NPTEL Syllabus

Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning - Video course

MODULE 1: Introduction

NPTEL
1st Lecture
Definition of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
History of Refrigeration and Air conditioning
History from conceptual point of view:
• Ice production by nocturnal cooling in ancient India http://nptel.ac.in
and application of
evaporative cooling in India. Use of natural ice, ice
houses and ice
trade. Mechanical
• Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems
• Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems
• Air Cycle Refrigeration Systems
Engineering
• Miscellaneous Systems (Vapour Jet Refrigeration
Systems,
Thermoelectric systems, Vortex tube systems,
Intermittent-Solar
Refrigeration Systems, Combined Cycles) Coordinators:
2nd Lecture Prof. M. Ramgopal
History from Refrigerant development Point of View Department of Mechanical
• Early refrigerants (SO2, CO2, CH3Cl, CH4, C2H6 etc) EngineeringIIT Kharagpur
• Introduction of CFCs and HCFCs
• Ozone layer depletion Prof. R.C. Arora
• HFCs, HCs, NH3, CO2, H2O etc. Department of Mechanical
History from compressor development point of view EngineeringIIT Kharagpur
• Low-speed steam engine driven compressors
• High-speed electric motor driven compressors
• Rotary vane compressors
• Centrifugal compressors
• Screw compressors
• Scroll compressors
History of Air Conditioning
MODULE 2: Applications
3rd Lecture
Applications of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

a) Comfort Air Conditioning

• Residential air conditioning
• Commercial air conditioning
• Industrial air conditioning

b) Industrial Refrigeration
• Chemical and process industries
• Dairy plants
• Petroleum refineries
c) Food processing and food chain
b) Miscellanous
MODULE 3: Methods of producing low temperatures

4th Lecture
Applications of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Applications of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

• Using enthalpy of mixing (mixing of salt with water)

• Expansion in a turbine
• Throttling
• Thermoelectric effects
• Adiabatic demagnetization
MODULE 4: Review of Fundamentals
5th Lecture
a) Thermodynamics:
• 1st law of thermodynamics for open and closed
systems
• 2nd law of thermodynamics, Kelvin-Planck and Clausius
statements, and
Clausius inequality. 3rd law of thermodynamics.
• Heat Engines, Heat Pumps and Refrigeration Systems,
Maximum COP
• Thermodynamic properties
• Thermodynamic processes
• T-s and p-h diagrams

6th Lecture
a) Fluid Mechanics:
• Continuity and Momentum equations
• Bernoulli’s equation and friction factor
b) Heat Transfer:
• Modes of heat transfer
• Concept of thermal resistance and overall heat transfer
coefficient
• Radiative heat transfer coefficient
• Forced Convection, Free Convection, Boiling and
Condensation heat
transfer coefficients
MODULE 5: Air Cycle Refrigeration Systems
7th Lecture
• Reverse Carnot Cycle and its limitations
• Bell Coleman, Joule or Reverse Brayton Cycle
• Aircraft refrigeration cycles
• Joule Thompson coefficient and Inversion Temperature
• Linde, Claude and Stirling cycles for liquefaction of air.
MODULE 6: Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems
8th Lecture
• Comparison of Vapour Compression Cycle and Gas
cycle
• Ideal refrigeration cycle – Reversed Carnot cycle and
maximum COP
• Deviations of practical cycles from Carnot cycle
• Standard vapour compression refrigeration cycle (SSS
cycle),
Superheat horn and throttling loss for various
refrigerants, efficiency
9th Lecture
• Modifications to standard cycle – liquid-suction heat
exchangers
• Grindlay cycle and Lorenz cycle
• Optimum suction condition for optimum COP – Ewing’s
construction and Gosney’s method.
• Actual cycles with pressure drops and heat transfer
• Complete Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

