DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PROTOTYPE MINIPOWER TILLER FOR AGRICULTURAL AND

HORTICULTURAL FIELDS

CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The basic idea of soil scratching for weed control is ancient and was done with
hoes or mattocks for millennia before cultivators were developed. Cultivators were
originally drawn by draft animals (such as horses, mules, or oxen) or were pushed or
drawn by people. In modern commercial agriculture, the amount of cultivating done
for weed control has been greatly reduced.

1.1.1 FARM POWER:

Farm Power is an essential input in agriculture for timely field operations for
increasing production and productivity of land. Farm power is used for operating
different types of machinery like tillage, planting, plant protection, harvesting and
threshing machinery and other stationary jobs like operating irrigation equipment,
threshers/ shelters / cleaners/ graders, etc.

1.1.2 SOURCES OF FARM POWER:

There are different sources of farm power available in India which are
classified as
(i) Human power
(ii) Animal power
(iii) Mechanical power (Tractors + Power tillers + Oil engines)
(iv) Electrical power
(v) Renewable energy (Biogas + Solar energy + Wind energy)

HUMAN POWER:
Human power is the main source for operating small implements and tools at
the farm. Stationary work like chaff cutting, lifting, water, threshing, winnowing etc
are also done by manual labour. An average man can develop maximum power of
about 0.1 hp for doing farm work.

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ANIMAL POWER:
Power developed by an average pair of bullocks about 1 hp for usual farm
work. Bullocks are employed for all types farm work in all seasons. Besides bullocks,
other animals like camels, buffaloes, horses, donkeys, mules and elephants are also
used at some places. The average force a draft animal can exert is nearly one-tenth of
its body weight.

MECHANICAL POWER:
Broadly speaking, mechanical power includes stationary oil engines, tractors,
power tillers and self propelled combines. Internal combustion engine is a good
device for converting liquid fuel into useful work (mechanical work). These engines
are two types
(1) Spark ignition engines (Petrol or Kerosene engine)
(2) Compression ignition engines (Diesel engines)
The thermal efficiency of diesel engine varies from 32 to 38 per cent whereas that of
petrol engine varies from 25 to 32 per cent.
In modern days, almost all the tractors and power tillers are operated by diesel
engines. Diesel engines are used for operating irrigation pumps, flour mills, oil grains,
cotton gins, chaff cutter, sugarcane crusher, threshers, winnowers etc.

ELECTRICAL POWER:
Electrical power is used mostly in the form of electrical motors on the farms.
Motor is a very useful machine for farmers. It is clean, quest and smooth running. Its
maintenance and operation needs less attention and care. The operating cost remains
almost constant throughout its life. Electrical power is used for water pumping, diary
industry, cold storage, farm product processing, fruit industry and many similar
things.

RENEWABLE ENERGY:
It is the energy mainly obtained from renewable sources of energy like sun,
wind, biomass etc. Biogas energy, wind energy and solar energy are used in
agriculture and domestic purposes with suitable devices. Renewable energy can be
used for lighting, cooking, water heating, space heating, water distillation, food

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processing, water pumping, and electric generation. This type of energy is

inexhaustible in nature.

1.1.3 CONCEPT OF FARM MECHANIZATION:

The main concept of farm mechanization is to apply the principles of

engineering and technology to do the agricultural operations in a better way to
increase crop yield. This includes the development, application and management of
all mechanical aids for field operation, water control, material handling, storage and
processing. Mechanical aids include hand tools, animal drawn implements, power
tillers, tractors, engines, electric motors, and grain processing and hauling
equipments.

1.1.4 SCOPE OF FARM MECHANIZATION:

Improved irrigation facilities, introduction of high yielding varieties. use of

higher doses of fertilizers and pesticides have increased the scope for greater farm
mechanization Farm mechanization helps for proper utilization of basic inputs like
water, seed and fertilizer, optimum placement of the seed and fertilizer, ploughing,
removal of weeds, levelling of uneven land and land reclamation. If machines are
used farmer and his animals are relieved of hard work. With the support of machines
farmer can do his job better and quicker. He will get more leisure and devote his time
to other works. He can earn better living.

1.1.5 BENEFITS OF FARM MECHANIZATION:

1. Timeliness of operation.
2. Precision of operation.
3. Improvement of work environment.
4. Enhancement of safety.
5. Reduction of drudgery of labour.
6. Reduction of loss of crops and food products.

