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Mini project II Report

On
TO EVALUARTE THE PERFROMANCE OF
THE BIOMASS COOKSTOVE

Prepared By
NAME: ENROLL NO:
DESAI HARSH V. 17BME152
MAHAJAN ANKIT V. 17BME160

Guide:
Prof. DARSHIT S. UPADHYAY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Institute of Technology
Nirma University
Ahmedabad – 382 481
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CERTIFICATE

The project entitled To Evaluate the Performance of Biomass cook stove by

Harsh Desai (17bme152) and Mahajan Ankit (17bme160) is approved for the
course Mini Project-2.

Examiners

………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

Date:-………………….

Place:-…………………….
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter Content Page
NO
5
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

6
ABSTRACT

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW 7
1.1 NEED OF BIOMASS COOKED STOVE 7
1.2 BACKGROUND OF COOKSTOVE 8
Chapter 2 Literature review 9
Chapter 3 CONSTRUCTION AND PROCESS 12
3.1 CONSTRUCTION 12
3.2 GASIFICATION
14
Chapter 4 EXPERIMENTATION 16
4.1 EXPERIMENTAL APARATUS 16
4.2 DIFFERENT TEST PERFORMED DURING THE
18
4.3 EXPERIMRNTATION
TEST READING 24
Chapter 5 CONCLUSION 26
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TABLE OF FIGURES

SR NO FIGURE Page
NO
1 Cad model 12
2 Actual setup 13
3 Gasification process 15
4 Thermocouple 16
5 Weighing machine 16
6 Filter papers 16
7 Vacuum pump 17
8 Thermal imager 17
9 Gas analyzer 17
10 On site testing 22
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all we are thankful to our guide Prof. Darshit Upadhyay. He had really
encouraged us and given required guidance for this project work and preparing this report
also. We are thankful to Prof. Prashant J Bagga (Assistant Professor) for showing the
correct path in the completion of this project. We are also greatly thankful our Head of
department, Dr. V.J.Lakhera for providing us such a great opportunity to take this project.
We would also like to thank Dr. Alka Mahajan Director, Institute of Technology and
additional director Dr. R.N.Patel, Nirma University for allowing us to carry out our
project work. We are thankful to Nirma University for allowing the use of all resources
which were necessary. Also we would like to thank our seniors for helping us for this
Mini project – 2.

DESAI HARSH V. (17BME152)

MAHAJAN ANKIT V. (17BME160)
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ABSTRACT

As on 01.04.15 the estimated reserves of coal was 306.60 billion tons, which is
decreasing day by day due to regular usage, which is matter of concern for present and
future generation. India produces about 450 million metric ton per year. So, in villages
and rural areas mostly traditional cook stove is used.[1]

In traditional cook stove efficiency is less and it creates pollution and health harm issues.
So, there is a scope of improvement in the traditional one.

This report is about basic principle of improved forced draft gratifier cook stove.

Water boiling test is carried out for checking improved cook stove (natural draft and
forced giving feedstock of wood sliced chips and has minimum efficiency of 8-10 % with
feedstock of saw dust. Improved cook stove gives maximum efficiency of 31-35 % with
feedstock of wood chips and minimum efficiency of 15-18 % with feedstock of charcoal.

Using improved cook stove, maximum temperature which can be achieved is 550 °C
when wood chips are used as feedstock. [2]
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CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

1.1 NEED OF BIOMASS COOKED STOVE

Over the 2.6 billion People in developing countries like India mostly rely on
conventional use of biomass to meet their energy requirement. The main disadvantage of
the use of the conventional cook stove is the incomplete combustion and the hazardous
particle emissions in the environment. Because of which globally 4.3 million people die
prematurely every year.

Residential air pollution in villages is maximum due to the incomplete combustion of

biomass. Main biomass is wood, which is rarely efficient for complete burning and
produces smoke and other elements which cause the heat dieses and lungs related dieses
like asthma.

Viral fit India Private Limited is working on the problem of residential air pollution
through an new and more effective cook stove. Maximum energy use and thermal
efficiency can be obtain by this cook stove.

Almost 80% of air pollutant and gases can be reduce by the use of improvised biomass
cook stove. Time for cooking can be reduces as the thermal efficiency is increased and
also the wood consumption. This leads to reduces the pressure on forest biomass
pressure. Technology to retaining heat from flame and use it to heat up by providing
insulation makes them more advance and directing towards our purpose.

