Hkkjrh; ekud IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

(Reaffirmed 0) Indian Standard

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Hkkx 3 iqy vkSj jksdFkke okyh nhokjsa

Criteria for
fo Earthquake
E Resistant
Des
es
Design of Structures
Part 3 Bridges and Retaining Walls
Pa

ICS 91.120.25

© BIS 2014

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B U R E A U O F I N D I A N ST A N D A R D S
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MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI-110002
www.bis.org.in www.standardsbis.in

August 2014 Price Group 11

Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 3) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the
Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
Himalayan-Nagalushai region, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Western India, Kutch and Kathiawar regions are geologically
unstable parts of the country, and some devastating earthquakes of the world have occurred there. A major part of
the peninsular India has also been visited by strong earthquakes, but these were relatively few in number occurring
ens The earthquake resistant design of
at much larger time intervals at any site, and had considerably lesser intensity.
structures taking into account seismic data from studies of these Indianan eart
earthquakes has become very essential,
particularly in view of the intense construction activity all over thee co ou
country. It is to serve this purpose that
IS 1893 : 1962 ‘Recommendations for earthquake-resistant design of str tr
structures’ was first published in 1962 and
subsequently revised in 1966, 1975 and 1984.
Further, with a view to keep abreast with the rapid development ent and
d extensive research that has been carried out
res, the
in the field of earthquake-resistant design of various structures, he Committee has decided to cover the provisions
for different types of structures in separate parts. Hence IS 1889 has been split into the five parts. The other parts
1893
in the series are:
Part 1 General provisions and buildings
Part 2 d grou
Liquid retaining tanks - elevated and orteed
orted
ground supported
Part 4 ack lik
Industrial structures including stack ke structures
like ctures
Part 5 Dams and embankments
sionss ffo
This standard (Part 3) contains provisions esign of new bridges and for seismic evaluation of existing
for the design
bridges in the process of their seismicic upg
upgr
upgradation and rretrofitting. Unless otherwise stated, this standard shall be
read necessarily in conjunction with thh IS 1893
1 Part
art 1),
(Part 1)) which
w contains provisions that are general in nature and
res
applicable to all types of structures.
ng
g de
For the purpose of determining ismii forces, the country is classified into four seismic zones as per
ismic
design seismic
Fig. 1 of IS 1893 (Part 1).
This standard has been form or
formulated o ens
to en
ensure that bridges possess at least a minimum strength to withstand
tionn iis not to
earthquakes. The intention o pre
prev
prevent damage to them due to the most severe shaking that they may be
heir llifetime.
subjected to during their e. Actu
Acctua forces that appear on different portions of bridge during earthquakes
Actual
an the
may be greater than th ddesign seis
seism
sm forces specified in this standard. However, ductility arising from material
seismic
iling
lin aand overr str
behaviour, detailing treng arising from the additional reserve strength in them over and above the
strength
design force are rel
eli upon
relied n to account for this difference in actual and design lateral loads.
The reinforced and pre-stressed concrete components shall be designed to be under reinforced so as to cause a
tensile failure. Further, they should be suitably designed to ensure that premature failure due to shear or bond
does not occur. Ductility demand under seismic shaking is usually not a major concern in bridge superstructures.
However, the seismic response of bridges is critically dependent on the ductile characteristics of the sub-structures,
foundations and connections. Provisions for appropriate ductile detailing of reinforced concrete members applicable
to sub-structures and foundations and connections for bridges are given in Annex B.
Some of the major and important modifications made in this revision as compared to IS 1893 : 1984 are as
follows:
a) Seismic zone factors are the same as included in IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002. Four methods, namely seismic
coefficient method, response spectrum method, time history method and non-linear push over analysis
are given for estimating design forces which recognizes the flexibility of bridges.

(Continued on third cover)

 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
OF STRUCTURES
PART 3 BRIDGES AND RETAINING WALLS

1 SCOPE supports of the bridge is assumed to be different and

as a result, the definition of the seismic action shall
1.1 The standard (Part 3) deals with the assessment of
not be based on the characterization of motion at a
earthquake forces and design of new bridges on
single point, as is usually the case.
highways, railways, flyover bridges, pedestrian bridges,
submersible bridges, utility bridges and aqueducts. The 3.3 Base — It shall be the base of pier or top of well
earthquake effect on retaining walls and bridge in case of well fo
foundation, base of pier or top of pile
abutments are also covered. The hydrodynamic effect cap in case of pile
p foundation and base of pier in case
of water on submerged sub-structure and method of of open found
foundation.
nda
assessment of liquefaction potential of soil is also
3.4 Cap
Capacity Design — The design procedure used in
Capacit
included. The methodology of estimation of seismic
structures
uctures
uctu res of ductile behaviour to secure the hierarchy
forces given in this standard may be employed for
strengths of the various structural components
of stre
seismic evaluation of the existing bridges and
necessary
ne
ece for leading to the intended configuration of
retrofitting of such structures.
plastic hinges and for avoiding brittle failure modes.
pla
1.2 This standard deals with the earthquake resistantt
3.5 Dynamic
ynam Analysis Method — A seismic analysis
design of regular bridges in which the seismic actions
ns
method which the dynamic behaviour of a structure
od in w
are mainly resisted at abutments or through flexure
ure off
during
ng aan earthquake is obtained considering dynamic
piers, that is, bridges composed of vertical al pier-
characteristics
harac of the structure and characteristics of
foundation system supporting the deck structure
ure with/
wit
th gground motion by solving the equations of motion
the
without bearings. However, for all speciall and major
m
of the structure.
of
bridges, detailed dynamic studies shall bee undertaken.
unde
3.6 Design Seismic Displacement — The
1.3 This standard does not deal with the
t construction
con ion
on
displacement induced by design seismic actions.
features relating to earthquake resistant
es
esistan design
g off
sign
bridges. 3.7 Effects of Earthquake — The effects of
earthquake motion that shall be considered in seismic
2 REFERENCES design of bridge include inertial force, displacements,
The standards listed at Annexnex A contain
nnex inn provisions
ntain pr
p earth pressure, hydrodynamic pressure and liquefaction
which through reference ce in
i this text,ext constitute
ext, c of soil.
provisions of this standard.
d At
ard.
rd A the time me of publication,
im 3.8 Isolation Bearing — A bearing support used for
the editions indicatedd were
we valid. d.. All
A standards are a bridge with seismic isolation device having a function
subject to revision, and parties too agreements
agr
ag based on to appropriately increase the natural period of the
this standard are encouraged
e ged d to
t investigate the bridge with the controlled damping results in decrease
possibility of applying
lyi the most
apply mos recent editions of the of forces in the structure and displacements in the
standards indicated
te at Annexx A.
A bearing for better overall performance.
3 TERMINOLOGY 3.9 Special Regular Bridge — The bridges specified
under regular bridges but single span more than 120 m
The definitions given in 3 of IS 1893 (Part 1) and the
or pier height measured from founding level to the top
following shall apply.
of pier cap to be more than 30 m. In case of pile
3.1 Active Tectonic Fault — A seismotectonic fault foundation pier height shall be considered from the
is considered to be active when there is an average slip point of fixity.
rate of at least 1 mm/year and topographic evidence of
3.10 Modal Analysis — A dynamic analysis method
seismic activity with in Holocene times (Past 11 000
in which response is calculated by combination of
years).
response in various modes of vibration.
3.2 Asynchronous Motion — The spatial variability
3.11 Retrofitting — It is upgrading the strength of
of the seismic action means that the motion at different

1
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

existing structure in order to increase its capacity to supports. It may be in various forms such as; stopper,
withstand effect of future earthquakes by addition of cable restrainer, bolts, clamps, etc.
structural elements, dampers or similar devices. The
retrofitting may be required for, (a) seismically 4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN
deficient structure; (b) earthquake damaged structure; CRITERIA
and (c) due to modifications made to increase live load
4.1 General Principles
capacity of structure.
4.1.1 All components of the bridge, that is,
3.12 Regular Bridge — A regular bridge has no
superstructure, sub-structure, bearing, foundation and
abrupt or unusual changes in mass, stiffness or
soil are susceptible to damage in the event of strong
geometry along its span and has no large differences
ground shaking. The earthquake resistant design shall
in these parameters between adjacent supports
consider the effect of earthquake motions on each
(abutments excluded). A bridge shall be considered
component of the bridge following the provisions of
regular for the purpose of this standard, if
this standard.
a) it is straight or it describes a sector of an arch
4.1.2 The design sign shall ensure that seismic resistance
which subtends an angle less than 90º at the
of the bridge gee aand its components are adequate to meet
center of the arch;
the specified
ifiedd ddesign requirement so that emergency
b) the adjacent piers do not differ in stiffness by communication
municatio
un after an earthquake shall be maintained
more than 25 percent (Percentage difference for the ddesign basis earthquake.
hee desi
shall be calculated based on the lesser of the
two stiffness); and 4.1.3
.1 Masonry and plain concrete arch bridges with
1.33 M
c) girder bridges, T-beam bridges, truss bridges, spans
pans more than 10 m shall not be built in the seismic
sp
hammer head bridges, bridges having single Zon
Zones IV and V.
or multiple simply supported spans with each ch 4.1.4 Box
Box, pipe and slab culverts need not be designed
span less than 120 m and pier height above ve arthqua forces. Bridges of total length not more
for earthquake
foundation level less than 30 m. n 600 m and individual span not more than 15 m
than
3.13 Seismic Coefficient Method — A seismic seism eed nnot be designed for earthquake forces other than
need
analysis method in which seismic force equal to the iin
nZ o
Zones IV and V.
weight of the structure/component multiplied lied by design 44.
4.1.5 Seismic forces on aqueduct structures and
acceleration coefficient is applied statically
llyy at the
t centrere flyover bridges shall be calculated as for any other
of mass of the structure/component. bridge. The effect of inertia force of flowing water mass
3.14 Seating Width — The distance ce between
bet thee end
en in aqueduct shall be calculated on the basis of
of the girder to the top edge of a sub-structure
b stru to prevent
preven
pre assumptions in 6.5.
the girder from being dislocated ed in
catted i the event
even nt of
o an 4.1.6 Hydrodynamic pressure on walls of water trough
unexpectedly large relative ve displacement
disp entt between
ment bbe in case of aqueduct shall be considered on the basis of
super and sub-structure. provision of IS 1893 (Part 2).
3.15 Seismic Links — Restrainers
Res
Reestr through
throug
hro which part 4.1.7 The liquefaction potential of foundation soil shall
or all of the seismic action
on may bee transmitted.
actio tr
tra
rans Used be investigated where necessary shall be according to
in combination with h bearings
th bbe and
an they are usually 21.
provided with appropriate
approp
pp slack
ackk so as to be activated
only in case whenn the
th design n seismic
gn sei displacements is 4.1.8 When relative movement between two adjacent
exceeded. units of a bridge are designed to occur at a separation/
expansion joint, sufficient clearance shall be provided
3.16 Special and Irregular Types of Bridges — The between them, to permit the relative movement under
bridges with innovative designs and bridges such as design earthquake conditions to freely occur without
suspension bridge, cable stayed bridge, arch bridge, inducing damage. Where the two units may be out of
bascule bridge and irregular bridges such as skew phase, the clearance to be provided may be estimated
bridge of angle 30º and above with span more than as the square root of the sum of squares of the calculated
60 m shall be categorized under these types. displacements of the two units under maximum elastic
3.17 Unseating Prevention System — A structure seismic forces.
installed to prevent a superstructure from unseating due 4.1.9 Special design studies shall be called for the
to an earthquake. It may comprise of an adequate seat following cases:
length, devices to prevent excessive displacement,
jumping and preventing structure from dislodging from a) Consideration of asynchronous ground