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7. Increased productivity of land.

8. Increased economic return to farmer.
9. Improved dignity of farmer.
10. Progress and prosperity in rural area.

1.1.6 CONSTRAINTS IN FARM MECHANISATION (LIMITING FACTORS

IN FARM MECHANIZATION):
1. Small land holdings.
2. Less investing capacity of farmers.
3. Adequate availability of draft animals.
4. Lack of suitable farm machine for different operations.
5. Lack of repair and servicing facilities for machines.
6. Lack of trained man power.
7. Lack of coordination between research organization and manufacturer.
8. High cost of machines.
9. Inadequate quality control of machine.

1.1.7 STATUS OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN INDIA:

Most of the developing countries of Asia have the problem of high population
and low level of land productivity as compared to the developed nations. One of the
main reason for low productivity is insufficient power availability on the farms and
low level of farm mechanization. This is especially true in case of India.
It is now realized the world over that in order to meet the food requirement of
the growing population and rapid industrialization, modernization of agriculture is
inescapable. It is said that on many farms, production suffers because of improper
seedbed preparation and delayed sowing, harvesting and threshing. Mechanization
enables the conservation of inputs through precision in metering ensuring better
distribution, reducing quality needed for better response and prevention of losses or
wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost of production through
higher productivity and input conservation.

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1.1.8 LEVEL OF MECHANIZATION IN INDIA:

Industrialized countries of the west and in the Asian sub-continent have
achieved almost 100% mechanization in agriculture. Among the developing countries
even in china, South Korea and Pakistan are much ahead of India. Facts recorded
from FAO Year book 1990, indicating the density of tractors and combine harvesters
per thousand hectares may be seen. The world average is 19.15 tractors per thousand
hectares which is far below the international average.
In India, the introduction of improved implements was initiated in 1880, with
the advent of the department of agriculture. With the organization and expansion of
the departments in the year 1905, Steps were taken to accelerate the pace of
introduction of improved form of implements.

1.1.9 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM:

The Indian council of agricultural research (ICAR) is the main organization
looking after all agricultural research, including agricultural implements and
machinery. It coordinates a number of research projects with centres at different
places in the country. Some of the state Governments have also facilitated in setting
up of research organization at state level. Each of the state has at least one agricultural
university. A research programme usually concentrates on the development of
equipment suitable to a given farming conditions. The objective is to improve upon
the performance of indigenous implements or develop a new implement that can
either enhance labour productivity or appropriately mechanize the operation where a
labour or power shortage hinders completing the task in time.
Major tractor manufactures have set-up their own R&D facilities with well
equipped laboratory with well equipped test track. E.g. Escorts, Eicher, HMT, TAFE,
PLT, Mahindra and Mahindra. However, the small scale industries hardly have any
facility for research and development. Most of the items being manufactured by them
have been adopted from designs available within and outside the country.

1.1.10 FUTURE PROSPECTS:

Technology in the developed countries has undergone sea change in recent
years. Products being manufactured in India require a similar approach two provide
more reliable machines in terms of economy in operation, comfort, safety, easy

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maintenance and higher efficiency. Turbo chagrining and super charging of the
engines have become quite common now days in the developed countries. Similarly,
synchromesh transmission system on agricultural machines has become a common
feature.
Fluid couplings or turbo clutches are being incorporated to cushion both engine and
transmission against shock load, jerking, vibration and reducing clutch wear.
Monitoring and control systems are needed on machines to assist the operator by way
of automation in control and information’s on wheel slip, area covered, maintenance
requirement etc. These developments are required for tractors, power tillers, combine
harvesters, engines and other similar machines.
Indian Farm Machinery Industry has not made significant achievements in exports
expect a small quantity of tractors. Therefore tractor and farm machinery
manufactures will have to strive for marketing in worldwide competition market to
get reasonable market share in the exports.
In these days in village side, farmers are struggling to work in their farm land. The
jobs pertaining to Ploughing, Cutting Grass, making small Trenches etc. Is becoming very
hard due to the non availability of the labor and their cost. It is becoming very difficult to
manage economically for the farmers. Hence For people who want to work smarter, the
purchase of heavy tiller is a major investment and is burdensome and nightmare for poor
farmers.