Fast cooking should done because of heat retention by insulation on outer body which
leads to reduce fuel consumption and wood usage. [2]

And also, due to cutting of wood the deforestation takes place, which increases the
temperature of the world and the global warming ratio is increasing day by day due to
this and animals are also losing their homes leading to their extinction.
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1.2 BACKGROUND OF COOKSTOVE

The word ‘improved’ means changing the cooking style and changing the
methodology with a correspond large variation in performance. New method defining
here as making the platform for fuel and over which mounting the cylindrical vessel
surrounded by the insulation material. Whereas in traditional cook stove simply on a
cylindrical vessel and over which the cooking vessel was used. This thing results in
incomplete fuel combustion and harmful gases emission. Traditional cook stove have
drawbacks which can be eliminate by following ways:
(1) Improvement in 𝜂𝑡ℎ ,
(2) Decreasing the emission particles and
(3) Sufficient Oxygen providing system.

𝜂𝑡ℎ Of the cook stove can found by calculating combustion energy which is
product of the chemical and potential energy gets converted into the heat energy that will
be the output energy used for the cooking purpose. Increment in the 𝜂𝑡ℎ will reduce fuel
requirement of that same amount of cooking but it will not reduce emissions. The
purpose of the ventilation is to reduce the smoke near the cooking zone .so that the cook
does not have the bad effect of the smoke and the disease like asthma and lung disease
does not spread. So , I short different modification can be done for improving the overall
usability of the cook stove and reduces the hazardous effect of using carelessly fossil
fuel.
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Chapter 2 :Literature review

1. Effect of the parameters on performance evaluation and emission of improved cook
stove 03/00831 Bhattacharya, S. C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 23, (5), 387-
395.
 Parameters like moisture contents, surface area of burning fuel , volume
and size of pot effect the efficiency and emission gases of cook stove.
 Due to water particles in fuel, emission of carbon monoxide gas increases
and carbon dioxide gas decreases and thermal efficiency of the cook stove
also decreases.
 Surface area of fuel not much influencing in efficiency but it only affect the
portion of carbon monoxide.
 Similarly the volume of stove is not much influencing in thermal efficiency
but it only effect on emission gases.

2. 03/00832 Estimation and the control of the CO2 particles in environment

Labandeira, X. and Labeaga, J. M. Energy Policy, 2002, 30, (7), 597- 611.

 This research paper is about controlization of emission carbon dioxide by

applying monetary punishment and taxes for excess carbon dioxide
emission.
 It shows the implementation of Spanish government on carbon dioxide
emissive firms in power sector. They implemented it under economy
reform year 1992.
 Which tends to fluctuate taxes rate which fuel is more emissive of carbon
monoxide & carbon dioxide and taxes are reduce on less hazardous fuel
 Similar exercise and implementation are ongoing in Europe and different
states of European union about law of carbon taxes .
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3. 03/00837 Environmental and Health impacts of biomass improved cook stove Rabl,
A. and Dreicer, M. International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 2002, 18.

 This paper is related to the health and environment impact of the cook stove
in recent years. It tells about the changed methodology so that the health is
maintained good and adverse effect on the environment is not there.
 In the whole research paper analysis from 1990 is done about the impact of
that harmful effect the emission of the exhaust gases which are generated
from the cooking by the traditional cook stove.

4. Gasification in biomass and fluidized bed combustion gasifies Andrei’s, J. and Hein,
K. R. G. Biomass Energy Environ., Proc. Eur. Bioenergy Cons, 9th, 1996, 2, 1306-
1311. Edited by Chartier, P. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.

 During the three years 1996 and 1998,the practical and the theoretical
analysis is carried out for the gasification of biomass cooking and the fliud
bed combustion in cook stove.
 The impact of the improved method of feedstock and experimental
parameters will be investigated with the help of the different type of test
which are mentioned below in the report.
 The whole process of examination will be done by the two partners in the
with the use of different apparatus such heat gun, thermal imager,
thermocouple etc. to obtain the satisfactory result the experiment.
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5. Gasification technologies for heat and power from biomass Beenackers, A. A. C. M.

and Maniatis, K. Biomass Energy Environ., Proc. Eur. Bioenergy Conf., 9th, 1996, 1,
228-259. Edited by Chartier, P., Elsevier, Oxford, UK.

