OXFORD

LEARNER'S
iPOCKET
DICTIONARY

/ /

/
 Key to phonetic symbols

Vowels and diphthongs

i: as in see si:. 3: as in fur /f3:(r)/
1 as in Sit /Sll, d as in ago /a'gau/
c as in ten ten/ ei as in page /peid3/
X as in hat had' do as in home /haum/
a: as in arm /a;m/ ai as in five /faiv/
as in got got/ at) as in now /nau/
as S^w as in join /dpin/
f
h a'
in
m put
'sd:'

poi,
ni

13 as in near /ni»(r)/
as in too lu: CD as in hair /h<»(r)/
r as in cup kAp. oo as in pure /pju3(r)/

%
Consonants —
i as in pen pen s as in so sao/
b as in ba^j bsd / as in zoo //u:
f, as in tea ti:
I as in she /Ji;/
d as m <^icl ,did 3 as in vision /'vi3n
k as in cat kxi h as in how /hau;
9 as m got got m as in man macn,
tj as in chin ijm n as in no nao
^^ as in June d3u:n as in sing Ml]
f as in tall ihX 1 as in leg /leg/
V as in voice V3IS. r as in red red,
as in thin Oin, or. in yes jes;
J
ft as in then ftcn w as in wet wet/

represents primary stress

as m
about /^'baoi,
,, represents secondary stress
as in academic .acka'demik-

(r) An *r* parentheses is heard in British pronuncialion

in
^hen It immediately followed by a word beginning
IS

vN'iih a vowel sound Otherwise it is omitted

H:itphcnv receding and/or following parts of a

rcpej»^ct irji,^ ..p,T7T~;4icalc that only the repealed
pan ha, ^,-s

I m\
General consultant A P Cowie

Oxford
Learner's
Pocket
~ \
Dictionary

» j

Prepared with the assistance of

Alan Evison ^"^ "*

^
.r^^' hidt&i Mubjana

July as"*. 5^

>

Oxford University Press

 Oxford University Press, Waltort Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP
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Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press

© Oxford University Press. 1980, 1983

First published
1983
Sixth impression 1987

{OffginclHy published as Oxford Keys English Dictionary, 1980)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.

7l|if book is soj^ subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of
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without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover
other than that ih which it is published and without a similar condition
including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

This kpok 4m9ludes some words which are or are asserted to be

proprietary names. The presence or absence of such assertions should
not be regarded as affecting the legal status of any proprietary name
or trademark.

ISBN 19 431280 1

Computer typeset in Times and Vnivers bv Oxford University Press

^riied in Hong Kong
^

L
 Preface

This compact dictionary has been specially designed for

the learner of English. It deals with a general vocabulary
of more than 1 7,000 items in sufficient detail to meet many
of the reference needs of students, particularly at inter-
mediate level.

Even a dictionary small enough to shp into a pocket or

handbag must try to serve and harmonize certain basic
reference needs. At times the learner will simply wish to
check a spelling or trace the meaning of a word he has met
for the first time. But he will also look to the dictionary to
helphim use new vocabulary acceptably: he v/ill want to
compose as well as comprehend.

The user of this general dictionary who wants quick

access to meanings will be helped by the way in which the
various senses of a word such as agree or beat are
numbered and arranged, by the marking in bold print
of compounds, and by the simple language of the
definitions.

At the same time the learner is given much guidance on

the forms and uses of words. Part of this help is with
spelling and pronunciation. Plural forms whose spellings
are hkely to cause difficulty are always carefully shown,
and the irregular written and spoken forms of verbs are all
indicated, some in special entries of their own. Space has
also been found for marking the difference between
countable and uncountable nouns— a familiar stumbling
block for the learner. Although the scale of the dictionary
rules out an elaborate treatment of idioms, they are easily
picked out from the text, and alternative forms are neatly
and economically shown — as m (every) now and thenj
again.

This attractive dictionary is a remarkable feat of selection

and compression guided by a clear sense of the learner's
practical needs.

A P Cowie
 Using the dictionary

Headwords
The headwords are shown in bold type
acid
dance
The bold dot (•) shows where the word can be divided in
written English

con'Vey
ac-cu-mu-late
When two headwords have the same spelling but different
meanings they are numbered

crash^
crash^

Compound words and

derivatives
Compound words are made up of two or more words
joined together (e.g. words
crash-course). Derivatives are
formed from other words (e.g. craftily from craft). These
types of word appear in bold type at the end of an entry.

cour-age /'kAnds/ n [U] . . . '^ous /ka'reidsas/ adj

crash^ /kraej/ n[C] . . . '^-course/programme

Idioms and phrasal verbs

One of the major difficulties for any person learning
Enghsh is understanding idiomatic expressions and
phrasal verbs whose meanings are not clear from the
meaning of the headword. In this dictionary the most
important idioms and phrasal verbs are shown in bold
italic type, and are clearly defined with many examples
to show how they are used.

modeP /'modi/ vtji (-II-, US -I-) 1 shape (in some soft

substance). 2 work as a model(3,4). 3 oneself on/ ^
upon sb, take as a good example.

,
 Nouns
Nouns which can be used in the singular {a dog) and/or
plural {some dogs) are marked [C] (countable):

grape /greip/ n [C]

Nouns which do not have a plural form (sugar, milk) are

marked [U] (uncountable). These nouns are used with
some, much, a lot of, enough, etc.

linen /'hmn/ n [U]

Some nouns can be used as either countable or un-

countable. They are marked
For example coffee
[C,U].
is [C] as in Two and [U] as in Have you any
coffees please,
more coffee please? Most nouns in EngHsh have regular
plural forms, by adding s to the noun e.g. dog—dogs, or by
adding es if the noun ends in s, z, x, ch or sh e.g.
church— churches. If a noun does not have a regular plural
it is shown in the dictionary.

man^ /maen/ n [C] (/>/ men /men/)

lady /'leidi/ ^2 [C] {pi -dies)
wolf /wulf/ n {pi wolves /wulvz/)
All adjectives of one syllable (e.g. nice, green) and most of
those with two syllables (e.g. gentle, happy) make the
comparative and superlative forms by adding -r, -sV,
-er, -est; or -ier, -iest to the end of the adjective. These are
shown in the dictionary:

gentle /'dsentl/ adj (-r, -st)

green^ /gn:n/ adj (-er, -est)
happy /'haepi/ adj (-ier, -iest)

Verbs
When the spelling and pronunciation of the past tense {pt)
and past participle {pp) of a verb are irregular, these forms
are shown at the beginning of the entry for the verb:

know /nsu/ vtji {pt knew /nju:/; pp ~n /naun/)

rise^ /raiz/ vi {pt rose /raoz/; pp risen /'rizn/)

Doubled consonants. Many

verbs that end in a single
consonant have this repeated to make the past
letter
tense, past participle or present participle (e.g.
stop— stopped— stopping). Some adjectives repeat the
final consonant in the same way (e.g. hot—
hotter— hottest). These are shown in the dictionary:

pin^ /pm/ v/ (-nn-)

sad /saed/ adj (-der, -dest)

The box a
Many headwords can be used for more than one part of
speech. The word gear, for example, can be used as a noun
and a verb. These different uses of one word are separated
in each entry by a box d.

The tilde ^
The symbol ~ is used in place of the headword in ex-

amples, derivatives, compounds, and idiomatic expres-

sions.

cair /kD:l/ « [C] . . . 4 message; summons; invitation:

telephone '^s. a close ^v., a narrow escape from
danger, '-^-box, public kiosk with a telephone.

The slant mark /

The slant mark / is used to show choice in a phrase. For

example:
argue for/against/that means that argue for, argue
against and argue that are all possible expressions in
English.

Brackets ( )

Brackets ( ) show words that may be omitted

are used to
from a phrase or sentence. For example:
take up arms (against) means that take up arms
and take up arms against are both possible expressions.

The arrow c>

The arrow O used to show a cross-reference. It guides
is
you to another part of the dictionary where you will find
further information.

order^ «... 3 [U] obedience

/'D:d3(r)y to the law. O
disorder, law and ^^^ O law(3).
 Symbols and
abbreviations used

abbr abbreviation (P) Proprietary name

adj adjective Pl plural
adv adverb PP past participle
(anat) anatomy prep preposition
aux verb auxiliary verb pres part present participle
IC] countable noun pron pronoun
(chem) chemistry Pt past tense
conj conjunction rel pron relativepronoun
eg For example sb somebody
(elec) electricity {Scot) Scotland
esp especially sing singular
ifig) figurative {sD slang
(Fr) French sth something
(GB) British [U] uncountable noun
{gram) grammar {US) American
{hist) historical vi verb intransitive
i e in other words vt verb transitive
{lit) literary O look at (cross-
{maths) mathematics reference)
{med) medicine A taboo
{mil) military a shows a change in
{myth) mythology the part of speech
n noun in an entry
opp opposite
 1 A/above
promise, law), cannot '^, can-
not tolerate.
abil-ity /a'bibti/ n (pi -ies) [C.U]
skill; power (to do something).
ab-ject /'aebd3ekt/ adj (formal)
(of conditions) poor; miserable:

Aa living in ~
poverty. '>^ly adv
ablaze /a'bletz/ adj. adv (formal)
1 on fire. 2 (fig) shining: her eyes
--v with e.xcitement.

A\ a /ei/ {plA's. a's /eiz/) the first able /'eibl/ adj 1 be '^ to do
letter of the Enghsh alphabet. sth. have the power, means or
a^ /a strong form: ei/, an /an opportunity. c> can^. 2 (-r, -st)
strong form: aen/ indefinite ar- clever; capable, i^^^-'bodied adj
ticle {an is used before a vowel) 1 physically strong, ably adv
one (but no particular one). 2 ab-nor-mal /,aeb'nD:ml/ adj not
(used when speaking or writing normal; unusual. 'x/ity
about number. quantity, /-'maebti/ n [C,U] (p/-ies).
groups, etc): a lot of money. 3 aboard /3'bD:d/ adv, prep on or
each: 60 miles an hour. into a ship, aircraft, or (US) a
aback /a'baek/ adv be taken ->-', train or coach.
be suddenly surprised. abode /s'baud/ n of/ with no
aba-cus /'aebakas/ n [C] (pi ^^es) fixed '^, (legal) having no per-
frame with beads sliding on rods manent home.
used for calculating. abol-ish /a'bolij"/ vt put an end
aban-don /a'baendan/ vt 1 go to: ~ taxes. abol-ition
away from; desert. 2 give up: '^ /.ajba'hjn/ n [UJ
an idea, '^ed adj left or desert- A-bomb /'ei bom/ « O atomic
ed: an '^edcar. '>^ment n [U] bomb.
abashed /s'baejt/ adj (formal) abom-in-able /s'bominabl/ adj
very embarrassed or ashamed. 1 causing hatred and disgust. 2
abate s'beit/ vt/i make or be- (informal) unpleasant; bad: '\^
come less: the wind^^d. '>^ment weather, abom-in-ably adv. .

n[\J]: noise -^^ment abo-rig-inal /,aEb3'nd33nl/ adj. n

ab-at-toir /'aeb3twa:(r)/ n [C] [C] (person, animal, etc) existing
slaughter-house (for cattle, in a region from earliest times.
sheep, etc). abort /a'bort/ vt/i 1 come to
ab-bess n [C] woman at
/'aebes/ nothing; cancel: -^ a spaceflight.
the head of a convent. 2 give birth to an undeveloped
ab-bey /'asbi/ n [C] (pi ~s) build- foetus, '^ive adj unsuccessful:
ing(s) in which monks or nuns an ~/ve revolution
lived. abortion /a'bDiJn/ n [C,U]
ab-bot /'aebat/ n [C] man at the (legal) (instance oO abort-
head of a monastery. ing(2).
ab-brevi-ate /a'brirvieit/ vt shor- abound /a'baund/ vi have, exist,
ten (a word, title, etc), ab- in great numbers or quantities.
brevi'ation n [C] shortened about^ /a'baut/ adv of degree a
form (esp of a word). little more or less than; a little
ab-di-cate /'aebdikeit/ v/// give before or after: '>- enough/ten
up a high office (eg the throne). o'clock. O exactly, just^(2).
ab-di*ca-tionn[U] about^ /a'baut/ adv, prep 1
ab*do-men /'aebdaman/ n [C] the (showing position, movement)
stomach and bowels, ab- here and there, in no particular
domi'nal /aeb'dominl/ adj direction: walking ^
(the town);
ab-duct /aeb'dAkt/ vt take (a per- papers lying ^
(the room). 2
son) away by force. c> kidnap. (used with be): There was no one
ab'ductionHn//i[C,U] '^, no one present or near. 3 rel-
abet /a'bet/ vt (-tt-) aid and '^ ated to: Tell me all -^ it. How/
sb. (legal) help him to do What '^..., (used to make a
wrong. suggestion). 4 be '^ to start,
ab-hor /9b'hD:(r)/ vt (-U-) (for- etc, be ready to do something.
mal) hate; detest. '>^rence S bring sth '^, C> bring (5).
/ab'horsns/ n [U]. '>^rent adj above /a'bAv/ adv 1 at a higher
^

abide /a'baid/ v/// '^ by. keep (a point. 2 earlier (in a book etc).

i
above/accept 2

above^ /a'bAV/ prep 1 higher not do something (eg drink

than: fly ~ ihe clouds. 2 greater beer).
in number, price, weight, etc. 3 ab-sten-tion ab'stenjn n [C,U]
'^ all. more than anythmg else. (instance oQ abstaining, esp not
over and ^. addition to.
in voting.
ab-ra-sion '3'brei3n; n 1 [U] ab-sti-nence /'aebstmans, n [U]
rubbing, scraping. 2 [C] area abstaining, eg from drinking
where something has been wine, beer, etc.
rubbed or scraped away. ab-stract 'aebstraekt/ adj
ab-ras-ive a'breisiv n [C,U] thought of as an idea, not using
substance used for making sur- particular examples. '>^ 'art, art
faces smooth, a adj 1 causing which does not represent ob-
abrasion. 2 (Jig) harsh: his ^ jects, scenes, etc in an obvious
manner. way. a n [C] short account (of a
abreast a'brest/ adv side by book, speech).
side, be /keep '^ (of/with), absurd ab'said/ adj unreason-
be up to date: be ~ of the news. able; ridiculous. '>-ity n [C,U]
abridge /a'brids, vi make (a (pl-\es). '^\y adv
book, etc) shorter, abridg(e)- abun-dance /a'bAndans/ n [U]
ment«[C,U] great amount: an '^ of food.
abroad s'brDid adv in or to a abun-dant /-ant/ at^ more than
foreign country: travel'^. enough.
abrupt /9'brApt/ adj 1 very sud- abuse^ n 1 [C,U] wrong
/a'bjurs/
den: an ~
stop. 2 (of speech, be- use: an ~of power. 2 [C] unjust
haviour) bad-tempered; un- custom or practice. 3 [U] angry
friendly, -^ly adv. ^ness n [U] attack in words; bad language.
ab-scess 'aebses/ n [C] painful abuse^ /3'bju:z/ vt 1 make a
swelling m the body containing wrong use of: '^ one 's authority.
pus. 2 say cruel or unjust things to or
ab-scond /ab'skond/ vi go away about a person, abus-ive
suddenly, esp to avoid arrest. a'bjirsiv/ adj using bad lan-
ab-sence /'aebsans, n 1 [C,U] guage.
(occasion or period of) being abys'tnal /a'bizmal/ adj very
away: ^
from school. 2 [U] non- bad: an ^failure. '>^ly adv
existence: in the -^ of informa- abyss /s'bis/ n [C] (pi '^es) 1
tion. hole so deep as to appear bot-
ab-sent^ /'aebsant' adj '^ from, tomless. 2 (fig) deepest degree.
not present at. '^-'minded adj aca-demic /laeks'demik, adj^ of
unaware of what is happening teaching, studying; of schools
because thinking of something etc. 2 too concerned with theory
else. and not sufficiently practical, a
ab-sent^ /ab'sent/ vr (formal) ^ n [C] professional scholar, 'x.al-
oneself from, stay away \y adv
(from). ac-cel-er-ate /ak'sebreit/ vt/i 1
ab-sen-tee /,aebs9n'ti:/ n [C] per- increase the speed of. 2 (of a mo-
son who is absent. tion or process) become faster.
abso-lute/'2ebs3lu:t/a<//l com- ac-cel-e'ration n [U]. ac-cel-
plete: ^
trust. 2 not limited: an er-ator n [C] device, eg the pe-
~ ruler. 3 undoubted: proof. ~ dal in a car, for controlling
-^ly adv (a) /'aebs3lu:tli/ com- speed.
pletely: He's -^ly right, (b) n [C]
ac-cent^ /'aeksant/ 1 force
/,3ebs3'lu:th/ (informal) I agree given to a syllable when speak-
with you. ing. 2 written symbol over or
ab solve /ab'zolv/ vr ^ from. under a letter, eg cafe. 3 individ-
say somebody is free (from sin, a
ual, local or national way of
promise, etc). pronouncing.
ab-sorb /ab'soib/ vt 1 take in, eg ac-cent^ /aek'sent/ vt put em-
a liquid, heat, light. 2 hold
the phasis on (a syllable or word).
attention, interest of: '^ed in his
ac-cen-tu-ate /sk'sentjueit/ vr
y^ork. -^ent adj that ab- give more force or importance
sorbs (1 ): '^ent paper. to.
ab-sorp.tion /ab'so.-pjn/ n [Uj ac-cept /ak'sept/ vr// 1 (agree to)
action of absorbing(l).
receive (something offered). 2
ab stain ab'stem/ vi'^(from) agree to; recognize: ~
a respon-
 access/acid

sibility. ^able /-sbl/ adj. (music) wind instrument with a

'>^ance /-ans/ n [U] keyboard.
ac-cess /'aekses/ n [U] 1 way (in) ac-cost /a'kost/ vt go up to and
to a place. 2 '^ to. opportunity speak to first, esp a stranger.
of reaching or using: to good ~ ac-count^ /s'kaunt/ n 1 [C]
books, --wible /ak'sesabl/ adj. (commerce) statement of money
ac-ces-sion /aek'sejn/ n [U] (to be) paid or received, open
reaching a high position or an '^. start to keep one's money
state. at a bank, etc. C> currentV2),
ac-cess-ory /sk'sesari/ n [C] (/>/ deposit^(3), joint^ and save\ 2
-ies) 1 person who helps, esp in a [C] calculation. 3 [C] report;
crime. 2 thing that is extra, but description: give an of the ~
not essential. meeting. 4 [U] take sth into
ac-ci-dent /'aeksidant/ n 1 [C] '-^: take ^ of sth. note or con-
something unexpected and usu- sider it. 5 [U] on ^ of. because
ally unfortunate. 2 [U] by ac- of. on no '^. not for any
cident, by chance: I met her bv reason.
~. ^tal /-'dentl/ adj. '^ally ac-count^ "^ for.
/a'kaunt/ vt/i
/-tall/ a^v (a) be an explanation of. (b)
ac-claim /s'kleim/ vt applaud give an explanation of money
loudly. D n [U] applause; appro- spent, '^able /-abl/ adj '^able
val. for. responsible for.
ac-cli-mat-ize /a'klaimalaiz/ vtji ac-count-ancy /a'kauntansi/ n
get used to a new climate or en- [U] profession of an accountant.
vironment. ac-count-ant -D'kaontant/ n [C]
ac-col-ade /'aekaleid/ n [C] {Jig) (GB) person who keeps and ex-
praise; approval. amines business accounts.
ac-commodate /s'komsdeit ac-crue /a'kru:/ vi increase: in-
vt 1 provide lodging for. 2 terest ~5 on your loan.
change to fit something else: ~ ac-cu-mu-late /a'kjurmjuleit/
oneself to a new plan, ac-com- vtji make or become greater in
mo'da-tion n [U] {GB) furnish- quantity, accumu'lation n
ed or unfurnished room(s). ac- [C,U].
'commodating, helpful. ac-cu-racy /'aekjsrasi/ n [U] de-
ac-compani-ment a'kAm.- gree of being correct.
panimant/ n [C] 1 thing that usu- ac-cu-rate /'aekjsrat/ adj exact;
ally goes with another thing. 2 correct.'>^\y/ adv

(music) music played to support ac-cu-sa-tion isekju'zeijn/ n [C]

,

a singer or solo instrument. charge of doing wrong.

accompanist /a'kAmpanist n ac-cuse /a'kjurz/ vt say that
[C] person who accompanies a somebody has done wrong, the
musician. accused, the person(s) charg-
ac-com-pany /a'kAmpani/ vt ed with a crime, accuser, per-
ipt.pp -led) 1 go wit'.i: accom- son who accuses.
panied by his wife. 2 (music) play accustom /s'kAstam/ vt be
an accompaniment (2) to. '^ed to. have experience of; do
ac-com-piice /a'k vmplis/ n [C] often, "s-ed adj usual: in his '^ed
helper or companion (in doing seat.
something illegal). ace /eis/ n [C] 1 the one on dice,
ac-com-plish 'a'kAmpliJ/ vt playing-cards, etc. 2 (informal)
succeed in doing. '>^ed adj well an expert.
trained; skilled, -^-^ment n (for- ache /eik/ vj, n [C] (cause, have a)
mal) (a) [U] completion, (b) [C] continuous pain: My back was
thing well done; skill. aching. -^ for. want very much.
ac-cord /a'koid n [U] of one's achieve get (some-
/s'tjirv/ vt 1
own '^. without being asked or thing) done. 2 gain or reach by
forced; willingly. effort: ~
success, achiev-able
ac-cord-ing /a'kordir)/ prep ~ /-sbl/ adj. ~ment /-mant/ n [C,
to. 1 on the authority of (eg the U]
Bible). 2 proportion to: pun-
in acid adj 1 sour. 2 (fig)
/'aesid/
ished ^
to the crime. 3 in order sarcastic: -^comments, a n [C,U]
of: books arranged ~
to subject. (chem) substance, containing
"^ly ac/v for that reason. hydrogen, which dissolves me-
ac-cord-ion /a'koidian/ n [C] tals. '-^ test, (jig) test of the

1
acknowledge /adapt
value ofbomething.
acknowledge /ak'nolids/ vt 1
admit: / ~ my mistake.
that one has received (eg a let-
ter). 3 express thanks for ac-
knowledg(e)ment
acne /'aekni/ n [U] pimples
face and neck.
acorn /'eikoin/ n [C] seed or fruit
of the oak tree.
acous-tic /9'ku:stik/ adi of
sound, acous-tics n [UJ (a)
(with a sing verb) the scientific
study of sound, (b) (with a pi
verb) the design of a hall etc, that
makes it good, poor, etc for
hearing music or speeches.
ac-quaint /a'kwemt,' v( 1 '^
sbloneself with,
know. 2 be '^ed (with sb),
have met (him) personally.
~ance /-ans/ n (a) [U] know-
ledge gained through ex-
perience, make sb's '^ance.
get to know him. (b) [C] person
whom one knows (less intimate-
ly than a friend).
ac-quire /3ikwai9(r)/ vt
skill or one's own efforts.
ac-qui-si-tion /.jekwi'zijn/ n 1
[U] {Jorma[) collecting. 2 [C]
something acquired, ac-quis-
itive /aikwizotiv/ adj fond of
collecting things.
ac-quit /a'kwit/ vt (-tt-) -^
(ofIon sth). declare that
IS not guilty. ^taln[C,U]
acre n [C] measure of
/'eik9(r)/
land, about 4000 sq metres.
'^age /'eik3rid3/ n [U] area of
land measured in acres.
ac-rid /'zekrid/ adj (of smell or
taste) sharp; bitter.
ac-ri-moni-ous /laekri'maunias/
adj iformaf) (of arguments, etc)
showing hate, disappointm.ent.
ac-ri-mony /laekrimani/ n [U]
ac-ro-bat /'aekrabxt/ n [C] per-
son who can do skilful physical
acts, eg on a tightrope,
-.^ic
h^hxiik/adj.'^icsnpl
ac-ro-nym /'aekranim/ n
word formed from the initial
ters of a name, eg NASA
across /a'kros/ adv, prep (C> the
verb entries, eg come, get, put,
run.) 1 from side to side of:
walk
^
of:
the street. 2 on the other
My
side
house is just -^ the street.
3 so as to form a cross: He sat
with his arms -^ his chest.
act' /aekt/ n [C] 1 thmg
done 2
process of doing: caught in the
'^. 3 law made by a
government:
an -^ of Parliament. 4 main divi-
sion of a play. 5 a short perfor-
2 report mance: a circus ~. put on an
'>^. pretend. |A'>^ of 'God. the
result of natural forces, eg
n [C,U] floods.
on the act^/aekt/ v///1 do something: hc
must ~
at once. 2 take the part
of, eg a character in a play or
film, --wing adj doing the duties
of another {person for a time:
The '^ Manager.
act-ing 'aektir)/ n [U] (art oQ
performing in a plav.
ac-tion /'aekjn/ n 1 [U] process of
doing things, put (sth) out of
~, stop (it) working. 2 [C] thing
done; act. 3 [0,11] fighting in
get to war: killed in/go into ~.
ac-ti-vate /'aektiveit/ vt make ac-
tive: '^ a bomb.
ac-tive /'aektiv/ adj able to do
things; busy, '^ly adv
ac-tiv-ist /'aektivist/ n [C] person
taking an active part, eg in a pol-
itical movement.
ac-tiv-ity /aek'tivati/ n {pi -ies) 1
gain by [U] being active. 2 [C] thing (to
be) done; occupation.
ac-tor /'aEkt9(r)/ n [C] man who
acts on the stage, etc.
ac-tress /'aktns/ n [C] woman
who acts on the stage, etc.
ac-tual /'aektjoal/ adj existing m
sb fact; real. '>^ly /'aektjuli/ adv (a)
(he) really: '^ly he's a thief, (b) sur-
prisingly: He '^ly won the race!
acu-men /3'kju:men/ n [U] abil-
ity to understand quickly: busi-
ness '\^.
acu-punC'ture /'aekjupAijk-
tj3(r)/ n [U] (med) pricking the
skin with needles to take away
pain.
acute /3'kju:t/ adj 1 (of pain,
mind, etc) strong, quick to react.
2 (of diseases) coming quickly to
a crisis. O
chronic. 3 (of
sounds) high; shrill. -^^ accent,
symbol over a letter, eg cafe. 'V/
-angle, angle of less than 90''.
[C] 'x.ly adv. ^ness n [U]
let- ad /sd/ n [C] (informal) (abbr for)
advertisement.
Adam's apple /'aedamz aepl/ n
lump in the front of the throat.
ada-mant /'aedsmant/ adj refus-
ing to change one's opinion.
adapt /a'daept/ vt make suitable
for a new use, situation, etc.
'>^able /-abl/ adj. '>^atron
/aedaep'teijn/ n [C,U] process, re-
sult of adapting, 'x^er, '>.'Or
/-t3(r)/, (a) person who adapts.
 add/adoring

