (Vaccine) and on the website on

July 5th of 2018. Women in Australia had substantially higher rates of cervical cancer than

nonindigenous women. After implementing the national HPV vaccination program 7 years prior,

researchers conducted a study investigating HPV infection rates among indigenous women.

Results found that rates of those found to have any type of HPV fell from 58.1% to 36.2%. The

study concluded that Australia’s implementation of the HPV vaccination program, which is for

vaccination of children ages 12 and 13, has been successful in reducing the HPV related cervical

cancer diagnoses. Australia could be the first country to completely eradicate cervical cancer

from the HPV virus, which is 70% of cases.

The purpose of this article was to provide factual evidence through research that

implementation of the HPV vaccine can and will reduce diagnoses of HPV-related cervical

cancers. The article proves through study that the HPV vaccine does in fact prevent the high-

risk strands of HPV that lead to cervical cancer. The article targets readers who want proof that

the HPV vaccine works before committing to receive it, or having their child vaccinated.

Skye McGregor is a public health epidemiologist who focuses on surveillance and

prevention of sexually transmissible infections and blood borne viruses. She has her Ph.D. in

Epidemiology, which she completed in 2015. Over the last 10 years, she has been involved in

numerous research projects at the Kirby Institute, this study being one of them.

This information provided in the research study gives me a real-life example of the

vaccination reducing the cervical cancer cases. I believe this study is truly groundbreaking, and I
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plan to use it as a primary source for my research. The results of this study give proof that HPV-

related cancers can be reduced greatly and even eradicated eventually.

Nojiri, Matthew. “HPV Vaccine, Approved for Children, Can Prevent the Virus from Turning

into Cancer.” Reading Eagle (Reading, PA), 2018. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgbe&AN=edsgcl.561231996&site

=eds-live.

Matthew Nojiri’s article, “HPV Vaccine, Approved for Children, Can Prevent the Virus

from Turning into Cancer” appeared on Pennsylvania’s Reading Eagle Magazine on November

6th, 2018. Human Papillomavirus causes 33,700 cancers in men and women annually in the

United States, and the Gardasil vaccine can reduce that number greatly. Over 14 million people

have exposure to the virus. Previously, the vaccine had been approved for ages up to 26,

however in October of 2018 it was expanded to approve people from ages 27 to 45 as well.

High risk strands of HPV can be prevented with vaccination, which can reduce the number of

cancer cases and eventually hopefully eradicated.

Matthew’s purpose in writing the article is to educate readers on the relevance and risks

of HPV and to also encourage readers to consider receiving the vaccine. The audience is geared

primarily towards readers who have younger children, to persuade them in recognizing how

important the HPV vaccine is to preventing cancer-causing strains of the virus. The audience is

also geared towards those aged 27 to 45, as the vaccine has now been approved for that age

range as well.
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Matthew Nojiri is a former reporter for the Reading Eagle. He received his information

from Dr. Mary Kelleher, chief medical officer at the Berks Community Health Center, Dr. Peter

Marks, director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, and Dr. Debra

Powell, chief of the infectious diseases section and medical director for infection prevention at

Reading Hospital.

This article is perfect regarding how cervical cancer can be prevented early on in

adolescents as well as older people who may have not gotten the vaccine. It will help me

describe how actions in early adolescence and middle adulthood can reduce the number of

cervical cancer cases due to implementation of the HPV vaccine.

Oyervides-Munoz, Mariel Araceli, et al. “Understanding the HPV Integration and Its Progression

to Cervical Cancer.” Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2018. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.003.

Mariel Araceli Oyervides-Munoz’s article, “Unerstanding the HPV Integration and it’s

Progression to Cervical Cancer” appears in Elsevier’s book, Infection, Genetics, and Evolution,

published in July of 2018. The article focuses on how HPV proteins stimulate the transformation

of cells into cancer. Oncogene E6 and E7 are the primary oncoproteins that promote cell

proliferation, disrupt the E1 gene, and break the E2 regulator gene.

Mariel’s objective to writing the article is to educate the reader on the process that

transforms cells into cancerous ones. Understanding the integration elucidates researchers and

readers in the basis of the persistence and evolution of HPV lesions and infection to cancer. The

target audience is readers who want to understand HPV and its dangerous progression, as well
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as researchers who want to expand their knowledge on HPV to better understand how it affects

those infected. Doctors reading the article can also get an idea of how the virus progresses, and

how it will affect their patients.

Mariel graduated from Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon with her Master in

Science, and she is currently a Ph.D. student. The article is recent, and she uses many citations

in her research study, which are all relevant to her research as well as credible for her to use in

the study.

This article will help me explain specifically how high-risk HPV infections cause change

and overdevelopment of cells that cause cancer. Using scientific research to explain how

cervical cancer arises from HPV can be a pivotal source to gauge readers the importance of

preventing contraction of HPV.

