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Cristina Dapulag
Josephine Tuazon
The Self from Various
Perspective
Cristina Dapulag
Josephine Tuazon
At the end of this module; you are expected
to:
Man has posed various questions ranging from the mundane to thought provoking ones that challenged our capacity
to search for knowledge. Scholars likewise posture more handy and solid inquiries.
PHILOSOPHERS
• Augustine (354—430 C.E.)
St. Augustine is a fourth century philosopher whose groundbreaking philosophy
infused Christian doctrine with Neoplatonism.
In a proof for existence similar to one later made famous by René Descartes,
Augustine says, “[Even] If I am mistaken, I am.”
PHILOSOPHERS
• Augustine (354—430 C.E.)
He is the first Western philosopher to promote what has come to be called "the
argument by analogy" :
“ there are bodies external to mine that behave as I behave, and that appear to be
nourished as mine is nourished; so, by analogy, I am justified in believing that these
bodies have a similar mental life to mine”
Additionally, Augustine adopts a subjective view of time and says that time is nothing
in reality but exists as a reality only in the human mind.
Sigmund Freud (1856—1939)
A Scottish philosopher who is famous because off his bold skeptical approach to a range of
philosophical subjects .
He questioned basic beliefs of personal identity, and argued that there is no permanent “self”
that continues over time.
He dismissed standard accounts of causality and argued that our idea of cause-effect relations
are grounded in habits of thinking, rather than in the perception of causal forces in the
external world itself.
He defended the skeptical position that human reason is inherently contradictory, and it is
only through naturally-instilled beliefs that we can navigate our way through common life.
David Hume (1711—1776)
Philosophy of Religion
He also advanced theories on the origin of popular religious beliefs, grounding such notions in
the psychology of human psychology rather than in rational argument or divine revelation.
The larger aim of his critique was to separate philosophy from religion and thus allow
philosophy to pursue its own ends without rational over-extension or psychological
corruption.
Plato (427—347 B.C.E.)
Plato is one of the world's best known and most widely read and studied philosophers.
He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, and he wrote in the middle
of the fourth century B.C.E. in ancient Greece. Though influenced primarily by Socrates,
to the extent that Socrates is usually the main character in many of Plato's writings, he
was also influenced by Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans There are varying
degrees of controversy over which of Plato's works are authentic, and in what order
they were written, due to their antiquity and the manner of their preservation through
time. Nonetheless, his earliest works are generally regarded as the most reliable of the
ancient sources on Socrates, and the character Socrates that we know through these
writings is considered to be one of the greatest of the ancient philosophers.
John Locke (1632—1704)
John Locke was among the most famous philosophers and political theorists of the 17 th
century. He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious toleration, and educational
theory.
Locke set out to offer an analysis of the human mind and its acquisition of knowledge. He
offered an empiricist theory according to which we acquire ideas through our experience of
the world. The mind is then able to examine, compare, and combine these ideas in numerous
different ways.
In addition to this broader project, the Essay contains a series on important, and widely
divergent, philosophical themes.
In politics, Locke is best known as a proponent of limited government. He uses a theory of
natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited
powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain
circumstances.
René Descartes (1596—1650)
His basic strategy was to consider false any belief that falls prey to even
the slightest doubt. This “hyperbolic doubt” then serves to clear the way
for what Descartes considers to be an unprejudiced search for the truth.
This clearing of his previously held beliefs then puts him at an
epistemological ground-zero.
The philosopher John Locke argued that momentary thoughts are not
consistent and change over time. They cannot be our identity since identity
is something that must be consistent over time. He suggested that what
makes a person himself is a minimal amount of memory that must remain
constant throughout his life.