(b) a fitting eg for an electric '^ment/i[C]

socket so that more than one ad lib /,aed 'lib/ a^v (informal)
plug(2) may be used. done without preparation, a vi
add /aed/ v///1 join; put together. (-bb-) (informal) do, say, with-
'V. sth up. find the sum of. '>^ out preparation, a adj: re- ^
up (to), (a) give as a result: mar/c5.
The figures ^
up to 365. (b) (in- ad-min-is-ter /9d'mmist3(r)/
formal) indicate; mean, (c) (m- vtji 1 control, manage: 'v. a
formal) be beUevable: It just country, govern it. 2 give: ->-

doesn't '^ up. 2 say something justice I help to people.

more. ad-min-is-tra-tion /3d,mmi-
ad-der /'aed3(r)/ n [C] small poi- 'streijn/ n [U] 1 management;
sonous European snake. public affairs, government (of a
ad-dict /9'dikt/ vt be ^ed to. country). 2 administering of jus-
drink, smoke, etc without being tice, relief, etc. ad-min-is-tra-
able to stop, d n /'aedikt/ person tive /ad'ministrativ/ adj.
who is addicted to something ad'min-is-tra-tor n [C]
harmful: a *drug '>^. ad-diction ad-mir-able /'aedmarsbl/ adj ex-
/a'dikjn/ n [C,U]. -^ive cellent, ad-mir-ably adv
/a'diktiv/ causing addiction.
fli^' ad-mi ral /'aedmarsl/ n [C] ofTicer
ad-di-tion /a'difn/ n 1 [U] ad- in command of a country's war-
ding. 2 [C] person or thing ad- ships.
ded, in ^
(to), as well (as). ad-mir-ation /laedma'reijn/ n
'>-al /a'dijanl/ adj extra: -^a/ [U] feeling of pleasure, respect.
costs. ad-mire /3d'mai3(r)/ vt look at
ad-dress /a'dres/ n [C] 1 num- with pleasure; have a high opin-
ber, street, etc where a person ion of. ad-mirer, person who
lives.2 speech (to an audience). admires, ad-mir-ing adj.
D vt /a'dres/ 1 make a speech to. ad-mis-sion /sd'mijn/ n 1 [U]
2 write the name and address ( 1 admitting(1 ); fee for this: /i^
on an envelope, etc. 3 '^ sth to. free. 2 [C] confession: make an
send (a remark, complaint, etc) ^ of guilt.
to. ad-mit /ad'mit/ vt/i (-tt-) 1 allow
adept /'aedept/ adj expert, to enter; let in: The secretary
skilled: ~ in photography. '^ted me (into the office). 2 ac-
ad-equate /'sdikwat/ adj satis- knowledge; confess: / ^ my
factory; sufficient, '-v/ly adv mistake/that I was mistaken, "s,
ad-here /3d'hi3(r)/ vi (formal) 1 to. confess. '>^tance n [U] right
stick (to). 2 be loyal to. ad-her- to enter, ^ted-ly /ad'milidli/
ence /-rans/ support;
n [U] adv by general agreement.
loyalty, ad-her-ent /-rant/ n [C] ado /9'du:/ n [U] fuss; trouble:
supporter (of a cause, political Without more ~
he agreed.
,

party, etc). ado-lescence /,aed3'lesns/ n [U]

ad-hesive /ad'hitsiv/ adj able to period between childhood and
stick, a Ai [C,U] substance that maturity. ado-lescent
sticks, eg gum. ad-hesion /laeda'lesnt/ adj. n [C] (person)
/3d'hi:3n//i[U] growing up.
ad-jac-ent /a'dseisnt/ adj next adopt /a'dopt/ vt 1 take (a child)
to, near (to). into one's family with legal
ad-jec-tive /'aedjiktiv/ n [C] guardianship. C* foster. 2 ac-
(gram) word that names a qual- cept and use (an idea, a recom-
ity, or that defines a noun, eg mendation), adoption
green, pretty, bad. ad-jec-tival /a'dopjn/ n [U]. 'v/ive adj taken
/,aed3ik'taivl/a(^ by adoption: His '^ parents.
ad-journ /a'dssrn/ vtji stop, eg a adorable /a'dDirabl/ adj lov-
meeting for a time, '^ment n able: an ~
child/puppy.
[C,U] ador-ation /,aed3'reijn/ n [U]
ad-ju-di-cate /3'd3u:dikeit/ vtji worship; love.
(formal) decide; judge: onj ~ adore /3'dD:(r)/ vt 1 worship
upon a disagreement, ad-ju- (God); love deeply; respect high-
di'ca-tion n [C,U]. ad-ju-di- ly. 2 (informal) like very much:

ca.tor/-t3(r)/w[C] She '^s being tickled.

ad-just /a'dsASt/ vt set right; ador-ing /9'dD:rii)/ adj loving: '>-

regulate. '>^able /-dbl/ adj. parents.

adorn /affection 6

adorn /a'doin/ vi add orna- (abbr oO advertisement( b)

ments) to. ~ment n (U] ad-ver-tise /'aedvataiz/ vtji
adrift /s'drift/ adv. adj (of ships make known to people (by
and boats) floating freely. printing notices in newspapers,
adu-la-tion laedju'leijn n [U] etc).'>^ment 'ad'vartismant/ n
(the giving oQ too much praise. (a) [U] advertising, (b) [C] pub-
adult /'aedAlt adj grown to full licannouncement (in the press,
size;(of persons) mature, d n [C] TV, etc.
1 person or animal grown to full ad-vice ad'vais/ n [U] a person's
size.2 {legal) person old enough opinion about what to do.
to vote, marry, etc. (give sb) a piece I a word of
adul-tery s'dAltari a; [U] volun- '<', (give) an opinion.

tary se.xual intercourse of a mar- ad-vise /ad'vaiz/ vi/i 1 give ad-

ried person with somebody to vice to; recommend. 2 inform:
whom he or she is not married. Please -^ us when you are com-
adulterer n [C]. adulteress ing, ill- /well-advised. c> ill/
n [C]. adulterous adj well, ad-viser, p>erson who
ad-vance^ ad'vams/ n [C,U] 1 gives advice, ad-vis-able /-abl/
forward movement; progress, in adj sensible; to be recommend-
'>>' (of), before. 2 (as an adj) be- ed, ad-vis-ory adj giving ad-
fore; early: have ~ notice, be vice.
told that something will happen. ad-vo-cate /'aedvakat/ n [C] per-
ad-vance^ ad'varns/ vtji 1 son who speaks in favour of a
come, bring or move forward. 2 person or idea (esp in a court of
make progress. ~ment
n [U] law): an ~
of peace, a vt
progress, ad-vanced adj far on /'aedvakeit/ support.
in life, studies, progress, etc. O aer-iar /'eanal/ adj in, through,
elementary. from the air: an ~
photograph, a
ad-van-tage ad'varntids/ n 1 n [C] part of a radio or television
[C] something likely to bring system which receives or sends
success, esp in competition. 2 out signals.
[U] benefit; profit, take of ^ aero-bat-ics 'leara'baetiks//? [U]
sb, deceive him take (full) ^ acrobatic feats by aircraft.
of sth. use it profitably. '>^ous aero-drome 'earadraum/ n [C]
/iaedv3n'teid33s/ adj profitable; small airport (the usual word).
useful. aero-dy-nam-ics /,earaudai-
advent /'aedvant/ n 1 coming of 'naemiks/ n [U] science of the
an important development, motion of aircraft, bullets, etc
season, etc: the ^
of atomic through air.
power. aero-plane /'earaplem/ n [C] air-
ad-ven-ture /3d'ventj"3(r)/ n 1 craft with engine(s).
[C] exciting or dangerous jour- aero-sol /'earasol/ n [C] contain-
ney or activity. 2 [U] risk; dan- er for spraying scent, paint, etc.
ger, eg in travel, ad-ven-turer, aero-space /'earauspeis/ n [U]
(a) adventurous person, (b) the earth's atmosphere and the
person ready to make a profit by space beyond.
taking risks adven-tur-ous afar /a'fa:(r)/ adv from '^, from
adj (a) ready for adventure, (b) a distance.
full of danger and excitement.
af-fable /'aefabl/ adj polite and
ad-verb /'aedv3:b/ n [C] (gram) friendly, af -fabiy adv
word that answers questions af-fair /a'fea(r)/ n [C] 1 some-
with how. when, where and adds thing (to be) done: his business
to the meaning of a verb, adjec- ~5. 2 sexual relationship: have
tive or another adverb, eg quick- an ~with her. 3 event: The fire
ly, now. ^ial /aEd'v3:bi3l/ adj. n was a terrible'^.
af-fect /a'fekt/ vt have an effect
ad-ver-sary /'aedvasari/ n [C] {pi on: The cold climate '^ed his
-les) enemy; opponent.
health, ^ed adj not natural or
ad-verse "aedvars/ adj unhelp- genuine: '^ed speech. '>^a-tion
ful: -^ conditions, '^ly adv ad- /laefek'teijn/ n iCU] behaviour
versity /3d'v3:s3ti/ n [C,U] {pi that is not natural.
-les) trouble: cheerful in
adver- af-fec-tion /a'fekjn/ n [U] kind
sity.
feeling; love. '>^ate adj showing
ad-vert /'sedvatt/ n [C] {informal) love, 'lately adv
 affidavit /aggregate

af-fi-da-vit /,aefi'deivit/ n [C] sequence: the ^math of war.

(legal) written statement made '--^thought, idea that comes
on oath. later.
af-fili-ate /s'filieit/ vr// (of an in- after-noon /,a:ft3'nu:n/ n [C]
stitution or a member) join; con- time between morning and even-
nect: groups ^d
to the Univer- ing.
sity, af f ili'ation n [C.U] after-wards /'a:ft3W3dz/ adv
af-fin-ity a'finati/ n {pi -ies) 1 after; later.
[C] strong connection (eg be- again /s'gen/ adv 1 once more: //
tween languages). 2 [C] strong you fail the first time, try ^.
liking: She feels a strong ^
to Ifor now and '^, occasionally.
him. ,f/me and (ftime) '^^
af-firm /a'faim/ vr// declare posi- repeatedly. 2 to or in the origi-
tively. '>^ation /laefa'meijan' nal condition, position, etc: to be
[C,U]. '>^ative adj. n (answer- home ^. 3 as many/much '^,
ing) 'yes': An affirmative answer. (a) the same number/quantity.
af-fix^ /a'fiks/ vt attach: '^ a (b) twice as many/much.
stamp to a document. against a'genst/ prep 1 (show-
af -f ix^
/'asfiks/ n [C] suffix or x>^t- ing opposition): vote/write a ~
T\\,tg-ly,-able,un-. proposal. 2 (showing collision):
af-flict /a'flikt/ vr cause pain or The rain was beating ~
the win-
mental harm: '^ed with dows. 3 in contrast to: The trees
rheumatism, affliction /-Jn/ n were black ^ the sky. 4 to
[C,U] (cause oQ suffering. prevent: have an injection 'v-
af-fluence /'aeflusns/ n [U] smallpox. 5 touching: Place the
wealth. af-fluenta<// wealthy. ladder ~the tree.
af-ford /s'ford/ vt (with can age^ eids n 1 [C] length of time
could) 1 have enough time or a person has lived or a thing has
money for: We can't a holi- ^ existed, be /come of '^, be/
day. 2 run the risk of: / can't ~ become an adult in law. under
to neglect my work. ^, too young. 2 [U] later part of
af-f ront /a'frAnt/ vt,n [C] insult, life (contrasted with youth). 3
esp in public. [C] long period of time: the
afield /a'fitld/ adv far '>^. far Stone atomic ~. 4 (p[) (infor-
away from home. mal) very long time: waiting for
afloat /'s'flsut/ adj 1 floating. 2 ^5. '-^-group, number of per-
on board ship. sons of the same age. ''-<w limit,
afoot /s'fut/ adj in progress: a minimum or maximum age at
scheme ^ to improve the roads. which a person can do some-
aforesaid /a'forsed/ adj (legal) thing. ,'>^-'old adj known for a
said or written before. long time: '^-old customs.
afraid /a'freid/ adj 1 frightened: age^ /eid3/ vt/i (pres part ~ing or
be ~ of the dark/hurting him. 2 aging, /jp 'x.d /eid3d/) (cause to)
be -x^, be sorry to say that: I'm grow old: He's ag(e)ing fast.
-^^ we shall be late. aged adj (a) /'eid3d/ of the age
afresh /a'frej/ adv again. of: a boy '^ ten. (b) /3eid3id/ adj
aft /a:ft/ adv (naut) at or near the very old. ag(e)ing n [UJ
stem of a ship. process of growing old.
after /'a:ft3(r) adv. conj later in agency /'eid33nsi/ n (pi -ies) [C]
time: He died three days (/ had ~ ofTice or work of an agent (1 ): a
left), a prep 1 later in time: ~ travel'^.
dinner. 2 following: 'Against' agenda /3'd3end3/ n [C] (pi ~s)
comes ~
'again' in a dictionary. (list oO things to be done, busi-
3 behind: Shut the door -^ you. 4 ness to be discussed.
as a result of: / shall never speak agent /'eidsant/ n [C] 1 person
to him again '^ what he said. 5 in who acts for another: a ^house-
spite of: He failed ~ all his ef- ~. 2 (science) substance produc-
forts. 6 repeatedly: day '^ day. 7 ing an effect: Rain and frost are
in the style of: a painting ~
Rem- '^s that wear away rocks.
brandt. 8 in search of: The police ag-gra-vate /'aegraveit/ vr 1
are ~ my brother. make worse: ~
an illness. 2 (in-
after- /a:ft9(r)/ prefix second or formal) annoy: an aggravating
later, '^.-effect, effect that delay, ag-gra'va-tion n [C,U]
occurs later, 'x.math, (fig) con- ag-gre-gate /'aegrigat/ n [C] to-
aggression/air

talobtained by adding together. aground /s'graond/ adv. adj (o\

ag-gres-sion /a'grejn, n (C,U] ships) touching the bottom ol
attack that has no (obvious) the sea.
cause, ag-gres-sor /3'gres3(r)/ ahead /s'hed/ adv in front; in ad-
n [C] country, person, making vance, go '^. (a) make pro-
an aggressive attack. gress, (b) (informal) continue
ag-gressive /a'gresiv/ ad/^ at- look '^, prepare for future
tacking without a reason. 2 needs.
energetic and not afraid of op- aid eid vt help (the usual word)
position, -^ly adv. '>^ness n [U] a « 1 [Uj help: He came to my •^
aghast 3'ga:st/ adj filled with What's It in ^ of. What is ii

fear or horror. used for*^ 2 [C] something that

agile '£d3ail (3^ moving quick- helps: a ^hearmg"^
ly and easily, '-o^ly adv. agil-ity ail /eil; vt'i 1 trouble; What "^s
.a'djibti, /7[U] 2 be ill: The child was '^ing.
you''
ag-ing ''eid3ir) mC> ageing. '>^ment/7[C] illness.
agi-tate 'aed3iteit vi i 1 shake aim /eim/ n 1 fU] act of. skill in.
(a liquid). 2 cause anxiety to a aiming, eg with a gun. 2 [C] in-
person. 3 for. argue publicly
'>^ tention; objective, a vtji 1 point
in favour of. agi'ta-tion n (a) (a gun, etc) towards. 2 send,
[U] shaking (of a liquid), (b) [U] direct, a blow, criticism, at: She
anxiety: in a state of ^. (c) [U] '-^ed a book at his head. re- My
social or political unrest, 'agi- marks were not '^ed at you. 3
ta-tor n [C] person who agitates have as a plan: Harry -^s at be-
for, esp political, change. coming a doctor, '^less a^ hav-
aglow a'gbu adj bright with ing no aim(2). '>^less-ly adv in
colour or excitement: with ~ no particular direction.
pleasure. ain't /emt/ (sf) = arelisjam not.
ag-nos-tic /aeg'nostik/ adj. n [C] and have /has not: I going. We ~
(person) believing that nothing '^ got any.
can be known about God. air^ ;e3(r), n 1 [U] the mixture of
ago /a'gau/ adv (with the past gases which we breathe, in the
tense) before now: The train left 'N^, (a) uncertain: .My plans are
a few minutes '>^. still in the ~. (b) (of opinions,
agog /a'gog adj eager: excited: etc) passing from one person to
'^ for news. another, clear the ->-. (Jig) les-
ag-ony /'aegani, n (sing, or pi sen suspicion by giving facts,
-ies) great pain. ag-on-i2ed etc. c> also hot. 2 by '^, in an
/'aeganaizd/ adj expressing ag- aircraft. 3 [U] on the ~, broad-
ony, ag-on-iz-ing 'aeganaizir)/ cast(ing). go off the ~, stop
fli^y causing, showing,
agony. broadcasting. 4 [C] appearance;
agrarian /a'greansn/ aJyof land manner: an ~ of importance.
(esp farmland). give oneself/put on '^s, be-
agree /a'gri:/ vtH 1 accept an have in an unnatural way to im-
idea, etc; say 'Yes'. 2 have the press people, '^wborne adj (a)
same opinion(s); We ^d that we transported by air. (b) (of an
should start early. 3 be the same: aircraft) in flight. ,'>^-
This bill does not -^ with your ori- con'ditioned adj (of a room,
ginal estimate. 4 suit, eg the building, etc) supplied with
health of: The climate doesn 'i 'v- cool, dry air. ''>^-conditioner
with me. 5 accept or approve: n [C]. '-^^craft, (used with a sing
The Manage- has -v-J your ex- or pi verb) aeroplane(s).
penses, ^able /-abl/ adj (a) ''^craft car-rier, ship with a
pleasant, (b)
ready to agree: long, wide deck for aircraft.
Are you -^ to the proposal? 'v^ab- ''^field, area of open ground
ly a^v pleasantly, ^ment
n (a) for aircraft, '-^force, the mili-
be in '>., have the same opin- tary forces of a country in the
lon(s). (b) [C] arrangement, air. ''^ hostess, stewardess in
contract between persons, an aircraft. '-^^ lift, large-scale
governments, etc: sign/come to/ transport of persons or supplies
reach an '\..
by air. ''x.line, regular service of
ag.ri.cul.ture /'aegrikAltj3(r)/ n passenger aircraft, '-^^mail,
lUJ science or practice of farm- mail carried by air. ''>^plane,
ing agri'culturala^ (US) = aeroplane, '-^^port.

place where airliners land and
take off. ''>- raid, attack by air-
craft. ''>-'Ship, lighter-than-air
flying-machine with engine(s).
''>^strip, strip of ground for the
use of aircraft. ''>- terminal,
building(s) (in a town centre)
where passengers, etc travel to
or from an airport, '^tight adj
not allowing air to enter or es-
cape, ''x/way, route regularly
followed by aircraft.
air^ /e9(r)/ vt 1 dry (clothing etc)
in the open air or a warm place.
2 let fresh air into (a room, etc).
3 let others know: one's views.
-c-
air-ing /'earn]/ n give sth an
'^. (a) expose it to the fresh air.
(b) discuss it. ''>^-cupboard,
warm cupboard for drying bed-
clothes, towels, etc.
airJess /'eslis/ adj not having
enough fresh air.
airy /'eari/ adj (-ier, -lest) 1 hav-
ing plenty of fresh air moving
through it. 2 of or like air.
aisle /ail/ n [C] passage between
rows of seats, eg in a church.
ajar /3'd3a:(r)/ adj (of doors)
slightlyopen.
akin /a'km/ adj {lit) similar to.
alarm /a'lam/ n [C] (signal giv-
ing a) warning of danger: givej
raise the ~, *fire-^. 2 [U] fear
caused by danger, a vt cause an-
xiety to: ^ed at the news. '^
clock, one that rings at a fixed
time. 'N^ing a<^' causing fear.
alas /a'laes/ int cry of sorrow.
ai-ba-tross /'aelbatros/ n [C]
large, white seabird.
al-bino /lael'birnsu/ n [C] {pi 'v.s)
animal or person born with
white skin and hair and pink
eyes.
al-bum /'aelbam/ n [C] 1 blank
book for photographs, auto-
graphs, postage stamps, etc. 2
long-playing record.
al-co-hol /'aelkshol/ n [U] (pure,
colourless liquid in) such drinks
as beer, wine, brandy, whisky.
'X'ic /-'holik/ adj of or contain-
ing alcohol. D n [C] person ad-
dicted to alcohol, "o^ism n [C]
addiction to alcohol.
al-cove /'aelkaov/ n [C] part of a
wall set back from the rest.
ale /eil/ n [C,U] kind of beer.
alert /a'lait/ adj fully awake and
ready to act. d n warning of
danger, on the ~, ready to act.
a vt tell a person of danger.
alga /'aelgs/ n [C] {pi algae
air/all
simple water plant.
/'aeldsi:/)
al-gebra /'aeldsibra/ n [U]
branch of mathematics in which
letters represent quantities.
alias /'eilias/ n [C] {pi '^es) name
which a person, esp a criminal,
uses to hide his own. n adv also
called.
alibi /'aehbai/ n [C] {pi ~s) 1
{legal) plea that one was in an-
other place at the time of a
crime. 2 {informal) excuse (for
failure, etc).
alien /'eilian/ n [C] person who is
not a subject of the country
where he lives, a adj'X foreign. 2
(of behaviour) unlike: Cruelty is
quite 'v- to her.
alien-ate /'eilianeit/ vt cause (a
person) to become unfriendly.
alight^ /a'lait/ adj on fire.
alight' /a'lait/ vi 1 get down
from a train, etc. 2 (of a bird)
settle (on a branch, etc).
align /a'lam/ vtji 1 arrange in a
line. 2 agree with (and join):
They '^ed themselves with the so-
'^ment n [C, U]
cialists,
alike adj like one an-
/s'laik/
other.D adv in the same way.
ali-men-tary /jaeh'mentari/ adj
of food and digestion, the -^
canal, parts of the body
through which food passes.
ali-mony /'aehmani/ n [U] money
paid by a man to his wife after a
legal separation.
alive /a'laiv/ adj^ hving. 2 in ex-
istence: Interest kept -^ by the
newspapers. '^ to. aware of. '>^
with, full of (living things).
al-kali /'aelkalai/ n [C] {pi ~s)
{chem) substance that combines
with acids to form salts.
air /o;l/ adj 1 (with pi nouns) the
whole number of: A-^ the
horses. 2 the whole extent or
amount: A'^ hope is lost; ~ the
way. 3 any: beyond'^ doubt.
all* jyXIadv 1 entirely: dressed ^
in black. 2 much: You'll be the ~
better for a holiday. 3 along. ^
(a) for the whole length of. (b)
{informal) all the time: / knew
that -^ along! '^ for. {informal)
strongly in favour of. '^ the
same. = nevertheless. '^ the
same to. not be important to:
// 's ~ the same to me if you go
now. '^ in. (a) {informal) ex-
hausted, (b) with everything in-
cluded: an ^-in price, v- out.
{informal) using all possible
strength: an '^-out effort. '^
 all/also I

right, (also alright) (a) safe; ai-iu-sion /a'luisn/ n [C] {formal)

not harmed, (b) I agree; Yes. -»- indirect reference to: books full
there, {informal) mentally of '^s to his work.
alert, -x. told, altogether: 20 ally^ /'aelai n [C] {pi -ies) 1 per-
men. ~told. son, state, etc allied to another
alP jyXl pron 1 everything or by treaty. 2 person who gives
everybody: They were broken.~ support.
'v/ of. every one; the whole: aliy^ /a'lai/ vt {pt.pp -led) 1 -^^