“Pap Tests and HPV Tests: Screening for Cervical Cancer.” NCCC, National Cervical Cancer

Coalition, www.nccc-online.org/hpvcervical-cancer/cervical-cancer-screening/. Accessed

on 22 June 2019.

This article is found on a page on the National Cervical Cancer Coalition. Over 13,000

women are diagnosed with cervical cancer in the United States, however, cervical cancer is one

of the most preventable cancers today. It was discovered that Human Papillomavirus is the

leading cause of cervical cancer, which is detectable by a Pap Test. Pap screening is

recommended to start at age 21, and then at age 30, Pap and HPV tests are recommended

alone and together. If women at the age of 65 have had prior adequate screening, they can

stop screening at the discretion of their health care provider. A Pap Test finds changes in the
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cells on the cervix, and the HPV test samples from the pap and is sent directly to the lab where

a test can find any of the high-risk strains of HPV.

The article is meant to educate women reading on how and when to start/stop

screenings, how to prepare for the screenings, as well as educate them on how the tests are

done. The article also lists the steps taken if Pap results are abnormal. The primary audience is

women who are searching for answers regarding Pap Tests, who are likely worried about them

or those who are unsure of what they are and how to start them.

There is no specific author to this article, as it is a page on the National Cervical Cancer

Coalition website. Members of this website are likely the ones who have written and revised

the article. The website is credible, as it is a program/organization of the American Sexual

Assault Association. There is a contact listed on the bottom of the website if a reader wanted to

get in contact with the Coalition or a writer about any specific topic or question regarding the

website.

I will be using this information as an educational portion of my research paper to explain

when Pap Tests should be started and administered to provide early detection of HPV. This

information could potentially catch a dangerous situation for someone who simply is not aware

of when to start screening and how to go about doing so.

Sundstrom, Beth, et al. “A Reproductive Justice Approach to Understanding Women’s

Experiences with HPV and Cervical Cancer Prevention.” Social Science & Medicine, vol.

232, July 2019, pp. 289–297. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.010.

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Beth Sundstrom’s report, “A Reproductive Justice Approach to Understanding Women’s

Experiences with HPV and Cervical Cancer Prevention”, appeared in an Elsevier book titled

Social Science & Medicine published in July of 2019. In 2016, researchers interviewed 70

interviews with women aged 19-78 years old in South Carolina who identified themselves as

either white, African American, or Hispanic. Participants in the study described a lack of

knowledge about the effectiveness and safety of the HPV vaccine due to social norms

influencing the perceptions of the HPV vaccine.

Beth’s objective to writing the report is to inform readers of the lack of knowledge that

exists in the world today. Social norms, assumptions, and a simple lack of knowledge is what

holds society back from receiving the HPV vaccine. Beth targets health care providers and

administrators of the HPV vaccine of not educating their patients on the importance,

effectiveness, and safety of a vaccine that prevents cervical cancer and some cancers in men.

Beth is an associate professor specializing in strategic health communication at the

College of Charleston. She has her Ph.D. in Communication with a specialization in health

communication and public relations, as well as a Master of Public Health with a specialization in

health communication and women’s health. She is a multiple methods researcher and has

conducted many qualitative method research studies, which have been published in top-tier

journals.
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I plan to use this information and her research by incorporating it into my research

project as a means to create awareness of the lack of knowledge and education society has

today on HPV and the vaccine. This could provide evidence that we need more means of

education on this topic as well as encourage readers to become educated if they are not.

Yerman, Marcia G. “An Interview with Dr. Diane M. Harper, HPV Expert.” HuffPost, HuffPost, 7

Dec. 2017, www.huffpost.com/entry/an-interview-with-dr-dian_b_405472.

Marcia Yerman’s “An Interview with Dr. Diane M. Harper, HPV Expert” appeared on

HuffPost originally posted March 18th of 2010, however it was updated on December 7th of

2017. Marcia gives a list of her points regarding the controversy around the HPV vaccine, and

then she asks Dr. Diane Harper a series of questions regarding the HPV virus and the vaccine.

Dr. Harper is asked to reveal her personal experience with studying HPV and truthfully what

some of the flaws of the vaccine include.

Marcia’s reasoning for writing the article and conducting the interview is to give readers

a raw and truthful perspective from a doctor who is an expert at all things related to HPV and

cervical cancer. The audience is geared towards anyone reading who desires raw and genuine

facts from a doctor relating to HPV.

Marcia is simply a contributor to HuffPost, however she interviewed Dr. Diane M.

Harper, who is a professor and vice-chair of research at the University of Missouri-Kansas City

School, and she specializes in community and family medicine, obstetrics and gynecology,

bioinformatics, and personalized medicine. She is an expert on HPV.

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I will be using this source as one that offers contradictions to the HPV vaccine as well as

listing flaws related to the vaccine. This interview with Dr. Harper can provide genuine insight

from an expert on the effectiveness, health concerns, and reliability of the HPV vaccine.