2
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

motion when, (1) geological discontinuities 4.2.4 Effect of Soil-Structure-Interaction

or marked topographical features are present;
This standard specifies design of bridges founded on
and (2) single span is greater than 600 m, even
rock and medium soil, which do not liquefy or slide
if there are no geological discontinuities.
during the ground shaking. For bridges founded on
b) In case of bridges over potentially active soft soils and in cases where deep foundations are used,
tectonic faults, the probable discontinuity of detailed studies of soil structure interaction are
the ground displacement shall be estimated required. The soil structure interaction may not be
and accommodated either by adequate considered for open foundations on rocky strata.
flexibility of the structure or by provision of
suitable movement of joints. Soil flexibilities included in modelling sub-structure and
c) Bridge located in near field, that is, within foundation of the bridge for soil structure interaction,
10 km near fault area of known active tectonic generally lead to longer natural period and hence lower
fault. seismic forces. However on the other hand,
consideration of soil flexibilities shall result in larger
4.2 Design Criteria lateral deflections.
ct Soil parameters, like, elastic
properties and sspring constants shall be properly
4.2.1 Site Specific Spectrum
estimated. In man
many cases one obtains a range of values
m
For special bridges as defined in 3.9 and 3.16 in seismic of soil properties.
erti In such cases, the highest values of
ropert
Zones IV and V where soil conditions are poor soil stiffness
iffn shall be used for calculating natural period
tiffness
consisting of marine clay or loose fine sand and silt and lowest
d lowwes value shall be used for calculating deflection.
lowes
(for example where the soil up to 30 m depth has SPT
Design for Strength and Ductility
4.2.5 D
(N values - uncorrected) equal to or less than 20 and
for bridges located near a known fault (near - field) or The earthquake resistant design of bridge shall be based
the area is known for complex seismotectonic on both strength and ductility. Reinforced and pre-
geological setting, detailed investigations shall be stressed concrete members shall be suitably designed
ed con
carried out to obtain the site specific spectrum. Site te to ensure
sure that premature failure due to shear or bond
nsur
specific spectrum is also required for bridges with
th spans does nnot occur, subject to the provisions of IS 456 and
oess no
greater than 150 m. Such a spectrum shall be used for f 1343 and as per relevant codes of Indian Roads
IS 134
design in place of code spectrum subject to minimum
minim Congress or Indian Railways Code.
Co
Con
requirements specified in this standard.
44.2.6 Inter Linking of Spans
4.2.2 Seismic Safety of Bridge in Longitudinal
Loongitu and
ndd
The interlinking of spans to prevent it from being
Transverse Directions
dislodged off its bearings is desirable alternatively
The design of the bridge shall be made for thee effect ffectt of
effe o continuous construction should be encouraged. The
earthquake motions occurringg inn thetth traffic
ficc direction
direc
ddi greater redundancy and energy dissipation capacity in
(longitudinal direction), across oss traffic
a cros direction
fic dir
d the structure are desirable features for better
(transverse direction) andd vertical
ve
v direction.
direc
recti
ect The performance in earthquake.
simultaneous action of thee motions
m
moti shall
all be considered,
c
4.2.7 Capacity Design
where necessary according
ng to provisions
onss of
ion o this standard.
The design seismic force in this standard for bridges is
4.2.3 Elastomeric Bearing
Bea
Bear
ari
lower than the maximum expected seismic force on
Elastomeric bearings
ing shall
rings s generally
ally be
neral b used to transmit them. However, to ensure good performance at low
vertical loads, rotations
rotatii and horizontal
hori forces other than cost, the difference in the design seismic force and the
those due to seismic.
i In case,
se in-plane horizontal maximum expected seismic force shall be accounted
seismic forces are to be transmitted using these for through additional safety provisions. The capacity
bearings, they shall be checked using minimum design provisions shall be applicable to important
dynamic frictional value and minimum vertical load, bridges in seismic Zone III and to all bridges in seismic
including combined effects of horizontal and vertical Zones IV and V. These provisions are meant for bridges
components of earthquake. The bearings shall be having reinforced concrete sub-structures; however, if
suitably anchored in the sub-structure and steel sub-structures are used in high seismic zones,
superstructure. Suitable devices for preventing reference should be made to specialist literature. Annex
dislodgement of superstructure need to be incorporated. B describes the detailing procedure for Reinforced
In such cases, for design of foundation, value of R is Concrete Structures.
to be taken as 1. Bearings should be tested for cyclic
4.2.8 Earthquake Damaged Bridges
loadings for which specialist literature should be
consulted. For seismic retrofitting of earthquake damaged bridges,

3
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

seismic evaluation should be carried out following the be applicable to sub-structures. Bridges shall be
methods of seismic analysis recommended in this designed such that under severe seismic shaking plastic
standard taking into consideration the reduced stiffness hinges form in the sub-structure, rather than in the deck
and capacity due to cracking and damage. or foundation.
4.2.9 Retrofitting of Existing Bridges NOTE – Specialist literature to be consulted for asynchronous
ground motion.
Seismically deficient bridges should be evaluated using
the provisions of this standard to determine the need 6 ASSUMPTIONS
of retrofitting. The prioritization of bridges for The following assumptions shall be made in the
retrofitting should be based upon seismicity, age, earthquake analysis of bridges:
deterioration and importance of the bridge. The
retrofitting of bridges shall consist of upgrading the a) The seismic forces due to design basis
strength to meet the requirement of this standard. earthquake (DBE) should not be combined
with design wind forces.
5 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY b) The scscour to be considered for design shall
be based on mean design flood. In the absence
5.1 Serviceability Limit State of det t i
detailed data, the scour to be considered
The design of bridge should meet the serviceability for ddesign shall be 0.9 times the maximum
limit state under design basis earthquake (DBE). The des
design scour depth (see Note).
parts of the bridge intended to contribute to energy NOTE — The designer is cautioned that the
dissipation shall undergo minor damage without giving maximum seismic scour case may not always govern
rise to need for reduction of traffic or immediate repair. in design condition.
Specialist literature to be consulted for limit state c) The earthquake accelerations should be
analysis using MCE (involving non-linear analysis and nd applied to full mass in case of submerged
time history method). str
structures and not on buoyant mass.
5.2 Ultimate Limit State d) The seismic force on live load in bridges
should not be considered in longitudinal
The design of bridge should meet non-collapse colla direction. The seismic force on live load
requirement that is, ultimate limit state under er maximum
maxim should be considered in transverse direction
considered earthquake (MCE). While designing essigning as per as explained in the 7.1.
IS 456, DBE may be considered. The bridge ridge shall
sh
s retain
ain
in
e) The seismic force on flowing mass of water
its structural integrity and adequate residualua resistance,
residua stanc
nce,
ce,
in the longitudinal direction in case of
although considerable damage mayy occur oc inn some
som
aqueducts should not be considered, however
portions of the bridge. The structureure should
sh be able
ab to t
seismic force on this water mass be considered
sustain emergency traffic, inspections
ction and repair
pecctio epaiir could
repai c
in transverse direction. The hydrodynamic
be performed easily after the he earthquake.
earthh e..
action of water on the walls of water carrying
The bridge superstructuree however
owe shall
ho
how all in general be trough shall be considered according to the
protected from the formation
on of
ation
io o plastic
ic hinges
tic hhing and from provisions of code on liquid retaining
unseating due to extreme
eme seismic
se
s displacements
displa
di spplac under structures.
MCE. f) The earthquake accelerations on embedded
portion of bridge foundations should be
5.3 Ductile Behaviour
ehav
avio
i reduced as explained in 9.3.
The reinforced and pre-stressed ed concrete components g) The value of static elastic modulus of material,
shall be designed as under-reinforced so as to cause a where required, may be taken for dynamic
tensile failure. Further, they should be suitably designed analysis unless a more definite value is
to ensure that premature failure due to shear or bond available for use in seismic condition.
does not occur. Stresses induced in the superstructure
due to earthquake ground motion are usually quite 7 LOAD COMBINATIONS
nominal. Therefore, ductility demand under seismic When earthquake forces are combined with other
shaking has not been a major concern in the bridge forces such as dead load and live load, the load factor
superstructures during past earthquakes. However, the for plastic design of steel structures and partial safety
seismic response of bridges is critically dependent on factors for limit state design of reinforced concrete
the ductile characteristics of the sub-structures. structures and pre-stressed concrete structures shall be
Provisions for appropriate ductile detailing of considered. Load factors may be used as in IRC/IRS
reinforced concrete members given in Annex B shall codes with the provision that when earthquake load
4
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