Take ~ of them it. 2i(not) at (oneself) with/to. by

unite
'w (not) in any way: not at ->- treaty, marriage, etc. 2 allied
not at ->-, (p>olite reply
suitable, to, (of things) related to: Eng-
when receiving thanks), once lish is allied to German.
(and) for '^. now and for the al-ma-nac /'D:lm3naek, n [C] an-
last time,in -^, c> in '^ in '^. nual book with information
considering all the facts. about the sun, moon, tides, etc.
Allah "aeb/ n name of God Almighty /prl'maiti/ n the
among Muslims. A^.God.
al-lege /3'!ed3, vt say as a fact: almond /'aimand/ n [C] nut of a
He ~5 that he saw the thief, al- tree similar to the peach.
le-ga-tion /laeli'geijan/ n [C] al-most /'Dilmaust/ adv very
al-le-giance 3'ii:d3ns/ n [U] nearly: '^ five years old.
loyalty (to a ruler, etc). alms /a:mz/ n [U] money,
al-le-gory 'asligari/ n [C] {pi -ies) clothes, etc given to the poor.
story in which ideas are symbol- aloft /a'loft/ adv high up, esp on
ized by persons: 'The Pilgrim's a ship.
Progress' is an '^. alone / s'lsun / adj, adv lonely. O
al-lergy 'aeladsi n [C] {pi -ies)
' 1 without company or help: liv-
{med) (condition of) being af- ing ^. 2 let '^. without con-
fected by, sensitive to, particular sidering: He cannot afford his
foods, fur, etc. al-ler-gic fares let ~ cigarettes, let /leave
/3'l3:d3ik/a<// sb/sth '^. not interfere with.
al-levi-ate /a'lirvieit/ vt make along /a'lor)/ adv 1 onward; for-
(pain, sufTering) less. al- ward: Come ~.' 2 (in informal
levi'ation/j[U] requests): Come ~ to my office.
aMey /'aeli / n [C] {pi ^s) 1 nar- get '^. C> get. a prep through
row passage or street. 2 narrow the length of: We walked ~ the
area for games, eg bowls. road. -^ with, together with.
al-li-ance /a'laians/ n [C,U] along-side ailog'said/ adv, prep
union, eg of states, groups (by close to, by the side of (a ship).
treaty): enter into an ^. aloof 'a'lurf; adv apart, a adj {of
al-lied/a'laid/Oally. a person's character) keeping
aMi-ga-tor /'Eeligeit3(r)/ n [C] away; reserved, -^ness n [U]
American reptile like a croco- aloud /a'laud/ adv in a voice loud
dile. enough to be heard: He called ^^^
al-lo-cate /'aebkeit/ vt give (eg for help.
money) as a share or for a pur- alp /aelp/ n [C] high mountain,
pose, al-io'ca-tion n [C,U] esp the Alps between France
al-lot /a'lDt; vt (-tt-) decide a per- and Italy. '>^\neadj
son's share of something. al-pha-bet /'aelfsbet/ n [C] the
^ment n [C] (a) part or share, letters used in writing a lan-
(b) a small area of land for guage, arranged in order, '^'i-
growing vegetables. cal /-'betikl/ adj in the order of
aMow /9'lau/ vt/i 1 give permis- the alphabet. '>^i-cally a^v
sion. 2 money or time.
give, esp al-ready /p:l'redi/ adv before
^ for. take into consideration: now: I've ~
6ee« there /been
~ for delays because of traffic. there '^.
-^able /-abl/ adj. '^ance n [C] al-right/D:l'raa/a</v = all right.
sum of money given regularly. Al-sa-tian /,ael'seijn/ n [C] large
make '^ance(s) for. allow dog, like a wolf. {US = German
for.
shepherd).
al-loy /'aebi/ n [C,U] mixture of also /hds^o/ .adv too: Tom has
metals. been to Canada. Harry has ~
allude /3'lu:d/ vj mention; refer been there, not only... but ^,
to.
both... and: He not only read it

L
 11 altar/amiss

but ^ remembered it. --v/mentwiU]

al-tar /'D:lt3(r)/ n [C] 1 raised ama-zon /'aemazan/ n [C] tall,
table for olTerings made to a strong, active woman.
god. 2 (in Christian churches) am-bas-sa-dor /aEm'baES3d3(r)/
the Communion table. n [C] 1 minister representing his
al-ter /'D:lt3(r)/ vr// change: These country in a foreign country. 2
clothes must be '^ed. ^v/ation authorized representative.
/p:it3'reijn/ n [C,U] change: am-ber /'aEmb3(r)/ n [U] hard,
make ^5. yellow gum for making orna-
ai-ter-nate^ /oil'tamat/ adj by ments, etc; its yellow colour.
turns, first one and then the ambi-dextrous /,aembi-
other: Tom and Harry do the 'dekstras/ adj able to use both
work on ~ days, -^^ly adv hands equally well.
al-ter-nate^ /brkaneit/ vt/i do, am-bi-guity /laembi'gjurati/ n {pi
happen, one thing after another: -ies) 1 [U] state of being ambi-
He '^s between happiness and guous. 2 [C] expression with
sadness. ,alternating 'cur- more than one meaning.
rent, electric current that regu- am-bigu-ous /aem'bigjuas/ adj
larly changes direction. C> with more than one meaning.
direct current. am-bi-tion /aem'bijn/ n 1 [U] de-
al-ter-na-tive /D:l't3:n3tiv/ adj be successful. 2 [C] object
sire to
that may be used instead: There of such a desire: achieve one's
are ~
answers to your question, a '^{s). am-bitious adj.
n [C] 1 choice between two amble /'asmbl/ vi ride or walk
things. 2 one of two or more without hurrying, a n [C] gentle
possibilities, -^ly adv as a pace.
choice. am-bu-lance /'aembjubns/ n [C]
al-though /o:l'd9u/ conj O vehicle for carrying sick or in-
though. jured people.
al-ti-tude /'aeltitjuid/ n [C] am-bush /'aembuj/ n [C,U] (men
height, esp above sea-level. hiding to make) a surprise at-
alto /'aeltau/ n [C] {pi ^s) 1 tack. D vr attack from a place of
man's singing voice between hiding.
tenor and treble. 2 instrument amen /,ei'men in church services:
with the same range. a:'men/ int word at the end of a
al-to-gether /,D:lt9'ged3(r)/ adv prayer meaning 'May it be so'.
1 entirely: / don't '^ agree. 2 amen-able /a'mirnsbl/ adj (of
considering everything: A'^, it persons) willing to be guided: be
was a badjourney. '^ to advice.
al-tru-ism /'aeltru:iZ3m/' n [U] amend /s'mend/ vt/i 1 improve.
concern, caring for the good of 2 change the words of a rule, etc.
others first, al-tru-ist n [C]. al- --s^ment n [C] change; correc-
tru-is-tic /-'istik/ adj tion.
alu-min-ium /,aelju'mini3m/ amends /a'mendz/ n pi make -^
{US = alu-mi-num /a'lurmi- (for sth), compensate for (a
nam/) n [U] light, white metal wrong); apologise.
(symbol Al). amen-ity /a'miinsti/ n {pi -ies) 1
al'ways /'o:lweiz/ adv 1 at all {pf) things that make life
times; each time: // '^ rains in pleasant: eg a park, cinema. 2
April. 2 for ever: /V/'n^ love her. [U] pleasantness.
am/aem/C>-be. am-ethyst /'aemiGist/ n [C] pre-
amal-ga-mate /a'maelgameit; cious stone, purple or violet.
vt/i (of societies, businesses) ami-able /'emuabl/ adj {formal)
mix; combine, annal-ga'ma- friendly: an '^ man. ami-ably
tion/j[C,U]. adv
amass /a'maes/ vr collect: ~ a amic-able /'aenukabl/ adj peace-
fortune. ful; friendly: reach an 'v. agree-
ama-teur /'aEm3t3(r)/ n [C] 1 ment, amic-ably at^v
person who paints, plays sport, amid /s'mid/, amidst /s'lrudst/
etc for pleasure, not profession- prep among, in the middle of.
ally. '>^ish adj without skill. amiss /s'mis/ adj, adv wrong(ly);
amaze /a'meiz/ vt fill with great out of order: not much ~. take
surprise: '^d at the news, amaz- sth '^. feel offended: Please
ing adj causing great surprise. don 't take my comments ~.
 ammeter /ancestor 12

am-meter , met-
'aemit3<r)/ n [C] Keep the baby '^d. 2 make (a
er that measures electric current person) laugh or smile, 'v/ment
in amperes. n (a) [U] state of being amused,
am-mo-nia 's'maunia, n [U] (b) [C] something that enter-
strong-smelling gas; solution of tains, amus-ing 3'm]u:zir) / adJ
this gas in water. an isn strong form a;n C> a
ammunition /,aemju'nijn/ n anachronism a'naekranizam/
[U] military stores, esp bullets, n [C] 1 something wrongly
shells, bombs, etc. placed time: In the sentence
in
am-nesia /aem'ni:zi3/ n [U] (med) 'Julius looked at his
Caesar
loss of memory. watch' there is an ~. 2 person,
am-nesty 'aemnasti n [C] (pi attitude, etc regarded (unfav-
-ies) general pardon, esp for ourably) as out of date.
political offences. ana-conda laena'konda/ n [C]
amoeba a'mitba/ n [C] {pi ^s or (pi ~s) large S. American snake
~e l-h'vJ) very small form of liv- that crushes animals to death.
ing matter, found in water, am- anaemia (^US = anemia)
oebic adj of, caused by, amoe- /3'ni:mi3/ n [U] lack of red cells
bas. in the blood, causing paleness.
amok, amuck /s'mok/ adv run anae-mic adj
'V., go about wildly (doing great anaes-thesia (US =an-es)
damage). /,aenis'0i:zi3/ n [U] being unable
among /a'niM)/, amongst to feel an-aes-
(pain, etc),
/s'mAQSt/ prep 1 in the middle thetic /-'9etik/ n [C] substance
of: hiding ~
the bushes. 2 within that produces anaesthesia. O
a group: decide -^ yourselves. 3 general, local an-aes-the-
one of: ->- the best in the world. tize 3'ni:s93taiz vt. an-aes-
am-or-ous /'aemaras/ adJ show- the-tist 3'ni:s63tist n [C]
ing (esp sexual) love. '>^ly adv ana-gram 'aenagraem/ n [C]
amount /a'maunt/ vi 's^ to. be word made from the letters of
equal to.a « [C] 1 total: He could another word (eg plum— lump).
pay only half that ~. 2 [C] quan- anal-ogy /o'nael^dsi n (pi -ies) 1
tity: A large ^
of money. [C] partial likeness: an '^ be-
amp /semp/ n [C] (abbr for) am- tween the heart and a pump. 2 [U]
pere. act of explaining one thing by
am-pere /iaempe3(r)/ n [C] unit comparing it with another.
for measuring electric current. anal-og-ous /a'naelagas/ adj
am-phib-ian /asm'fibian/ n [C] 1 similar.
animal able to live both on land analyse (US = -lyze) /'aen>
and in water. 2 aircraft, vehicle laiz/ vt 1 examine in detail. 2
adapted for both land and wat- study: ~ the facts.
er, amphibious adJ analy-sis /a'naebsis/ n (pi -ses
amphitheatre WS =-ter) ,-si:z/) 1 [C,U] examination in
/'2emfiei3t3(r)/ n [C] building detail by dividing into parts. 2
with rows of seats rising round = psychoanalysis, analyst
an open space. /'aenahst/ n [C] (a) person skilled
ample /'aernpl/ adJ (-r, -st) 1 with in making (esp chemical) analy-
plenty of space: an ^ garage. 2 ses, (b) = psychoanalyst.
plentiful; sufficient: '^ re- ana'lyticaJy
sources, am-ply /'aemph/aJv ana-lyze C> analyse.
am-piify /'aemphfai/ vt (pt.pp an-archy /'aenaki / n [U] absence
-ied) 1 givemore details about. of government; disorder, an-
2 increase the strength of, esp arch-ist n [C] p>erson who fav-
sound. amplification ours anarchy.
/.aemphfi'keijn/ n [U]. am-pli- anat-omy /a'naetanu/ n [U]
f ier n [C] appliance for amplify-
(science oQ the structure of ani-
ing, esp sound. mal bodies. ana-tomi-cal
am-pu-tate /'aempjuteit/ vt cut /laena'tonukl/ fli//.
off, eg a leg, by surgery, am- an-ces-tor /'aensest9(r)/ n [C]
pu'tationn[C,U] person from whom one is des-
amuck /a'mAk/ adv O amok. cended, an-ces-tral /aen'ses-
amu-let /'smjubt/ n [C] thmg tral/ adj from one's ancestors.
worn to protect against evil, etc. an-ces-try /'aensestri n [C] (pi
amuse /a'mjurz/ vt 1 entertain: -ies) line of ancestors.

L

an-chor /'aeqkaCr)/ n [C] 1
piece of iron to keep a ship se-
cured to the sea bottom. 2 thing
or person that gives security, d
vt/i make (a ship) secure with an
anchor, ^s^age n [C] place where
ships may anchor safely.
an-chovy /'aentjsuvi/ n [C] (pi
-ies) small fish of the herring
family.
ancient /'emjant/ adj 1 belong-
ing to times long past. 2 very
old: an '^ hat.
an-cil-lary /aen'sibri/ adj 1 giv-
ing support: ~
workers. 2 secon-
dary: -^ industries.
and /and strong form: aend/ cO/iy
1 as well as; with: a table '^ four
chairs. 2 as a result: Work hard
'^ you will pass. 3 (showing con-
tinuation): for hours ^
hours. 4
(informal) to: Try ~
come early.
an-ec-dote /'aenikdaut/ n [C]
short, amusing story about a
real person or event.
anemia, anemic, C> anaemia,
anaemic.
anem-one /a'nemani/ n [C] small
star-shaped flower. -
an-es-thesia C> anaesthesia.
anew /a'njur/a^v again: begin '^.
angel /'emdsal/ n 1 messenger
from God. 2 lovely or innocent
person, -^ic /aen'dselik/ adj of
or like an angel.
anger /'seqgaCr)/ n [U] the feeling
that makes people want to quar-
rel or fight: filled with ^. o vt
make (a person) angry: He is
easily ^ed.
angle^ /'aeqgV " 1 space between
two lines that meet: an acute/
obtuse -c. 2 (fig) point of view:
What '^ are you using in the
story?
angle^ /'aeggl/ vi 1 fish
hook. 2 (fig) use tricks to get
something: 'v- for an invitation.
angler n\C]. angling n [U].
Ang-li-can /'aeqghkan/ n [C], adj
(member) of the Church of En-
gland.
ang-li-cize /'aeqglisaiz/ vt
English: ~
a French word.
Anglo- /,aer)gbu/ /?re//x English:
^-^French; ^-^Saxon.
angry /'aerjgri/ adv (-ier, -iest) 1
filled with anger. 2 (of a wound)
inflamed. 3 (of the sea, sky)
stormy, angri-ly adv
an-guish /'aepgwij/ n [U] great
mental suffering. '>^ed adj
angu-lar /'aerigjub(r)/ af^/l hav-
ing sharp corners. 2 (of persons)
13 anchor/anonymous
heavy bony.
ani-mal /'aeniml/ n [C] 1 living
thing that can feel and move:
Men. birds, flies, fish are all '^s.
2 any animal other than man. 3
(as an adj) physical, not spiri-
tual; of animals(1 ).
ani-mate^ /'aenimst/ac// living.
ani-mate^ /'aenimeit/ vt give life
to; make lively, .-^d car'toon,
cinema film of a series of draw-
ings, ani'ma-tion n [U] (a)
liveliness, (b) process of making
animated cartoons.
ani-mos-ity /,aeni'mps3ti/ n [C,
U] (pi -iesstrong hatred.
)
ankle n [C] joint connect-
/'aeqkl/
ing the foot with the leg.
annex\ an-nexe /'aenaks/ n [C]
smaller building added to a larg-
er one.
an-nex^ /a'neks/ vt take posses-
sion of (territory, etc).
an-ni-hi-late /a'naialeit/ vt des-
troy completely, an-ni-hi'la-
tion«[U] .
an-niversary /,aeni'v3:s3ri/ n
day each year when
[C] (pi -ies)
something is celebrated.
an-no-tate /'aenateit/ vt add
notes (to a book, etc), an-
no'tationwiCU]
an-nounce /a'nauns/ vt 1 make
known: He ~c/ his engagement.
2 make known the arrival of: He
^d Mrs Brown. '>^ment n [C].
an-nouncer, (esp) person who
announces programmes on the
radio or television.
an-noy /s'noi/ vt irritate; make
angry, '^ance n [C,U]
an-nual /'aenjual/ adj 1 coming
every year. 2 lasting one year, a
n [C] 1 book with the same title
but new contents every year. 2
with a plant that lives for one year.
'^ly adv
an-nu-ity /s'njutsti/ n [C] (pi -ies)
money paid every year.
an-nul /a'nAl/ vr (-II-) put an end
to, eg a marriage. '>^ment n [C,
U]
make an -ode /'aenaud/ n [C] (elec) posi-
tively charged electrode.
anoint /a'nomt/ vt put oil on (as
a religious ceremony), -^ment
A7[C,U]
anom-aly /a'nomali/ n [C] (pi
-ies) abnormal thing: A bird that
cannot fly is an ~.
anon /a'non/ adv (old use) soon.
anon-ym-ity /laena'nimati/ n [U]
state of being anonymous.
anony-mous /o'nDnimas/ adj
 anorak/anxious
without a name, or with a
that is not made known.
an-orak /'aenaraek n [C] water-
proof jacket with a hood.
an-other /3'nA69(r); pron. adj 1
an additional (one): cu;? o/ ^
coffee? 2 a similar (one): Nap-
oleon. 3 a dilTerent (one): Do
that ~
/ime.
answer /'a:ns3(r)/ n [C] 1 reply:
an '^ to your letter. 2 solution:
The^ to 3 X 17 IS 51. a vt/i^
reply: Have you ~e</ his letter?
'>-' the door, open when some-
body has knocked. 2 '^ back,
be impolite when told one has
done wrong. '^ for, (a) be re-
sponsible for. (b) be punished
for. '>^able /-abl/ adj (a) that
can be answered, (b) respons-
ible: '^ablefor one 's actions.
ant /aent/ n [C] small insect that
lives in organized societies, ''s^-
hill, mound over an ant's nest.
an-tag-on-ism /aen'taeganizam,
n [C,U] opposition; dislike: feel
~ for j toward a person, an-tag-
on-ist n [C] opponent (the usual
word), an-tag-on'is-tic adj
an-tag-onize ,aen'taeg3naiz/ vt
make an enemy of; annoy.
ant-arc-tic /laen'taiktik/ adj, n
(of the) south polar regions.
ante-ced-ent ,aenti'si:dnt/ adj
coming before in time, u n {pi)
ancestors; history of a person.
ante-date /laenti'deit/ vt 1
(-ega letter) an earlier date than
the true one. 2 come before in
time: This '^s Columbus by
several centuries.
ante-di-luvian ;,2entidi'lu:vi3n/
a^/ out-of-date; old-fashioned.
ante-lope /'aentilsup/ n [C] ani-
mal like a deer.
ante-natal /.asnti'neitl/ adj be-
fore birth: -^ clinic Icare.
an-tenna /aen'tena/ n [C] {pi
l-nv.l) 1 insect's feeler. 2 aerial.
an-them /'aenGam/ n [Q] music
sung in churches. O
national.
an-thol-ogy /,aeni0Dl3d3i/ n [C]
(p/-ies) collection of poems.
an-thro-poid 'asnBrapoid/ adj
,
like man. a n [C] animal like
man, eg a gorilla.
anthropology
'poladsi/ n [U] science of
esp of the development of
kind. ,an-thro'pol-ogist/i[C]
anti- /laenli/ prefix
antiseptic.
anti-air-craft /.aenti 'eakroft
«^/' against aircraft: ~gunA.
L
14
name anti-biotic /,aentibai'Dttk/ n [C],
adj (substance) capable of des-
troying bacteria, eg penicillm.
anti-body /'aentibodi n [C] {pi
-IBS) substance in the blood that
destroys harmful bacteria.
~ an-tics /'aentiks/ n pi odd, amus-
ing action or behaviour.
an-tici-pate;,xn'tisipeit/ v7l do
something before somebody
else.2 see what is likely to hap-
pen and take action: '^ an at-
tack. 3 expect: We trouble.~
antici'pa-tion n [U]
anti-cli-max /,aenti 'klaimaeks/zi
[C] disappointing end to some-
thing.
anti-clock-wise ,aenti 'klok-
waiz/ adv in the opposite direc-
tion to the movement of a clock.
anti-cyc-lone /laenti'saikbun/ n
[C] area of high atmospheric
pressure. O depression (4).
anti-dote /'aentidaut, n [C] med-
icine used against a poison or a
disease.
anti -freeze /'aentifriiz/ n [U]
substance added to water to
stop it freezing, esp in engines.
anti-quated /'aentikweitid/ adj
out of date; old-fashioned.
an-tique jaen'tiik/ adj belonging
,
to the distant past, a n [C] very
old and valuable object.
an-tiquity laen'tikwati/ n {pi
,
-ies) 1 [U] ancient times. 2 {pT)
give ancient buildings, works of art.
anti-sep-tic ,aEnti'septik/ n [C],
,
adj (substance) preventing dis-
ease by destroying germs.
anti-so-cial ,|aenti's3ujl/ adj 1
not in the interests of society: It
is^ to leave litter. 2 disliking the
company of other people.
an-tith-esis /aen'tiGasis/ n (pi
-ses /-si:z/) [C,U] direct oppo-
contrast of ideas.
site;
~e ant-ler /'aentl3(r)/ n [C] horn of a
deer.
an-to-nym /'aentanmi/ n [C]
word opposite in meaning: Hot
is the ~ of cold. C> synonynri.
anus /'einas/ n [C] {pi ~es) {anat)
opening through which solid
waste leaves the body.
an-vil /'aenvil/ n [C] heavy block
/laenGra- of iron on which a smith ham-
man, mers metal into shape.
man- anxiety /aeg'zaiati/ n {pi -ies) 1
[C,U] fear and uncertainty
against: about the future. 2 [U] strong
'-^ to please.
dts'irt.
anxious /'aerjkjas/ adj 1 feeling
anxiety. 2 causing anxiety: an '>^
 IS any/applaud

time. 3 ^
to/for/that, eager: apol-ogy /3'pDl9d3i/ n [C] (pi
He 's very ^ to please, 'v/ly adv -ies) expression of regret: make
any^ /'em/ ai// 1 one; some: Have one's ~. an '>^ for, a poor ex-
you ~
m///c? r/jfv haven 't r/i//- ^ ample of.
t^ren. {Note: used in questions apostle /a'posl/ n [C] 1 one
and negatives.) 2 no matter chosen by Jesus to spread His
which: Come -^ c/aj. 3 (informal) teaching. 2 leader of a new faith.
a, one: /r hasn't '^ handle. 4 //? apos-trophe /s'postrafi/ n [C]
''v. case; at ^'^ rate, whatever the sign '
to show omission of
happens. letter(s) as in I'm. for lam.
any^ /'em/ adv at all: Is he feeling ap.pal /3'pd:1/ vt (-II-) fill with
'v. better^ fear; shock deeply: -^led at the
any^ l*em/ pron = some^. news. '^Wng adJ
any-body /'embtxii/ «, pron 1 a ap-par-atus /laepa'reitas' n [C]
person, not a particular one: /^ (pi ~es) instruments or ma-
~ there'' A^
will tell you. chinery used for a purpose.
any-how /'emhau/ adv 1 in any ap-par-ent /s'paerant/ adj 1
possible way. 2 in any case: It's clearly seen: His loyalty was ~.
too late now, '^. 2 seen but not necessarily true:
any-one /'eniWAn/ n, pron = the ^
cause. '>^ly adv
anybody. ap-par-ition /,a;p3'rijn/ n [C] ap-
any-thing /'eniGir)/ ^, /7ro« an pearance, esp of a ghost.
event, thing, not a particular ap-peal /s'pirl/ vi 1 make a
one: Has '^ unusual happened? strong request: '^ to him for
(as) easy, etc as '^, (infor- mercy. 2 (legal) take a question
mal) very e-dsy (to a higher court, etc) for a new
any-way /'eniwei/ adj = any- decision, 3 go (to a person) for a
how. new decision. 4 attract: She -^s
any«where /'eniwe9(r)/ adv to, to me. an^ [C] strong request. 2
in any place: I'm not going ~. [C] act of appealing(2,3). 3 [U]
Put it down '^. (power oO attraction: *sex-'-<^.
aorta /ei'D:t3/ n [C] (pi '^s) main '>^ing adj (a) requesting strong-
artery through which blood ly, (b) attractive.
leaves the heart. ap-pear /9'pi9(r)/ v/1 come into
apart /9'pa:t/ adv 1 distant: The view. 2 arrive. 3 (a) (of an ac-
houses are 500 metres ~. 2 sep- tor) come before the public, (b)
arate(ly): with his feet '^. 3 into (of a book) be published, (c)
pieces: // fell ~. ^
from, as (legal) present oneself: -<- before
well as: five boys ^
from me. a court. 4 give the impression of
apart-ment /a'partmant/ n 1 [C] being: She '^s sad. ^ance n [C]
room. 2 (>/) set of rooms as a (a) act of appearing, (b) what a
home. thing or person appears to be.
apa-thy /'aepsGi/ n [U] absence of (c) style of dress: an untidy ~.
sympathy or interest, apa- ap-pend /a'pend/ vt (formal) add
thetic ''laepa'Getik/ adJ in writing at the end. <^age n
ape /eip/ n [C] 1 monkey with no [C] something added to, joined
tail.2 person who copies behav- to. a larger thing.
iour. D vfcopy behaviour. appen-di-ci-tis /Sipenda'saitis/
aperi'tif /a'peratif/ n [C] alco- n [U] disease of the appen-
holic drink before a meal. dix(2).
ap-er-ture /'aep3tj9(r)/ w [C] ap-pen-dix /a'pendiks/ n [C] (pi
opening: the ~
o/a camera. ~es or -dices /-disiiz/) 1 some-
apex /'eipeks/ « [C] (pi ~es or thing added, esp at the end of a
apices /'eipisi:z/) highest point: book. 2 small organ attached to
the ^
of a triangle. the large intestine.
apiece s'piis/ adv each: Give ap-pe-tite /'spitait/ n 1 [C,U]
them a pound '^. strong desire, esp for food.
aplomb /s'plom/ n [U] self- ap-pe-tizer /'aepitaiz3(r)/ n [C]
confidence. something to encourage the ap-
apolo-getic /ajpola'dsetik adj / petite, ap-pe-tiz-ing adj excit-
making an apology, --^ally adv ing the appetite.
apolo-gize /3'pDl3d3aiz/ vi say ap-plaud /3'pb:d/ vt/i 1 show
one is sorry: -v. to her for being approval by clapping the hands.
rude. 2 agree with: / ~
your decision.

