Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MSc.II year
Panjab University
OBJECTIVES
List the different types of seismic waves, their
different properties and describe how seismologists
can use them to learn about earthquakes and the
Earth's interior.
Describe how to find an earthquake epicenter.
Describe the different earthquake magnitude scales
and what the numbers for moment magnitude
mean.
Describe how earthquakes are predicted and why
the field of earthquake prediction has had little
success.
WHAT ARE EARTHQUAKES?
Rossi-Forrel's Scale
Mercalli Scale
Richter Scale
(I) ROSSI-FORREL'S SCALE
The 1873 version of the Rossi–Forel scale had
10 intensity levels:
I. Microseismic tremor
II. Extremely feeble tremor.
III. Feeble tremor.
IV. Slight tremor
V. Moderate tremor
VI. Strong tremor
VII. Very strong tremor.
VIII. Damaging tremor
IX. Devastating tremor.
X. Extremely high intensity tremor.
MERCALLI SCALE
Magnitude
Richter scale measures
total amount of energy
released by an
earthquake; independent
of intensity.
Amplitude of the largest
wave produced by an
event is corrected for
distance and assigned a
value on an open-ended
logarithmic scale .
TYPES OF DAMAGE CAUSE BY
EARTHQUAKE
Physical Damage
-- Landslides
-- Tsunamis
-- Fires
-- Mudslides
-- Liquefaction
Structural Damage
-- Buildings Collapse
-- Roadways Collapse
Emotional Damage
-- Deaths
CAN EARTHQUAKES BE PREDICTED?