(EL) and dead load (DL) are combined, load factor 2 2 2

or ELx + ELy + ELz .
shall be minimum 1.5; and when seismic load is
combined with all other loads, load factor shall be
7.3 Vertical Component of Seismic Action
minimum 1.2.
7.3.1 The effect of the vertical seismic component on
7.1 Seismic Force on Live Load sub-structure and foundation may, as a rule, be omitted
The seismic force due to live load shall not be in Zones II and III. The vertical accelerations should
considered when acting in the direction of traffic, but be specially considered in bridges with large spans,
shall be considered in the direction perpendicular to those in which stability is the criteria of design and in
traffic. situations where bridges are located in near field.
However the effect of vertical seismic component is
The live load on the bridges for highways shall be 20 particularly important in the following components/
percent of design live load, 0 percent for rural roads situations and needs to be investigated:
and 30 percent of design live load for railway bridges
without impact. a) Pre-stressed concrete decks;
arings and linkages; and
b) Bearings
NOTE — The bridge owner authorities can modify these
percentages on the basis of location of bridge and intensity of oriz
izont cantilever structural elements.
c) Horizontal
traffic.
7.3.2 The sei seismic zone factor for vertical ground
7.2 Seismic Load Combinations ons,
motions, ns, when
wh required may be taken as two-thirds of
att for
that fo ho
h
horizontal motions given in Table 2 of IS 1893
7.2.1 The seismic forces shall be assumed to come Part
(Partrt 1).
1)
1 However, the time period for the superstructure
from any horizontal direction. For this purpose, two haas to
has t be worked out separately using the characteristic
separate analysis shall be performed for design seismic of the superstructure for vertical motion, in order to
forces acting along two orthogonal horizontal
S
directions. The design seismic force resultant (that is estimatee a for vertical acceleration. The natural time
g
axial force, bending moments, shear forces, and nd iod
periodod
d of superstructure can be estimated using
mponent
torsion) at any cross-section of a bridge component prop
ropr
appropriate modelling and free vibration analysis using
thogo
resulting from the analyses in the two orthogonal on co m
mp
computer. However, for simply supported
ccordin to
horizontal directions shall be combined according su
sup
up
superstructure with uniform flexural rigidity, the
the expressions below: ffundamental time period Tv, for vertical motion can be
fu
a) ± ELx ± 0.3 ELy estimated using the expression:
b) ±0.3 ELx ± ELy 2 m
Tv = l 2
where ð EI
where
ELx = force resultant duee to
o ffull design
esiggn
esign
gn sseismic
force along x direction,
ecti
ectio and
d l = span;
ELy = force resultant due
du to fulll des
design
esi seismic m = mass per unit length; and
force along y dir
direction. EI = flexural rigidity of the superstructure.
When vertical seismic
micc forces
for
f aree als
also
lso considered, the 8 CALCULATION OF NATURAL PERIOD OF
design seismic force
rcee resultants
res
r s at
a any
aan cross-section of BRIDGE
a bridge component
ponennt sshall bee com
nent combined
cco bi as below:
8.1 Simply Supported Bridges
1) ± ELx ± 00.3 EL y ± 0.3 ELz
Where the vibration unit of sub-structure can be
2) ±0.3 ELx ± EL y ± 0.3 ELz
idealized as a single cantilever pier carrying the
3) ±0.3 ELx ± 0.3 EL y ± ELz superstructure mass, resting on well, pile or open
foundation, the fundamental period shall be calculated
where ELx and ELy are as defined above and ELz is the
from the following equation:
force resultant due to full design seismic force along
the vertical direction.
δ
As an alternative to the procedure given above, the T = 2π
g
forces due to the combined effect of two or three where
components can be obtained on the basis of square
2 2
δ = horizontal displacement at the top of pier due
root of sum of square (SRSS), that is ELx + ELy to horizontal force (= mg)

5
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

where Table 1 Method of Seismic Analysis of Bridges

(Clause 9.1)
m = lumped mass at the top of pier.
In general pier shall be considered fixed at the Earthquake Category of Bridge Type
Level Regular Special Special
foundation level. However, in case of soft soil or deep
Regular Irregular
foundations, soil flexibility may be considered in the (1) (2) (3) (4)
calculation of natural period as per 5.2.4.
DBE SCM RSM RSM
THM THM
8.2 Other Types of Bridges NPA
Where idealization by a single cantilever pier model is NOTE – In case of MCE, non-linear analysis and Time History
Method shall be adopted for regular, special regular and special
not possible, the natural periods of vibration may be irregular bridges.
calculated by free vibration analysis of an appropriate
mathematical model of bridge superstructure, bearing,
sub-structure, foundation and soil. 9.4 Response Spectrum Method (RSM)

9 METHOD OF CALCULATING SEISMIC g ste

The following steps are required in RSM:
FORCES a) ormu
mula
Formulation of an appropriate mathematical
9.1 The following methods of seismic analysis may modedel consisting of lumped mass system
model
be employed for calculation of seismic forces in usi
using 2D/3D beam elements. The
bridges: m
mathematical model should suitably represent
dynamic characteristics of superstructure,
a) Seismic coefficient method (SCM); bearings, sub-structure, foundation and soil/
b) Response spectrum method (RSM); rock springs. In rock and very stiff soil fixed
c) Time history method (THM); and base may be assumed.
d) Nonlinear pushover analysis (NPA). b)) De
Determination of natural frequency and mode
sh
shapes following a standard transfer matrix,
The recommended method of analysis for different
ferent stiffness matrix, finite element method or any
category of bridges and earthquake level is give
givenn in other standard approach.
Table 1. The linear analysis consideringing elastic
ela
c) Determine total response by combining
behaviour is required for DBE.
responses in various modes by: (1) by mode
9.2 Seismic Coefficient Method combination procedure such as SRSS, CQC,
etc, or (2) time-wise superposition of
The seismic force to be resisted by bridge
br components
ponents
ne s responses using ground motion time
shall be computed as follows: history(s). In 9.1 (a) and 9.1 (b), Ah shall be
F = AhW computed as explained below.

where 9.4.1 Horizontal Seismic Coefficient, Ah

mic
F = horizontal seismicic force
fo o be
to b rees
resisted; The design horizontal seismic coefficient, Ah shall be
determined from following expression of 6.4.2 of
W = weight of mass
ass under
uun consideration
n idera
nside ignoring
IS1893 (Part 1).
reduction due to buoyancyncy or uplift; and
ancy
anc
Ah = designn ho
hori
horizontal seis
seismic
ismi coefficient as Z I Sa
Ah = . .
rmined
ed from 9.4.1
determined .4.1
9.4.1. 2 R g
9.3 For embedded portion off foundation at depths Provided that for any structure with T < 0.1 s, the value
exceeding 30 m below scour level, the seismic force of Ah shall not be taken less than Z/2, whatever be the
due to foundation mass may be computed using design value of I/R.
seismic coefficient equal to 0.5Ah. where
For portion of foundation between the scour level and Z = zone factor;
up to 30 m depth, the seismic force due to that portion
of foundation mass may be computed using seismic I = importance factor (see Table 2);
coefficient obtained by linearly interpolating between R = response reduction factor (see Table 3); and
Ah at scour level and 0.5 Ah at a depth 30 m below Sa
scour level.
g = average acceleration coefficient for rock or
soil sites as given in Fig. 1.

6
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

FIG .1 R ESPONSE SPECTRA FOR ROCK AND SOIL SITES FOR 5 PERCENT DAMPING

9.4.2 Design Vertical Seismic Coefficient, Av Cost of replacement, and time involved in
d) C
reconstruction in case of failure; and
The design vertical seismic coefficient may be adopt
adopted
as in 7.3.2. e) Indirect economic loss due to its partial or full
non-availability.
9.4.3 Design Seismic Coefficient for Differen
Different Soils
and Damping IImportance factors are given in Table 2 for different
types of bridges.
Mathematical expressions of 5.4.2 of IS 18
1
1893 Partt 1)
(Part
can be used to compute Sa/g foror dif
different
ffer soil/rock
oil/rock
/ro 9.4.5 Response Reduction Factor, R
types. Table 3 of IS 1893 (Part1)1) ccan be used
ed fofor The response reduction factor for different components
t.
damping other than 5 percent. is given in Table 3.
9.4.4 Importance Factor, I
9.5 TIME HISTORY METHOD (THM)
res
esi design
esist
Bridges are designed to resist gn basis
basiis earthquake
The dynamic analysis of a bridge by time history
(DBE) level, or otherr higher
high
hi ower
we magnitude of
wer
or lower
method may be carried out using direct step-by-step
forces, depending onn the
tth consequences
c u nce
uen ce of their partial
method of integration of equations of motion. At least
avail
ailab
i
or complete non-availability, duuee to
due t damage or failure
three spectrum compatible time histories shall be used,
ven
from seismic event. ent The levellev
evel of design force is
when site-specific time histories are not available. The
multip
obtained by multiplying Z/2 by factor ‘I’, which
(Z/2)
spectrum used to generate these time histories shall be
represents seismic importance of the structure.
the same as used for the modal analysis. Their duration
Combination of factors considered in assessing the
shall be consistent with their magnitude and source
consequences of failure, and hence choice of factor
characteristics of design basis earthquake. The total
‘I’, include inter alia.
duration of time history shall be about 30s of which
Importance factor depends upon the following: the strong motion part shall be not less than 6s. This
analysis can be carried out using a standard software
a) Extent of disturbance to traffic and possibility
package.
of providing temporary diversion;
b) Availability of alternative routes; 9.6 Non-linear Pushover Analysis (NPA)
c) Cost of repairs and time involved, which It is a static non-linear analysis carried out to determine
depend on the extent of damages, minor or lateral load versus displacement at control point in the
major; structure for the purpose of determining capacity of

7
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

Table 2 Importance Factor

(Clause 9.4.4)
Sl Seismic Class Illustrative Examples of Bridges Importance
No. Factor ‘I’
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Normal bridges All bridges except those mentioned in other classes 1
ii) Important bridges a) River bridges and flyovers inside cities 1.2
b) Bridges on national and state highways 1.2
c) Bridges serving traffic near ports and other centres of economic activities 1.2
d) Bridges crossing railway lines 1.2
iii) Large critical bridges in a) Long bridges more than 1 km length across perennial rivers and creeks 1.5
all Seismic Zones b) Bridges for which alternative routes are not available 1.5
iv) Railway bridges a) All important bridges irrespective of route. 1.5
b) Major bridges on group A, B and C routes (Route classification as per IRP way manual) 1.5
c) Major bridges on all other routes. 1.25
d) All other bridges on group A, B and C routes 1.25
e) All other bridges 1.0
NOTE — While checking for seismic effects during construction, the importance factor of o 1 shall be considered for all bridges in all
zones.