I
apple/Arabic l<

ap-plause /a'pb-^/ n [U] (time oQ being an apprentice.

apple ;'aepl/ n [C] (tree with a) ap-proach /a'prautj/ v///1 come
round with firm flesh.
fruit O near(er) (to). 2 (Jig) be as good
Adam's apple. as: Few writers ~ Shakespeare.
appliance d'plaisns/ n [C] 3 make a request or offer: ~ the
tool; machine. manager for an increase in sal-
ap-pli-cable 'xplikabl, adj that ary. D /I 1 [U] act of approach-
can be applied; suitable. ing. 2 [C] way, road, ^v^able
ap-pli-cant 'aeplikant n [C] per- ' /-abl/ adj (a) that can he
son who applies (esp for a job). approached, (b) easy to talk to.
ap-pli-ca-tion /,aepli'keijn/ n 1 ap-pro-pri-ate^ /a'prauprist/ adj
[C,U] (making of a) request: on suitable; correct. '>^lv adv
^; ~ form. 2 [U] putting one ap-pro-pri-ate' /a'prauprieit/ \i
thing onto another; [C] sub- 1 put on one side for a purpose.
stance used: an ~ for burns. 3 2 take as one's own: ~ ideas
[U] putting to a special use; the ap-pro-pri'ation n [C,U]
~ of a new process to industry. 4 ap-pro-val /3'pru:vl/ n [U] per-
[U] (Jormat) effort: put '^ into mission; agreement: Your plans
your studies. have my 'v-. on ^, (of goods) to
ap-ply /a'plai/ vt/i (pt.pp -led) 1 be returned if not
satisfactory.
ask for: ~ for
a visa. 2 (a) lay ap-prove /a'prurv, vtji 1 give
one thing on another: ^ cream one's approval of: '^ of a mar-
to a cut. (b) put mto operation: riage. 2 agree to: The minutes of
'^ economic sanctions. 3 con- the meeting were '^d. everyone
cern: // does not -^ to you. 4 -^ agreed that they were correct.
oneself (to sth). give all approvingly adv
one's attention to. applied adj approxi-mate^ /a'proksimst/
put to practical use: -^ science. adj very near (to). '^Xs adv
ap-point /a'psmt 1 decide: vi ap-proxi-mate^ /a'proksmieit/
The time -^ed. 2 choose (a per- vtji come near to (esp in quality
son) for a post, -^-ment n (a) or number), approxi'mation
[C] arrangement to meet; make n [C] almost correct amount.
an ~ (b) [C] position; He got
. apri-cot /'eiprikot/ n 1 [Cj (tree
the ~ as manager. with) orange fruit with a stone. 2
ap-praise /a'preiz/ vt {formal) [U] its orange colour.
estimate the value of. ap- April /'eipral/ n fourth month of
praisal /a'preizl/ n [C,U] the year.
ap-preci-able /a'priijabl/ adj apron /'eipran/ n [C] garment
that can be seen or noticed:" -^-^ worn in front to protect clothes.
difference I growth. ap-preci- apt /aept/ adj (-ex. -est) 1 quick
ablya</v to learn. 2 well suited: an ~ re-
ap-preci-ate /3'pri:|ieit/ vtji 1 mark. 3 having a tendency (to
judge the value of and enjoy; ~ do something): ~ to break, ^ly
a holiday. 2 put a high value on; adv suitably, -•^ness n [U]
^
We your help. 3 (of land, etc) ap-ti-tude /'aeptitjuid/ n [C,U]
increase in value. ap- talent: an "^for languages.
preci'ation n (a) [C,U] judge- aqua-lung /'skwalAr)/ n [C] (F)
ment, (b) [U] recognition: in -^ breathing unit for underwater
of your help, (c) [U] rise in swimming.
value. appreciative aqua-marine /,£ekw3m3'ri:n/ n
/a'priijativ/ adj showing appre- [C,U] bluish-green (jewel).
ciation (b). aquar-ium /a'kweanam/ n [C]
ap-pre-hend /,aepn'hend/ vt 1 with
(^/ -^s, -ria /-ri3/) (building
(legaf) arrest. 2 understand. an) tank for keeping fish.
apprehension /,aepn'henjn aquatic /s'kwstik/ adj 1 (of
n [U] 1 understanding: an of ^ plants, animals, etc) living in
the problems. 2 (also/?/) Cea.i.feel water. 2 (of sports) taking place
-^ for her safety. 3 (legal) act of on or in water.
arresting. appre-hensive aque-duct /'aekwidAkt/ n [C]
licpn'hensiv/ a^ worried. raised channel for carrying
3p-pren-tice a'prentis/ n [C] water eg across a valley.
person learning a trade, a vt put Ara-bic /'aerabik/ adj of the
m sb's care as an apprentice: a Arabs, a n [U] language of the
hoy ^d to CI builder, ^^^ship n Arabs. A-^ numeral, the signs
 7 arable/armour

0,1,2, 3, etc. central part of an amphitheatre.

ar-able /'aerebl/ adj (of land) 2 (fig) scene of competition: the
suitable to be ploughed. political'^.
ar-bit-rary /'arbitrsri/ adj 1 aren't /ant/ = are not.
based on opinion, not on ar-gue /'a:gju:/ vt/i^ express dis-
reason. 2 using unlimited agreement; quarrel: arguing
power: an ruler.
'%. over/about it. 2 '^ (for/
ar-bi-trate /'arbitreit/ v/// decide against /that. .), give reasons
.

by arbitration, arbi'tra-tion n (for, against). 3 debate: The

[U] settlement of a dispute by a lawyers '^d the case, ar-gu-able
person chosen as a judge, 'ar- /-9bl/ adj that can be disagreed
bi-tra-tor n [C] person appoint- with, ar-gu-ably adv
ed to settle a dispute. ar-gu-ment /'aigjumsnt/ n 1 [C]
arc /a:k/ n [C] part of the circum- (serious) disagreement. 2 [C,U]
ference of a circle. discussion; reason for or
ar-cade /a:'keid/ n [C] covered against. 'v/a-tive /ia:gjo-
street, with shops. 'mentativ/ adj fond of argu-
arch /a:tj/ n [C] curved structure ing(l).
supporting what is above it; pas- aria /'ojia/ n [C] (p/'^s) song for
sageway under an arch, a vt/i a single voice in opera.
form an arch: The cat ^ed its arid /'aerid/ adj dry, barren.
back. arise /a'raiz/ vi{pt arose /a'raoz/,
archae-ol-ogy (also and US pp arisen /s'rizn/) 1 come into
ar-che-ol-) /,a:ki'Dl3d3i/ n [U] existence: A difficulty has ^n. 2
study of ancient remains, ar- (old use) stand up.
chaeo-logi-cal adj /a:ki^ ar-is-toc-racy /iSeri'stDkrasi/ n
*lDd3ikl/ archae'ol-ogist n [C,U] (pi -ies) the highest social
rc] class, esp persons with titles
archaic /|a:'keiik/ adj (of lan- (dukes, earls, etc).
guages, words) not now used. aris-to-crat /'aeristakraet/ n [C]
arch-angel /,a:k'emd3l/ n [C] person of noble birth. 'X/ic
chief angel. /-'kraetik/ adj
arch-bishop /lartj'bijsp/ n [C] arith-me-tic /a'riBmstik/ n [U]
chief bishop. science of numbers; working
archer /'a:tj9(r)/ n [C] person with numbers. '>^al /-'metikl/
who shoots with a bow and ar- a<3{/of arithmetic.
rows, arch-ery n [U] (art oO ark /a:k/ n (in the Bible) Noah's
shooting with a bow and ar- ship.
rows. arm' /a;m/ n upper limb,
[C] 1
archi-pel-ago./,a:k!'pel3g3u/ n from the shoulder to the hand.
[C] ipl -^s, ~es ) (sea with a) keep sb at '^^ 's length, (fig)
group of many islands. treat him coldly, with open
archi-tect /'a:kitekt/ n [C] per- ^ 's. warmly. 2 sleeve. 3 some-
son who designs buildings. thing like an arm: the '^s of a
'>^ural /,a:ki'tekj3r3l/ adj of chair. 4 weapon: a ^fire-^.
architecture. '^ure /'a:ki- '-^-chair, chair with supports
tektj3(r)/ n [U] art of building; for the arms. ''>^pit, hollow un-
style of building(s). der the arm.
archives /'a:kaivz/ n pi (place arm^ /a:m/ vtji supply weapons;
for keeping) written records. prepare for war. the '>-'ed
arch-way/'a:tjwei//i c> arch. forces, the military forces.
arc-tic /'a:ktik/ adj. n (of the) ar-mada /a:'ma:d3/ n [C] (pi ~s)
north polar regions. great fleet of warships.
ardent /'a:dm/ adj very enthu- ar-ma-dillo /lOrma'dibu/ n [C]
siastic, 'v.ly adv (pi ~s) small animal of S Ameri-
ardu-ous /'ordjuss/ at^/ needing ca covered with bony plates.
much energy; difficult. '>^ly adv ar-ma-ment /'a:m3m9nt/ n 1
are /s(t) strong form: a:(r)/ be.O (usually pt) weapons, esp large
area /'eana/ n [C] 1 surface guns. 2 [U] process of getting
measure: the ^
of the page. 2 re- military forces equipped.
gion of the earth: desert ~j. 3 ar-mis-tice ''a:mistis/ n [C] (in
{fig) range of activity: ^s of dis- war) agreement to stop fighting
agreement. for a time.
arena 'n'n:n3' n [C] (pi -^s) 1 armour (US = armor)
arms/artist 18

/'a:m3(r)/ [U] 1 defensive

n arrogancenfU]
covering for the body: a suit of ar-row /'aerau/ n [C] 1 pointed
-^. 2 metal covering for tanks, stick shot from a bow. 2 sign
etc. 3 (collective) tanks, etc. ( >•) to show direction.
'>^ed adj. ar-mou rer, manu- ar-senal ''a:s3nl/ n [C] govern-
facturer of arms, ar-moury ment building(s) where weapons
place where arms are kept. and ammunition are made or
arms /aimz/ n pl^ weapons, /ay stored.
down (one's) '^. stop fight- arsenic /'a:snik/ n [U] strong
ing, take up ~
(against), get poison.
ready to fight, (be) up in '>^ arson /'a:sn/ n [U] crime of set-
(about/over), (Jig) protest ting fire to prooerty.
strongly. 2 {heraldry) design art /a:t/ n 1 [U] expression of
used by a noble family, town, what is beautiful, esp in .paint-
etc. ''>--race, competition ing, sculpture, etc; '.ill in such
among nations for military expression. 2 [C] subject which
strength. is not considered a science eg

army /'a:mi/ n [C] ipl -ies) 1 the painting, literature. 3 [C.UJ

'v/, the military forces of a trickery; trick. 'V/ful adj cun-
country, on land. 2 large num- ning. '^fuWy adv
ber: an •^ of workmen. arte-fact C> artifact.
aroma /a'raoma/ n [C] sweet ar-ter-ial /a:'ti3ri3l/ adj 1 of or
smell, '^tic /,aer3'maetik/ adj Uke an artery. 2 (fig) 'v. roads,

arose /a'rauz//?/ of arise. important main roads.

around /a'raund/ adv, prep 1 on
every side. 2 about; near: He
lives ^London. It's si.x ^
o'clock.
arouse /a'rauz/ vt 1 awaken: ->^
suspicion. 2 cause (somebody) to
become active.
arrange /3'remd3/ vt/i 1
order: '^ flowers. 2 make plans:
'^ a meeting. 3 come to an agree-
ment: ^
a loan. 4 adapt (music):
~ apiece for the violin. '>^ment
n (a) [U] putting in order, (b)
(pf) plans; preparations, (c) [U]
agreement: come to an '^ment
over expenses, (d) [C] result of
arranging: an '-^ment for piano.
array /a'rei/ n [C] arrangement
ofthings in order.
ar-rears n pi 1 money
/a'riaz/
that is of rent, be in -^
owing: 'v,
(with), be in paying. 2
late
work waiting to be done.
ar-rest /a'rest/ vt 1 seize (some-
body) by the authority of the
law. 2 stop (a process): Poor
food '^^s natural growth. 3 attract
(attention), a n[C] act of arrest-
mg. (be/place) under '^,
(be/be made) a prisoner.
ar-ri-val /s'raivl/ n 1 [U] act of
arrivmg. 2 [C] person or thing
that arrives: The new -^
baby) is a boy.
ar-rive /s'raiv/ vi\ reach a place:
- home. 2 come: the day -^d. 3
^ at, reach (a decision, etc). 4
(modern use) be successful.
ar-ro-gant /'aeragant/ adj behav-
ing in a proud manner. '>^ly adv.
artery /'artari/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1
tube carrying blood from the
heart.2 main road or river.
arthri-tis /,a:'6raitis/ n [U] in-
flam.mation of a joint in the
body, arthri-tic /a:'9ntik/ adj
arti-choke /'artitjauk/ n [C] 1
put m globe '>^, plant like a large
2 Jerusalem '^, plant
thistle.
with white roots used as a vege-
table.
ar-ticle /'a:tikl/ n [C] 1 separate
thing: ~5 of clothing. 2 piece of
writing in a newspaper. 3 (legal)
clause in an agreement. 4
(gram): definite ~, 'the'; indefi-
nite '>^, 'a', 'an'.
ar-ticu-late^ /a:'tikjubt/ adj 1
(of speech) in which the sounds
and words are clear. 2 (of a per-
son) able to put thoughts into
clear speech. '>^ly adv
ar-ticu-late^ /a:'tikjuleit/ vt/i 1
speak (distinctly). 2 connect by
joints, ar-ticu'la-tion n [U] (a)
production of speech sounds,
(b) (connection by a) joint.
arti-fact, artefact /'a:tifaekt/
n [C] something made by man.
arti-fi-cial /larti'fijl/ adj 1 not
natural or real; made by man. 2
not sincere: ^
laughter, -^^ly adv
( = artil'lery /a:'tibri/ n [U] big
guns; branch of an army that
uses these.
ar-ti-san /,a:ti'zaEn/ n [C] skilled
workman.
art-ist n [C] 1 person
"a.tist/
who practises an art, esp paint-
ing. 2 person who acts with skill.
 19 artiste/assassin

'^^ /a:'tist»k/ adj (a) done with shame -^ly /a'Jeimidh; adv
skill and good taste, (b) .of art ashore /3'jD:(r)/ adv on or to the
orartisls. ^ally a(iv. art-istry shore.
/'a:tistn/ n [U] artistic skill. Asian /'eijn/ n [C] adj (native) of
.

art-iste /a:'ti:st/ m
[C] profes- Asia.
sional singer, actor, etc. aside /a'said/ adv on or to one
arty /'a:ti/ adj {informal) side: He laid the book -v.. a /? [C]
pretending to be artistic. (on stage) words that others are
as^ /3Z strong form: aez/ ad\ as .. supposed not to hear.
as. in the same degree: tail ^ ~ ask /a:sk/ vt/i (pt.pp '>^ed) 1 re-
as^ /3Z strong form: aez/ conj 1 quest: '^ (him) how to get there.
when; while: I saw him -^ he was 2 invite: ->- him in. ^^^ for it/
getting off the bus. 2 since: A^^ trouble, behave in such a way
he wasn 't ready, we went without that trouble is likely. 3 demand
him. 3 (in comparisons): twice ~ as a price: What are they '^ing
large '^. 4 Much '^. although. for the house?
5 in the way: Leave it ~
// is. 6 askance /a'skains/ adv look '^
like: dressed '^ a woman. 7 (to at, look at with suspicion.
avoid repetition): He is tall. ^ askew /s'skju:/ adv. adj not
are his brothers. 8 in the capacity level.
of: respected '^ a judge. 9 such asleep /o'slirp/ adj^ sleeping: He
^, for example. 10 '>^ for with fell'^. fast '^. in adeep sleep. 2
reference to. 11 so ^
to, (a) in (of arms or legs) without feeling.
order to. (b) with the result asp ssp/ n [C] small poisonous
that: behave so ^
to annoy your N
snake of Africa.
neighbours. 12 '^/so long '^, as-para-gus /s'sparagas/ n [U]
(a) on condition that: You can plant whose green shoots are
go. so long "^ you get back soon. eaten as a vegetable.
(b) while: You shall never enter as-pect /'aespekt/ n [C] 1 appear-
'^ long -^ / live. 1 3 -s^ much, so: ance (of a person or thing). 2
/ thought '^ much. ->^ we/f. also. front that faces a particular
'^ yet, up to this time. direction: a house with a south-
aS'bes-tos /aes'bestos/ n [U] ern ~. 3 side (of a problem):
soft, grey, mineral substance study every '^ of the question.
which does not burn. aspersion /a'spsrjn/ n cast
as-cend '/a'send/ vt/i 1 (formal) ^^s on sb. say false things
go or come up (a mountain, etc). about him.
2 -^ the throne, become king as-phalt /'aesfaelt/ n [U] black
or queen, --wancy, (also -ency) substance for making road sur-
/-ansi/ n [U] influence; power. faces. D vt surface (a road) with
as-cen-sion /a'senjn/ n [C] act asphalt.
of ascending, the A'>-, the de- as-phyxia /as'fiksia/ n [U] suffo-
parture of Jesus from the earth. cation.
as-cent /a'sent/ n [C] act of as- as-phyxi-ate /as'fiksieit/ vt
cending; way up. make ill, cause the death of,
as-cer-tain /,aes3'tem/ vt find through lack of air. as-
out; make certain about. phyxi'ationn[U]
as-cribe vt (formal)
/a'skraib/ as-pi r-ate /'aesparat/ n [C] the
consider to be the cause of: ~ sound of 'h'. d /'aespsreit/ vt say
failure to bad luck. with an 'h' sound.
asep-tic /,ei'septik/ adj clean; aspir-ation /laespa'reijn/ n [C,
free from bacteria. U] ambition.
asex-ual /,ei'sekju9l/ fl<^' 1 with- as-pire /3'spai3(r)/ vi be filled
out sex. 2 (of a person) showing with ambition: '^ to become an
no interest in sexual relations. author.
ash' /aej/ n [C] tree with hard as-pirin /'aesprm/ n (P) [U] medi-
wood; [U] wood of this tree. cine to relieve pain; [C] tablet of
ash^ /aeJ/ n [U or pi] 1 powder left this.
after something has burnt. 2 (pi) ass /aes/ n [C] 1 donkey. 2 (fig)
the remains of a body after stupid person.
cremation. ''>^-tray, receptacle as-sail /a'seil/ vt attack, -^ant n
for tobacco ash. A-^ Wednes- [C] attacker.
day, firstday of Lent. as-sas-sin /a'saesm/ n [C] person
ashamed /s'Jeimd/ adj feeling who assassinates, --v/ate vt kill
 .

assault/at 20

an important person for politic- before there is proof: his in- ~

al reasons. '>-ation /-'neijn/ n nocence. 2 take on: 'v. office, be-
[C,U] murder of this kind. gin to govern. 3 take something
as-sault /3's3:lt/ n [C] sudden at- not genuine: ~
a new name.
tack, a attack violently.
v/ as-sump-tion /a'sAmpjn/ n [C]
as-semble /a'sembl/ vt/i 1 gath- 1 something regarded as true or
er together: a crowd '^ed. 2 put likely. 2theactofassuming(2).
together (the parts of). as-sur-ance /a'Juarans/ n 1 [U]
as-sem-bly /a'sembli/ n (pi -ies) (often self-'^) belief in one's own
1 [C] number of persons coming ability. 2 [C] promise: give an ->^.
together: school -n,. 2 [U] act of 3 [U] insurance: lifc^.
assembling (parts). '-^^ line. as-sure /3'Ju3(r)/ vt 1 say posi-
process of mass production in tively. 2 cause (a person) to be
which parts of a machine move sure. 3 insure, esp against death.
along for fixing together. as-sured a^confident.
as-sent /a'sent/ /( [C] official ag- as-ter-isk /'aestarisk/ n [C] the
reement. D vi (formal) give ag- mark *
reement (to. eg a proposal). astern adv in or at the
/3'st3:n/
as-sert /a'ssit/ vt 1 make a claim stern of a ship.
to: 'V. one's rights. 2 declare: ~ as-ter-oid /'aestaroid/ n [C] very
one's innocence, as'sertion small planet.
/-Jn/ n (a) [U] act of asserting, asthma /'aesma/ n [U] disease
(b) [C] strong statement. '>^ive marked by difTicult breathing.
ac(/ showing confidence. -x/tic /laes'maetik/ adj
as-sess decide the
/a'ses/ vt 1 as-ton-ish /a'stonif/ vt surprise
value or amount of (eg a tax). 2 greatly, 'x/ing adi very surpris-
(fig) test the value of: a ^ ing. '>^mentw[U]
speech. '>^ment n [C,U]. ^sor astound /a'staund/ vt shock
n [C] person who assesses taxes, greatly; amaze.
etc. as-tral adj of the stars.
/'aestral/
as-set /'aeset/ n [C] 1 (usually pi) astray /a'strei/ adv. adj off the
anything that may be sold to pay right path, esp (fig) into doing
debts. O liability. 2 valuable wrong: led'\^.
quaHty or skill. astride /a'straid/ adv. adj. prep
as-sign /a'sam/ give as a
vt 1 with one leg on each side (oQ-
share or task: -^ work to be done. as-trol-ogy /a'stroladsi/ n [U]
2 name as a time, place, etc. 3 study of the stars in the belief
appoint: A'^ your best man. that they infiuence human af-
^mentAi[C,Uj fairs, as-trol-oger n [C].
as-simi-late /a'simaleit/ vt/i ab- as-tro-naut /'aestranD:!/ n [C]
sorb; take in (food, information, person who travels in a space-
foreign people, etc). as- craft,
similation /i[U] as-tron-omy /a'stronami/ n [\]]
as-sist /a'sist/ vt/i (formal) help. science of the stars and planets.
^ance n [U] help, -^ant n [C] astronomer n [C]. astro-
helper: a Kshop-'^ant. nomi-cal /laestra'nomikl/ adj
as-so-ci-ate /a'ssujiat/ n [C] 1 (a) of astronomy, (b) enor-
person joined with others in mous: an astronomical amount.
work or crime. 2 companion, a as-tute /a'stjuct/ adjc\e\ev; sens-
/a'saujieit/ v///1 connect. 2 join; ible: an ^^ businessman, -x^ly
be in the company of. adv. ^ ness n [U]
as-so-ci-ation /3,S3usi'eiJn/ n 1 asy-lum /a'saibm/ n 1 [C,U]
[U] associating; connection, in (place oO refuge. 2 (formerly)
^ (with), together. 2 [C] per- home for the mentally ill (mental
sons joined together for a pur- home /hospital). 3 protection
pose: the ^Automobile /4~. /^ from cruel treatment, etc: /jo//7-
'football, (common abbr = ical'^.^.
:.occcr) game in which two teams
at /at strong form: aet/ prep 1 (a)
try to kick a ball into a goal.
in or near: '^ the station, (b) to-
assorted /3'sD:tid/ adj of vari- wards: look ~
him: guess -^ the
ous sorts. meaning. 2 (a) (showing a point
as-sort-ment /3'sD:tm3nt/ n [C] of time): 2 o'clock.
- in^. C> O
assorted collection. on^. (b) (of age): ~
(the age of)
as-sume /a'sjuim/ vt 1 believe 15. (c) (showing order): 'y^ first.

