Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Basant Regmi
Manjul Regmi
Nawaraj Shrestha
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mr.Sagar Regmi sir and
Mr.Hari Dura sir for providing this great opportunity to embark on this
topic.This project could not have been possible without the motivation and
aspiring guidance of our teacher.Their theoretical concepts and practical
knowledge was really backbone for our project.
Many people, especially our classmates and team members itself, have
made valuable comment and suggestions on this proposal which gave us an
inspiration to improve our project. This opportunity was a great learning
experience for us.
ABSTRACT
2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2
2.1 Loading: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Griping Mechanism: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Measurements: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 VALIDITY OF RESEARCH 3
3.1 Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1.1 Human Error: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1.2 Instrumental Error: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1.3 Other External Errors: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5 LIMITATIONS 8
6 EXPECTED RESULTS 9
5
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Engineering materials play a vital role in development of modern technology.
Before using any thing in a structure or machine the strength of the material
is to be determined . For the measure of the tensile strength of the material
the stress-strain curve is plotted. The fiber is subjected to certain stress
then the corresponding strain is measured with the suitable instrument.
With the help of the curve we can determine the strength of the fiber.Till
now test of these animal fibers are constricted only in hair products like
conditioner,shampoo etc. For further use in structural engineering proper
test with greater precision and accuracy is needed.
The diameter of hair ranges in micrometers,which is very small.Thus the
major challenges is it’s size,which is difficult to take dimensions and also
the loading and the gripping of the fiber.Therefore for the measure of the
strength, the instrument should be highly sensitive and also the loading.
Another problem might arises during clamping, the clamping might causes
breaking the fiber near clamped region which might be overcome by padding
near the clamps which might avoid the stress concentration.Also horn grips
can be used where fiber is wrapped several times which makes the grip strong
enough.
1.2 Objectives
• The major objective of this project is to design the instrument for
tensile testing of fibers.
• To analyze the behavior of single strand of fiber under the axial loading
and plot the stress strain curve.
1
tensile test of single strand will be very useful to determine the tensile
strength of whole composite.
2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
There are several obstacle that we might face during the test which we
need to overcome for the precise measurement of the tensile properties of
the fiber.It’s really challenging that what methodologies we apply to deal
with such micro dimension. So it’s very difficult to the perform the test
accurately.We should apply very sensitive loading techniques and an appro-
priate griping technique. Some of the conventional techniques and major
challenges to tackle during the test are described below:
2.1 Loading:
Majority of the tensile testing instruments uses the hydraulic or the pneu-
matic loading mechanism to provide the axial tension. As we are dealing
with the single strand of the fiber, which is only capable of bearing small
loads (50-100g). Thus these heavy loading are not appropriate for our test.
2.3 Measurements:
Measurement of the dimensions and forces at the micro level is quite diffi-
cult.At this level we have to use very precise and sensitive measuring device
with high resolution. As the readings are very small the amplifying mecha-
nism or the amplifying circuits should be used.
2
3 VALIDITY OF RESEARCH
As the fibers are tested there is always an expectation or the expected re-
sult,but the result might or might not meet our claim. The result will
show the actual performance of the specimen in service .There are a lot of
factors causing the variability in what the instrument is intended to mea-
sure.Environmental issues, way we perform the test,instrumental errors are
some of those factors that affects the validity of our test.We should always
try to keep the variations as low as possible. Here are some of the factors
causing the variations:
• The environmental condition such as temperature,humidity.some of
the fibers changes their mechanical and physical properties according
to change in moisture content and temperature.
3.1 Errors
3.1.1 Human Error:
This experiment is basically based on human effort.How a individual handles
the instrument ,how he made the appropriate adjustments and take reading
all depends on his level of consciousness and his skill.Thus during our test
there is likely to have few human errors which might be solved by following
procedure thoroughly and having high level of dedication to the test. This
kind of errors can be reduced taking proper care during measurement and
calibration, and conducting experiment carefully.
3
currents might causes some errors during the test. To reduce these errors
test should be performed in standard conditions.
These errors results in slight variation of the reading than what the in-
strument is intended to measure. 100% validity can never be obtained.Only
thing we can do is to minimize the error,make some improvements which
would increase the validity to some extent.
4
4 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
5
a mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge.
The strain gauge converts the deformation (strain) to electrical signals. The
software and electronics of the force gauge convert the voltage of the load
cell into a force value that is displayed on the instrument.
6
4.3 Methodology
With the help of above mentioned design we are planning to measure the
tensile strength of the fiber. For this first we will calculate the dimension of
the fiber with the help of HE-NE laser . Then the fiber is clamped properly
and the fiber is adjusted just straight without any stress and the reading for
initial condition is noted .Now with the help of the adjustable knob we will
adjust the movable pointer carriage and provide some elongation , which is
noted with the help of main scale and the pointer. Now there will be some
tension experienced on the fiber. Along with the fiber the force gauge will
also experience the same tension which is further converted to the electrical
signal and force value is displayed on the screen.
Finally wee will be able to measure the stress for the provided elongation
of the fiber.And now Stress-Strain curve can be plotted with the help of the
obtained data then modulus of elasticity,yield strength and ultimate tensile
strength can be easily calculated.
d sin θn = nλ
nλ
d=
sin θn
where, d is the diameter of the fiber, θn is the angle of diffraction for nth
order and λ is the wavelength of the He-Ne laser light.
7
4.3.3 Calculation Of The Tensile Strength
The Young’s Modulus of elasticity for the fiber in the elastic region is cal-
culated using Hooke’s law.
N ormalStress(σ)
E=
N ormalStrain(δ)
F l
or, E = ×
A δl
Finally,ultimate tensile strength is calculated using the load at the frac-
ture point.
loadatf racture(F )
σU T =
cross − area(A)
F
σU T =
A
In this way we will be able to calculate the tensile strength of the bio-fiber.
Young’s modulus ( E ) describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an
object to deform along an axis when opposing forces are applied along that
axis.Whereas the ultimate tensile strength measures the maximum stress
that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before break-
ing.
5 EXPECTED RESULTS
After all this design and methods of the test ,it is expected that it will
analyze the mechanical properties of the bio-fiber under the axial loading
(Tension).By adjusting the elongation of the hair one can measure the ten-
sion for that elongation. With both stress and strain known one would be
able to plot the strain stress diagram. After that it will be easier to calculate
the Young’s Modulus and the ultimate tensile strength.
6 LIMITATIONS
This design is basically focused on animal fibers(specially hair).Thus it might
not account the plant fibers accurately.We are cautious about the clamping
technique but we cannot avoid the stress concentration completely.The me-
chanical properties of the fiber is affected by moister content,temperature
but we can’t totally create an ideal condition which might affect the expected
result. This instrument cannot be used for high value of tension.