Table 3 Response Reduction Factor R for Br

Bridge Components
(Clause 9.4.5)
5)
Sl Structure, Component
nt or Con
Connection
on R
No.
(1) ((2)
2) (3)
i) Superstructure 1.0
ii) Sub-structure:
a) Reinforced concrete piers with ductile detailing cantilever ver type,
typ wall typey
ype 3.0
b) Reinforced concrete piers without ductile detailing*, g*, cantilever
cant type,, wall
wal
wall type 2.5
c) Masonry piers (un reinforced) cantilever type, wal wall typ
type 1.5
d) Reinforced concrete, framed construction in piers, iers, with
with ductilee ddetailing,
tailin columns of RCC bents, RCC single column piers 4.0
e) Steel framed construction 2.5
f) Steel cantilever piers 1.0
g) Steel trussed arch 1.5
h) Reinforced concrete arch 3.5
k) Abutments of mass concrete and masonry asoonry 1.0
m) R.C.C. abutment 2.5
n) Integral frame with ductile detailing,ng,, and 4.0
detailin
p) Integral frame without ductile detailing 3.3
kle, rroller-rocker)
iii) Bearings (Elastomeric, pot, knuckle, ker)
r) 0.8
iv) Expansion joints and connections onss wit
with pan
within a span n of str
st
structure, hinge 1.0
v) Stoppers in bearings 1.0
vi) Foundations (well, piles or open).
pen 1.0
NOTE — Response reduction factor, R should
on ffa ould bbee taken as 1.0 for calculating displacements.

the structure. The analy

analysis
naalysi can be performed
per using a where
standard software ppackage.. The
re pa Th method can be
Ce = coefficient (see Table 4);
employed for or design
deesig of special
des spe
sp
spec bridges and to
Ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient;
determine capacity
pacit of existing
xistin
isti structures for the
purpose of retrofitting. We = weight of the water in the enveloping cylinder,
= ρwπa2H, see 10.3;
10 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE ON SUB- ρw = unit weight of water;
STRUCTURE H = height of submerged portion of pier; and
10.1 The hydrodynamic force on submerged portion a = radius of enveloping cylinder.
of pier and foundation up to mean scour level shall be 10.2 Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution
assumed to act in a horizontal direction corresponding The hydrodynamic pressure distribution on submerged
to that of earthquake motion. The total horizontal force portion of bridge pier is given in Fig. 2. The coefficients
is given by the following formula: C1, C2, C3 and C4 are given in Table 5. The pressure
distribution, Fig. 2, along the height of pier is drawn
F = CeAhWe
by assuming the value of C1 from 0.1 to 1.0 in Table 5;

8
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

Table 4 Values of Ce Table 5 Coefficients C1, C2, C3 and C4

(Clause 10.1) (Clause 10.1)
Sl No. 0/= +e Sl +1 +2 +3 +4
(1) (2) (3) No.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
i) 1.0 0.390
ii) 2.0 0.575 i) 0.1 0.410 0.026 0.934
iii) 3.0 0.675 ii) 0.2 0.673 0.093 0.871
iv) 4.0 0.730 iii) 0.3 0.832 0.184 0.810
iv) 0.4 0.922 0.289 0.751
v) 0.5 0.970 0.403 0.694
vi) 0.6 0.990 0.521 0.639
vii) 0.8 0.999 0.760 0.532
viii) 1.0 1.000 1.000 0.428

10.3 Typical cases of submerged portions of piers and

the enveloping cylinders are shown in Fig. 3.
arth pre
10.4 The earth pressure on the back of abutments, wing
etur walls of bridge shall be calculated as
walls and return
given in 22 (se
(see also Note).
NOTE
OTE
TE — The hydrodynamic suction from the water side and
dynami
dyn mic increment in earth pressures from the earth side shall
dynamic
o bbe considered simultaneously. The water level on earth
not
side may be treated as the same as on the river side.

1111 SUPERSTRUCTURE
11.1 The ssuperstructure shall be designed for the
gnn sseis
design seismic forces as specified in 9 plus other loads
quir
uired
ire in design load combinations.
required
111.
11.2 .2 Under simultaneous action of horizontal and
vve
ver
vertical accelerations, the superstructure shall have a
ffactor of safety of at least 1.5 against overturning under
DBE condition.
11.3 The superstructure shall be secured, when
FIG. 2 D IAGRAM SHOWING HYDRODYNAMIC
RODYNA P RE
RESSURE
ESSURE
SUR necessary to the sub-structure in all zones through
DISTRIBUTION
ON
N bearings possessing adequate vertical holding down
devices and/or unseating prevention system for
this implies selecting a point
nt on
o the vertical
cal axis
ertical
ical a with superstructure. These devices should be used for
origin at top, then other her coefficients
he ciennts are read suspended spans also with the restrained portion of
horizontally from the tablel to generate
nerrate the pressure
erate the superstructure. However, frictional forces in the
curve and determine other
othe coefficients
nts mentioned
ciients
ent m on devices should not be relied upon for preventing
the curve. dislodging and jumping of superstructure.

FIG. 3 C ASES OF ENVELOPING CYLINDER

9
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

12 BEARINGS reaction D, then the device shall be designed for a net

upward force of 1.2 (U-D); however, it shall not be
12.1 The fixed bearings should be designed to
less than 10 percent of the downward dead load reaction
withstand the horizontal and vertical seismic forces,
that would be exerted if the span were simply
which are expected to transmit these forces in the event
supported.
of ground motion.
12.2 In the case of movable bearings, the bearings shall 14 SEATING WIDTH
be able to accommodate designed displacements. The The bearing seat width SE, in mm, between the end of
displacements beyond design values shall be restrained girder and edge of sub-structure, Fig. 4 and minimum
by stoppers. SE between the ends of girder at suspended joint should
be not less that the following values:
12.3 Any out of phase motion of piers, if envisaged,
shall be considered in working out design seismic SE = 203+1.67 L + 6.66 H for seismic Zones II and III
displacement in bearings.
SE = 305+2.50 L +10.0 H for seismic Zones IV and V
12.4 The bearings that are permitted to move in
where
longitudinal direction but restrained in transverse
direction shall be designed for estimated design seismic L engt
gth of the superstructure to the adjacent
= length
force in transverse direction. exp pa
expansion joints or to the end of
su
superstructure. In case of bearings under
13 VERTICAL HOLD-DOWN DEVICES suspended spans, it is the sum of the lengths
13.1 Vertical hold-down devices shall be provided at of two adjacent portions of the
all supports (or hinges in continuous structures), where superstructure. In case of single span bridges,
resulting vertical force U due to the maximum elastic it is equal to the length of the superstructure,
horizontal and vertical seismic forces (combined as per
er in m.
7) opposes and exceeds 50 percent of the dead load ad H a
= average height of all columns or piers
reaction D. supporting the superstructure to the next
expansion joint, for bearings at abutments,
13.2 Where vertical force U, due to the combined
ombine
in m. It is equal to zero for single span
effect of maximum elastic horizontal andd vertical
verti
bridges. For bearings at column or piers, it
seismic forces, opposes and exceeds 50 percent,
percent but is
is the height of column or pier. For bearings
less than 100 percent, of the dead load reaction
actio D, the
reac he
under suspended spans, it is the average
vertical hold-down device shall bee designed
desig
d forr a
height of two adjacent columns or piers.
minimum net upward force of 10 percent per of the
hhe
downward dead load reaction that at would
would be exerted
ted if
exerted 15 ANTI-DISLODGING ELEMENTS IN THE
the span were simply supported. d. HORIZONTAL DIRECTION
13.3 If the vertical force U, due
due to the combined
bined effect
mbin Anti-dislodgement elements shall be provided between
of maximum horizontal and ndd vertical
vve seismic
smi forces,
seism adjacent sections of the superstructure at supports and
opposes and exceeds 1000 percent
pe of the
he dead load
th at expansion joints. Anti-dislodgement elements like