And also the disadvantages of the heavy tiller are:

 It has been observed in the past, most of the operators are injured because of
the rotor which is situated near the operator.
 The heavy tillers are very difficult to use in the very congested areas because
of its size.
 The heavy power tiller can be configured either with rotor or with tines at the
same time.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES:
The motto of the project is to satisfy the above requirements by designing
“Mini Power Tiller” which is easy to use, light weight and does the job such as
ploughing, trenching etc in wet & dry grounds and also for the garden needs. Since
the “Mini Power Tiller” is planned to design in very small & compact in size, hence it
enables the use of the same in the congested areas. The main objective is to vary the
depth of ploughing by using pneumatics.

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1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY:

The powered rotary hoe was invented by Arthur Clifford Howard who, in
1912, began experimenting with rotary tillage on his father's farm at Gilgandra, New
South Wales, Australia. Initially using his father's steam tractor engine as a power
source, he found that ground could be mechanically tilled without soil-packing
occurring, as was the case with normal ploughing. His earliest designs threw the tilled
soil sideways, until he improved his invention by designing an L-shaped blade
mounted on widely spaced flanges fixed to a small-diameter rotor.

The mini power tiller designed is based on referring following journals

Design, Development and Fabrication of Soil Tiller and Weeder.
The soil tiller and weeder is one of the many farm mechanization in promoting
soil tiller and weeders especially considering the fact that the majority of farmers are
having small land. It reduces human effort. The implements are mostly self guided.
Working of the project is based on engine and chain sprocket mechanism which
moves the cutter or tiller. It is a great saver of time and expenses on field operations.
Thus it will have very effective uses on the farm field either for tiling as well as for
weeding. Development of high capacity energy efficient versatile machines and
combination machinery for increased labour productivity, reduced unit cost of
operation, improved timeliness of operation and suitable for custom hiring.

1.3.1 INTRODUCTION:
The soil tiller and weeder is one of the many farm mechanization. Unlike
tractors, soil tiller and weeders are nonconventional so far as the displacement of
labours is concerned. In promoting soil tiller and weeders especially considering the
fact that the majority of farmers are having small land. So they can hardly afford
costlier tractors. therefore, the soil tiller and weeder should become a useful machine
in the internal cleaning of crops which having small distance between them like
groundnuts, sugarcane, soya bin crops, cultivation of paddy, in particular, and other
crops in general for the smaller farmers. Its main objective is to reduce the man power
as in today's scenario labours are very hard to find as well as it reduces the working
time. As it could be far better than the conventional using of labours or bull for tilling
purpose.

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1.3.2 CONSTRUCTION & WORKING:

The main constructional components of the project are:
1.5 HP 4-stroke petrol start-kerosene running engine, the blade cutter of
EN 8 material, Gear assembly, pulley, body frame, wheels. For this soil tiller and
weeder the engine with petrol start and kerosene working is used. By using of hand
priming start method, the engine starts and cutter starts to rotate which is situated on
driven axle which is driven by engine shaft with the help of pulleys and gears.
Because of two wheels, an operator generally has to walk behind the soil tiller and
weeder to guide the direction of travel for various operations.

1.3.3 SPECIAL FEATURES:

From the word "soil tiller and weeder", one can make out that there is a tiller
which is powered. In this case the tiller is powered by an internal combustion engine
and so is the name derived. The soil tiller and weeder appear to be replacing the
animal power more effectively and help in increasing demand for human labour. The
small and Marginal farmers form major clientele for custom hiring of soil tiller and
weeder. In highly fragmented and small holdings, soil tiller and weeder is preferred
for arduous farm operations like paddling and preparatory tillage. Soil Tiller and
weeder are preferred by small farmers and are being used primarily for earning cash
income through custom hiring. Thus, this device provides opportunities for self
employment in rural areas. Even marginal farmers and landless labourers effectively
and profitably use the soil tiller and weeder for self-employment.