i

3 (a) (showing occupation):
work, (b) (after adjectives):
good ^ (c) (state,
translation,
condition): 'v- war. 4 (rate, cost,
etc): -^ /m// speed; sell them
25p. 5 by: shocked'^ the news.
ate/et/p/ofeat.
athe-ism /'eiGuzam/ n [U] belief
that thereis no God. athe-ist n
[C].athe'istic adj
ath-lete /'ae91i:t/ n [C] person
trained for physical games.
ath-letic adj (a) of
/aeG'letik/
athletes, (b) physically strong
and fit. ath-let-ics «p/ physical
exercises and sports.
aMas /'aetbs/ n [C]
maps.
at-mos-phere /'aetm3sfi9(r)/ n 1
the '>^, gases surrounding the
earth. 2 [C] air. 3 [C] feeling
from aplace, conditions, etc: an
~ of peace in the country, at-
mos-pheric /-'ferik/ adj of the
atmosphere.
atoll /'aetol/ n [C] ring of coral
reef(s) round a lagoon.
atom /'aetam/ n[C\^ smallest un-
it of an element that can take
part in a chemical change. 2 (fig)
very small amount, 'v/ic
/a'tomik/ adj of atoms. ,'>^ic
'bomb, bomb whose power
comes from splitting atoms.
atro-cious/a'trauJas/aiZ/l very
cruel: an '^ crime. 2 (informal)
very bad: '^ weather. '>^ly adv
atroc-ity /a'trosati/ n (pi -ies)
[U] wickedness; [C] cruel act.
at-tach /9'taetJ/ vtji 1 fasten (one
thing to another). 2 be '^ed to.
be fond of. 3 consider to have:
importance to. '>^ment n (a)
[U] being attached, (b) [C]
something attached, (c) [C] af-
fection: an '>^ for her.
at-tache /a'taejei/ n [C] person
attached to an embassy: the nav-
al ^. ->- case, small case for
documents.
at-tack /a'taek/ n 1 [C] violent at-
tempt to defeat: make an on. 2
[C] hostile criticism. 3 [C] in-
stance of disease: a ^heart ^. a vt
make an attack. '>^er n [C]
at-tain /a'tem/ (formal)
vt/i
achieve; gain: '>^one's hopes!
success. '>^ment, (a) [U] act of
attaininjg. (b) [C] (usually pi)
skill; ability.
at-tempt /a'tempt/ vt try;
an effort, a n [C] effort to do
something: an '^ to escape.
at-tend o'tend,' vr// 1 concen-
21 ate/audience
~ your work. 2 look
trate on: -^ to
after: Which doctor is '^ing you?
3 be present at: ->- a meeting.
'>^ance n (a) [C,U] being
~ present, at school etc. (b) [Cj
number of persons present: a
large '^. -s-ant n [C] servant or
companion.
at-ten-tion /a'tenjn/ n 1 [U]
careful thought: pay/attract ~.
2 care; work: My
old car needs
some '^. 3 [U] (mil) position in
which a man stands straight and
still.
at-tent-ive /a'tentiv/ adj paying
attention. '>-ly adv
boqk of at-test /a'test/ vt/i 1 give proof
of: His wealth '^s his ability. 2
declare on oath.
at-tic /'aetik/ n [C] room in the
roof of a house.
at-ti-tude /'aEtitju:d/ n [C] 1 way
of thinking or behaving. 2 way
of standing: in a threatening '^.
at-tor-ney /9't3:ni/ n [C] (pi '^s)
person with authority to act for
another in business or law.
at-tract /a'traekt/ vt 1 pull to-
wards: A magnet -^5 steel. 2 get
the attention of: Lights ^
moths.
3 find attractive, at'traction
/-Jn/ n (a) [U] power of pulling
towards, (b) [C] that which at-
tracts: the '^s of a big city. '>^ive
adj having the power to attract;
pleasing.
at-tribute^ /s'tribjuit/ vt con-
sider as a quaUty of, the result
of: '^ his success to hard work, a
n [C] 1 quality be-
/'aetribju:t/
longing to a person or thing. 2 a
^ symbol of a person or his posi-
tion.
auber-gine /'3ub33i:n/ n [C] egg-
plant, used as a vegetable.
auburn Poibsn/ adj (of hair)
reddish-brown.
auc-tion /'D:kj"n/ n [C,U] sale at
which goods are sold to the per-
son offering the most money, d
vt sell bv auction, '-^eer
~ /-'ni9(r)/ n [C] person in charge
of an auction.
aud-acious /oi'deijas/ adj dar-
ing, '^lyadv
aud-ac-ity /3:'d£es3ti/ n [U] dar-
ing; impudence.
aud'ible /'o:d3bl/ adj able to be
heard, aud-ibly adv
audi-ence /'o:di3ns/ n [C] 1
make gathering of persons to hear a
speaker, singer, etc. 2 persons
listening, reading: The pro-
gramme has a large ^. 3 formal
 .

audit/aversion 22

interview by a ruler: The Pope sort of writing, autobio-

granted an '^ graphic(al) /-'graefik(3l)/ adj
audit n [C] official exami-
/'D:dit/ auto-crat /'3:l3kraet; n [C] 1 rul-
nation of business accounts, d v7 er with unlimited power. 2 per-
examine accounts. '>^or n [C] son who acts like this. 'X/ic
aud-ition /3:'dijn/ n [C] test of a /,y.t3^krxUk; adj.
singer or an actor, a v7 give an auto-graph 'o:t3gra:f/ n [C]
audition to. person's handwriting; his sig-
audi-tor-ium /pidi'tDrriam/ n [C] nature. D 17 write one's name on.
ipl ~s) (part oO a building in auto-mate /bitameit, vt convert
which an audience sits. to, control by, automation.
aug-ment /D:g'ment, vt/i (for- auto-matic prta'majtik/ adj 1
mal) mcrease. (of a machine) able to work
august D:'gASt/ adj majestic; without attention. 2 (of actions)
causing respect or awe. done without thought, a n [C]
August 'o:g3St/ n the eighth small automatic gun. '>^ally adv
month of the year. auto-ma-tion /prts'meijn/ n [U]
aunt /a:nt/ n [C] sister of one's (use oQ machines to save lab-
father or mother; wife of one's our.
uncle, --wie, n {informal) aunt. auto-mo-bile /'aitomabiil/ n [C]
au pair /|3o 'peD(r)/ adj (in GB) (esp US) motor-car.
girl from overseas who, in return auton-omous /o:'tDn3m3s/ adj
for household duties, receives (of states) self-governing.
board and lodgmg. auton-omy /Dr'tonami/ n [C,U]
auspices bispisiz/ n pi under self-government.
the ^ of, helped and favoured au-topsy /'D:topsi/ n [C] (pZ-ies)
by. (med) examination of a body
aus-pi-cious /oi'spijas/ adj fav- after death.
ourable; prosperous. 'x,|y adv autumn /'Ditam/ n [C] season,
aus-tere /D:isti3(r)/ adj 1 (of a between summer and winter,
person) severely moral and --•^al |D:'tAmn9l/a<^'
strict. 2 (of a way of Hving) sim- auxili-ary /Dig'ziliari/ adj help-
ple and plain. '>^ly adv. aus- ing; supporting.
terity /Di'sterati/ « [u] -x, oneself of.
avail /a'veil/ vt/i
auth-en-tic /or'eentik/ adj ge- (formal) make use of. a n of
nuine; known to be true. '>^ally nol little ^, not helpful, to no
adv. '^ate vi prove the origin, '^, unsuccessfully.
authorshfip, etc of. ^^a-tion avail-able /s'veibbl/ adj that
/o:,eenti'keiJn/ n [U] act of prov- may be obtained: There are no
ing to bfe genuine. '>^ity tickets'^, avail-a'bil-ityr/7 [U]
/,D:8en'tiS3ti/ n [U] quality of be- ava-lanche "aEV3la:nJ'/ n [C] 1
ing genuine. mass of snow sliding down a
author hMx)! n [C] 1 writer. 2 mountain. 2 great amount: an '>^

f>erson who begins something. of letters.

'>>'essn [C] woman author.
'^ship n [U] origin of a book.
authoritative /oriGoritativ/
adj 1 having authority. 2
manding: in an ^
manner. 3 reli-
able: an '^ report, ^^{y adv
auth-or-ity /Dr'eorati/ n (pi -jes)
1 [U] power to give orders. 2 [C]
person(s) having authority. 3
[C] person, book, etc that sup-
plies reliable information.
auth-or-ize /'orBaraiz/ vt give
authority to (a person). ,A'^d
'Version, (common abbr
the English Bible, first published
1611. auth-ori'zation n [U]
autobiography
'ografi/ n {pi -ies) 1
son's life story written by him-
self. 2 [U] the practice of this
av-ar-ice /'asvsris/ n [U] greed
(the usual word), av-a'r-icious
adj {formal) greedy.
com- avenge /a'vends/ vt take revenge
for: '^ an insult.
av-enue /'aevanju:/ n [C] 1 road
with trees on each side. 2 {fig)
way (to an aim): ~5 to success.
av-er-age /'aev3rid3/ n [C] 1 the
middle value of a number of
quantities. 2 level regarded as
ordinary, d adj^ found by mak-
ing an average: The -^ age of the
AV) boys is fifteen. 2 of the ordinary
standard, a vt/i 1 find the aver-
age of. 2 do as an average: 200 ~
/p:t3|bai- miles a day.
[C] a per- aver-sion /a'varfn/ n 1 [C,U]
strong dislike. 2 [C] thing or per-
son disliked.
 23 avert/back

avert /3'v3:t/ vt(formal) 1 turn ax-iom /'aeksism/ n [C] statement

away (one's eyes, etc). 2 prevent: accepted as true, -^'matic adj
'^ disaster. obviously true.
avi-ary /'eiviari/ n [C] {pi -ies) axis /'aeksis/ n [C] (pi ~s
place for keeping birds. /'aeksi:z/) 1 line round which a
avi-ation /,eivi'eij"n/ n [U] (art thing turns: the earth 'S '^.2 pol-

and science oO flying in aircraft. connection between states.

itical
avid /'aevid/ adj (formal) eager; axle /'aeksl/ n [C] rod on which a
enthusiastic, ^ly adv. wheel turns.
avo-cado /laevg'kaidau/ n [C] (pi ay, aye /ai/ int. adv (Scot, region-
~s) green tropica! fruit. al) yes. a n vote in favour.
avoid /s'void/ v/ keep or get
away from; escape; ~ danger.
'>>'able at//' that can be avoided.
'^ance rj[\J]
avoirdupois /'aevada'poiz/ n
[U] system of weights used, be-
fore metrication, in B.
await /a'weit/ vt wait for.
G Bb
awake' /a'weik/ v/ (pt awoke/
a'wauk/, /7/7 awoken/a'waukan/) B, b /bi:/ (pi B's, b's /bi:z/) the
= wake. second letter of the English al-
awake^ /a'weik/ a<^' roused from phabet.
sleep. -^ fo, aware of. babble /'baebl/ vt/i talk, quickly,
awaken ,
a'weikan/ vt = wake. Uke a baby, a n [U] foolish talk;
awaken-ing /a'weiknii)/ /? [C] talk not easily understood.
act of becoming aware. babe/beib'/j[C](//Obaby.
award /a'wo.-d/ vt give (by offi- ba-boon /ba'burn/ n [C] large
cial decision): -^ ///•5/ a n /^r/ze'. monkey.
[C] 1 decision made by a judge. 2 baby n [C] (pi -bies) 1
/'beibi/
thing given by a decision. very young 2 (si) sweet-
child.
aware /3'we3(r)/ adj o// ^ heart, Hke a baby.
'-^^ish, of,
f/iaf, having knowledge. '-^^-sit-ter, person paid to look
'>^nessA;[U] after a baby
for a short time.
away /a'wei/ aJv 1 to or at a dis- Hence, sit v/(-tt-).
--^^

tance: The sea is two miles ~. 2 bach-elor /'baetj3b(r)/ n [C] 1

continuously: He was working unmarried man. c> spinster. 2
'^. 3 (used to show loss, weaken- (man or woman who has taken
ing): The water has boiled ~. 4 the) first university degree: 5~
right /straight ^, at once. of Arts /Science.
awe n [U] fear and respect.
/d:/ back^ /back/ adv 1 to or at the
''>^-inspiring adj filling with rear: Stand '^, please! go '^ on
awe. ''>-someflc^" causing awe. one 's word, fail to keep a pro-
aw-ful /'Difi/ adj 1 terrible: a« -^ mise. 2 in (to) an earlier posi-
^^ar/;. 2 (informal) very bad; tion: Throw the ball '\.. tome. 3 in
very great, --wly a^iv very return: hit her '^. have/get
(much): -^hot. ^
one 's ^own (on sb). (infor-
awhile /a'wail/ adv for a short mal) have one's revenge. 4 (of
time. time) ago: a few years ^.
awk-ward /'oikwad/ at// 1 (of back^ /baek/ n [C] 1 part of the
objects, places) not well design- human body from the neck to
ed; (of circumstances, etc) the buttocks, do/say sth
inconvenient, an '>^ custom- behind sb's -^. without his
er, a difficult person. 2 (of liv- knowledge (always unpleasant).
ing things) clumsy. 3 embarrass- get off sb's '^. stop being a
ing: an ~
silence. '^\y adv. nuisance, put one's ->- into
'^nessA;fUl sth, work very hard at it. put/
awoke c> awake\ get sb's ^
up. make him
axe /ceks/ n [C\ (pi •^s "aeksiz/) angry, turn one's '^ on sb.
tool for chopping trees, ,/idve abandon him. 2 upper surface of
an ''>^ to grind, (fig) have pri- an animal's body. 3 part of a
vate reasons for doing some- chair on which a person's back
thing, a vt reduce, eg costs; dis- rests. 4 part farthest from the
miss. front: the ~ of the house.

L
back /bailiff 2

''-v/ache, pain the back

in disease, bac-terial j-rialj adj
''^bite vt/i say things to bad^ /baed, adj (worse, worst) 1
damage a person's reputation. wicked, immoral. 2 unpleasant:
/x/bone, (a) bones down the '>- news. 3 serious: a mistake. ~
middle of the back; spine, (b) 4 of poor quality, be in a ,-V'
(Jig) strength of character. 'ivay. be very \\\._not (so) >^.
''X/breaking adj (of work) ex- (informal) quite good. 5 rotten;
hausting. ,'>^'date vt begin at a '^ eggs, go '>", become unfit to
date back in the past. |'>^'fire n eat. 6 for, hurtful: Smoking
-x,

[U] sound in an engine when gas is ~ for the health.

7 diseased: a
explodes at the wrong time, d vi '^ finger. 8 (informal) unfortu-
(a) produce this sound. (b)(//g) nate: // 's too '>^ she's ill. 9 (infor-
fail: his plan '^fired. mal) sorry: I feel so ~ about that.
'^x^ground, (a) part of a scene 'x. debt, one unlikely to be
at the back, (b) relevant condi- paid, 'x/ly adv (worse, worst)
tions: the political 'Aground, (c) (a) in a bad manner: ~/>' made.
f>erson's past, education, etc. (b) by much: ~/>' defeated, (c)
''x/hand, stroke (in tennis, etc) very much: want it ^ly. (d) -^^/y
with the back of the hand for- off, poor, 'x.ness n [U]
ward. I'-^handed, adj (Jig) (of bad^ /baed/ n [U] that which is
comments) sarcastic. ''>^ing, bad.
(a) help; support, (b) material bade /baed/ c> bid.
to support something, '^lash. badge /baeds/ n [C] something
(fig) violent reaction. ''>-log, worn to show occupation, rank,
work to attended
be to. etc.
'-x-num-ber a newspaper, etc badger^ /'baed33(r)/ n [CJ small,
now out of date. ,'>^'side, (in- night animal living in holes.
formal) buttocks, ,^'stage, (in badger^ /'baedp(r)/ vt annoy
a theatre, etc) behind the stage. (with questions, etc).
'-x/Stroke, swimming on one's bad-min-ton /'baedmintan/ n
back, '-x-water, (a) part of a [U] game played with rackets
river not reached by its current. and shuttlecocks across a net.
(b) (Jig) place not afTected by baffle' /'baefl/ vt be too difficult
progress. to do; prevent (a person) from
back^* /baek/ vt/i 1 go or cause to doing.
go back: -^ a car. 2 support. '>^ baffle^ /'baefl/ n [C] plate to con-
sb up, support him in every trol the flow of gas or liquid.
way. 3 bet money on (a horse, bag' /baeg/ n [C] 1 flexible con-
etc). 4 '^ down (from), give tainer with an opening at the
up a claim, etc. '^ out (of), top, used for carrying things: a
withdraw. 5 put on as a surface *hand^. let the cat out of
at the back: --^ed with iron. 6 be the '>^, tell a secret. 2 '^s'of,
at the back of: Their house '\.s on (sf) plenty of: '^s of money.
to our garden, -x.er, (a) person bag^ /baeg/ vt/i (-gg-) 1 put into
who bets on a horse, (b) person a bag. 2 (of sportsmen) kill: a ~
who gives (Financial) support. deer. 3 hang loosely: trousers
backgammon /baek'gaeman/ n that ^ at the knees.
[U] game played with draughts bag-gage /'baegids/ n [U] lug-
and dice. gage.
back-ward /'baekwsd/ adj 1 to- baggy /'baegi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
wards the back. 2 having made hanging loosely: ~ trousers.
less than the usual progress: a ~ bag-pipes /'baegpaips/ n pi mus-
child. 3 hesitating, back- ical instrument with a bag and
ward(s) adv (a) towards the pipes.
back: He looked '^s. (b) with bail' /beil/ n [U] money paid as
the back or the end first: say the security that a person will ap-
alphabet ^(s). know
sth\.s, pear for his trial: release on '^. a
know it perfectly. vt '^ sb out, obtain his free-
bacon /'beikan/ n [U] salted dom by payment of bail.
meat from the back or sides of a baiP /beil/ n [C] (cricket) cross
pig piece over the wicket.
bac-terium /bsk'tianam/ n [C] baiP /beil/ vt/i throw water out
(pi -na /-ri3/) smallest
plant
form of of a boat, x, out bale^ O
life, sometimes causing bail- iff /'beihf/ n [C\ 1 sherifTs
 25 bait/ bangle

officer.2 landowner's agent. baMis-tic of rock-

/ba'listik/ ac^'
bait /belt/ n [U] 1 food to catch ets, bullets, etc.bal-is-tics n
fish or animals. 2 (Jig) anything [U] (with a sing verb) study,
thattempts. a vl/i^ put food (on science, of projectiles.
a hook) to catch fish. 2 torment bal-ioon /ba'luin/ n [C] bag filled
with cruel remarks. with air or gas. d vi swell like a
bake /beik/ vt/i 1 cook, be balloon, -^ist, person who fiies
cooked, in an oven. 2 make hard in balloons.
by heating, 'baking-powder, baMot /'baebt/ n 1 [C] (paper
powder to make dough rise. used in a) secret vote. 2 votes re-
baker, person who bakes corded, a vi give a vote. ''>^-
bread, etc. place where
'>^rv, box, box into which ballot-
bread is baked (and sold). papers are put.
bal-ance^ /'baebns/ n 1 [C] appa- balm /ba:m/ n [U] 1 oil for
ratus for weighing, be/hang in soothing pain. 2 (fig) that which
the 'v/, (fig) be still uncertain. 2 gives peace of mind, balmy adj
[U] condition of being steady: (-ier, -iest) (a) (of air) soft and
keep/ lose one's '^. 3 [U] (in art) warm, (b) healing.
harmony of design. 4 (accounts) balsa /'b3:ls3/ n [C,U] (light-
difference between two columns weight wood of a) tropical
of an account. 5 amount owed American tree.
after a part payment. ''^- bal-us-trade /,baeb'streid/ n [C]
sheet, (accounts) written state- banisters round a balcony, etc.
ment showing credit and debit. bam-boo /(baem'bu:/ n [U] tall
bal-ance^ /'baebns/ vt/i 1 keep hollow plant of the grass family.
(something, oneselQ steady. 2 ban /basn/ vt (-nn-) forbid, d n
(accounts) compare one's debts [C] order that forbids.
and what one is owed; (of two ba-nal /b3'na:l/ adj dull, ordi-
sides) be equal. 3 compare (two nary: ~ remarks.
objects, plans, etc). ba-nana /ba'nain?/ n [C] long,
bal-cony /'baelkani/ n [C] (pi yellow, tropical fruit.
-ies) 1 platform on an outside band /baend/ n [C] 1 thin strip of
wall of an upstairs room. 2 (in a material for tying things: a rub-
theatre) seats upstairs. ber '^. 2 line, different from the
bald /bD:ld/ adj (-er, -est) 1 hav- rest, on something: a white plate
ing no hair. 2 (Jig) plain, simple: with a red -^ round the edge. 3
a '^ statement. '>^ly adv. ^s^ness group: a '^ of robbers. 4 group
who play music together. 5
bale^ /beil/ n [C] material pressed (radio) range of wavelengths, a
together and tied, a vt make into vt/i 1 put a band on. 2 unite in a
bales. group: ~ together. ''>^stand,
bale^ /beil/ vt -^ out (of), (of an open-air platform for a
airman) jump with a parachute. band(4). ''>^wagon, /'iv/np on
bair /bo:l/ n [C] 1 sphere used in the 'N^, join in because success is
games: cricket '^.beon the ^, guaranteed.
be alert. 2 a round mass: a of ^ ban-dage /'baendids/ n [C] strip
wool. 3 round part: the -^ of the of material for binding round a
thumb, ''v/'point, pen that uses wound. D vt tie up with a ban-
a tiny ball to write. dage.
balP /bo:l/ n [C] social gathering ban-dit /'baendit/ n [C] robber,
for dancing. ''>^room, large one of an armed band.
room for dancing. bandy^ /'baendi/ adj (of the legs)
bal-lad /'baelad/ n [C] song or curving outwards at the knees.
poem, esp one that tells a story. bandy^ /'baendi/ vt exchange
bal-iast /'baebst/ n [U] 1 heavy (words, blows).
material to keep a ship steady. 2 bang /baeq/ n [C] violent blow;
sand thrown out of a balloon to sudden, loud noise, a vt/i hit
make it go higher, a vt supply violently; make a loud noise: -^
with ballast. at the door. The door '\.edshut.
bal-ler-ina /,baeb'ri:n3/ n [C] banger /'baer)3(r)/ n [C] (si) 1
woman ballet dancer. sausage. 2 noisy firework. 3 old,
bal-let /'baelei/ n [C,U] 1 perfor- worn car.
mance of dancing that tells a bangle /'baeqgl/ n [C] band worn
story. 2 the dancers. as jewelry.
 banish /bark 2

ban-ish send away

/'baenij/ v/ 1 called to the 'x^. become a
as a punishment. 2 put out of barrister. ''>^maid, woman who
(the mind), -^ment n [U] serves drinks at bar (3).
a
ban-is-ter 'baenist3(r); n [C] ''>-man, man who does this.
fKJSts and handrail of a stair- ''>^ten-der, barmaid or bar-
case. man.
banjo /baen'd33u/ n [C] (pi ~s or bar^ IbQir)! vt (-rr-) 1 fasten (a
~es) musical instrument played door) with barsM2). 2 obstruct
by plucking the strings. ~ the way. 3 ban: '^ from a com-
bank^ /baeqk/ n [C] 1 side of a petition.
river. mound of sloping land.
2 bar" ba:(r)/, bar-ring /'ba:rir)
3 ('sand'N-') rising part of the prep (informal) except. '^ none.
seabed, d v///1 (a) make^up. without exception.
into banks, (b) put coal on (a barb ba:b/ n [C] curved point
fire). 2 (of a car or plane) tilt (eg of a fish-hook, etc), ^^.^ed adj
when turning. having barbs: '^ed wire.
bank^ /baeqk n [C] 1 building for
' bar-bar-ian /ba:'be3ri3n/ adj. n
keeping money safely. 2 (place [C] uncivilized (person), bar-
for storing) supplies: a 'hlood-^. baric /bot'baenk; adj (a) of or
a vt/i 1 place, keep money in a like barbarians, (b) rough and
bank. 2 ^
on, depend on. .--w rude, bar-bar-ity /ba:'baer9ti/ n
'holiday, day (except Sundays) [C,U](;?/-ies) savage cruelty.
when banks
are closed. bar-be-cue /'ba:bikju:/ n [C] 1
''v.note, piece of paper money. iron framework for cooking an
'^er, person who owns a bank. animal. 2 party at which food is
-^^ing, business of keeping a cooked over a fire, d v7 roast
bank. (meat, etc) in this way.
bank-rupt /'bsqkrApt/ adj, n [C] bar-be r /'ba:b3<r)/ n [C] person
{legal) (person) unable to pay who cuts men's hair.
his debts, n vt make bankrupt. bar-bitu-rate /ba:'bitjur3t/ n
bankrupcy /'baerikrapsi/ n [C,U] (chem) substance, pills,
[C,U] causing sleep.
ban-ner /'baen3(r)/ n [C] flag: bard /ba:d/ n [C] (lit) poet.
(//» the ~ offreedom. bare /be3(r)/ adj (-r, -st) 1 with-
banns baenz/ n pi announce- out clothing, covering, lay 'v.,
ment in church of a marriage: expose. 2 not more than: the ~
put up the '^. necessities, a vt uncover; reveal.
ban-quet /'bserjkwit/ n [C] elab- ''>^faced, insolent: open: a
orate meal, a vtji give, take part ^faced lie. ''>^foot adv with
in, a banquet. bare feet, -^^iy adv only just.
ban-tarn /'bsntam/ n [C] kind of '>^nessA?[U]
small hen. bar-gain ,"ba:gm/ n [C] 1 agree-
ban-ter /'baent3(r)/ vtH tease ment to buy or sell, into the ^,
playfully, d n [U] unimportant in addition. 2 (in industry) ag-
talk. reement over wages, etc. 3
bap-tism /'baeptizam/ n 1 [C,U] something bought cheaply, a
ceremony of sprinkling a person vr//1 talk to reach an agreement
with water, accepting him as a (about buying or selling). 2 get
Christian. 2 ^
of fire, first ex- more than you '^ for. (infor-
perience of war. bap-tize mal) be unpleasantly surprised.
/bsp'taiz/ vr give baptism to. barge^ /bards; n [C] fiat-
bar^ /ba:(r)/ n [C] 1 long piece of bottomed boat.
eg metal, wood. 2 length of barge^ /bards/ ^' (informal) 1 -<-
wood or metal across a door, into, rush/move heavily into. 2
window etc: prison ^5. 3 room^ '>^ in/into, rudely interruptr ~
counter, where drinks are serv- into a conversation.
ed. 4 (Jig) obstacle: Poor health bari-tone /'bseritaun/ n [C] male
IS O'^ to success. 5 narrow
band voice between tenor and bass.
(of colour, light, etc). 6 (music) bark^ /bark/ n [U] outer covering
notes of music marked off with of a tree.
vertical lines. 7 ridge of sand at
bark^ /bark/ n [C,U] the cry made
the mouth of a river. 8 barrier in
by dogs. D vt/i 1 (of dogs, etc)
a law court, the B'^, profession
give a bark or barks. 2 say
of barrister; barristers, be (something) in a fierce voice.