FIG . 4 BRIDGE SEATS ON PIER TOP OR AT SUSPENDED JOINT

10
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

reaction blocks and seismic arrestors shall be designed adequate ductility measures to ensure the required
for, at least twice the seismic force. overall structure ductility.
The linkages, if provided, shall be designed for at least, 17.2 Detailing for Ductility
elastic seismic acceleration coefficient, Ah times the
weight of the lighter of the two adjoining spans or parts The compliance with provisions of Annex B should
of the structure as in the case of suspended spans. be made in general to ensure the availability of
adequate local and overall structure ductility.
If the linkage is at locations where relative
deformations are designed to occur, then sufficient 18 DETAILING FOR CONTROL OF
slack must be allowed in the linkage so that linkages DISPLACEMENTS
start functioning only when the design relative
In addition to ensure overall ductility, structural and non-
displacement at the linkage is exceeded and linkage
structural detailing must ensure satisfactory behaviour
becomes effective, after overcoming the designed slack
of the bridge under design seismic displacement.
in the linkage.
The design value
lu of the displacement dED under seismic
When linkages are provided at columns or piers, the
condition for providing
p clearances in critical
linkage of each span may be connected to the column
componentss shall
shhal be determined as follows:
or pier instead of to the adjacent span.
dED = dE + dG ± dTS
16 SUBMERSIBLE BRIDGES
where
ere
For submerged superstructure of submersible bridges,
the hydrodynamic pressure shall be determined by the dE = design seismic displacement determined from
following equation: linear analysis considering R = 1;
dG = displacement due to permanent and quasi-
p = 8.75 Ah Hy pe
permanent action measured in long term such
where as shrinkage, creep and post-tensioning;
dTSS = displacement due to thermal movements =
p = hydrodynamic pressure, in kPa;
0.4 dT; and
Ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient
nt as gi
ggiven
dT = design displacement due to thermal
in 9.4.1;
movement.
H = height of water surface from om the
he level of
deepest scour (see 4.5.2) inn m; and
an 19 SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF BRIDGES
y = depth of the section below
w the water surface,
th w urface
rfac 19.1 General Provision
in m.
The decision to retrofit shall be based on the overall
The total horizontal shear and moment
mome
mom om perer meter
mete
m width consideration of seismicity, vulnerability and
about the centre of gravity of the
tth base att any depth y, importance of the bridge.
due to hydrodynamic pressureessu aree given
preess
pres g
give by the
following relations: The need to retrofit shall be determined on the basis of
one of the standard procedures such as capacity-
Vy = 2
2/3 py demand ratio method, non-linear pushover analysis and
My = 4/15 pyy2 time history method.
where The objective of retrofitting should be to meet at least
Vy = hydrodynamic shear,
r in kPa; and the requirement of present seismic code considering
residual life of the structure.
My = hydrodynamic moment, in kPa-m.
17 SPECIAL DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS 19.2 Retrofit Techniques
FOR BRIDGES 19.2.1 On the basis of deficiency observed after
seismic evaluation, suitable retrofit techniques should
17.1 General Requirement
be selected. Some retrofit techniques for various
The bridge shall be designed so that its behaviour under components are given below.
design seismic action is ductile. The capacity design
19.2.2 Superstructure
provisions shall be applicable to regular, special and
irregular types of bridges in Zones III, IV and V. Horizontal or vertical motion restrainers, inter linking
of spans, pre-stressing, using dampers.
The intended plastic hinges shall be provided with

11
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

19.2.3 Sub-structure 20.3 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

WITH SPECIAL FEATURES
Concrete jacketing, steel jacketing, carbon fiber
winding, composite jacket of fibre glass and other The bridges with typical site conditions can be designed
composites. with special earthquake resistant features. The
earthquake force generated in the superstructure can
19.2.4 Bearings
be resisted by one or more specially made abutments,
Replacement of bearings by new bearings that could the earthquake force in superstructure can be resisted
accommodate displacements, provision of stoppers, by one or more piers with fixed bearings, while other
clamps/vertical holding down devices, replacement of supports may be provided with movable bearings. A
bearings by isolation devices. balance should be maintained between the strength and
19.2.5 Foundation the flexibility requirements of the horizontal supports.
High flexibility reduces the level of design force but
Strengthening of existing foundation by enlargement increases movement at the joints and moveable
of size, increasing number of piles, jacketing. bearings and may lead to high second order effects.
19.3 Effectiveness of Retrofit Techniques 21 FOUNDATIONS
D
DATIO
The retrofit structure should be analyzed and re-designed 21.1 Liquefaction
quefac
act may occur in the case of saturated
to check its effectiveness following standard procedures. cohesion-less
sion-les
ion soil during earthquake vibrations. The
The experimental methods of testing effectiveness of liquefaction
effacti potential of sites liable to liquefy should
uefa
techniques may be carried out on components/models be est
estimated by specialist literature.
estima
by quasi-static testing or on shaking table.
21.2
1.2 The remedial measures for liquefaction should be
21
20 SPECIAL EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION undertaken, if necessary. The structural design of bridge
und
AND RESISTANT DEVICES may be modified if required to account for such effects.

20.1 Seismic Base Isolation 21.3 Safe

Safety against overturning/sliding shall be
checkedd as per relevant IRC/IRS Codes.
eccked
ked
Seismic base isolation devices can be designed gned and
an
introduced on the top of piers to increase fundamental
ndam
damen RETAINING WALLS
22 R
period of bridge and thus reduce the seismic forces in
mic forc 22.1 This clause is applicable to φ soil only. The
222
sub-structure. Seismic base isolation devices evices can bee
dev reference may be made to 25 for soil with cohesion.
used in place of traditional bearings. TheT dev devices mayayy
comprise of elastomeric bearings, high damping rubber
iggh dam ber 22.1.1 Dynamic Active Earth Pressure Due to Backfill
bearing, lead rubber bearing and friction-pendulum
nd fric cti ndulum
ulu Figure 5 shows a wall of height h, inclined with an
system. In addition to isolationn bearing
b a damping
dam i angle α with vertical, retaining dry/moist cohesionless
device in the form of a damperperr is aalso pprovided.
ovided The earth fill. The dynamic active earth pressure exerted
isolation device shall be useful
eful when
h natural
atuural period
p of against the wall shall be:
bridge is less than 2 s.
1 2
20.1.1 The isolation system
s
sys should
oul ld be designed
uld (P )
Aγ dyn =
2
γh Ca
following the standarddard procedure.
nda dur
ure.
e TThe choice of where
characteristics of future
tu ground
futu
ture motion
oti is important in
d moti
mo
(PAγ)dyn = dynamic total active earth pressure, in kN/m
this design approach.
ro
oach
ach.
length of wall;
20.2 Shock Transmission Uni
Units (STU) γ = unit weight of soil, in kN/m3; and
In the case of bridge spans with continuous h = height of wall, in m.
superstructure, the seismic force developed at deck
Ca =
(1 ± Av ) cos2 ( φ − λ − α )
level can be distributed uniformly to various piers by ×
providing special devices such as STUs. The design is cos λ cos2 α cos ( δ + α + λ )
made such that these units permit slow movements, 2
while under severe shaking these devices restrain the ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
movement and engage various piers in sharing the shear ⎢ ⎥
forces. The STUs may consist of viscous dampers or ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 1 + ⎪⎧ sin (φ + δ ) sin (φ − i − λ ) ⎪⎫ 2 ⎥
such similar devices installed between sub-structure
and superstructure. The STUs should be designed ⎢ ⎨⎪ cos (α − i ) cos (δ + α + λ ) ⎬⎪⎭ ⎥⎥⎦
following a standard literature. ⎢⎣ ⎩

12
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

F IG. 5 CROSS-SECTION OF REETAINING W ALL

where 22.1.1 Dynamic Passive Earth Pressure Due to Backfill

22
Av = vertical seismic coefficient – its direction
on The dynam
dynamic passive earth pressure against the walls
being taken consistently throughout ut the shalll be ggiven by the following formula:
2
stability analysis of wall and equal to Ah ;
3 (P )
pγ dyn =
1
2
γ h 2 Cp
φ = angle of internal friction of soil;
where
⎡ A ⎤
λ = tan–1 ⎢ h ⎥ ;
⎣ 1 ± Av ⎦ (Ppy)dyn = dynamic passive earth pressure length of
wall, in kg/m; and
α = angle with earth face of the w akes
es wit
wall makes with
the vertical;
Cp =
(1 ± Av ) cos2 (φ + α − λ ) ×
i = slope of earthfill; cos λ cos2 α cos ( δ + α + λ )
δ = angle of friction onn between
bbe n the
t wall and
2
earthfill; and ⎡ ⎤
Ah = horizontal seismic
eismi
mic coefficient.
iccient
ent. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
The expression of (C Ca)ddyn gives two
tw
wo values depending ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
on the sign of Av. For
Fo ddesign purp
purpose
pose higher of the two
⎢1 − ⎪⎧ sin (φ + δ ) sin (φ + i − λ ) ⎪⎫ 2 ⎥
values shall bee taken.
takeen ⎢ ⎨⎪ cos (α − i ) cos (δ − α + λ ) ⎬⎪⎭ ⎥⎦⎥
22.1.1.1 The active pressure may be determined ⎣⎢ ⎩
graphically by means of the method described in
For design purposes, the lesser value of Cp shall be
Annex C.
taken out of its two values corresponding to ±Av.
22.1.1.2 Point of application
22.1.2.1 The passive pressure may be determined
From the total earth pressure computed as above graphically by means of the method described in
subtract the static active pressure obtained by putting Annex D.
Ah = Av = λ = 0 in the expression given in 22.1.1. The
remainder is the dynamic increment. The static 22.1.2.2 Point of application
component of the total pressure shall be applied at an From the total passive earth pressure computed as
elevation h/3 above the base of the wall. The point of above subtract the static earth pressure obtained by
application of the dynamic increment shall be assumed putting Ah = Av = λ = 0 in the expression given in 22.1.2.
to be at an elevation 0.5 h above the base. The remainder is the dynamic decrement. The static