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1.3.4 TYPES OF OPERATION:

Depending upon the mode of operation, there are three types of soil tiller and
weeders.
Pull type - The soil tiller and weeder in which pull to the tiller is required to perform
the work like internal cleaning of crops, cultivation in paddy when helical cutter is
used.
Push type – The soil tiller and weeder in which push to the tiller is required to
perform the work like grass cutting. When ripper is used as a cutter uses an engine
power driven tilling device, such as rotary and crank or screw blades.
General purpose type - The soil tiller and weeder which can be used for a number of
farm operations, including the types defined under pull type and push types.
This work was done by
Md. Aqib Naque and Akhtar Ali Rizvi
Noise Attenuation Characteristics of Different Road Surfaces
During Power Tiller Transport (reference no. 9)

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CHAPTER 2
2.1 METHODOLOGY:

The system contains the following components:

DC Motor, Compressor, cultivator, 3/2 DCV, Battery and auxiliary switches.
When the switch is ON, electricity passed through the stator circuit, EMF induced in
the armature thus the motor run. The power transmission takes place between the
motor and shaft through sprocket connected to the shaft. The cultivator with tilling
blade rotates due to the rotation of the motor. The depth of tilling can also be varied
with help of pneumatic arrangement. The shaft is designed to withstand the operating
pressure safely. The tilling blades are to be designed and arranged in zig-zag manner
to perform effective cultivation.
When the higher depth of tilling is required just switch on the Compressor,
it produces the high pressure air, due to the reciprocating movement of the
compressor by utilising the power source.
The high pressure air is passed through the air pipe. The air supply is
connected to the pressure port of the 3/2 DCV and the actuating port of the valve is
connected to the piston end of the pneumatic cylinder. The extension of the cylinder is
due to the applied pressure and retraction is due to the self weight of system. During
working condition the cultivator is till the land effectively and the vehicle direction
can be varied by handle.

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CHAPTER 3
3.1 MATERIALS USED
MILD STEEL:
Mild steel, also known as plain-carbon steel. it is the most common form of
steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are
acceptable for many applications. Low carbon steel contains approximately 0.05–
0.15% carbon and mild steel contains 0.16–0.30% carbon. Mild steel has a relatively
low tensile strength, but it is cheap and malleable; surface hardness can be increased
through carburizing. It is used where ductility or softness are important.

Properties: Malleable and ductile, and therefore bends fairly easily

Uses: - It is used for nut, bolts, screws, automobile body panels, tin plate, wire
product, tubes, girders etc.

Table 2 Properties of the mild steel:

Young’s modulus 2.1e11 N/m2

Poison ratio 0.28

Density 7860 kg/m3

Thermal expansion 1.17e-5 K

Yield strength 3.7e8 N/m2

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3.2 COMPONENTS:
3.2.1 MOTOR:

SPECIFICATIONS:

Operating current: 5 A
Operating Voltage: 12V
Operating power required: 60 watt
Motor Speed: 20rpm.
A DC motor in simple words is a device that converts direct current(electrical
energy) into mechanical energy. In any electric motor, operation is based on simple
electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this
is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to
the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you
are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South)
polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The
internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate
rotational motion

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3.2.2 BATTERY:

SPECIFICATIONS:
Type: Lead -acid battery
Capacity: 12 V, 8.5 A.

The storage battery or secondary battery is such battery where electrical

energy can be stored as chemical energy and this chemical energy is then converted to
electrical energy as when required. The conversion of electrical energy into chemical
energy by applying external electrical source is known as charging of battery.
Whereas conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy for supplying the
external load is known as discharging of secondary battery. During charging of
battery, electric current is passed through it which causes some chemical changes
inside the battery. This chemical changes absorb energy during their formation. When
the battery is connected to the external load, the chemical changes take place in
reverse direction, during which the absorbed energy is released as electrical energy
and supplied to the load.

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3.2.3 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER:

SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter: 16mm
Stroke length: 40mm
With standing pressure: upto 10 bar.

Once actuated, compressed air enters into the tube at one end of the piston
and, hence, imparts force on the piston. Consequently, the piston becomes displaced
(moved) by the compressed air expanding in an attempt to reach atmospheric
pressure.

Compressibility of gasses

One major issue engineers come across working with pneumatic cylinders has
to do with the compressibility of a gas. Many studies have been completed on how the
precision of a pneumatic cylinder can be affected as the load acting on the cylinder
tries to further compress the gas used. Under a vertical load, a case where the cylinder
takes on the full load, the precision of the cylinder is affected the most. A study at the
National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan concluded that the accuracy is about ±
30 nm, which is still within a satisfactory range but shows that the compressibility of
air has an effect on the system.