L
 27 barley/bat

bar-ley n [U] plant like

/'ba:li/ as a basis for.
grass and its seed (called grain). base^ /beis/ adj (of persons,
for food and beer-making. thoughts, etc) worthless. '^
barn /ba:n/ n [C] building for metal, non-precious metal.
storing hay, etc on a farm. base-ball /'beisbo:l/ n [Uj
bar-nacle /'barnakl/ n [C] shell- American game played with a
fish that fastens itself to rocks, bat and ball.
ships, etc. base-ment /'beismant/ n [C]
'
ba-rom-eter /b9'rDmit9(r)/ n [C] lowest part of a building, below
instrument for measuring atmo- ground level.
spheric pressure and forecasting bash /baej/ vt (informal) strike
the weather, baro-met-ric a n [C] violent blow.
heavily,
/,baer3'metrik/a<^' bash-ful /'baejn/ adv shy (the
bar-on /'basran/ n [C] 1 peer of usual word), '^ly adv
the lowest rank. 2 {US) indus- basic /'beisik/ adj essential; fun-
trial leader,'v/ess n [C] baron's damental: -^ vocabulary, '^^ally
wife; female baron, -^^et n [C] /-kli/ adv fundamentally.
peer lower in rank than a baron. basil /'baezl/ n [U] sweet-smelling
bar-rack /'baerak/ vtji shout herb.
rudely at. basin /'beisn/ n [C] 1 round,
bar-racks /'baeraks/ n pi large open dish for holding liquids; its
building(s) for soldiers to live in. contents. c> wash-basin. 2
bar-rage /'baera:3/ n [C] 1 arti- bowl for preparing food in. 3
ficial barrier across a river. O place where water collects. 4
dam. 2 {mil) heavy gunfire onto area drained by a river.
a particular area. basis /'beisis/ n [C] (pi bases
bar-rel /'baeral/ n [C] 1 round /-si:z/) 1most important part of
wooden container; amount that a mixture. 2 (fig) foundation: ar-
a barrel holds. 2 metal tube of a guments with a firm ~.
gun. n vt (-II-) put in a barrel. bask /ba:sk/ v; 1 enjoy warmth
''>^-organ, instrument from and light: ~/>jg in the sun. 2 (fig)
which music is produced by enjoy (approval, etc)'.
turning a cylinder. bas-ket /'ba:skit/ n [C] fiexible
barren /'baeran/ adj 1 not able container: a 'shopping'^.
to produce crops, fruit, young bas-ket-ball /'barskitbarl/ n [U]
ones. 2 (Jig) without value, in- game in which two teams try to
terest: a ^ discussion. throw a baU into baskets above
bar-ri-cade /,baeri'keid/ n [C] the ground.
barrier of objects as a defence, a bass' /'baes/ n [C] (pi ^) kind of
vt block (a street, etc). fish (perch).
bar-rier /'baena(r)/ n [C] 1 some- bass^ /beis/ adj deep-sounding.
thing that prevents or controls D n [C] lowest part in music;
progress or movement. 2 singer or instrument with lowest
boundary: the ^sound-'^. 3 (fig) notes.
obstacle: a ~
to progress. bas-soon /ba'su:n/ n [C] wind-
bar-ris-ter /'baerista(r)/ n [C] instrument made of wood, giv-
(not US) lawyer who speaks in ing very lownotes.
higher law courts. C> coun- bas-tard /'baistad/ n [C] 1 ille-
sel (2). gitimate child. 2 A
(vulgar) un-
bar-row /'baerau/ n^ = wheel- pleasant person (a term of ab-
barrow. 2 small cart, moved by use). 3 A
unfortunate man:
hand. Poor ^! a adj 1 (of persons) ille-
barter /'ba:ta(r)/ vt/i exchange gitimate. 2 (of things) not ge-
(goods) (for other goods), a n nuine.
[U] exchange made in this way. baste /beist/ vt 1 pour fat over
base^ /beis/ n [G] 1 lowest part of (meat). 2 sew (cloth) loosely.
anything, on which it rests. 2 bas-tion /'bsestian/ n [C] 1 part
place at which armed forces, etc of a fortification that stands out
have their stores, etc. 3 (maths) from the rest. 2 place where
the starting point (usually 10) something is defended: a 'v- of
for a numerical system. '>>'iess free speech.
adj without cause or reason: bat' /baet/ n [C] small, blind ani-
^lessfear^. mal that flies at night, as blind
base^ /beis/^ vt '^>on/upon. use as a -v., unable to see well.
bat /bead 28

bat^ baet/ n [C] wooden imple- place where a battle is fought.

ment for striking the ball in eg ''^ship, large warship with big
cricket, do sth off one's guns and heavy armour.
own ~, (Jig) do it without be- battle-ments 'bactlmants/ n pi
ing told to. a vt/i (-tt-)use a bat. wall on top of a castle with
'bats-man, (cricket) player openings through which to
who bats. shoot.
bat^ /baet/ vt (-tt-) not '^ an bauble /'bo:bl/ n [C] bright orna-
^eye/id. not show any surprise. ment of little value.
batch /baetj/ n [C] group of per- bawl /bo:!/ vt shout or cry
sons or things. loudly: ~ for help.
bath /bare/ n (pi ~s /ba:dz/) 1 bay' /bei/ n [C] (also '~ laurel)
[G] washing of the body, by ly- tree whose sweet leaves are used
ing in water. 2 [C] (container in cooking.
for) liquid in whieh something is bay^ /bei/ n [C] areaof the sea
washed. 3 (pi) public building partly enclosed by land.
with baths and an indoor swim- bay^ /bei/ n [C] 1 space between
ming pool. 4 = bathtub. D V///1 pillars that divide a wall. 2 ex-
give a bath to. 2 have a bath. tension of a room; recess. 3 part
''x/room, room in which there of a college for those who are ill:
is a bath, '-^tub, vessel in which the'sick"^.
baths are taken. bay-onet /'beiamt/ n'[C] blade
bathe /beid/ vr//1 put in water. 2 fixed to a rifie. a vt stab with a
go into the sea to swim. O also bayonet.
sunbathe, a « a swim, bather, ba-zaar /b3'za:(r)/ n [C] 1 shop
Krson who bathes, bath-ing n selling various cheap goods. 2
] going into the sea to swim. sale of goods for charity. 3 (in
'bathing-costume, one-piece' Eastern countries) market.
garment worn by women for ba-zoo-ka /ba'zuika/ n [C] {pi
swimming. 'N/S) portable weapon for firing
bat-man /'baetman/ n [C] (pi rockets.
-men) (GB mil) army officer's be' /bi:/ vi (pres tense am, is, pi
personal servant. were, pres part
are, pt was,'
baton /'baetan/ n [C] 1 police- being, pp been) 1 (showing
man's short, thick stick, used as existence, identity, place, time):
a weapon. 2 short, thin stick There is a house. Tim is big. The
used by the conductor of an or- hooks are on the table. Today is
chestra. Monday. 2 (showing change):
bat-tal-ion /ba'taelisn/ n [C] He wants to ~ a fireman. 3 go;
army unit made up of several come (esp pp been): He has
companies. been to Paris, for the time
bat-ten /'baetn/ n [C] 1 long '>^ing. until some other ar-
wooden board. 2 (on a ship) rangement is made. the... to-,
of wood to fasten down
strip 'be, the future...: the ^bride to-
covers, d vr ^ down, make se- 'be.
cure with battens. be^ /bi:/ aux 1 (with pres part to
bat-ter' /'baEt3(r)/ v/// strike form continuous tenses): They
hard and often; beat out of are I were reading. 2 (with a /)/? to
shape: -^ the door down. i<-^ing form the passive): He was killed.
ram, (mil) heavy log (formerly) 3 (with a /o-infiniti»e) (a) must:
used for knocking down walls. You are to be congratulated, (b)
bat-ter^ /'baet3(r)/ n [U] mixture intend: They are to be married.
offlour, eggs, milk, etc. beach /birtj"/ n [C] coastline
bat-tery /'baetan/ n [C] (plAes) 1 covered with sand or pebbles, a
connected electric cells from vt move (a boat) up on to the
which current will flow. 2 army beach. ''>^head, fortified posi-
unit of big guns. 3 set of similar tion established on a beach by
things: a '^ of lenses j tests. 4 an invading army, '--wwear,
series of boxes in which hens are clothes for sunbathing, swim-
kept for laying eggs: -v- hens. ming, etc.
battle /'baetl/ n 1 IC] fight be- bea-con /'birkan/ n [C] light on a
tween armed forces. 2 [C] (Jig) or coast, to give warning of
hill,
any struggle, a vi struggle: bat- danger.
tling against poverty, '-afield. bead /bi:d/ n [C] 1 ball of wood.
 29 beady /become

glass, etc' with a hole through it animal. 2 cruel or disgusting

for threading on a string. 2 (pf) person. '>^ly adj {informal)
necklace of beads. 3 drop of nasty: What '^ly weather!
liquid: -^s of sweat. beat^ /bi:t/ n [C] 1 repeated
beady /'bi:di/ adj (of eyes) small stroke, orsound of this: the of ^
and bright. a drum. 2 rhythm in music or
beak /bi:k/ n [C] hard part of poetry. 3 route over which a po-
bird's mouth. liceman goes regularly.
beaker /'bi:k3(r)/ n [C] 1 open beat^ /bi:t/ vt/i {pt '^, pp ^en
glass vessel for chemical experi- /'bi:tn/) 1 hit repeatedly. '^ a
ments. 2 drinking glass. retreat. (Jig) go back. 2 (of the
beam /bi:m/ n [CJI long hori- sun, rain, etc) strike. 3 mix thor-
zontal piece of wood or steel etc oughly: '>- eggs. 4 change the
used to carry the weight of a shape of by blows: ^
something
building. 2 (a) ray of light, (b) flat. 5 defeat: He •^ me at chess.
radio signal to direct an aircraft, 6 move up and down regularly:
a vt/i 1 (of the sun, etc) send out His heart was still '^ing. -^
light and warmth. 2 (fig) smile time, measure time (in music)
happily. 3 send (a radio pro- by making regular movements.
gramme, etc) in a particular 7 ^ about the bush, talk
direction. about something indirectly.
bean n [C] 1 (plant with)
/bi:n/ dead '^. tired out. -^^ it. {si) go
seed in long pods (used as food): away. 8 '>^ down (on). The sun
^soya ~; ^coffee-^s. full of '^s, was '^ing down on our heads.
lively, spill the ^s, make a shining with great heat. '^ sb/
secret known. sth off, force to retreat. '>^ sb
bear^ /be3(r)/ n [Cj 1 large, heavy up, fight and hurt badly, ^en
animal with thick fur. 2 rough, adj shaped by beating, go off/
clumsy person. keep to the ^en track, do
bear^ /be9(r)/ vt/i {pt bore something/not do anything un-
/bo:(r)/, pp borne /born/) 1 carry. usual, '^er n [C] utensil used for
2 have; show: ~
the marks of beating, '^ing n [C] punishment
blows. 3 feel: the love she bore by striking; defeat.
him. 4 support: Tl\e ice is too thin beau-ti-cian /bjur'tijn/ n [C]
to •^ your weight. 5 tolerate: / person who works in a beauty-
can 't ~that man. 6 give birth to: parlour.
~ a child. {Note: compare born: beau-ti-ful /'bjurtifl/ adj giving
He was born in 1932.) 7 turn: ~ pleasure to the mind or senses.
{to the) right. 8 -^ (sth or sb) ^ly adv. beau-tify /'bjurtifai,
out. support a person or thing. vt {pt,pp-\ed) make beautiful.
'^ up (against/under sth), beauty /'bju:ti/ n {pi -ies) 1 [U]
be strong in the face of (sorrow, qualities that give pleasure- to
etc). '^ with (sb). treat pat- the senses or to the mind. 2 [C]
iently. person, thing, that is beautiful.
bear-able /'bearabl/ adj that can '^^-parlour/salon, place
be tolerated. where wbmen have treatment to
beard /biad/ n [C] hair of the be more beautiful.
lower part of the face (excluding bea-ver /'bi:v9(r)/ n 1 [C] fur-
the moustache), -^^ed adj hav- coated animal that lives both on
ing a beard. land and in water. 2 [U] its fur.
bearer /'be3r3(r)/ n [C] 1 person be-came pt of become.
who brings a letter or message. 2 be-cause /bi'koz/ conj 1 for the
person who carries a coffin. 3 reason that: I did it ^
they asked
person who presents a cheque at me. 2 '>^ of. prep by reason of:
a bank. B'^ of his bad leg, he couldn't
bear-ing /'beani)/ n 1 [U] way of walk fast.
behaving, standing, etc. 2 (C,U] beckon /'bekan/ vt/i call a per-
relation, connection: That has son nearer by a movement of the
no ~ on the subject. 3 [C] direc- hand.
tion: a ^compass -s^. find one's be-come /bi'kAm/ vt/i {pt be-
^s, {fig) find one's position, be- came /bi'kema/; pp '^) 1 come
come confident, lose one's or grow to be: He became a doc-
^s, {fig) be lost, puzzled. tor. 2 '>' of. happen to: What's
beast /bi:st/ n [CJ 1 four-footed ~ of John? 3 suit: That hat '^s
bed /belfry 30

you. be-com-inga^y attractive. -^ you go. prep 1 earlier than:

bed^ 'bed; n [C] 1 piece of furni- the day yesterday. '>^ /ong.
->-.

ture on which to sleep: go tO'^. 2 soon. 2 in front of (esp in order):

flat base on which something B comes <>- C.
rests: The machine stands on a '>^ be-fore-hand /bi'foJiaend/ adv
of concrete. 3 bottom of the sea, earlier.
etc. 4 piece of ground (for flow- be-friend /bi'frend/ vt make a
ers), '-^-clothes n pi sheets, friend of.
blankets, etc for a bed. ''>^pan, beg /beg/ vt/i (-gg-) 1 ask for
vessel for urine, etc used by an (food, money, etc); live by ask-
invalid in bed. ''v/rid-den adj ing for money. 2 ask with deep
confined to bed by weakness or feeling, go '^ging, (of things)
old age. '-^room, room for be unwanted.
sleeping in. i^'sitting-room, be-gan C> begin.
(informal = ,
-^'sitter, ''v.-sit) beg-gar /'beg9(r)/ n [C] person
room for both living in and who lives by begging, eg for
sleeping in. '^spread, cover money. '>^ly adj very poor; de-
over a bed during the day. serving contempt.
''>^stead, framework to sup- be-gin /bi'gm/ vt/i (pt began
port the mattress. /bi'gaen/, pp begun /bi'gAn/) (-
bed^ /bed/ vt/i (-dd-) 1 plant: ~ nn-) start, to ^
with, in the
out plants. 2 >^ dovt/n. give bed- first place. '>^ner, (esp) person
ding to; go to sleep. stilllearning, ^^^ning, starting
bed-ding /'bedii]/ n [U] ^ = point.
bed-clothes. 2 straw, etc for be-grudge /bi'grAds/ vt feel
animals to sleep on. envy at: We don't ^ your going
be-dev-il /Tji'devl/ vt (-II-) con- to Italy.
fuse; cause trouble: Plans '^led be-gun c> begin.
by accidents. be-half /bi'ha:f/ n on '^ of, for;
bed-lam /'bedbm/ n [C] scene of in the interest of: speak on his '^.
noisy confusion. be-have /bi'heiv/ vi 1 act; con-
be-drag-gled /bi'draegld/ adj duct onself: make your boy ~
made wet or dirty. (himself), show good manners. 2
bee /bi:/ n [C] small, stinging in- (of machines, etc) function.
sect that produces wax and be-hav-iour (US = -ior)
honey, make
a ''^-li'ne for. go /bi'heivi3(r)/ n [U] way of behav-
directly towards. ''>^hive, box ing, manners.
for bees to live in. be-head /bi'hed/ vt cut off the
beech /bi:tj/ n [C] tree with head of.
smooth bark and small nuts; [U] be-hind^ /bi'hamd/ adv, prep 1
its wood.
in, to the rear of: Hide the ^
beef n [U] flesh of an ox,
/bi:f/ tree. 2 not having made equal
bull or cow, used as meat, a v/ progress: ~
other boys in his
{s[) complain. *^steak, thick
class. 3 remaining after: the
slice of beef, beefy adj(o[a. per- storm left ruin '^ it. 4 in arrears:
son) muscular; strong. ~ with the rent.
been O be\ be-hind^ /bi'hamd/ n [C] (infor-
beer /bi3(r)/ n [U] alcoholic ma/) buttocks.
drink made from malt and flav- be-hind-hand /bi'hamdhaend/
oured with hops, beery adj like adj Idle: be -^ with the rent.
beer; smelling of beer.
beige /bei3/ n [U] colour of sand.
beet n [C] plant with a
/bi:t/
n at^' sand-coloured.
sweet root, '-^root, red beet be-ing /'bi:ir)/ n 1 [U] existence.
used as a vegetable. come into '^, begin to exist. 2
beetle /'bi:tl/ n [C] insect with [C] human creature.
hard, shiny wing-covers.
be-lated /bi'leitid/ adj coming
be-fall /bi'fal/ vt/i (pt befell very late: a '>^ apology.
/bi'fel/; pp -^en) (///) happen belch /beltj/ vt/i 1 send out, eg
(to).
smoke. 2 send out gas from the
be.f it /bi'fit/ vt (-tt-) be suitable stomach noisily, through the
for. 'x.ting adj proper; suitable.
mouth. D n [C] act or sound of
be-fore /bi'f3:(r)/ adv at an earli- belching.
er time; already: I've seen
that bel-fry /'belfri/ n [C] (pi -ies)
film '^. a con/earlier than: Do it (church) tower in which bells

.1
 31 belief/bereave

hang. be-moan /bi'maun/ vt show

be-lief /bi'litf/ n 1 [U] the feeHng
that something is true: -^ in his
honesty. 2 [C] something accept-
ed as true: religous ^s.
be-lieve /bi'h:v/ vt/i 1 feel sure of
the truth of something. 2 -^ in,
(a) trust: / ^
in that man. (b)
feelsure of the existence of: '^ in
God. (c) feel sure of the value of:
He '^s in getting plenty of exer-
be-lieverA;[C]
cise.
vt cause to seem
be-little /bi'htl/
unimportant: ^
Don 't his work.
bell /bel/ n [C] metal, usually
shaped like a cup, that makes a
ringing sound when
struck.
ring a ^, (informal) recall to
memory, ''^^-push, button to
ring an electric bell.
bel-liger-ent /bi'lidsarant/ adj, n
[C] (state, party, nation) at war
or eager to be at war.
beMow /'bebu/ vt/i make a
Toud, deep noise (like a bull);
shout.
bel'lows /'bebuz/ n pi (also a
pair of'^) apparatus for blowing
air into, eg a fire.
belly /'bell/ n [C] {pi -ies) 1 {in-
formal) = abdomen. 2 the sto-
mach: have a ^achc. 3 bulging
part of anything. ''X/-ache vi
(informal) grumble; complain.
'x/ful, (informal) enough; too
much: I've had a '^ful of your
noise.
be-long /bi'loi)/ vi 1 '^ to, (a)
be the property of: These to
me. (b) be a member of: '^ to a
club. 2 have as a right place:
Does it ^
here? '^'ings n pi per-
sonal articles; possessions.
be-loved /bi'lAvd/ pp. adi dearly
loved, a n /bi'Uvid/ [Cj dearly
loved person.
be-low /bi'bu/ adv 1 at or to a
lower level: We saw the ocean ~,
'^ sixty (years of age); ~
£20. 2
referred to later (in a book, etc).
3 downstream from: a few yards
~ the bridge, hit ^ the belt.
fight unfairly.
belt /belt/ n [C] 1 band of
material worn round the waist.
2 endless strap, used to drive
machinery: a ^fan-'^. 3 any wide
strip, surrounding area, etc. C>
green -v.. p vr 1 fasten with a
belt. 2 (informal) strike with the
fist(s). 3 (informal) move very
quickly: ~j>7^ along the road.
'>-ing n: give him a good ^ing.
hit him hard (with a belt).
great sorrow for: ~
his fate.
bench /beptj/ n [C] 1 long seat. 2
worktable at which a carpenter,
etc works. 3 the B'>^, judge's
seat or office; judges as a group.
bend /bend/' n [C] 1 curve or
turn: a ->- in the road, round
the ^, (si) mad. 2 the "^s, (in-
formal) pain suffered by divers
caused by coming to the surface
of the sea too fast, a vt/i (pt.pp
bent /bent/) 1 force into a curve
or angle: 5~ the wire back. 2 be-
come curved; bow down: ^
down and touch your toes. 3 be
bent on, be determined: bent
on learning English.
be-neath /hi^niiQ/ prep, adv^ be-
low. 2 not worthy of: '>^ con-
tempt.
ben-edic-tion /,beni'dikj"n/ n
[C] blessing (esp by a priest).
ben-efac-tion /,beni'f2ekjn/ n 1
[U] doing good. 2 [C] good deed;
charitable gift, ben-efac-tor
/'benifaEkt3(r)/ n [C] person who
gives money to eg a charity.
ben-efac-tress n [C] woman
benefactor.
ben-efi-ciai /ibem'fijl/ adJ hav-
ing a good effect, helpful.
ben-efici-ary /ibeni'fijari/ n [C]
(pi -ies) person who receives a
benefit, esp money, under a will.
bene-f it /'benifit/ n 1 [U] advan-
give sb the
tage; help, of ^
the doubt, assume that he is
^ innocent because there is insufii-
cient evidence that he is guilty. 2
[C] favour; advantage: the '^s of
education. 3 [C] money to which
a person is entitled:
unemployment ~. d vt/i do good
to.
ben-ev-ol-ence /bi'nevabns/ n
[U] wish to do good.- ben-ev-
ol-ent adJ kind and helpful.
be-nign /bi'nam/ adj 1 (of per-
sons) kind and gentle. 2 (of a
disease) not dangerous. O mal-
ignant(2).
bent' /bent/ n [C] natural skill in
and liking: a ~ /or mu5/c.
bent^/7/,ppof bend^.
be-queath /bi'kwi:5/ vt give
(property, etc) to a person after
death.
be-quest /bi'kwest/ n 1 [U] be-
queathing. 2 [C] thing bequeath-
ed.
be-rate /bi'reit/ vr scold.
be-reave /bi'ri:v/ vt (pt.pp bereft
/bi'reft/ or bereaved) 1 take
bereft /bi- 32

away from: of reason.

