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Sample Problems
Z Z Z
p
1 x2 x6
1. dx 4. p dx 7. p dx
x2 + 4 16 x2 1 x14
Z Z
p p
2. 1 x2 dx 5. x2 + 4 dx
Z1
Z Z tan 1 x
1 x2 8. dx
3. p dx 6. p dx x2 + 1
x2 9 x2 + 9 0
Practice Problems
Compute each of the following integrals. Please note that some of the integrals can also be solved using other,
previously seen methods.
Z Z Z
1 p p
1. p dx 5. 16 x2 dx 9. x2 + 1 dx
x2 25
Z Z
x 1 Z
2. p dx 6. p dx 1
x2 25 16 x2 10. p dx
x2 +1
Z Z
x2 x Z
3. p dx 7. p dx x
x2 25 16 x2 11. p dx
x2 +1
Z Z
p x2
4. x2 25 dx 8. p dx Z
16 x2 x2
12. p dx
x2 + 1
p 1 1 1 p p
1.) ln x + x2 + 4 + C 2.) sin x+ x 1 x2 + C 3.) ln x + x2 9 +C
2 2
1 x 1 p 1 p 2 p
4.) 8 sin x 16 x2 + C 5.) x x + 4 + 2 ln x + x2 + 4 + C
4 2 2
1 p 2 9 p 1 2
1
6.) x x +9 ln x + x2 + 9 + C 7.) sin x7 + C 8.)
2 2 7 32
p p 1 p 2 25 p
1.) ln x + x2 25 + C 2.) x2 25 + C 3.) x x 25 + ln x + x2 25 + C
2 2
1 p 2 25 p 1 x 1 p 1 x
4.) x x 25 ln x + x2 25 + C 5.) 8 sin + x 16 x2 + C 6.) sin +C
2 2 4 2 4
p 1 x 1 p 1 p 2 1 p
7.) 16 x2 + C 8.) 8 sin x 16 x2 + C 9.) x x + 1 + ln x + x2 + 1 + C
4 2 2 2
p p 1 p 2 1 p
10.) ln x + x2 + 1 + C 11.) x2 + 1 + C 12.) x x +1 ln x + x2 + 1 + C
2 2
Using this triangle, we do not have to do heavy duty algebra because we can read (up to sign) the trigonometric
functions of in terms of x and a.
Z
1
Example 1: Compute the integral p dx.
2
x +4
Solution: We will use a trigonometric substitution. We start with a reference triangle where the hypotenuse is the
denominator. Using the substitution x = 2 tan , (where < < ) we will transform the integral into one in .
2 2
p
From the triangle, x = 2 tan . Then dx = 2 sec2 d . The expression x2 + 4 becomes 2 sec - using the picture,
or using algebra. Recall the identity tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
p q p p p p
x + 4 = (2 tan )2 + 4 = 4 tan2 + 4 = 4 tan2 + 1 = 2 sec2 = 2 jsec j
2
Now we need to reverse the substitution and write the result as an expression of x: This is where the reference
triangle comes handy. p
x2 + 4 x
sec = and tan =
2 2
Z p
1 x2 + 4 x
Thus the answer is p dx = ln + + C: This expression can be further simpli…ed:
x2 + 4 2 2
p p
x2 + 4 x x2 + 4 + x p p
ln + + C = ln + C = ln x2 + 4 + x ln 2 + C = ln x2 + 4 + x + C
2 2 2
p
and so the …nal answer is ln x2 + 4 + x + C .
p
Case 2. The substitution x = a sin where < < . This is useful in handling an integral involving a2 x2 .
2 2
The picture below shows the reference triangle we use for this substitution.
Using this triangle, we can read (up to sign) the trigonometric functions of in terms of x and a.
Z
p
Example 2: Compute the integral 1 x2 dx.
Solution: This is a very famous integral because it leads to the area formula
p of the unit circle. We will use a
trigonometric substitution. We start with a reference triangle where the 1 x2 is one of the legs. Using the
substitution x = sin , ( < < ) we will transform the integral into one in .
2 2
p
From the triangle, x = sin . Then dx = cos d . The expression 1 x2 becomes
p p p
1 x2 = 1 sin2 = cos2 = jcos j
This is an integral we have already seen; we can simplify it using the double angle formula for cosine.
1
cos 2 = 2 cos2 1 =) cos2 = (cos 2 + 1)
2
Z Z Z
2 1 1 1 1
cos d = (cos 2 + 1) d = cos 2 + 1 d = sin 2 + +C
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= (2 sin cos ) + + C = sin cos + +C
2 2 2 2
Now we need to reverse the substitution and write the result as an expression of x: This is where the reference
triangle comes handy. p
sin = x, cos = 1 x2 and = sin 1 x
Z
p 1 1 1 p 1
Thus the answer is 1 x2 dx = sin cos + + C = x 1 x2 + sin 1 x + C
2 2 2 2
Z1
p
Note that if we now compute 1 x2 dx the result is the area of the unit semi-circle, .