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3.2.4 COMPRESSOR:

SPECIFICATIONS:
Operating current: 2 A
Operating voltage: 12 V
Operating pressure: up to 5 bar

An air compressor is a device that converts power (usually from an electric

motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline engine) into kinetic energy by compressing and
pressurizing air, which, on command, can be released in quick bursts. There are
numerous methods of air compression, divided into either positive-displacement or
negative-displacement types.

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3.2.5 CULTIVATOR DRUM:

SPECIFICATIONS:
50 mm diameter, No. Of plough teeth’s=28, ploughing teeth: 15 mm,
200 mm width, 2 mm thickness

A cultivator is a type of farm implement used for secondary tillage. One sense
of the name refers to frames with teeth (also called shanks) that pierce the soil as they
are dragged through it linearly. Another sense refers to machines that use rotary
motion of disks or teeth to accomplish a similar result. The rotary tiller is a principal
example.

Cultivators stir and pulverize the soil, either before planting (to aerate the soil
and prepare a smooth, loose seedbed) or after the crop has begun growing (to
kill weeds controlled disturbance of the topsoil close to the crop plants kills the
surrounding weeds by uprooting them, burying their leaves to disrupt
their photosynthesis, or a combination of both). Unlike a harrow, which disturbs the
entire surface of the soil, cultivators are designed to disturb the soil in careful patterns,
sparing the crop plants but disrupting the weeds.

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3.2.6 FRONT WHEEL:

SPECIFICATIONS:
Dimensions: 60 mm dia, 50 mm width.
Material used: PVC and rubber for gripping purpose.

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3.2.7 3/2 DC VALVE SOLENOID OPERATED:

Type: Spring returned solenoid operated.

3/2 means: 3 ports and 2 positions.

A pneumatic solenoid valve is a switch for routing air to any pneumatic device,
usually an actuator, allowing a relatively small signal to control a large device. It is
also the interface between electronic controllers and pneumatic systems

A solenoid is a simple electromagnetic device that converts electrical energy

directly into linear mechanical motion, but it has a very short stroke (length of
movement), which limits its applications.

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3.2.8 CHASSIS:

Chassis is a material structure designed to withstand the applied load. It holds

various components of the mini power tiller. The design of chassis is based on the
maximum possible applied load. Here the material of chassis is mild steel because of
its properties like high strength, hardness, etc; also it is easily available and low cost.
The design of chassis is based on the compactness, area required to hold the
components.

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CHPTER 4

4.1 DESIGN CALCULATIONS:

4.1.1 POWER:

P = V*I (4.1)

= 12*5 = 60 W.

4.1.2 TORQUE:

P=2πNT/60 (4.2)

N=20 rpm, P=60 W.

Hence. T=P*60/2πN

=60*60/2π*20

=28650 N-mm.

4.2 SHAFT:

4.2.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION:

Factor of safety (n) = 1.5

Yield stress (σy) = 186 MPa

Speed (N) = 20 rpm

Power (P) = 60 W

Length of the shaft (L) = 360 mm

Centre load (W) = 49.05 N

Cm = 1.5

Ct = 1

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d = [16/π σ max (Cm Mb+√ {(Cm Mb)2+( Ct T)2}]1/3 (4.3)

4.2.2 TORQUE REQUIRED:

T=9.55*106P/N

=9.55*106*60*10-3/20

=28650 N-mm.

4.2.3 BENDING MOMENT:

Mb=WL/4 (4.4)

=49.05*360/4

=4414.5 N-mm

d= [16/π*186(1.5*4414.5+{(1.5*4414.5)2+ (1*14325)2}0.5]1/3

d=9.95 mm

Hence a standard shaft of 10 mm is recommended for use.

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4.3 DESIGN OF CHASSIS:

F max= 490.5 N

F min= 49.05 N

For Mild steel

Ultimate stress (σ u) = 414 MPa

Endurance strength (σ en) = 207 MPa

4.3.1 MEAN LOAD

Fm= (F max +F min) /2 (4.5)

= (490.5+49.05)/2

Fm = 269.77 N

4.3.2 ALTERNATING LOAD

Fa = (F max-F min) /2 (4.6)

= (490.5-49.05)/2

F a = 220.725 N.