bereft '>^ter, -v/tor, person who bets.
mad. 2 (of death) cause sadness: be-tray /bi'trei/ vt ^ be disloyal
the ^d husband, man whose wife to. 2 allow (a secret) to become
has just died. '>^ment n (C,U) known. 3 show: His face '^edhis
be-reftp/./7/? of bereave. guilt, '^al n (a) [U] betraying or
be-ret /'berei/ n [C] flat, round being betrayed, (b) [C] instance
cap worn by soldiers. of this, 'v.er, person who bet-
berry /'ben/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1 rays.
kinds of small fruit with seeds: be-trothed /bi'traudd/ adj. n [U]
'straw'^. 2 coffee bean. (lit) (person) engaged to be mar-
berserk /ba'sack/ adj go '^. be- ried, be-t^othal /-dol/, engage-
come violently angry. ment to marry.
berth /b3:0/ n [C] 1 sleeping- bet-ter /'bet9(r)/ adj 1 having
place in a train, ship. etc. 2 place more qualities or abilities: He's
at a port where a ship ties up. a '^ man than his brother. 2 (of
give sb a wide '^, avoid him. health) improving: He feels ~
a vt/i tie up (a ship) at a wharf. today. O
good, best, a adv^ (of
be-set /bi'set/ vt (pt.pp '^) (-tt-) qualities, skills, etc) more: You
have on all sides: 'v- with difficul- play tennis ^
than I do. be '^
ties. off. richer, know
'v, (than).

be-side /bi'said/ prep 1 at the be wise enough not to: You know
side of: Sit ~ me. 2 '^^ the ~ than to go out with wet hair. 2
point, having nothing to do had '^. would be wise to: You'd
with (what is being discussed, ~ not say that. C> best, well, d n
etc). 3 -^^ oneself, losing one's get the -^ of sb. defeat; win
self-control. (an argument, etc), d vt im-
be-sides /bi'saidz/ adv more- prove; do better than: She hopes
over; also. Q prep in addition to. to ~
herself { = earn more).
be-siege /bi'si:d3/ vt 1 surround be-tween /bi'twim/ adv in or in-
armed forces. 2 '>^
(a place) with to a place or time that is in the
with, crowd round (with re- middle, fewf and far -x., very
quests, etc). rare, a prep 1 (of place, time): 'v-
be-spoke /bi'spsuk/ adj (of London and Oxford: the two~
clothes) made to order. world wars. 2 (of distance,
best /best/ adj of the most excel- amount, etc); ~ five and six
lent kind: the '^ {= quickest) miles. 3 to and from: This liner
way to Paris. O good, better, n sails ~ Southampton and New
adv in the most excellent jw^^ York. 4 (to show sharing; of two
He works -^ in the mornirfg. O only): Divide the money ~ you.
well, better, a pron the out- bevel /'bevi/ n [C] sloping edge,
standing person, thing, etc: the a vt (-II-, US = -I-) give a slop-
'^ of friends. All the '^! (used ing edge to."
when parting) With warmest bev-er-age /'bevsnds/ n [C] any
wishes! at its ^, in the best sort of drink except water.
condition, do one's ^, make bevy /'bevi/ n [C] (pi -ies) group
the greatest possible effort. (of women, birds).
make the -^ of a bad job. do be-ware /bi'we3(r)/ vt/i take
what one can, in spite of mis- cdxe: B-^ of the dog!
fortune, etc. ^'^^ 'man, bride- be-wil-der /bi'wild9(r)/ vt con-
groom's friend,supporting him fuse: She was '^edby the crowds.
at his wedding. ,<>^-iseiler, '>-ing adj.
book that is sold in very large be-witch /bi'witj/ vt 1 work
numbers. magic on. 2 charm. '>^ing adj
bes-tial /'bestial/ adi cruel; sav- be-yond^ /bi'jond/ adv farther
age. -^ity /-'£ebti//j[U] on: India and the lands '^. a prep
be-stow /bi'stau/ }}t give as an 1 at, on or to, the farther side of:
offering: '^ an honour on him. The house is ~ the bridge. 2 ex-
bet /bet/ v/// (pt.pp or -x.ted) ^ ceeding: ~ repair/expectations.
(-tt-) 1 risk money on a race, It's quite me, 'v. is more than I
doubtful event, etc. 2 {informal) can understand. ^ a Joke, no
be certain: / ^
/ win. a n [C] ag- longer amusing.
reement to risk money, etc on a bi- /,bai/ prefix 1 happening
future event; the money, etc of- twice (in one period): bi-
fered: make a ^,- win/lose a '^. monthly. 2 lasting for two, hap-

;^l

pening every two: bicentennial. 3-
having two: bilingual.
bias /'bai9s/ n [C] (pi '^es) pre-
judice, inclination: He has a
strong '^ against the plan, is
opposed to it. a vt (pt.pp
~(s)ed) influence (usually un-
fairly).
bib /bib/ n [C] 1 piece of cloth
tied under a child's chin. 2 top
part of an apron.
BibJe /'baibl/ n sacred book of
the Jewish and Christian reli-
gions, bib-li-cai /'biblikl/ adj
bib-li-ography n
/ibibli'ografi/
[C] {pi -ies) of books and
list
writings of one author or about
one subject, bib-li-ogra-pher,
person who writes or studies
bibliographies.
bi-cen-ten-ary /,bai,sen'ti:n3ri/
n [C](/>/-ies) (celebration of the)
200th anniversary of an event.
bi'Ceii'ten-nial /,bai,sen'tenidl/
adj of a 200th anniversary: ^^
celebrations, a n [C] 200th an-
niversary.
bi-ceps /'baiseps/ n [C] (pi un-
changed) large muscle in the up-
fjerarm
bicker /'bik3(r)/ vi argue about
small things.
bi-cycle /'baisikl/ n [C] two-
wheeled machine driven by pe-
dals, a v/ (usually cycle) ride a
bicycle.
bid' /bid/ n [C] 1 (at an auction
sale) ofTer of a price. 2 make a
'>^ for. try to obtain (by offering
something), a vr// {j}t,pp '^) (-
dd-) (at an auction sale) make
an offer of money, ^ding n [U]
act of offering a price at an auc-
tion sale.
vtji (pt bade /baed/, pp
bid^ /bid/
/'bidn/ or 'v/) (old t4se) 1
'^..'den
command. 2 say: '^ him good
morning.
bi-en-nial /bai'enial/ adj lasting
for two years; happening every
alternate year.
bier /bi3(r)/ n [C] movable
wooden stand for a coffm.
bi-focal /ibai'faukl/ (of spec-
flfi(/'
tacles) designed for both distant
and near vision, bi-focals n pt
spectacles with bifocal lenses.
big /big/ adj (-ger, -gest) (oppo-
site = little; C> large, small) of
large size, importance, etc:
feet: a ^
day. ''-v/head, (infor-
mal) conceited person, '--^wig,
i"iportant person.
(si)
big-aniy /'bigami/ n [U] having
33 bias/bind
two wives or husbands living.
'big-am-ist, person guilty of
bigamy, big-am-ous adj
bigot /'bigat/ n [C] person who
will not change an opinion in
spile of reason, -^ed adj intoler-
ant and narrow-minded.
bike /baik/ n, vi (informal abbr
for) bicycle; cycle.
bi-kini /bi'ki:ni/ n [C] (pi ~s)
two-piece swimming-costume
worn by women.
bi-lat-eral /ibai'laetsral/ adj with
two sides: a ~ agreement.
bile /bail/ n [U] liquid produced
by the liver.
bilge /bilds/ n [U] 1 ship's bot-
tom; (also ^^-water) the dirty
water that collects here. 2 (si)
fooUsh talk.
bi-lin-gual /,bai'lii]gwdl/ adj 1
speaking two languages. 2 writ-
ten in two languages.
bil-ious /'bilias/ adj feeling sick.
biir/bil/n[C}beakofabird.
bilP /bi:l/ n [C] 1 written state-
ment of charges for goods or
services. 2 poster; printed not-
ice. 3 (legal) proposed law, to be
discussed by a parliament. 4
(US) banknote. 5 certificate, d
vt 1 announce in a programme.
2'^sb for sth. send a bill(1
to.
bii-let/'bilit/ n [C] private house
where soldiers are lodged, a vt
place (troops) in billets.
bil-liards /'biliadz/ n [U] game
played with balls and long sticks
on a table.
bil-lion /'bihan/ n [C] 1 (GB) mil-
lion millions. 2 (US) thousand
millions.
bil-low /'bibo/ 1 n [C] (fig) any-
thing that sweeps along like a
great wave (eg fog, smoke), a vi
roll like waves, bill-owy adj.
billy-goat /'bih gaut/ n [C] male
goat.
bin /bin/ n [C] large container for
storing bread, coal, etc: a
*dust'^. for rubbish, etc.
bi-nary /'bamari/ adj involving a
pair: the -<- scale/system, with
only two digits, and 1
bind /baind/ vt/i (pt.pp bound
/baund/) 1 tie with rope. 2 (fig)
link closely:bound by friendship.
3 wind something round: -^upa
^ wound. 4 fasten (sheets of paper)
into a cover: a book bound in
leather. 5 make (a person) obey
or promise, law, etc: ^ him to
secrecy, '^er, person or thing
bingo/black
that binds(4). '^ery. place
where books are bound, '^ing.
book cover.
bingo /'biqgau/ n lUJ popular
gambling game.
bin-ocu-lars /bi'nDkjolaz/ n pi
(also a pair of ~) instrument
with lenses for both eyes, mak-
ing distant objects seem nearer.
bio-chemis-try /,bai3u'kem-
istn/ n [U] chemistry of Uving
things, bio-chem-ist n [C]
bi-ogra-phy /bai'ografi/ n 1 [C]
person's life-history written by
another. 2 [U] this branch of
literature, bi-ogra-pher n [C]
person who writes a biography.
bio-graphic(ai), /baieu-
'graefik(l)/a^7
bi-ol-ogy /bai'Dl3d3i/ n [U]
science of the life of animals and
plants, bi-ol-ogist n [U] expert
in biology. bio-logi-cal
/,bai3'lDd3ikl/ai//
bi-plane /'baiplem/ n [C] aircraft
with two pairs of wings.
birch /b3:tj/ n 1 [C] tree with a
smooth bark and slender bran-
ches. 2 [U] its wood.
bird /b3:d/ n [C] 1 feathered
creature with two wings, usually
able to fly. Ac/7/ two '^s with
one stone, achieve two aims at
the same time. 2 (si) young girl.
biro /'baiarau/ n [C] {pi 'v^s) (P)
ballpoint pen.
birth /b3:8/ n 1 [C,U] (process
oQ being born, give '\^ to, pro-
duce (a child).2 [U] origin: Rus-
sian by r^. '/^-control,
(method oQ preventing preg-
nancy, ''x/day, (anniversary of
the) day of one's birth.
bis-cuit /'biskit/ n [C] Hat, thin,
crisp cake.
bi-sect /(bai'sekt/ vt divide into
two.
bishop /'bijap/ n [C] 1 Christian
clergyman of high rank. 2 chess
piece, '^ric, office, district, etc
of a bishop.
bi-son /'baisn/ n [C] {pi unchang-
ed) European wild ox; American
buffalo.
bit^ /bit/ n [C] 1 part of a horse's
bridle fitting in the mouth. 2
tool for drilling holes.
bit^ /bit/ n [C] small peice: He ate
every '^of(= all) His dinner. '^
by y. slowly; gradually,
one's '^, one's share of work
nof a-*-, notatall.
bit /bit/ pt of bite^
bitch /bitj/ n [C] 1 female
34
dog 2 (informal) spiteful
woman.
bite^ /bait/ n 1 [C] act of biting. 2
[C] injury from a bite. 3 [C] piece
cut off by biting. 4 [C] catching
ofa fish on a hook.
bite^ /bait/ vt/i (pt bit /bit/, pp
bitten /'bitn/), 1 cut into with
the teeth, 'v, off more than
one can chew, attempt too
much. 2 (of insects, etc) sting;
(of fish) accept the bait. 3 cause
pain to: His fingers were ^frost-
bitten. 4 grip: The tyres did not
~ on the icy road, bit-ing adj
sharp; cutting: a biting wind.
bit-ten /'bitn/ppof bite*.
bit-ter /'bit9(r)/ adj 1 not sweet;
tasting sharp. 2 causing sorrow:
'>^ disappointments. 3 filled with
hate: ~ enemies. 4 very cold: a
~ wind. D n [C,U] bitter beer: a
pint of 'V.. '>^ly adv: ^ly cold/
disappointed, '-vness n [U]
bitu-men /'bitjumsn/ n [U]
black, sticky substance for mak-
ing roads.
biv-ouac /'bivuaek/ n [C], vi (pt.
pp ~ked) (stay in a) temporary
camp without tents.
bi-zarre /bi'za:(r)/ adj very
Strange.
blab /blaeb/ vtji (-bb-) (st) tell (a
secret).
black /blaek/ adj (-ex, -est) 1
without light; opposite to white.
2 great; extreme: ~
despair/
moods. 3 Negro, n « 1 [U] black
colour. 2 [C] Negro, a v/ 1 make
black. 2 declare that (work,
materials) should not be done,
handled: The strikers '>^ed the
cargo. ''>^berry, small black
berry, ''^bird, common Euro-
pean songbird. '^'^^board,
board used in schools for writ-
ing on. '^s^cur-rant, currant
with black fruit, j-v/ 'eye, bruise
around the eye. ''-^head, pim-
ple with a black top. |'>^ 'ice, in-
visible ice on a road, ''^^leg n [C]
person wlio offers to work when
others are on strike, d vt/i (-gg-)
betray (fellow workers) by do-
ing this, '-^^list n [C] list of per-
sons to be punished, a vt enter a
person's name on such a list. I's^
'magic, used for evil purposes.
''>^mail vt, n [U] (force a person
do to make a) payment of money
for not making known some-
thing to harm his character.
Hence, ''>^mailer, person who
does this. ,'>^ 'market, unlaw-
 35
ful buying and selling of goods
that are officially controlled.
''>-out n [C] (a) (during war-
time) the keeping of all build-
ings, streets, dark, (b) tempor-
ary failure of the memory or
consciousness, (c) (darkness
caused by) putting out oi- all
lights. D vtji cause a blackout;
lose one's memory, etc tempor-
arily. |'>^ 'sheep, person who
brings shame to his family.
'--wsmith, man who makes and
repairs things of iron.
blacken /'blaekan/vr/ZI make or
become black. 2 say harmful
things about (a person).
blad-der /'blaed3(r)/ n [C] 1 or-
gan in the body in which urine
collects. 2 bag of rubber that can
be filled with air.
blade /bleid/ n [C] 1 sharp cut-
ting part of a knife, razor, etc. 2
flat, wide part of an oar, propell-
er, etc. 3 long, narrow leaf, esp
of grass.
blame /bleim/ vt accuse a person
of being responsible for some-
thing. D n [U] responsibility for
failure, etc. '^^^less adj freefrom
responsibility. --wworthy
/'bleimwedi/ adj deserving
blame.
blanc-mange /bb'mons/ n [U]
jelly made of milk.
bland /blaend/ adj 1 gentle or
polite. 2 (of air, food) mild. '>^lv
adv. '>^x\ess n[\J]
blank /blaeqk/ adj 1 (of paper)
with nothing written on it. 2 (of
a document) with spaces in
which details are to be filled in. 3
empty; without expression: a ~ spoil the perfection
look. My mind went '•^.un [C] 1
space to be filled (in a form, etc).
2 emptiness. 3 cartridge without
a bullet, draw a '^. be unsuc-
cessful. '^ cheque, signed but
with no amount stated. '^
verse, without rhyme. '>^ly adv
blan-ket /'blaegkit/ n [C] 1 wool-
len covering on beds. 2 (Jig)
thick covering: a ~ of snow, a vt
cover: houses '^ed with snow.
blare /ble3(r)/ n [U] sound or
noise (as of trumpets), a vt/i
make such sounds.
bijas-p heme /blaes'fi:m/ v t/i
speakln an irreverent way about
God:~ blas-plreTWgr, person
who blasphemes, "btas-plifem-
ous /'blaesfamas/ adj. blas-
phemy /'blssfgim/ n [C,t^
blast /blo.st/ n [C] 1 sudden rush
biacken/blind
of wind. 2 strong rush of air
from an explosion. 3 sound
made by a wind-instrument, at
full '^. with all possible force, d
vt 1 blow up with explosives. 2
destroy: His hopes were '^ed. 3
-^^ off. (of spacecraft, etc) be
launched. ''>^-furnace, furnace
for melting iron ore.
bla-tant /'bleitnt/ adj shameless;
too obvious: ~rudeness to one's
parents. '>^ly adv
blaze^ /bleiz/ n [C] 1 bright fire. 2
glow of colour: The tulips made
a~ of colour. 3 violent outburst:
in a '^ of anger.
blaze^ /bleiz/ vt/i 1 burn bright-
ly. 2 shine brightly: her eyes '^d.
3 show strong feeling: blazing
with anger, blaz-ing adj
blazer /'bleiz9(r)/ n [C] loose-
fitting jacket (sometimes in the
colours of a club, etc).
bleach /bli:tj/ n [U] chemical for
removing colour (from material,
etc), a vt/i make or become
white: bones '^ed by the sun.
bleak /bli:k/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of
the weather) cold and miserable;
(of a place) bare; without shelt-
er. 2 (fig) depressing: the future
looks ~. '>^ly adv
bleary /ibha'ri:/ adj (of eyes)
tired and sore.
bleat /bli:t/ vt/i, n [C,U] (make
the) cry of a sheep.
bleed /bli:d/ (pt.pp bled
vt/i
/bled/) 1 lose blood. 2 feel great
sorrow: Our hearts'^ for them.
blem-ish /'blemij/ n [C,U] mark,
etc that spoils the beauty of
something; moral defect, a vt
of
blend /blend/ vt/i mix together.
a n [C] mixture made of various
sorts (of tea, tobacco, etc).
bless /bles/ vt (pt.pp ~ed
/blest/) 1 ask God's favour for.
2 wish happiness. 3 make holy:
bread '^ed at the altar, '^ed
/'blesid/ adj (a) holy, (b) fortu-
nate.
bless-ing /'blesig/ n [C] 1 the
favour of God; prayer for God's
favour. 2 something that one is
glad of: His help was a '^^.
blew/blu://>rofblow^.
blight /blait/ n 1 [U] disease of
plants. 2 [C] evil influence, d vt
be a bad influence on; ruin.
blind^ /blaind/ adj 1 unable to
see. 2 unable to judge: ~
to the
faults of her children, turn a 'V/
eye to. pretend not to see. 3
blind/blouse

careless: ~ haste. 4 w ithout pur- ing or leaving, n vt make .i

pose: governed hy ^
forces. '>^ blockade of.
'alley, (a) narrow street with block-age 'blokids n [C] 1
no exit, (b) (Jig) profession with state of bemg blocked. 2 thini;
no opF>ortunity for progress. ,'>^ that blocks.
'drunk, very drunk. ''>^ spot, bloke bleuk rtlC](.v/)man.
(Jig)something one does not blond blond n [C], adj (man)
seem able to understand in spite having fair skin and hair.
of havmg information, -^lyadv. blonde blond n [C], adj
'>-ness/;[U] (woman who is) blond.
blind' l)lamd vt^ make blind. 2 blood bUd n [U] 1 red liquid
(Jig) take away the power of flowing throughout the body. 2
judgement: -^edhvlove. temper make one's -^^ boi/.
blind^ blamd n [C] 1 roll of make one very angry, (kill sb)
cloth pulled down to cover a in cold'^. when one is not feel-
window. 2 (Jig) something that ing angry. 3 family: of the same
deceives. ^. '-^ bank, O
bank'(2). ''>^-
blind-fold 'blamdfauld/ m bath, large-scale slaughter.
cover the eyes of (a person) with '"^-curdling adj producing
a bandage, a n [C] such a cover feelings of horror. ''>^-donor,
a a^ with the eyes bandaged. person who gives blood for
blink /blirjk/ v7/ shut and open transfusions. ''>^-group/
the eyes quickly, a n [C] act of type, class of human blood.
blinking. ''>^hound, large dog. '->- pres-
blink-ers 'bliijkaz/ n pi leather sure, force of the blood within
squares to prevent a horse from the arteries. ''>^shed, killing or
seeing to the side. wounding, ''^shot adj (of the
bliss blis n [U] perfect happi- eyes) red. '^-sports n pi out-
ness. '~f ul adj. ''>-f ully adv door sports in which animals or
blis-ter 'blist3(r) n [C] 1 swel- birds are killed. ''>^stream,
ling under the skin, filled with flow of blood in the body.
liquid. 2 swelling on the surface '-^^thirsty adj (-ier, -iest) tak-
of paint, etc. n v/// cause, get, a ing pleasure in killing. '~-
blister or blisters on. vessel, tube through which
blitz bhts n [C] rapid, violent blood fiows in the body. '>^less
attack (esp from the air), d vt at- adj without bloodshed: a -^less
tack in this way. victory ''^^less-ly adv
bliz-zard 'blizad' n [C] violent bloody 'b\\di! adj^ bleeding. 2
snowstorm. with much bloodshed: a ~ bat-
bloated 'bbutid/ adJ^ swollen: tle. 3 (vulgar) (to show emphas-
his -^ stomach. 2 (Jig): ^ with is): a ~ fool! a -^ genius! n adv
pride, very proud. (vulgar si) (to show emphasis):
blob /blob n [C] drop of liquid: too 'v, quick. ,'^-'minded, (si)
small round mass. unwilling to co-operate.
bloc /blok. n [C] group (eg of bloom blurm n 1 [C] fiower. 2
persons or states) with a special best time: in the full ->- of youth.
interest: the communist '-^. a vi 1 be in flower. 2 (Jig) be in
block^ /blok n [C] 1 large, solid full beauty.
piece of wood, stone, etc. 2 blos-som 'blosam/ n [C] flower,
group of buildings or apart- esp of a fruit-tree, d vi 1 open in-
ments: a ^ of flats. 3 number of to flowers. 2 develop: He '^ed
things taken together: a ^^ of out as a good athlete.
seats, (in a theatre); a of ^ blot /blot/ n [C] 1 mark caused
shares, (in a company). 4 ob- by ink spilt on pajjer. 2 fault: a
struction: a ~ in the pipe. O ^ on his character, a vt (-tt-) 1
road-block. ^'^ letters, capi- make a blot on. 2 dry up (wei
tal letters. ink) with blotting-paper. 3 ^
block' /blok/ vt 1 obstruct: out, hide: The mist '^tedout tin
roads '^ed by snow. 2 make (ac- view. 'X/ter, pad of blotting-
tion) impossible: ~
the enemy's paper. ''>^ting-paper, absor-
plans. bent pap>er to dry up wet ink.
block-ade /blo'keid/ n [C] the blotch /blotj/ n [C] large mark
surrounding of a place to (eg on the skin).
prevent goods or people enter- blouse /blauz/ n [C] garment
 37 blow/ board

like a shirt, worn by women. a steep face, a adj 1 (of head-

blow^ /bbu/ n [C] 1 hard stroke lands) with a steep front. 2 (of a
(given with the hand, etc). person) rough but honest.
come to 'v.s. fight. 2 shock: ^nessn[U]
His wife 's death was a great -^ bluffs /bUf/ vt/i deceive by
blow^ /bbu/ vt/i ipt blew /blu:/; pretending to be stronger, etc
pp '^n /bbun/) 1 (of the wind), than one is. a n [U] deception of
flow. 2 (of the wind) cause to this kind, caf/ sb's '^. invite
move: The wind blew my hat off. him to carry out his threats.
3 send a strong current of air: -^ blun-der /'blAnd9(r)/ vt|i^ move
one's nose j a whistle. 4 produce about uncertainly, as if blind. 2
sound from (a trumpet, etc). 5 make foolish mistakes, n n [C]
(of a fuse) melt because the elec- careless mistake.
tric current is too strong. 6 {si) blunt /bUnt/ adj (-ex. -est) 1
spend (money) recklessly. 7 '^ without a point or sharp edge. 2
(sth) out. (be) put out by (of a person) not trying to be
blowing: ~ out a candle, 'v- polite, a vt make blunt, -"v^ly adv
one's brains out. kill oneself frankly, ^ness n [U]
by shooting in the head. '^ blu r /bl3:(r)/ n [C] something that
over, pass by: The storm will cannot be seen clearly: If you see
soon '^ over. '^ up. (a) explode: only a '^. you need glasses, a vt/i
The gunpowder New up. (b) lose (-rr-) make or become unclear:
one's temper. ^
sth up. (a) Tears '^redher eyes.
destroy by explosion, (b) in- blurb ,'bl3:b/ n [C] short descrip-
flate: '^ up a tyre, (c) enlarge tion of the contents of a book.
greatly: '^ up a photograph. blurt /bl3:t/ vt ^ sth out. tell,