10th Lecture
• Multipressure, multistage systems, optimum intermediate
pressure
• Two stage ammonia and halocarbon systems
11th Lecture
• Multi-evaporator systems
• Cascade systems, optimum intermediate temperature
• Manufacture of dry ice and supercritical CO2 cycle
• Autocascade cycle
MODULE 7: Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems
12th Lecture
• Working principle
• Maximum COP of the ideal VARS
• Properties of Mixtures
• Simple absorption refrigeration system
13th Lecture
Lithium bromide-Water Absorption Refrigeration
Systems
• Operating principles and applications
• Refrigerant-absorbent properties using tables and charts
• Performance evaluation and methods of improvement
• Practical problems – crystallization and air leakage
• Commercial systems – Single and multistage systems
14th Lecture
Aqua – Ammonia Refrigeration System
• Operating principles and applications
• Refrigerant-absorbent properties using tables and charts
• Practical problems and Principle of Rectification
15th Lecture
Aqua-ammonia Absorption Refrigeration Systems
• Analysis of Generator- Exhausting Column and
Rectification column
-Dephelgmator
• Three fluid system
• Solar energy based adsorption refrigeration systems
MODULE 8: Refrigeration system components
16th Lecture
Compressors
Reciprocating Compressors
• Constructional details – open , hermetic and semi-sealed
compressors
• Performance of the ideal compressor
• Clearance volumetric efficiency Effects of evaporator and
condenser pressures
• Actual volumetric efficiency
Effects of cylinder cooling, heating and friction
Empircial equations for actual volumetric efficiency
17th Lecture
Reciprocating Compressors (contd)

• Power requirements of ideal and actual compressors

optimum work for given condenser and evaporator
pressures, mean effective pressure,
pull down characteristics
• Compressor discharge temperatures and need for cooling
• Capacity control
18th Lecture
Centrifugal Compressors
Basic principle of dynamic compressor

• Velocity diagrams
• Efficiency considerations
• Construction details, applications and performance
characteristics
• Comparison with reciprocating compressors
19th Lecture
Screw compressors

• Basic principles- single screw and double screw

compressors.
• Working principle, work requirement and performance
characteristics
• Comparison with reciprocating and centrifugal
compressors
• Rotary- single vane and multi-vane compressor

20th Lecture
Condensers

• Classification based on type of construction, flow direction

etc.
• Condensing capacity and Heat Rejection Ratio
• Correlations for condensing heat transfer coefficients
• Thermal design of condensers
• Effects of fouling and noncondensible gases on
performance

21st Lecture
Evaporators
• Classification based on type of construction, flow direction
etc.
• Correlations for boiling heat transfer coefficients for
various configurations
• Design and performance aspects
• Effects of pressure drops and frost formation
Use of Wilson’s plots
22nd Lecture
Expansion devices
Capillary tubes
• Applications, operating characteristics and selection
Thermostatic expansion valves
• Applications and operating characteristics
• Internal vs external equalizers
• Cross charging, gas charging, liquid charging and fade out
point
Automatic expansion valves
Float valves – Low side and high side float valves
Electronic expansion valves
MODULE 9: Refrigerants
23rd Lecture
• Primary and secondary refrigerants
• Designation of Refrigerants.
• Desirable properties of refrigerants including solubility in
water and
lubricating oil, material compatibility, toxicity, flammability,
leak detection,
cost, environment and performance issues
• Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants
• Synthetic and natural refrigerants
• Comparison between different refrigerants vis a vis
applications
• Special issues and practical implications
• Refrigerant mixtures – zeotropic and azeotropic mixtures

MODULE 10: Properties of moist air (psychrometry)

24th Lecture
• Composition of moist air
• Methods for estimating moist air properties
• Methods for estimating moist air properties
• Important psychrometric properties
o Dry bulb temperature
o Humidity ratio
o Relative humidity
o Degree of saturation
o Dew point temperature
o Enthalpy
25th Lecture
Psychrometry (contd.)
o Adiabatic saturation
o Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature and wet bulb
thermometer
Relations between psychrometric properties
Introduction to humidity ratio vs. dry-bulb temperature
psychrometric chart and ASHRAE chart.Use of psychrometric
charts and moist air tables, Goff and Gratch tables
MODULE 11: Psychrometric Processes
26th Lecture
• Sensible cooling and heating, RSH
• Humidification and dehumidification, RLH
• Combined heat and mass transfer processes, RTH, RSHF,
o Straight line law – coil bypass factor and ADP
o Cooling and dehumidification
o Heating and humidification
o Psychrometric calculations for simple airconditioning
system and for
return air systems with bypass factor. RSHF, GSHF and
ESHF
27th Lecture
Psychrometric processes (contd.)
o Cooling and humidification (evaporative cooling)
o Adiabatic mixing
o Spray washers and cooling towers