 This biomass gasification process is still under development or can be more

efficiently developed. Why this type of change is required even for the
cooking purpose then the reason is written in the following paragraph.

 In rural areas sustainable development refers to development not affecting

the political, economic & ecological environment. In India about 60%
people depends on traditional cookstove, which leads to uneconomical
development activities, so the efforts in the direction of sustainable
development must be done.

 The domestic LPG & PNG has got accessibility to mere 20% household in
India. In spite of different kinds of subsidiary plans, it can’t be acceptable
as economically viable option. On the other hand, it hardly fulfills the
demand of the conservation of natural energy program for which the
countries macroeconomic highly suffers. Thus, the improved biomass
cookstove will be appropriate solutions for this problem.
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Chapter 3: construction and process

3.1 Construction

1 cad model

PARTS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

1. SECONDARY DUCT - This duct is given to supply the secondary air into the
combustion$chamber, this air is very useful for complete combustion nicely.

2. PRIMARY DUCT - This part is provided for supplying the primary air into
the$combustion chamber this primary air is given in the pyrolysis part at the bottom the
holes are made through which the primary air enters.

3. GRATE - The grate is the platform in which the biomass is placed. It is also useful for
removing the ash elements from the burnt biomass.
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4. BASEPART- It can also be considered as Tray. It helps to take out ash elements from the
cookstove easily.

5. MAIN CHAMBER - This main chamber is the part where combustion will take
place.The whole process of the gasification is done this chamber.

6. BLOWER- It is just like a fan which works on rechargeable battery and it is generally
found in forced draft cookstove mostly.

2. actual setup
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3.2 GASIFICATION

 First the biomass is dried in the hot feeder in which the hot dry air is passing on the
biomass. So whatever is the moisture content in the fuel is absorbs by the air. As we
know the moisture prevents the combustion process.
 Then the dried biomass is entered into the pyrolysis reactor with some catalytic which
increases the pyrolysis process and make the combustion faster or without catalytic.
According to the results that we have obtained from experiment that with use of catalytic
the efficiency is increased by almost two per cent.
 Now for the effective combustion of the fuel all the moisture content should be
evaporated in ordered to start the carbonization phenomena depending upon the type of
biomass used. The process material they can take from several to more than a dozen
seconds and its efficiency is due to the high temperature in the upper path of the reactor.
 In the De gasification process after the pyrolysis process. The temperature during this
process is maintained about 370 to 400 degree centigrade. This temperature is best suited
for volatile particles to be evaporated and to have a good chemical reaction. And others
hydrocarbon content of almost 40% of the energy yield is consumed by the pyrolysis
process.
 When the humid air from preceding process gets combined with the combustion particles
of then the remainder of those gas is further used for heating purpose.
 As a result of this process fast concentration of the carbon element and due to that
fibrous structure improve its grind capability purely depend on the combustion
temperature inside the reactor.
 If we want to increase the efficiency of the biomass combustion, then we should use the
exhaust gas coming out the process that we generally dump into the atmosphere.
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3. Gasification process [3]

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Chapter 4: Experimentation
4.1: Experimental apparatus
 Thermo couple ( k type)
 Gas analyzer
 Filter papers
 Weighing machine
 Vacuum pump
 Thermal imager

4.Thermocouple [4]

5. Weighing machine [5] 6. Filter papers[6]

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7. Vacuum pump [7] 8. Thermal imager[8]

1. Gas analyzer[9]
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4.2 DIFFERENT TEST PERFORMED DURING THE

EXPERIMRNTATION

1 WATER BOILING TEST

2 EMMISSION TEST
3 PARTICULATE TEST
4 ON SITE TESTING
5 REVIEW OF THE USER

1. WATER BOILING TEST

 This particular test is done to find$the thermal efficiency of cookstove. In this particular test the
main parameter is to boil known amount water & by that means thermal efficiency is calculated.
 The 1st step to carry out the experiment to clean the$vessel first. One-liter water is taken into the
vessel than 1 kg mass of biomass is taken into the cookstove. After that measure the temperature
at given atmospheric condition by simple thermometer.
 Then ignite the biomass by using biodiesel and note down the temperature after time interval of
each 5 minutes.
 When the temperature of water is 100-degree C then$measure the remaining amount of water in
the vessel so we can know the amount of water evaporated during the experiment
 After performing this test calculate the mass of fuel remaining in the biomass cookstove. So, we
can know the amount of fuel consumed.