13
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

component of the total pressure shall be applied at an Av = vertical seismic coefficient which is
elevation h/3 above the base of the wall. The point of 2 Ah .
application of the dynamic decrement shall be assumed 3
to be at an elevation 0.5 h above the base of the wall. c) Buoyant unit weight shall be adopted.
22.1.3 Active Pressure Due to Uniform Surcharge d) From the value of earth pressure found out as
above, subtract the value of static earth
The active pressure against the wall due to a uniform pressure determined by putting Ah = Av = λ = 0.
surcharge of intensity q, kN per unit area of the inclined The remainder shall be dynamic increment.
earthfill surface shall be:
23.3 Hydrodynamic pressure on account of water
qh cos α contained in earth fill shall not be considered separately
(P )
Aq dyn =
cos (α − i )
Ca as the effect of acceleration of water has been
considered indirectly.
22.1.3.1 Point of application
24 PARTIALLY SUBMERGED BACKFILL
The dynamic increment in active pressure due to
uniform surcharge shall be applied at an elevation of atio of
24.1 The ratio o the lateral dynamic increment in
0.66 h above the base of the wall, while the static sure
ure du
active pressure due to backfill to the vertical pressures
component shall be applied at mid-height of the wall. us depths
at various dept
pth along the height of wall may be taken
own
wn in Fig. 6a.
as shown
22.1.4 Passive Pressure Due to Uniform Surcharge
Thee pressure
ppres
ress distribution of dynamic increment in
The passive pressure against the wall due to a uniform ive ppressures due to backfill may be obtained by
active
surcharge of intensity q per unit area of the inclined m
multip
multiplying the vertical effective pressures by the
earthfill shall be: coef
coefficients in Fig. 6a at corresponding depths.
qh cos α
(P )
NOTE — Ca is computed as in 22.1.1 for dry, moist and
= Cp
cos (α − i ) urated bbackfills and Ca′ is computed as in 22.1.1 and 23.2
Pq dyn saturated
for sub-merged
or su
ub backfills.
22.1.4.1 Point of application
Ka = value of Ca when Ah = Av = λ = 0
The dynamic decrement in passive pressure due to
sure du K a′ = value of Ca′ when Ah = Av = λ = 0
uniform surcharge shall be applied at an ele elevation
of 0.66 h above the base of the wall while le tthe static
ic h′ = height of submergence above the base of the wall
component shall be applied at an elevation
tion 0.5 h above
vatio ove Lateral dynamic increment due to surcharge
the base. multiplying with q is shown in Fig. 6b.

ION
O ON LAT
23 EFFECT OF SATURATION LA
ATER
LATERAL 24.2 Concrete or masonry inertia forces due to
EARTH PRESSURE horizontal and vertical earthquake accelerations are the
products of the weight of wall and the horizontal and
23.1 For saturated earthfill,ill,, th
the saturated
ated uunit weight vertical seismic coefficients respectively.
edd aas iin the formul
of the soil shall be adopted or l described
formulae
25 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO c-φ
in 22.1.
SOIL
23.2 For submerged d earthfill,
ed ea
eart
e the
hee dynamic
dyna increment (or 25.1 Active earth pressure due to c-φ soil as backfill.
decrement) in activeve and
cttive a passive sive earth
ear pressure during Fig. 7 shows a section of retaining wall retaining c-ϕ
hall be found from
earthquakes shall fro expressions given in soil as backfill which also carries a uniform surcharge
ow modifications:
22.1.1 and 22.1.2 with the following of intensity q.
a) The value of δ shall be taken as ½ the value 25.2 AFCD is cracked zone in c-φ soil, CD being ‘Hc’
of δ for dry/moist backfill. given by following expression:
b) The value of λ shall be taken as follows:
2c
Hc = Nö = nH
⎡ γ Ah ⎤ γ
λ = tan −1 ⎢ s × ⎥ where
γ
⎣ s − 10 1 ± Av⎦
where Nϕ = tan2 (45º + φ/2);
γs = saturated unit weight of soil, in kN/m3; n = Non-dimensional factor describing the depth
Ah = horizontal seismic coefficient (see of tension crack; and
10.4.1); and γ = Dry or moist unit weight of soil.

14
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

LATERAL
AL DYN
YNAMIC
N INCREMENT
C M
CREME DUE TO BACKFILL WITH HEIGHT OF W ALL
F IG. 6A DISTRIBUTION OF THE R ATIO =
VER
ERTICAL E FFECTIVE PRESSURE

LATERAL DYNAMIC INCREMENT DUE TO S URCHARGE WITH HEIGHT OF WALL

FIG . 6B DISTRIBUTION OF THE RATIO =
SURCHARGE INTENSITY

15
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

FIG . 7 FORCES ACTING ON FAILUREE W EDG

EDGE IN ACTIVE STATE FOR SEISMIC C ONDITION IN C-φ SOIL

25.3 The general expression on ooff computing

ting dynamic
puti ⎡ n cos i cos α ⎤
active earth pressure is givenn as:
veen
ven aas ⎢1 − ⎥
⎣⎢ cos ( α − i ) ⎥⎦

ynn + qH ( N aqm )dyn − cH ( N acm )dyn

1
(PA)dyn = γH 2 ( N aγm )ddyn
dy For i = 0 and n = 0 values of (Naqm)st and (Nayy)st are
2
same and shown in Fig. 9 a.
where (Naγm)dyr, (N
Naaqm)dyr, and
nd (Nacm)dyr, are dynamic For intermediate value of φ, α, i and n linear
ents w
earth coefficients pen on φ, α, i, δ, Ah, Av
epen
which depend interpolation may be done.
and n.
It was further found that (Nacm)dyr is independent to Ah
25.4 For static case (Ah = Av = 0), earth pressure and Av. Therefore the value given in Fig. 8 may be
coefficients are designated as (Naγm)st, (Naqm)st and adopted as (Nacm)dyn.
(Nacm)st. For various values of parameters φ, α, i and n, 26 Values of (Naqm)dyn and (Nayy)dyn may be obtained
these earth pressure coefficients are shown in Figs. 8 by multiplying the values of (Naqm)st and (Nayy)st by non-
to 12. It may be noted that (Nacm)st is given in Fig. 8 for dimensional factors λ1 and λ2 respectively. Their values
i = 0 and n = 0 case. For other values of i and n, these are given in Table 5 for some selected values of φ, α,
curves can be used by multiplying the obtained values n, i and Av. For intermediate values of these parameters,
of (Nacm)st by the factor: linear interpolation may be done.

16
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

FIG. 8 (Nacm)st VERSUS φ FOR n = 0,, i = 0°

0

9A (N
N aqm )sts ve
versus f for n = 0, i = 0°

9B (Naqm) st versus f for n = 0.2, i = 0°

17
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

9C (Naqm) st versus f for n = 0.4,

.4, i = 0°

FIG. 9 E ARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (naqm)st

(na
(naqm for 0° SLOPE

10A (Naqm)st VERSUS φ FOR n = 0, i = 10°

10B (Naqm)st VERSUS φ FOR n = 0.2, i = 10°

18
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

10C (Naqm)st VERSUS φ FOR n = 0.4, i = 110°

FIG. 10 E ARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (naqm)st

(naqm)
naq FOR 10° S LOPE

11A (Naym )sst VERSUS φ FOR n = 0.2, i = 0°

Naym

11B (Naym)st VERSUS φ FOR n = 0.4, i = 0°

FIG. 11 E ARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (naym)st for 0° Slope

19
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

12A (Naym)st VERSUS φ FOR n = 0, i = 10°

12
2B (Naym
ym ) st VE
VERSUS
ER φ FOR n = 0.2, i = 10°

12C (Naym)st VERSUS φ FOR n = 0.4, i = 10°

FIG . 12 EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (naym)ST FOR 10° SLOPE

20
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

Table 5 Values of λ1 and λ2

(Clause 26)

n = 0, i = 0º, l1 = l2

f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15

a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a= 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º

20º 1.153 1.117 1.098 1.327 1.247 1.208 1.52 1.393 1.333

30º 1.187 1.133 1.108 1.392 1.278 1.228 1.62 1.438 1.36

40º 1.241 1.156 1.123 1.51 1.327 1.258 1.807 1.513 1.407

n = 0, i = 10º, l1 = l2

f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 A h = 0.15

a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º

20º 1.193 1.153 1.136 1.435 1.345 1.313

1.3113 1.773 1.618 1.574

30º 1.206 1.151 1.128 1.441 1.323 1.276

1.27 1.712 1.52 1.449

40º 1.254 1.168 1.137 1.542 1.356 1.292 1.869 1.566 1.466

n = 0.4, i = 00º,, l1

f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10
0.1 A h = 0.15

a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º

20º 1.206 1.117 1.073 1.44 1.247 1.154 1.709 1.393 1.246

30º 1.259 1.133 1.086 1.554

554 1.279
799 1.182 1.887 1.438 1.286

40º 1.382 1.155 1.101 1.8277 1.327

1 277 1.21 2.336 1.513 1.33

n = 0.4, 10º,
4, i = 10
1 l1

f Ah= 0.05 Ah = 0.10 A h = 0.15

a = -20º a = 0º =
a =20º 0º
a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a =20º

20º 1.254 1.153 1.104 1.582

1. 82 1.345 1.239 2.055 1.618 1.436

30º 1.281 1.151 1.105

1 1.616
16 1.323 1.225 2.009 1.52 1.364

40º 1.394 1.1688 1.1144 1.868 1.357 1.242 2.424 1.566 1.384

n = 0.4, i = 0º, l2

f Ah = 0.05
0 Ah =0.10 A h = 0.15

a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º

20º 1.169
169 1.117 1.09 1.356 1.247 1.192 1.57 1.393 1.307

30º 1.205 1.133 1.102 1.433 1.279 1.214 1.684 1.438 1.337

40º 1.27 1.156 1.116 1.575 1.327 1.243 1.917 1.513 1.382

n = 0.4, i = 10º, l2

f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 A h = 0.15

a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º a = -20º a = 0º a = 20º

20º 1.211 1.153 1.127 1.478 1.345 1.292 1.854 1.618 1.536

30º 1.226 1.151 1.122 1.488 1.323 1.262 1.79 1.52 1.425

40º 1.287 1.168 1.13 1.619 1.357 1.277 1.997 1.566 1.442

21
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

IS No. Title IS No. Title

456 : 2000 Code of practice for plain and
reinforced concrete(fourth revision)
1343 : 2012 Code of practice for pre-stressed
concrete (first revision)
1786 : 2008 High strength deformed steel bars
and wires for concrete reinforcement
— Specification (fourth revision)
1893 Criteria for earthquake resistant
design of structures:
(Part 1) : 2002 General provisions and buildings
(Part 2) : 2014 Liquid retaining tanks — Elevated
and ground supported