MODULE 12: Air conditioning systems for comfort

28th Lecture
• Thermal comfort. Heat transfer from human body by
sensible and latent heat transfer. Metabolic heat generation,
steady state and unsteady state model for heat transfer,
effect of clothing and definition of effective temperatures.
PMV and PPD. ASHRAE comfort chart.
• Inside and Outside design conditions
• Summer air conditioning systems
• Winter air conditioning systems
• All year air conditioning systems
MODULE 13: Infiltration and IAQ
29th Lecture
Infiltration
o Infiltration and ventilation
o Infiltration due to stack effect, temperature difference and
wind velocity
o Air change and crack length methods for estimating
infiltration
o Infiltration due to door openings

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

o Sources of indoor air pollution
o Methods of control of IAQ
o Fresh air requirements for ventilation and IAQ
MODULE 14: Heating and Cooling load calculations
30th Lecture
Heating and Cooling load calculations
• Differences between winter and summer load calculations
• Differences between winter and summer load calculations
• Solar radiation
o Distribution of solar radiation
o Direct and diffuse solar radiation
o Earth sun angles and their relationship
31st Lecture
• Solar radiation (contd.)
o Solar radiation on horizontal, vertical and inclined
surfaces
o Solar radiation through glass, SHGF and shading
coefficients
o Effects of internal and external shading devices
32nd Lecture
Heat transfer through building structure
• Thermal resistance of various building materials
• Periodic heat transfer through walls and roof
o Governing equations
o Methods of solution
o Decrement factor and Time lag method
o Equivalent Temperature difference Method

33rd Lecture
Winter heating load calculations
• Heat losses through the structure
• Heat losses due to infiltration
• Effects of solar radiation and internal heat sources on
heating loads
• Degree day and BIN methods for estimating energy
requirements for heating

34th Lecture
Summer cooling load calculations
• Heat gain through walls and roof
• Heat gain through glazings
o Cooling Load Factors (CLF)
• Heat gain through doors, floor, partition etc.
• Internal heat gains
• Infiltration and ventilation heat gains
• System heat gains (ducts, fans, blowers etc)
35th Lecture
Fixing of supply air conditions for summer air
conditioning
o Supply air temperatures and air quantity, RSHF
o Outdoor air quantity
o Bypass factor and coil condition line
o Cooling load on the room and cooling load on the coil,
GSHF
o High latent heat load applications
o Use of reheat coils

MODULE 15: Air conditioning Systems

36th Lecture

a) All air systems

b) All water systems
c) Air water systems
d) Unitary systems
• Window air conditioners
MODULE 16: Fan and Duct Systems
37th Lecture

• Frictional pressure drops in straight ducts of circular and

rectangular cross-
 rectangular cross-
section, equivalent diameter for rectangular duct.
• Pressure losses in fittings, due to sudden enlargements,
contractions etc.
• Sizing of ducts
o Velocity Reduction method
o Equal friction method
o Static Regain method

38th Lecture
• Selection of fans
o Fan laws and fan characteristic curves
• Air distribution in rooms
• Selection and location of supply and return grills, diffusers
etc.
MODULE 17: Transport air conditioning Systems
39th Lecture

• Air conditioning systems for automobiles (cars, buses

etc.)
• Air conditioning systems for trains
• Air conditioning systems for ships
MODULE 18: Control systems for Refrigeration and Air
conditioning applications
40th Lecture

• Closed loop and open loop control systems

• Choice of control systems
• Types of control action
• Energy sources, controllers and controlled devices
• Control based on space temperature
• Control based on outside temperature
• Control based on heating and cooling medium
• Control of humidity
• Complete control systems

A joint venture by IISc and IITs, funded by MHRD, Govt of India http://nptel.ac.in