 If residual remaining after completion of WBT that is$measured and subtracted from the
consumed mass of fuel.
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐝
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝛈 =
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝
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2. PARTICULATE TEST

Particulate test is basically carried out to know the emitted particles in the atmosphere. The instruments
used the practical are vacuum pump, PM2.8 filter papers and anemometer. To performed the particulate
test following steps should be followed sequentially.

 First of all put the filter paper in the filer paper holder. One end of the holder is connected to the
vacuum pump and second end is connected to the tube which is going to face to out coming gas.
 Before performing the test take down the initial weight of filter paper.
 Be careful that the lid of the stove should be closed otherwise effect of atmospheric air will be
encountered.
 Now switch on the pump and run it on for some time.
 Note down the initial time and after some time measure the weight of the paper.
 Check the velocity of gases through the pump end by using the anemometer.
 Measure the diameter of orifice through which we measured velocity. So that we can find the
flow rate.

Volume flow rate = velocity x cross section area Volume

= volume flow rate x time Now we need find the volume of

gas corresponding to atmospheric conditions

P1VI = P2V2
T1 T3

From this we will get volume at atmospheric condition.

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3. EMISSION TEST

Using the gas analyzer , emission test is carried out and following particles are found in flue gases:

 Carbon particles
 Different types of HC
 Oxygen
 COx
 NOx
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4. ON SITE TESTING

 Stove body is stainless steel and a cooktop is cast-iron the cylindrical-shaped combustion
chamber allows the uniform variety of wood and such to be put inside of it. The storm
door improves the efficiency and the safety the only assembly you have to do is to put
the handles on both sides.
 We took some sticks of wood and anything that looks like it will burn(may it can used
corn sticks). So it was the quality of wood we had got it's not very good at all. We're
going to use all we need to do now is light this thing. We had started the fire with a
follow up with some other sticks. We had put some of the wood chunks kind of down on
the top here we don't want to smother anything but we wanted to get going pretty well
and that did not take long. We could use those recycled corn sticks and it could burn
nicely.
 Now next steps was to put some corn in the vessel and got some tap water in it and put it
on there see how long it took us to boil. Obviously if you wanted this to be a quicker
process you would put a lid on top of this can and you don't also find some way to
insulate it as it is right now the wind can cool the can pretty easily. So this would not be
the ideal situation to boil corn. It was very impressive how effective this stove as far as
using just this little bit of wood to get a flame that hot about three four minutes into the
whole process.
 We saw corn starting to heat up here this was probably about a hundred and seventy
degrees and there you had it a rolling boil in less than five minutes or thereabouts this
stove is really proven itself to be very efficient. We looked down at the fuel and we could
see that the wood had not burned up very much at all but stove like this would be a
tremendous time saver during a disaster you could gather less wood use it more
effectively maybe most importantly save time. So you could do other survival related
tasks so this is the silver fire survivor I think it lives up to its name it appears to be a
quality product and We going to continue testing it in future also.
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10 On site testing
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5. REVIEW OF THE USER

 Positive points about cook stove

1. The cooking time for boiling the corn was fewer compare to traditional cook
stove. Initially the cooking time for boiling the corn of mass of 5 kg was about
20-25 mints. But in our cook stove it took only 10 mints. for boiling the corn.

2. The fuel used for boiling same amount of the corn in our cook stove was
much lesser than her traditional cook stove.

3. The heat loss during combustion was also so less due to effective design of
our cook stove as her cook stove was open to atmosphere.

4. Attractive design of the cook stove. Perfect capacity of the stove for her
particular usage.

 Negative points about cook stove

1. Smoke emission as such was not considerably less compare to her

traditional cook stove. For that reason may that the fuel was sufficiently filled up
to the secondary duct of stove. So less air to combustion may the reason for the
smoke.