ANNEX B
(Foreword, Clauses 4.2.7, 5.3 and
d 117.2)
nd
DUCTILE DETAILING
LING
IN

B-0 GENERAL maximum

aximum
xim column cross-sectional dimension from the
end at which hinge may occur. The splices should be
The detailing rules given have been chosen with the
proportioned
pro
op as a tension splice.
intention that reliable plastic hinges should form at the
top and bottom of each pier column, or at the bottom B-3.1 Curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement in
B
only of a single stem pier under horizontal loading andnd piers due tto reduction in seismic bending moment
es
that the bridge should remain elastic between the hinges towards
ards top.
rds to
(see Fig. 13). The aim is to achieve a reliable dductile
uctile
B-3.1.1
1 1 The reduction of longitudinal reinforcement
-3.1.
ly easy.
structure. Repair of plastic hinges is relatively easy
mid-height in piers should not be carried out except
aat m
umption that
Design strategy to be used is based on assumption in tall pier.
in
ub
ub-stru
the plastic response shall occur in the sub-structure.
B-3.1.2 In case of high bridge piers such as of height
B-1 SPECIFICATION equal to 30 m or more, the reduction of reinforcement
at mid height may be done. In such cases the following
crete should
B-1.1 Minimum grade of concrete sh be M
M25 method should be adopted:
(fck = 25 MPa).
a) The curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement
B-1.2 Steel reinforcementt hhaving
avin
i elongation
ngati
ation
i more shall not be carried out in the section six times
rming
min to other
than 14.5 percent and conforming her requ
req
requirements the least lateral column dimension from the
of IS 1786 shall be used. location where plastic hinge in likely to occur.
B-2 LAYOUT b) The interval between hoop ties is specified to
be less than 150 mm in a reinforcement
a) The use off cir
ccircular co
column
olum is preferred for position. The interval between hoop ties shall
better plastic
stic hingee perf
er plas
last performance and ease of
pe
p not change abruptly, the change must be
ructi
construction. gradual.
b) The bridge must be proportioned and detailed
by the designer so that plastic hinges occur B- 4 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
only at the controlled locations (for example The transverse reinforcement for circular columns shall
pier column ends) and not in other consist of spiral or circular hoops. Continuity of these
uncontrolled places. reinforcements should be provided by either [see Figs.
14 (a) and 14(b)]:
B-3 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
a) Welding — The minimum length of weld
The area of the longitudinal reinforcement shall not
should be 12 times the bar diameter, and the
be less than 0.8 percent and not more than 6 percent of
minimum weld throat thickness should be 0.4
the gross cross-section area Ag. Splicing of flexural
times the bar diameter.
region is not permitted in the plastic hinge region. Lap
shall not be located within a distance of 2 times the b) Lapping — The minimum length of lap

22
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

b) MULTI-COLUMN
b TI-CO
-C
CO OR FRAME TYPE SUBSTRUCTURES

FIG . 13 POT
OTENTIAL L OCATION
OTEN OF PLASTIC HINGES IN SUBSTRUCTURES

shouldd be 30 times the bar diameter and each Joint portion of hoop ties for both circular and
end of the bar anchored with 135º hooks with rectangular hoops should be staggered.
a 10 diameter extension into the confined core.
Splicing of the spiral reinforcement in the B-5 DESIGN OF PLASTIC HINGE REGIONS
plastic hinge region should be avoided.
B-5.1 Seismic Design Force for Sub-structure
In rectangular columns, rectangular hoops may be used.
Provisions given for the ductile detailing of RC
A rectangular hoop is a closed stirrup, having a 135º
members subjected to seismic forces shall be adopted
hook with a 10 diameter extension at each end that is
for supporting components of the bridge. Further, the
embedded in the confined core Fig. 14 (c). When hoop
design shear force at the critical section (s) of sub-
ties are joined in any place other than a corner the hoop
structures shall be the lower of the following:
ties shall overlap each other by a length 40 times the
bar diameter of the reinforcing bar which makes the a) Maximum elastic shear force at the critical
hoop ties with hooks as specified above. section of the bridge component divided by

23
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

a) WELDING IN CIRCULAR HOOPS b) LAPPING

LAPPI
PIN IN CIRCULAR HOOPS

c)) RECTANGULAR HOOPS

F IG. 114
4 T RANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN

the response
pon
onse
n reduction
c tion factor for the
ction structure, the critical section is at the bottom
components
ents as per Table
onnent Table.
e of the column or pier as shown in Figs. 13(a).
b) Maximum
mum shear force
rce that develops when the
orce And, in multi-column frame-type sub-
sub-structure has maximum moment that it structures or multi-pier sub-structures, the
can sustain (that is the over strength plastic critical sections are at the bottom and/or top
moment capacity as per B-5.2) in single of the columns/piers as shown in Figs. 13 (b).
column or single-pier type sub-structure, or
B-5.2 Over Strength Plastic Moment Capacity
maximum shear force that is developed when
plastic moment hinges are formed in the sub- The over strength plastic moment capacity at the
structure so as to form a collapse mechanism reinforced concrete section shall be taken as 1.3 times
in multiple column frame type or multiple- the ultimate moment capacity based on the usual partial
pier type sub-structures, in which the plastic safety factors recommended by relevant design codes
moment capacity shall be the over strength for materials and loads, and on the actual dimensions
plastic moment capacity as per B-5.2. of members and the actual reinforcement detailing
c) In a single-column type or pier type sub- adopted.

24
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

B-5.3 Special Confining Reinforcement

⎡ Ag ⎤ f
Special confining reinforcement shall be provided at Asw = 0.24Sh ⎢ − 1.0⎥ ck
⎣ Ak ⎦ fy
the ends of pier columns where plastic hinge can occur.
This transverse reinforcement should extend for a fck
distance from the point of maximum moment over the or, Asw = 0.096Sh
fy
plastic hinge region over a length lo. The length lo shall
not be less than, 1.5 times the column diameter or 1.5 where
times the large cross sectional dimension where h = longer dimension of the rectangular confining
yielding occurs, 1/6 of clear height of the column for hoop measured to its outer face; and
frame pier (that is when hinging can occur at both ends Ak = area of confined core concrete in the
of the column), 1/4 of clear height of the column for rectangular hoop measured to its outer side
cantilever pier (that is when hinging can occur at only dimensions.
one end of the column) or 600 mm.
NOTE — Crossties where used should be of the same diameter
as a peripheral hoop bar and Ak shall be measured as the overall
B-5.4 Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement egardle the hoop area. The hooks of crossties shall
core area, regardless
erip
ripheral longitudinal bars.
engage peripheral
The spacing of hoops used as special confining
reinforcement shall not exceed 1/5 times the least B-5.5.2.11 Unsupported
Uns
nsu length of rectangular hoops
lateral dimension of the cross-section of column or 6 shall not exc
exceed 300 mm.
times the diameter of the longitudinal bar or 150 mm.
5.5.3 F
5.5.
B-5.5.3 For ductile detailing of hollow cross-section
The parallel legs of rectangular stirrups shall be spaced of pier
ier, special literature may be referred.
pier,
not more than 1/3 of the smallest dimension of the
concrete core or more than 300 mm centre to centre. If 6 DESIGN OF COMPONENTS BETWEEN
B-6
the length of any side of the stirrups exceeds 300 mm, m, THE HINGES
T
ng
a cross tie shall be provided. Alternatively, overlapping Once the pposition of the plastic hinges has been
stirrups may be provided within the column. determined
rmin and these regions detailed to ensure a
ermi
uctile performance, the structure between the plastic
ductile
ovideed
B-5.5 Amount of Transverse Steel to be Provided
hhinges
hin ng is designed considering the capacity of the
B-5.5.1 The area of cross-section, Ash, of the bar pplastic hinges. The intention here is,
pl
pla
forming circular hoops or spiral, to be use
used
sed as speciall
a) to reliably protect the bridge against collapse
confining reinforcement, shall not bee less
l th
than
so that it shall be available for service after a
major shaking.
⎡ Ag ⎤f
Asw = 0.09SDk ⎢ − 1.0
1 0 ⎥ ck b) to localize structural damage to the plastic hinge
⎣ Ac ⎦ fy regions where it can be controlled and repaired.
fcck The process of designing the structure between the
or, Asw = 0.024 SDk
fy plastic hinges is known as ‘capacity design’.
whichever is the greaterr B-6.1 Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement
where To avoid a brittle shear failure, design shear force for
Ash = area off cro
ccross-section
ross n off cir
circular hoop; pier shall be based on over strength moment capacities
S = pitch of sp spiral or spaci
spacing
pac of hoops, in mm; of the plastic hinges and given by:
Dk = Diameter of core measured to the outside of ΣM °
the spiral or hoops, in mm; Vu =
h
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete; where
fy = yield stress of steel (of circular hoops or ΣM° = sum of the over strength moment capacities
spiral); of the hinges resisting lateral loads, as detailed.
Ag = gross area of the column cross-section; and In case of twin pier this would be the sum of
the over strength moment capacities at the top
π 2 and bottom of the column. For single stem
Ac = Area of the concrete core = Dk .
4 piers the over strength moment capacity at the
B-5.5.2 The total area of cross-section of the bar bottom only should be used.
forming rectangular hoop and cross ties, Ash to be used h = clear height of the column in the case of a
as special confining reinforcement shall not be less than column in double curvature; height to be
25
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

calculated from point of contra-flexure in the
case of a column in single curvature.
Outside the hinge regions, the spacing of hoops shall
not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the
column or 300 mm.
B-7 DESIGN OF JOINTS
Beam-column joints should be designed properly to
resist the forces caused by axial load, bending and shear
forces in the joining members. Forces in the joint
should be determined by considering a free body of
the joint with the forces on the joint member boundaries
properly represented.
The joint shear strength should be entirely provided
by transverse reinforcement. Where the joint is not
confined adequately (that is where minimum pier and
pile cap width is less than three column diameters) the
special confinement requirement should be satisfied.