2
1
p
Case 3. The substitution x = a sec where 0 < < . This is useful in handling an integral involving x2 a2 .
2
The picture below shows the reference triangle we use for this substitution.
Using this triangle, we can read (up to sign) the trigonometric functions of in terms of x and a.
Z
1
Example 3: Compute the integral p dx.
x2 9
Solution: We will use a trigonometric substitution. We start with a reference triangle where the hypotenuse is x and
one shorter side is 3. Using the substitution x = 3 sec , we will transform the integral into one in .
p
From the triangle, x = 3 sec . Then dx = 3 sec tan d . The expression x2 9 becomes 3 tan - either from
the picture or using algebra. Recall the identity sec2 x = tan2 x + 1
p q p p p p
x 2 9 = (3 sec )2 9 = 9 sec2 9 = 9 sec2 1 = 3 tan2 = 3 jtan j
Again, Z
sec d = ln jsec + tan j + C
Now we need to reverse the substitution and write the result as an expression of x: This is where the reference
triangle comes handy. p
x x2 9
sec = and tan =
3 3
Z p
1 x x2 9
Thus the answer is p dx = ln jsec + tan j + C = ln + + C. We can still simplify this result
x2 9 3 3
a bit:
p p
x x2 9 x + x2 9 p p
ln + + C = ln + C = ln x + x2 9 ln 3 + C = ln x + x2 9 + C2
3 3 3
Z
1 p
Thus the …nal answer is p dx = ln x + x2 9 +C .
x2 9
Z
x2
Example 4: Compute the integral p dx
16 x2
Now we need to reverse the substitution and write the result as an expression of x: This is where the reference
triangle comes handy. Recall that x = 4 sin and so
1 x
= sin and
4 r r
p x x 2 x 1
sin 2 = 2 sin cos = 2 sin 1 sin2 =2 1 = (16 x2 )
4 4 2 16
x 1 p 1 p
= 16 x2 = x 16 x2
2 4 8
Z
x2 1 x 1 p
And so the …nal answer is p
dx = 8 4 sin 2 + C = 8 sin x 16 x2 + C
16 x2 4 2
Z
p
Example 5: Compute the integral x2 + 4 dx
u = sec v = tan
In short,
du = sec tan d dv = sec2 d
Z Z
u dv = uv v du becomes
Z Z
sec sec2 d = sec tan tan sec tan d
Z Z
sec3 d = sec tan tan2 sec d recall tan2 + 1 = sec2
Z Z
sec3 d = sec tan sec2 1 sec d
Z Z
sec3 d = sec tan sec3 sec d
Z Z Z
sec3 d = sec tan sec 3
d + sec d
Z Z
2 sec3 d = sec tan + sec d
Z
2 sec3 d = sec tan + ln jsec + tan j + C
Z
1 1
sec3 d = sec tan + ln jsec + tan j + C
2 2
Now the original integral is
Z p Z
1 1
x + 4 dx = 4 sec3
2 d =4 sec tan + ln jsec + tan j + C
2 2
= 2 sec tan + 2 ln jsec + tan j + C
Now we need to reverse the substitution and write the result as an expression of x: Recall that x = 2 tan . Then
x
tan = and
2 r r r
p
2 x 2 1 2 1 2 1p 2
sec = tan + 1 = +1= x +1= (x + 4) = x +4
2 4 4 2
and so
Z p
1p 2 x 1p 2 x
x2 + 4 dx = 2 sec tan + 2 ln jsec + tan j + C = 2 x +4 + 2 ln x +4+ +C
2 2 2 2
p
1 p 2 x + x2 + 4 1 p p
= x x + 4 + 2 ln + C = x x2 + 4 + 2 ln x + x2 + 4 ln 2 + C
2 2 2
1 p 2 p 1 p 2 p
= x x + 4 + 2 ln x + x2 + 4 2 ln 2 + C = x x + 4 + 2 ln x + x2 + 4 + C
2 2
Z
x2
Example 6: Compute the integral p dx
x2 + 9
Z
x6
Example 7: p dx
1 x14
du
Solution: Let u = x7 . Then du = 7x6 dx and so dx = . Then the integral becomes
7x6
Z Z
x6 du 1 1
p 6
= p du
1 u 7x
2 7 1 u2
1
We can either recognize that this is the derivative of sin u:
Z
1 1 1 1 1 1
p du = sin u+C = sin x7 + C
7 1 u 2 7 7
1 1
So the answer is sin x7 + C .
7
Z1
tan 1 x
Example 8: dx
x2 + 1
0
1 x. 1 1 (0)
Solution: Let u = tan Then du = dx. For the limits of the integral, when x = 0; then u = tan =0
1 + x2
and when x = 1; u = tan 1 (1) = : So our integral becomes
4
Z1 Z=4 =4
tan 1 x u2 1 2 1 2 2
dx = u du = = 02 = =
x2 + 1 2 0 2 4 2 16 32
0 0
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