By Goodman’s relationship

K ft σ a /ABC σ en + σ m/σ u =1/n (4.7)

Correction factor (A) = 0.75

Size correction factor (B) = 0.85

Surface correction factor(C) = 0.72

Stress concentration factor (Kft) = 1

Mean stress (σm) = Fm/A = 14.715/t

Variable normal stress (σ a) = Fa/A = 9.81/t

Assume FOS (n) = 3

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By substituting above values

K ft σ a /ABC σ en + σ m / σ u =1/n
t = 0.45mm

Hence the thickness of 1mm is selected.

4.4 DESIGN OF CULTIVATOR DRUM:

Pressure (p) = 5 bar

Diameter of the drum (D) = 50 mm
Length of the cylinder drum (Ld) = 200 mm
Area (Ac) = 2πRLd
= 2π*25*200 = 31415.92 mm2

Therefore F = p* Ac (4.8)
= 0.5*31415.92 =15707 N
For mild steel, yield stress σ y=186 MPa

Hence allowable stress (σ) = σ y/n

= 186/2.5 = 74.4 MPa
σ = F/A
A = F/σ =15707/74.4 = 211.12 mm2
Also A = π/4(d02-di2) (4.9)
211.12 = π/4(502-di2)
502-di2 = 211.12*4/π
di2 = 502-268.817
di = 47.23mm
We have t = (do-di)/2
t = 1.38 mm
Hence thickness of 1.5 mm is recommended for use.

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PROTOTYPE MINIPOWER TILLER FOR AGRICULTURAL AND
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CHAPTER 5

5.1 ASSEMBLY OF MINIPOWER TILLER:

5.1.1 2D view:

5.1.2 3D model:

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 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PROTOTYPE MINIPOWER TILLER FOR AGRICULTURAL AND
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5.1.3 PHOTO COPY OF MINI POWER TILLER:

All the components are assembled according to the proposed design and the
final fabricated model is as shown in the figure. The fabricated model is cost effective
and is helpful for tilling garden and cultivating in small area. Unskilled labour can
operate the device easily.

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5.2 ADVANTAGES:

• The minipower tiller designed is lighter and easier to handle.

• It is having the advantage of tilling or cultivating in small places like between
rows of corn or beans or near tomato plants, bushes or flowers.
• It requires less storage space.
• It reduces human effort.

5.3 DISADVANTAGES:
• The major disadvantage of small tillers is that they are not designed to till very
large gardens.
• Slightly high power Engine is required compare to other tillers due to use of
hydraulic/pneumatic system.

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CHAPTER 6

6.1 CONCLUSION:

The prototype of the mini-power tiller is constructed successfully and is found

to work as per the requirements. The mini-power tiller that we developed can be used
for many activities including the cultivation of tapioca, pulses ginger, turmeric etc.
This can be achieved by using pneumatics. The equipment that is developed will be
accessible to middle class farmers who are in deep crisis due to the unavailability of
sufficient labour for working in farmland. The big scale farmers could only bear the
costly equipments used in farmlands that have very specialized purpose. Thus this
equipment would be a boon to the small scale former.

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6.2 REFERENCES:
1. American chain association, “chains for power transmission and material
handling”(Marcel Dekker).
2. Bernacki H, Haman J, Kanafojski CZ. Agricultural machines, theory
and construction. US department of Agriculture and national science
Foundation, Washington, D.C. 1972.
3. Design of machine elements - V.B. Bhandari, Tata McGraw hill
publishers.
4.”Garden tiller”, “Barbee, Jesse J,”1986”.
5. Howard Arthur Clifford (1893-1971) Australian Dictionary of biography
online edition -Australian National University 1983 Retrieved 12/07/2007.
6. Joseph Edward Shigley, ”Mechanical Engineering Design” ,McGraw
Hill,8th edition,2008.
7. Machinery manufacture-secondary tillage World Wide. Agricultural
machinery and equipment Directory 14/11/2006.Retrived 12/07/2007.
8. Machine design - Robert L Norton, Pearson Education.

9. Noise Attenuation Characteristics of Different Road Surfaces

During Power Tiller Transport, S.R. Hassan-Beygi1 and B. Ghobadian2
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Technical Engineering,
Abureihan Higher Education Complex, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
Tel: +98-0292-3021043; Fax: +98-0292-3031552; E-mail: rhbeigi@ut.ac.ir.
10.”Powered soil tillage device”, by “Zach, Lawrence J.Kosch, Alois J.”
“2005”

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