ANNEX C
(Clause 22.1.1.1)
GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC ACTIVE
TIV EARTH PRESSURE

C-1 MODIFIED CULMANN’S GRAPHICAL

CONSTRUCTION (see Fig. 15) W 1 = W1 (1 m α v )2 + α h2
Different steps in modified construction for e) T
Through D 1 draw D 1 E 1 parallel to BL
determining dynamic active earth pressure are as intersecting BC1 at E1.
follows: f) Measure D1 E1 to the same force scale as BD1.
The D1 E1 is the dynamic earth pressure for
a) Draw the wall section along with backfill
trial wedge.
surface on a suitable scale.
g)) Repeat
Re steps (d) to (f) with BC2, BC3, etc, as
b) Draw BS at an angle (φ – ψ) with the he
tr wedges.
trial
horizontal.
h) Draw a smooth curve through E1, E2, and E3.
c) Draw BL at an angle of (90 – α – δ – ψ) be
below
elo
This is the modified Culmann’s line.
BS.
j) Draw a line parallel to BS and tangential to
d) Intercept BD1 equal to the resultant
ultant of the
this curve. The maximum coordinate in the
weight W1 of first wedge ABC BC1 and
a inertialal
direction of BL is obtained from the point of
forces (±W1αv and W1αh). The he ma
magnitudee of
tangent and is the dynamic active earth
this resultant is W 1 pressure (PA)dyr.

FIG. 15 MODIFIED CULMANN’S CONSTRUCTION FOR DYNAMIC ACTIVE EARTH P RESSURE

26
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

ANNEX D
(Clause 22.1.2.1)
GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

D-1 MODIFIED CULMANN’S GRAPHICAL
CONSTRUCTION
For determining the passive earth pressure draw BS
at (φ – ψ) below horizontal. Next draw BL at
(90 – α – δ – ψ) below BS. The other steps for
construction remain unaltered (see Fig. 16).
Effect of uniformly distributed load and line load on
the back fill surface may be handled in the similar way
as for the static case.

FIG. 16 MODIFIED CULMANN

ANN ’ S C ONSTRUCTION
UCTIO FOR DYNAMIC PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

27
IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

ANNEX E
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39
Chairman
DR A. S. ARYA (up to 6 September 2010)
Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi
DR D. K. PAUL (after 6 September 2010)
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee

Organization Representative(s)
Association of Consulting Engineers, Bangalore SHRI UMESHSH B. RAO
SHRII B.V. RAVINDRA NATH (Alternate)
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai DR P.C. BA
ASU
SHRI ROSHAN A. D. (Alternate)
Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, New Delhi SHRI
RI RA
AVI KUMAR
DR C. KAMESHWARA RAO (Alternate)
Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi SH
HRI J. K. PRASAD
SHRI P ANKAJ GUPTA (Alternate)
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRI N AVJEEN S AXENA
SHRI AJAY CHAURASIA (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SHRI B HAGWAN SINGH
SHRI S. P. LOKHANDE (Alternate)
Central Soils and Materials Research Station, New Delhi
elhi SH
HRI N. P. H ONKANDAVAR

SHRI S. L. GUPTA (Alternate)

Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune SHRI I. D. G UPTA
SHRI S. G. CHAPHALKAR (Alternate)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR , CMDD (E & NE)
DIRECTOR, E MBANKMENT (Alternate)
DDF Consultants Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi DR (SHRIMATI) PRATIMA R. BOSE
Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi SHRI ALOK VERMA
Department of Atomic Energy, Kalpakkam
lpak
akkam
kka SHRI S. RAMANUJAM
SHRI R. C. J AIN (Alternate)
Directorate General of Border R
Roads,
Rooad New De
oads Delhi SHRI A. K. D IXIT
Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch,, New
ew Delhi BRIG. B. D. PANDEY
SHRI R AVI SINHA (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New
d, N ew Delhi SHRI VINAY KUMAR
MS ILA DASS (Alternate)
Gammon India Limited,
ted Mumbai
Limited aii SHRI V. N. HAGGADE
SHRI J. N. DESAI (Alternate)
Geological Survey of India, Lucknow SHRI HARSH GUPTA
DR KIRAN MAZUMDAR (Alternate)
Housing & Urban Development Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHRIMATI BINDU J ESWANI
SHRI S URINDER GERA (Alternate)
Indian Concrete Institute, Chennai DR A. R. SANTHAKUMAR
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai DR R AVI S INHA
DR ALOK GOYAL (Alternate)
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad DR C. V. R. MURTY
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur DR DURGESH C. RAI
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai DR A. M EHER P RASAD
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee PROF ASHOK JAIN
Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, DR S. K. JAIN

28
 IS 1893 (Part 3) : 2014

Organization Representative(s)
Indian Meterological Department, New Delhi SHRI S URYA BALI JAISWAR
SHRI RAJESH PRAKASH (Alternate)
Indian Road Congress, New Delhi SECRETARY G ENERAL
DIRECTOR (Alternate)
Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Roorkee PROF D. K. PAUL
PROF H. R. WASON (Alternate)
Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nasik SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (EARTH D AM)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR (EARTH DAM) (Alternate)
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, New Delhi SHRI R. K. PANDEY
SHRI VIRENDRA KUMAR (Alternate)
National Council for Cement and Building, Ballabgarh SHRI V. V. ARORA
National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR), Hyderabad DR M. RAVI K UMAR
DR N. PURANCHADRA RAO (Alternate)
National Highway Authority of India, New Delhi SHRI SURESH
SH KUMAR P URI

National Thermal Power Corporation, Noida DR P RAVEEN

EEN K HANDELWAL
AVE
SHRI S A
AURABH GUPTA (Alternate)

Nuclear Power Corporation India Limited, Mumbai SHRI U. S

S. P. VERMA
SHR
HRIMATI MINI K. P AUL (Alternate)

Public Works Department, Mumbai SHRI M. M. KHAN

Research, Design and Standards Organization, Lucknow SH
HRI P IYUSH A GARWAL
SHRI R. K. GOEL (Alternate)
RITES Limited, Gurgaon SHRI K. N. S REENIVASA
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi DR V. THIRUVENDGADAM
Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai DR K.
K MUTHUMANI
SHRI N. GOPALAKRISHNAN (Alternate)
Tandon Consultants Pvt Limited, New Delhi DR MAHESH TANDON
SHRI VINAY K. GUPTA (Alternate)
Tata Consulting Engineers, Mumbai SHRI K. V. SUBRAMANIAN
SHRI C. K. RAVINDRANATHAN (Alternate)
Vakil-Mehta-Sheth Consulting Engineers, Mumbai
Mum
umba MS ALPA R. SHETH
SHRI R. D. CHAUDHARI (Alternate)
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology,
hnolog Nagpur
pur DR O. R. JAISWAL
DR R. K. INGLE (Alternate)
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology,
gy Dehradun
logy, D un DR S USHIL KUMAR
In personal capacity (174/2 F, Solanipram,
Solani
olan Roorkee)
Roorke
rkee)
kee DR S. K. THAKKAR
In personal capacity (36 Old Sneh
Sn Nagar,, Wardha
Wardh
dha Raod, Nagpur) SHRI L. K. JAIN
In personal capacity (C-2/155,
/155
55, West
W Enclave,
lave,
ve, Pitam
ve P Pura New Delhi) DR K. G. B HATIA
In personal capacity (K-L
K-L
-L / 2 Kavi Nagar,
Nag
agar,
r Ghaziabad)
G DR A. K. MITTAL
BIS Directorate General
eneral S HRI A. K. S AINI , Scientist ‘F’ & Head (Civil Engg)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio)]

Member Secretary
SHRI S. CHATURVEDI
Scientist ‘E’ (Civil Engg), BIS

29
(Continued from second cover)

b) The concept of ductility and over-strength is brought in the draft explicitly, by introducing the response
reduction factors.
c) Different response reduction factors have been proposed for the different components of the bridge,
depending on the redundancy, expected ductility and over-strength in them.
d) The design force level for bridge has been raised from the existing level and brought in line with IS 1893
(Part 1) : 2002.
e) The concept of capacity design is introduced in the design of connections, sub-structures and foundations.
f) The soil-foundation factor is dropped. The effect of soil on response is represented in the response
spectrum.
g) Provision for dislodging of girders in the bearings is introduced.
h) Use of vertical hold-down devices, stoppers, restrainers and horizontal linkage elements to account for
the large displacements generated during seismic shaking is re recommended for preventing falling of
spans.
j) A minimum width of seating of superstructure over sub-structures
uctu to avoid dislodging of spans from
atop the sub-structure is required for all bridges.
k) The method of computing earth pressures for c–φ soill is iincl
included in the section on retaining walls.
In the formulation of this standard, due weightage has been given
en to
ven t international
in coordination among the standards
and practices prevailing in different countries in addition to relati
relating
i it to the practices in the field in this country.
The units used with the items covered by the symbols shall consistent throughout this standard, unless specifically
alll be co
noted otherwise.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the fformulation
tion oof this standard is given in Annex E.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement
ular req of this standard is complied with the final value,
nt of
observed or calculated, expressing the result off a tes
test or analysis
y shall
alysi
alysis h be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960
‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’.
revised Thee nu number
umb of significant places retained in the rounded off
num
value should be the same as that of the specifie
specified value
sp ue in this standard.
n th
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ments oor edition by referring to the latest issue of
men
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CE

ED 339 (7739).
CED

ssued
d Since Publi
Amendments Issued Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue

ue Text Affected

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