2. There is no handle, so it is difficult to move the cook stove . And it is

slightly heavier for women considering general ergonomics for women
lifting capacity.
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4.3 EXPERIMENTATION TEST READING

1. Without catalyst

Particulars Unit Sawdust Wood

Briquette

Mass of the water Kg 6.69 7.21

Mass of the vessel and lid Kg 4.23 4.426

Mass of the fuel used Kg 1.89 0.942

C.V of fuel Kj/kg 18200 18500

Total time taken for fuel Sec 2875 2100

Burning

Initial weight of wet corn Kg 2.68 0.892

After -weight of corn Kg 2.52 0.798

Initial weight of filter Mg 28 28

paper
After -weight of filter Mg 30 32
Paper
Temp. at 0 sec °C 30 30
Temp. at 540 sec °C 54 54

Temp. at 960 sec °C 95 95

Fuel consumption rate kg/hr 1.74 1.5765

Hin kJ 10452 8452.34

Hout kJ 2695.36 2150.51

Thermal efficiency (ɳ) % 27.82 27.84

Moisture removal rate kg/hr 0.45 0.18

Particulate Matter mg/Nm3 125.83 235.66

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2. With catalyst

Particulars Unit Wood Wood

+ +
5% Magnesium 7% Magnesium
carbonate carbonate
Mass of the water Kg 7.55 7.55

Mass of the vessel and lid Kg 4.313 4.313

Mass of the fuel used Kg 1.302 1.302

C.V of fuel Kj/kg 18500 18500

Total time taken for fuel Sec 2055 2020

Burning

Initial weight of wet corn Kg 1.260 1.260

After -weight of corn Kg 1.012 1.012

Initial weight of filter paper Mg 28 28

After -weight of filter Mg 30 31

paper

Temp. at 0 sec °C 31 32

Temp. at 540 sec °C 54 55

Temp. at 960 sec °C 95 96

Fuel consumption rate kg/hr 2.1612 2.1766

Hin kJ 10723.84 10683.52

Hout kJ 3082.53 3082.053

Thermal efficiency (ɳ) % 29.70 29.81

Moisture removal rate kg/hr 0.2866 0.2786

Particulate Matter mg/Nm3 123.45 123.78

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Chapter 5: CONCLUSION

 We got to know about the differences between Traditional cook stove & improved
biomass cookstove like efficiency, less fuel consumptions emission rate etc.
 Time for cooking is less than traditional cookstove.
 Different biofuels and catalyst and their efficiency differences. Emission of sawdust is
much less$than that of the wood, cow dunk etc. so it should use more.
 As we know in near future the natural gas also going to extinct so it can become like for
like transformation in cooking field.
 Yet there are some negative review about handling equipment and bulkiness of the
equipment and also some smokes which are present for particular reasons: White for
more oxygen and black for insufficient oxygen. they are very less compare to tradition
cook stove but yet that can be removed following certain modifications.
 In comparison to performance parameters our improved biomass cook stove is much
more efficient compare to traditional one. Which tends to satisfaction results.
 Finally, we can conclude that improved$biomass cook stove is appropriate in all
parameters as compared to traditional cook stove.
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Reference

1. Ministry of coal , INDIA . https://coal.nic.in/content/coal-reserves

2. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Academy

of Environmental Sciences.

3. https://www.google.com/search?biw=1536&bih=706&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=lfbyW9D
tFYfcvATJoJvQCg&q=biomass+gasification&oq=bio+mass+gas&gs_l=img.3.1.0i10
i24l3.37772.42208..44834...0.0..0.260.1518.0j11j1......1....1..gws-wiz-
img.......0j35i39j0i67j0i10j0i8i30._08sRj0ybrU#imgdii=yTf_wS06mHWCuM:&imgr
c=rIhH8UzFO_KdTM:

4. https://www.ebay.com/itm/K-Type-Thermocouple-Temperature-Sensors-w-Stainless-
Steel-Waterproof-Proof-Probe-/172523432607

5. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/digital-weighing-machine-16655475133.html

6. https://www.fishersci.se/shop/products/labconco-fast-freeze-flask-filter-
paper/11320710

7. https://www.tqc.eu/en/product/vacuum-pump-oil-free/

8. https://www.omega.com/pptst/OSXL-I_SERIES.html

9. https://www.fujielectric.com/products/instruments/products/anlz_gas/ZPAJ.html
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