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48 Chapter 5 Design Of Transmission Line

5.1. Choice of voltage level

In design of transmission line we assumed the transmitted power is 80MW at power


factor 0.9 (lagging)

32 P 0.5
V 5.5 (  )
1.6 100

32 80 u 1000 0.5
5.5(  ) 157kV
1.6 100

The nearest of standard line voltage is 132 kV, therefore it should be 132kV line.

To select number of circuit we must determine the capability of line by using surge
impedance loading (SIL) for single circuit as following:
2
VL
SIL (MW)
ZC

Where :
ZC is surge impedance and equal (400 ohm) for high voltage line.
VL is voltage of line in KV.
So ,
(132) 2
SIL 43.56 MW
400
The Surge impedance loading (SIL) for single circuit is equal 43.56 MW, less than
the transmitted power 80 MW, so we need to a double circuit. A double circuit line
has a higher power transfer capability and greater reliability than a single circuit.

5.2. Selection of the Conductor

The types of conductors that used in 132kV transmission line in Jordan is :


1. AAAC (37/4.06) 400mm2 (YEM) .
2. ACSR (53/6/3.75) 400 mm2 (Zebra).

To select the conductor determine the receiving end current to calculate the power
losses in the line so:
Pr
Ir
3VL cos I r
80 u 10 6
388.788 A
3 u 132 u 10 3 u 0.9

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49 Chapter 5 Design Of Transmission Line
Let ambient temperature be 35oC therefore temperature rise of 40oC can be allowed
referring to conductor appendix B.

The suitable conductor than used in 132kV is AAAC conductor (37/4.06mm) with
cross sectional 400 mm2 referring to Appendix e

It is necessary to calculate line losses and the line efficiency to check suitability of
this conductor, the line losses are approximately equal (3Ir2R) , where R is the total
line resistance per phase at 75oC.

The resistance of AAAC (400mm2) at 20oC is :

Rac Rdc (1  y s  y p )
0.06921(1  0.144  0.010) 0.0799 :/km

The resistance of AAAA at 75oC is :


r75 t o  75
r20 t o  20
r75 288  75
Ÿ r75 0.0976: / km
0.0799 288  20

The total line resistance per phase is :

R 0.0976 u 32 3.124: / phase

The efficiency of line by using AAAC is:


pr
line efficincy
p r  3.( I r ) 2 .R
80 u 10 6
line efficincy 0.982
80 u 10 6  3 u (388.788) 2 u 3.124

The resistance of ACSR (400mm2) at 20oC is :

Rac Rdc (1  y s  y p )
0.091(1  0.144  0.010) 0.0797 :/km

The resistance of ACSR at 75oC is :


r75 t o  75
r20 t o  20
r75 288  75
Ÿ r75 0.0974: / km
0.0797 288  20

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The total line resistance per phase is :

R 0.0974 u 32 3.118: / phase

The efficiency of line by using ACSR is :


pr
line efficincy
p r  3.( I r ) 2 .R
80 u 10 6
single circuit efficincy 0.982
80 u 10 6  3 u (388.788) 2 u 3.118
Double circuit efficiency=0.982 u 0.982 0.9643
The efficiency is high , this because the minimum size of conductor in standards is
200mm2 ,so the 400mm2 has much higher current rating , therefore a maximum
temperature will be less than 75oC ,this means the power losses of conductor
400mm2 less than 200mm2 conductor.

The characteristics of the conductor are: Cross sectional area 400mm2, Number of
strands 37, Each having diameter 4.06mm, Overall diameter 28.42mm , weight
1319kg/km, minimum breaking load 136.85kN.

Experience has shown that a span of 335m is suitable for 132kV line; hence, we
keep the span as 335m.

5.3. Calculate the inductance and capacitance


The interphase spacing of 132kV and the conductors configuration shown in figure
(5.1):

a1 6.66
c2
4.20

b1 10.16 b2
3.75

7.16
c1 a2
Figure (5.1). Double circuit of three phase line

[The dimensions in (m)]

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The method of GMD can be used To find the inductance per phase, to do this ,we
group phases together and use the following equations to find the GMD between
each phase group:

DAB 4 Da1b1 Da1b 2 Da 2b1 Da 2b 2


DBC 4 Db1c1 Db1c 2 Db 2 c1 Db 2 c 2
DAC 4 Da1c1 Da1c 2 Da 2 c1 Da 2 c 2

DAB 4
4.649 u 9.403 u 9.437 u 4.039 6.354m
DBC 4
4.039 u 9.403 u 9.437 u 4.598 6.372m
DAC 4
7.95 u 6.666 u 7.16 u 7.95 7.411m

The equivalent GMD per phase is then:

GMD 3 DAB DBC DAC

GMD 3
6.354 u 6.372 u 7.411 6.694m
GMR of each phase group is:

DSA D sb Da1a 2

DSB D sb Db1b 2

DSC D sb Dc1c 2

Dsb 0.7788 u r 8.788 u 10 3 m

DSA 8.788 u 10 3 u 10.699 0.3066m


DSB 8.788 u 10 3 u 10.16 0.299m
DSC 8.788 u 10 3 u 10.699 0.3066m

GMRL 3 DSA DSB DSC


GMRL 3
0.3066 u 0.299 u 0.3066 0.30399m

The inductance per-phase is:

6.694
Lx 2 u 10 7 ln 0.618mH / km
0.30399

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The length of line (l) is 32 km, the inductive reactance per-phase is:

XL ZL 2SfLx l 2 u S u 50 u 0.618 u 10 3 u 32 6.218:

The per-phase equivalent capacitance to neutral is obtained to


2SH 0
C F /m
GMD
ln
GMRc

GMR L GMRC

2SH 0
C 0.01798PF / km
6.694
ln
0.30399

5.4. The equivalent circuit of short transmission line

The length of line is 32km, so we represent the equivalent circuit as short circuit
transmission line as following:

The impedance of line per-phase is:


Z line R  j ZL
Z line 3.124  j 6.213Ω 6.95‘63.3qΩ

To determine the sending end voltage we must determine the receiving end
voltage and receiving end current as following:
VL L 132kV
Vr 76.2‘0qkV
3 3
Pr
Ir ‘  cos 1 φr
3VL L cos φr
80 u 106
‘  cos 1 0.9 388.788‘  25.84q A
3 u 132 u 103 u 0.9

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The sending end voltage per phase to neutral is:

VS VR  Z line I R

76200‘0  6.95‘63.3q u 388.788‘  25.84q


78.362‘1.2qkV

The sending end voltage line to line is:

Vs 78.362‘1.2qkV u 3 135.727‘1.2kV

The sending end current is:

IS IR

IS 388.788‘  25.84q A

The ABCD constant of line is :

ªA Bº ª1 Z line º ª1 6.95‘63.3qº
«C D » «0 1 » «0 1 »
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼

The sending end power factor is:

cos IS cos(1.2q  25.84q) 0.891

The sending end active power is:

Ps 3 Vs Is cos Is 3 u 78.362 u 388.788 u 0.891 81.44 MW

The voltage regulation of the line is:

V s / A  Vr 78362  76200
Re gulation% .100% .100% 2.83% The efficiency
Vr 76200
of single circuit line is:

Pr
line effenciecy % .100% 98.23%
Ps

The efficiency of double circuit line is:

K % K1 u K 2 0.9823 u 0.9823 96.5%


\

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5.5. Corona determination


The Visual critical voltage:

Vc moGg o r ln D
r

3.86 P 3.86 u 75
G 0.92492
273  t 40  273

D eq = 3 Dab Dbc Dca 3


4.649 u 4.039 u 7.95 5.31m

5.31
VC = 0.8 u 0.92492 u 21.1 u 1.128 u ln 108.384 KV
0.01128

There is no corona at good weather but for bad weather the distributive voltage

VC u 0.8=86.71 kV/line.

But at bad weather there is a corona because the humidity increases in the bad
weather so we can write:

6 u106 § 0.03 · 5.31


Vv u 0.01128 u 0.92492 u 0.72 u ¨1  ¸ u ln
2 © 0.92492 u 0.01128 ¹ 0.01128

=126.8725 KV.

But for general corona m=0.82

Ÿ VV 144.5 KV.

Losses produced from corona:

§ f  25 ·
¸ u r D V  Vc u 10
2 5
Pc = 243.5 u ¨ KW/ph/Km
© G ¹

Corona losses at bad weather:

§ 50  25 · 0.01128
u 76.2  86.71 u 10 5
2
Pc = 243.5 u ¨ ¸u
© 0.92492 ¹ 5.31
1.005 Kw / Km / Phase

Total corona losses for three phases:

Pc = 3 u1.005 u 32 96.48 Kw

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The efficiency with corona losses:

80 u 10 6
K 0.981

80 u 10 6  3 u 388.788 2 u 3.11  96.48 u 10 3

5.6. Sag Calculations


From appendix B, We assume the basic span of AAAC conductor is 335m so, the
weight of conductor is:

w m.g 1.139 u 9.81 12.94 N / m


The minimum sag of conductor is:

wl 2 12.94 u (335) 2
S min 1.33 m
8Tmin 8 u 136850

The maximum sag of conductor at bad weather (t=-5oC, the ice thickness has
10mm) is:

wl 2 12.94 u (335) 2
S max 7.20 m
8Tmax 8 u 25170

The overall diameter of ice covered conductor is:

D d  2t 28.42  10 48.42 mm 48.42 u 10 3 m

The wind pressure is :

1
wind pressure u (density of air) u (wind speed) 2 u Shape factor
2

1 60 u 1000 2
wind pressure u 1.25 u ( ) u 1 173.61 N/m 2
2 3600

The wind load Fw is:

Fw D u wind pressure 48.42 u 10 -3 u 173.61 8.41 N/m

The weight of ice per meter length of conductor is:

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8920S
wi (D 2  d 2 )
4
8920S
((48.42 u 10 3 ) 2  (24.42 u 10 3 ) 2 ) 10.766 N/m
4

The total force acting on the conductor per meter length is:

Ft ( w  wi ) 2  ( Fw ) 2 (12.94  10.766) 2  (8.41) 2 25.15 N/m

The force Ft lies in the new plane of conductor and is inclined to the vertical at an
‘J is :

ª Fw º ª 8.41 º
tan J « » «¬12.94  10.766 »¼ 0.3547 Ÿ J 19.532q
¬ w  wi ¼

The sag in the new plane is:

Ft l 2 25.15 u (335) 2
S 2.578 m
8T 8 u 136850

The vertical sag is:

Vertical Sag S cos J 2.578 u cos(19.532q) 2.43 m

The height of lowest cross-arm =minimum ground clearance+ vertical sag + length
of insulation string :

Ÿ The height of lowest cross - arm 6  2.4  1.6 10 m

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