''>>'lanrip/torch, for directing a eg a secret, suddenly, often

flame on to a surface. ''>^out, thoughtlessly.
(a) sudden escape of air, etc; blush /bUJ/ vi 1 become red (in
(esp)bursting of a tyre, (b) the face). 2 be ashamed, a n [C]
blowing out of an electric fuse. reddening of the face, eg from
''vz-up, greatly enlarged photo- shame.
graph. blus-ter /'blASt3(r)/ vt/i^ (of the
blow^ /bbu/ n [C] blowing: Give wind, etc) be rough or violent. 2
your nose a good ~ (of persons) speak in a loud,
blower /'bbu3(r)/ n [C] 1 appa- boastful way. d n [U] 1 noise of
ratus for forcing air, etc into violent wind. 2 forceful, noisy
something. 2 person who mak( talk, blus-tery adj (of the
things by blowing: a ^glass-^. weather) rough and windy.
blown /bbun//?/7of blow^. boa /'bsua/ n [C] (also ''>^-

blub-ber /'blAb3(r)/ n [U] fat of constrictor) large S. Ameri-

whales. can snake that crushes animals
•
bludgeon /'bUdsan/ n [C] short, to death.
thick stick, a vt ^ strike with a boar /bo:(r)/ n [C] 1 male pig. 2
stick. 2 (fig) force somebody to wild pig.
do something. board' /bo:d/ n [C] 1 long, fiat
blue^ /blu:/ adj (-r, -st) coloured piece of wood used in floors, etc.
I
like the sky on a clear day. o/ice 2 fiat piece of wood for a special
//I a -^^ moo/i, rarely, purpose: a 'notice"^. 3 by go
blue^ n 1 blue colour. 2
/blu:/ the 'v/, fail; be abandoned, be/
out of the ^, unexpectedly. 3 go on '^. be/go on a ship or air-
1 the -^^s, (a) slow sad music liner, above '^. honest; legal. 4
I from the southern US. (b) (in- group of persons controlling a
formal) sadness. ,'>^ 'blooded business: the B'^ of Directors. 5
'
adJ of aristocratic birth. [U] meals (eg at a lodging-
'-^bottle, meat fly. ,'>^-'collar house): B-^ and lodging.
adj of workers in factories. |'>^ board^ /bD:d/ vt/i 1 cover with
'film, obscene film, '--^^print, boards(l): -^ up a window. 2
(a) photographic print, usually get, supply with, meals. 3 get on
for building plans, (b) (fig) or into (a ship, train, bus, etc).
plan. ''>^-stock-ing, woman '^er, (a) person who boards
regarded as intellectual, blu-ish with somebody. c> 2 above, (b)
/'blu:ij/ at//' ofa blue colour. schoolboy or girl at a boarding-
bluffs /blAf/ n [C] headland with school, -^^ing, (a) structure of
boast/ bomb
boards(1 ). (b) the providing or
receiving of board(5). '-^^ing-
card, pass for getting on an air-
liner or ship. ''>^ing-house,
private house that provides
board and lodging, ''v/ing
school, one at which pupils
live.
boast /bsust/ n [C] words used in
praise of oneself; cause for
pride, a vt/i 1 make a boast. 2
possess with pride: Our school
^s a fine swimming-pool, ''^ful
/-fol/ adj (of persons) fond of
boasting, ''^f ully adv
boat /baut/ n [C] small open ves-
sel for travelling on water:
'rowing-'\.. be (all) in the
same '^. have the same dan-
gers to face. D \i travel in a boat,
esp for pleasure. ''>^-house,
shed in which boats are stored.
''>^-train, train that takes
people to or from a boat.
boat-swain "bausan/ n [C]
senior seaman in charge of a
ship's rigging, boats, etc.
bob^ /bob/ VI (-bb-) move up
and down: A cork '^bing on the
water, a n [C] quick up and
down movement; curtsy.
bob^ /bob/ vt (-bb-) cut (a
woman's hair) short.
bob-bin /'bobm/ n [C] small roll-
er forholding thread, etc in a
machine.
bobsleigh, bobsled /'bob-
slei, -sled/ n [C] racing sleigh, d
vi ride in a bobsleigh.
bode /iDsud/ v/ / ^ well/
be a good /bad sign of.
bod -ice /'bodis/ n [C]
fitting part of a woman's dress
from the shoulders to the waist.
bod-ily /'bodah/ adj of the hu-
man body. D adv 1 as a whole:
transported'^. 2 in person.
body /'bodi/ n [C] {pi -ies) 1
physical structure of a man or
animal. 2 corpse. 3 body of a
man or animal without the
head, arms and legs. 4 main part
of a structure: the '^ of a car. 5
group of persons who do some-
thing together, in a '>^. all
together. 6 mass: A lake is a-^of
water, ''^guard, man or men
guarding an important person.
•'>^work, main part, material,
of (esp) a motor- vehicle.
bog /bog/ n [C] (area oQ wet, soft
ground, a vtji (-gg-) -^ down.
(cause to) be stuck fast: The car
was '^ged down in the mud. '>-gy
adj (-ier, -lest) (of land) soft and
wet.
bo-gey /'baugi' = bogy
boggle /'bogl/ vi refuse to be-
lieve: The mind'^s {at the idea).
bo-gus /'baugas/ adj nol real.
bogy, bo-gey /'baugi/ n [C] (pi
-ies, ~s) evil spirit; cause of
fear.
boir /boil/ n [C] red, poisoned
swelling under the skin.
boil* /bail/ n [U] boiling point.
be on the 'v., be boiling.
boiP/bail, V7//1 (of water) reach
the temperature where it
changes into gas: When water
'^•^s it changes into steam. The
kettle is '^ing. 2 (of the sea, feel-
ings, etc) be very disturbed. 3
cause water to boil; cook in boil-
ing water: '^ an egg. 4 '^
aw/ayldry. boil until nothing
remains. -^ down to. be a
question of: All this '^s down to
is another delay for us. '^ over.
flow over the side, ''-wing-
point, (a) temperature at
which a liquid boils, (b) (Jig)
height of anger, etc.
boiler /'bDila(r)/ n [C] metal con-
tainer in which water, etc is heat-
ed, '-"vz-suit, overalls.
bois-ter-ous /'baistaras/ adj (of
a person) noisy and cheerful.
bold /bauld/ adj (-er, -est) 1
without fear. 2 without shame.
3 well marked; clear: a -^ out-
adv. '-^^ness n [U]
line, "s^ly
bol-lard /'bolad/ n [C] 1 post on
ill for, a quay or a ship's deck for mak-
ing ropes secure. 2 post on a
close- traffic island.
bol-ster^ /'baulsta(r)/ n [C] long
pillow.
bol-ster* /'baulsta(r)/ vr support
(a theory cause, etc).
bolt^ /bault/ n [C] 1 metal fasten-
ing for a door or window. 2
large metal screw used with a
nut for holding things together.
3 flash of lightning. O
thunder-
bolt. D vt/i fasten with a bolt.
bolt* /bault/ vt/i 1 (esp of a
horse) run away quickly. 2 swal-
low (food) quickly, a n [C] act of
running away: make a -^for it.
bolt^ /bault/ adv (only in) '^ up-
right, completely upright.
bomb /bom/ n [C] metal shell
filled with f'xplosive or gas, etc.
a vt/i attack with bombs, '^er,
(a) aircraft used for bombing.
(b) soldier trained in bombing.
''^sheil, (Jig) great shock: His
.1

death was a real '^shell to
bom-bard /bom'baid/ vt 1 at-
tack with shells from big guns. 2
(fig) worry with many ques-
tions, etc. '>^ment n [C,U]
bond /bond/ n [C] 1 written ag-
reement that has force in law. 2
(usually fig) something that
joins: the ~(5) of affection. 3
printed paper promising to pay
back money.
bond-age /'bDndid3/
slavery.
bone /baun/ n [C] part of the
skeleton of an animal's body.
fee/ in one's '^s that, feel
certain that, have a to pick
'^v^
with sb, have something to
complain about, make no ,'>^s
a^bout doing sth, not hesitate
to do it. a vt take bones out of (a
chicken, etc). |'>^ 'dry adj com-
pletely dry. ("^^-'idle adj very
lazy.
bon-fire /'bDnfai3(r)/ n [C] large
fire in a garden, etc.
bon-net /'bonit/ n [C] 1 woman's
2
hat, usually tied with ribbons.
{GB) cover over the engine of a
motor- vehicle (CS = hood).
bonny /'bom/ adj (-ier, -iest)
healthy looking.
bo-nus /'baunss/ n [C] {pi '^es)
payment in addition to what is
usual.
bony /'bauni/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
fullof bones: a '^ fish. 2 having
prominent bones: '^fingers.
boo /bu:/ int sound to show dis-
approval. D vtji make such
sounds.
booby /'bu:bi/ n [C] stupid per-
son. ''>^ prize, prize given to the
person who comes last. ''>^-
trap, apparently harmless ob-
ject that will kill or injure when
interfered with.
book^ /buk/ n [C] 1 number of
printed sheets of paper fastened
together in a cover. 2 main divi-
sion of the Bible. 3 packet of
similar items fastened together,
eg matches. 4 {pt) business ac-
counts, be in sb's good '^s,
have his favour or approval.
''>-case, piece of furniture with
shelves for books. ''>^keeper,
persoa who keeps accounts.
'o^-keep-ing, keeping (busi-
ness) accounts. ''>^maker, per-
son who on horse-
takes bets
races, etc. ''^mark(er), some-
thing put in a book to mark the
place, ''^stali, kiosk, etc at
39 bombard /booze
us. which books, etc are sold. ''>^
token, receipt to be exchanged
for a bock at the value stated.
'-^^worm, (a) small maggot
that eats holes in books, (b)
person who is fond of reading.
book^ /buk/ vt 1 write down
(orders, etc). 2 (of the police) re-
cord a charge against (a person):
be '^edfor speeding. 3 order, eg
tickets, in advance, '^able
n [U] /-abl/ adj (of seats, etc) that can
be reserved. ''>^ing clerk, per-
son who sells tickets, eg at a rail-
way station. ''>^ing office of-
fice where tickets are sold.
bookie /'buki/ n [C] (informal)
= bookmaker.
book-let /'bukbt/ n [C] pamph-
let; thin book.
boom^ /burm/ n [C] 1 pole to
keep the bottom of a sail
stretched out. 2 heavy chain or
row of logs across a river or har-
bour entrance.
boom^/bu:m/ vr//1 (of big guns,
etc) make deep, hollow sounds.
2 '^ out, say in a loud deep
voice, a n [C] deep, hollow
sound.
boom^ /bu:m/ n [C] sudden in-
crease in trade activity, n v/ have
a boom: sales are -^ing.
boom-er-ang /'burmaraeg/ n [C]
curved wooden stick (used by
Australian Aborigines), which
returns to the thrower.
boor /bu3(r)/ n [C] ill-mannered
person, --^ish.
boost /burst/ vt increase (the
value, performance oO: -^ sales.
D n [C] act of boosting.
boo-ster /'bu:st3(r)/ n [C] 1
thing that boosts. 2 additional
dose of vaccine.
boot /bu:t/ n [C] 1 covering for
the foot and ankle, made of
leather or rubber, give sb the
'^, (si) dismiss him from his job.
put the -^ in, (sf) kick a per-
son. 2 (GB) place for luggage in
a motor-car (US = trunk), a vt
kick; dismiss, (a person).
booth /bu:d/ n [C] 1 covered
stall, esp one where goods are
sold. 2 small compartment:
telephone /polling booth.
booze /bu:z/ n [U] (informal) 1
alcoholic drink. 2 period of
drinking, n vi drink (too much)
alcoholic drink: go boozing.
boozer n [C] (GB si) (a) person
who often has (too much) alco-
holic drink, (b) pub.
border/bout 40

border 'bD;d3<r) n [C] 1 (pari bottles. 2 '^ up. ijig) hold in, eg
near the) edge. 2 line between anger, i-^^-'green adj dark
two countries. 3 flowerbed in a green. ''>^-neck, (a) road
garden, a vt /I be an edge to. 2 where traffic is held up. (b) part
'w on/upon, (a) be next to. of a manufacturing process, etc
(b) be almost the same as: The where production is slowed
proposal ~5 on the absurd. down.
''Valine, line that marks
boun- a bot-tom /'botam n |CJ 1 lowest
dary, a ^'^line ^case. one that part of anything. 2 part farthest
is doubtful. from the front: at the -^ of the
bore^ bD:(r)/ vi!i make a round
,
garden. 3 bed of the sea, etc. 4
deep hole with a tool, a n [C] 1 (informal) part of the body on
(also ^'^•hole) hole made by bor- which a person sits, get to the
ing. 2 mside of a gun barrel; its '^ of sth. find out how it be-
diameter. gan. '>-lessa^y very deep.
bore^ /bD:(r)/ vt make (a person) bough 'bau n [C] large branch
feel tired by beingd n [C]
dull, of a tree.
person who bores, bor-ing adj. bought bo-.tprppof buy.
'>^dom n [U] state of being boul-der "bauldanfr)/ n [C] large
bored. rock.
bore^ ihy.{r)j pt of bear^. bounce /bauns,' vtli^ (of a ball,
born /born/ pp of bear^ 1 be '^. etc) (cause to) move or come
come into the world by birth. 2 back when sent against some-
destined to be: He was '^ a poet. thing hard: The ball -^d over the
borne lbo:n, pp of bear^ except wall. 2 (cause to) move up and
of birth; O
bear2(6). down violently; rush: -^ on a
borough /'bAra, n [C] (in En- bed. He ^d into the room. 3 (in-
gland) town that sends members formal) (of-a cheque) be return-
to Parliament and governs itself. ed by a bank because there is no
bor-row /'borau, vt;i get some- money in the account, a n [C] (of
thing on the understanding that a ball) act of bouncing.
it is to be returned. lend. O bounc-ing 'baunsir}' adj big
^er, person who borrows. and strong; healthy.
bor-stal /'bD:stl/ n [C] place bound^ /baund/ vt jump; move
where young criminals live and or run in jumping movements, d
receive training. n [C] jumping movement.
bosom /'buzam' n [C] 1 (old use) bound^ /baond/ pp of bind '>^

person's breast. 2 place where to. certain: -^ to win. -^ up in.

one feels joy or sorrow: a '>- very busy with.
/r/f/ii/, a good friend. bound -a ry /'baondri n [C] (pi
boss /bos/ n [C] (sf) person who -ies) line that marks a limit.
controls or gives orders, a vt bound-less 'baundlis/ adj
give orders to. bossy adj (-ier, without limits. '>^ly adv
-lest) fond of giving orders. bounds baundz/ n pi limit, out
boss-eyed /'bos aeid/ adj (sf) of '^, outside areas that one is
blind in one eyed; cross-eyed. allowed to enter.
bot-any /'botani n [U] science of boun-ti-ful ''bauntin/a<^' abun-
the structure of plants, botan- dant: a '^harvest.
ical /ba'taenikl' adj. bot-an-ist bounty /'baunti/ n (pi -ies) 1 [U]
/J [C] expert in botany.
generosity. 2 [C] something
botch /botj vt repair badly, a n given out of kindness (esp to the
[C] piece of badly done work. poor). 3 [C] reward offered to
both /bauG/ adj. pron (of two encourage something.
things, persons, etc) the two: '^ bou-quet bo'kei/ n\C] 1 bunch
books: ^~
are good. of fiowers. 2 perfume of wine.
bother /'bDd3(r)/
vtji 1 cause bour-geois ^bosyf^ a: n[C].ddj
trouble Don't -v, me
to; disturb: (person) of the middle class that
when I'm
working. 2 take owns property or engages in
trouble: Don 't ^
to stand up. a n trade, 'v.ie 'bu33wa:'ziV n [U]
[U] (cause oO worry, trouble. the '>' ie, bourgeois(l) per-
''>^some adj troublesome. sons.
bottle /'botl, n [C] container bout baut/ n [C] period of exer-
with a narrow neck, for liquids; cise, work or illness: a ^wrestling
its contents, a vt ^ put into '^i a ^ of influenza.
 41 boutique/brain

boutique bu:'ti:k/ n [C] small Box-ing Day /'boksir) dei/ n day

shop eg clothes.
selling after Christmas Day.
bow^ /bsu/ n[C]1 piece of wood boy iboi; n [C] male child.
curved by a tight string, used for '^friend, male friend of a girl.
shooting arrows. 2 rod of wood '-^^hood, time when one is a
with horse-hair stretched from boy. 'y^ish adj like a hoy.
end to end, used for playing the boy-cott /'b^ikot/ vt refuse to
violin, cello, etc. 3 curve; rain- trade with (a person, country,
bow. 4 knot made with loops, d etc); refuse to handle (goods,
vt play (a violin, etc) with a bow. etc). D n [C] treatment of this
I'-w legged adj with the legs
< kind.
curved outwards at the knees. bra /bra:/ n [C] (informal) (abbr
1-^ 'tie, one made into a bow. oO brassiere.
bow^ /bau/ vtji 1 bend (the head brace^ /breis/ n [C] 1 thing used
or body): ~
to the king. 2 bend: to grip or support. 2 revolving
The branches ^ed down with tool for holding another tool. 3
snow. 3 submit: / ~
to your auth- (GB) (pi) straps passing over the
ority. D n [C] bending of the head shoulders to keep trousers up, 4
or body (in greeting, etc). (often pi) wires fastened to the
bow^ /bau/ n [C] (often pi) front teeth to make them straight.
of a boat. brace^ breis vti 1 support. 2
bowel /'bau^l/ n 1 [C] (usually steady oneself.
pf) intestine. 2 (pf) central part: brace-let /'breisht/ n [C] orna-
the '^s of the earth. ment for the wrist.
bowr baul/ n [C] 1 deep, round brac-ing 'breisir)/ adj stimulat-
dish.2 contents of such a dish. 3 ing: ~ sea air.
thing shaped like a bowl. bracken /'braekan/ n [U] large
bowP /baul' n 1 [C] heavy fern.
wooden ball. 2 {pf) game played bracket n [C] 1 wood
/'braekit'
with these balls, a vtii 1 send a or metal support for a shelf, etc.
ball to the batsman in cricket. 2 2 either of the two symbols {
-^^ (sb) over, (a) knock down, used in writing. 3 classification:
(b) overcome: '^ed over by the an Hncome ~. n v/ put inside
3 play bowls.
AJCH'5. brackets; put together.
bowler^ /'b3ob(r)/ n [C] 1 per- brack-ish 'braekij"/ adj (of wat-
son who bowls in cricket. 2 per- er) slightly salty.
son who plays bowls^(2) brag /brasg/ vi (-gg-) boast.
bowleH /'b3ul9(r)/ n [C] (also (-^ brag-gart /'braegat/ n [C] person
^hat) hard, rounded, usually who brags.
black hat. Brah-min /'bra:mm/ n member
bow win-dow /,b3u 'wmdau/ n of the highest Hindu priestly
[C] curved window. caste.
box^ /boks/ n [C] 1 container, braid /breid/ n 1 [C] hair woven
usually with a lid, made of together. 2 [U] silk, linen, etc
wood, etc for holding solids: a ~ woven into a band, for edging
of matches. 2 separate compart- cloth. D vt make into braids.
ment, with seats, in a theatre, braille /breil/ n [U] system of
etc. 3 compartment in a law writing and reading for blind
court: a ^fury-'^. o vt put into a people.
box. ''^-number, {PO Bo.x brain /brein/ n [C] 1 {sing) (in
No.) number used in a news- man and animals) grey matter in
paper advertisement as an ad- the head. 2 mind; intellect: have
dress to which letters may be a good '^. have sth on the '^,
sent. ''>^-office, office for think constantly about it. 3 [C]
booking seats in a cinema, etc. clever person, n vt kill by a
box^ /boks/ vtIi fight with the heavy blow on the head. ''>^-
with thick gloves, for sport,
fists, child, original idea. ''>^ drain,
a n [C] blow with the open hand movement of trained personnel
(on the ear). out of a country. ''>^-storm,
boxer /'bDks9(r)/ n [C] 1 person mental upset, ''^/-wash, force a
who boxes. 2 breed of bulldog. person to change his beliefs by
box-ing /'boksir)/ n [U] sport of use of extreme mental pressure.
fighting with the fists, wearing ''>--wave, (informal) sudden in-
padded gloves: '^glove/match. spiration, '^iess adj stupid.
 =

braise /break

brainy adj (-ier, -iest) intel- vi make this sound.

ligent. brazen 'breizn/ adj 1 made ot
braise /breiz/ v/ cook (meat) brass; like brass. 2 shameless: a
slowly in a covered pot. '^ woman.
brake /breik/ n [C] device for re- braz-ier /'breiziD(r)/ « [C] metal
ducing speed or stopping eg a framework for holding burning
bicycle, motor-vehicle, etc. a vtji coal.
use the brake. breach /bri:tj/ n [C] 1 breaking
bramble /'brambl/ n [C,U] or neglect (of a rule, duty, etc): a
rough shrub with prickly ~ of the peace, fighting in a pub-
shoots; blackberry bush. lic place. 2 gap. hole (in a wall.

bran braen/ n [U] outer covering etc). D v7 make a gap in.

of gram (wheat, etc).
branch /bra:ntj/ n [C] 1 part of a
tree growing out from the trunk.
2 division of a road, railway, etc.
3 division of a family, organiza-
tion, etc: a -^^ office, a vi divide
into branches. ^
out. (of a
business firm, etc) expand in a
new direction.
brand /braend/ n [C]
mark; goods with such a mark. 2
(also red-hot iron
''^ing-iron),
for burning a design into a sur-
face; mark made in this
1 mark (cattle, etc) with a
branding-iron. 2 give (a person)
a bad name: '^cf^ as a thief. ,'>--
'new a J/ completely new.
bran-dish /'braendij/
about: '^ing a pistol/sword.
brandy /'braendi/ n [C,U] (/?/
-ies) alcoholic drink distilled
from wine.
brash /braej/ adj (informaf) self-
confident; cheeky.
brass /bra:s/ n 1 [U] bright yel-
low metal. 2 [U] or (pf) thing(s)
made of brass. 3 the ->-, musical
instruments made of brass. 4 [U]
(GB sf) money, .top ''^. (infor-
mat) senior officials. I'v. 'band^
group of musicians with brass
instruments.
brassiere, brass-iere
/'braesi9(r)/n [C] (shortened to
bra) woman's garment to sup-
port the breasts.
brat /braet/ n [C] (badly behaved)
child.
bra-vado /bra'vardau/ n (/?/~es,
~s) [C,UJ display of boldness.
brave /breiv/ adj (-r, -st) 1 ready
to meet danger or suffering. 2
needing courage: a -^ act. a vt
meet without showing fear: -^
great dangers, "^^ly adv. '>^ry
/'breiv3n/«[U] courage.
bravo /,bra:'v3u/ int. n [C] (pi
~es, ~s) Well done!
brawl /broil/ n [C] noisy quarrel.
D quarrel noisily.
v/
bray /brei/ n [C] cry of an ass. n
bread /bred/ n [U] 1 food made
of flour baked in an oven: a
loaf 'slice of '^. 2 (si) money, on
the '^line, very poor. ''>^win-
ner, person who works to sup-
port a family.
breadth /'bretG/ n O broadM2)
measure from side to side.
break^ /breik/ n 1 [C] breaking;
1 trade- broken place. 2 [U] ~
of day (
day^), dawn. 3 interval: for ~
lunch. 4 ( = ~o«/) (attempt to)
escape (esp from prison), make
way. d vi a ^for it. (try to) escape. 5 (in-
formal) lucky change.
break^ /breik/ v/// (pt broke
/brauk/, pp broken /'braokan)
1 (of a whole thing) (cause to) go
v/ wave into separate parts as the result
of force or a blow: The boy fell
and broke his leg. 2 (cause to) be
separate because of force or
strain: He broke a branch from
the tree. 3 make useless; da-
mage: 'v. a clock. 4 'N^ even.
make neither a profit nor a loss.
5 (with various subjects): The
storm broke, began. The fine
weather broke, ended. C> day-
break. 6 (with various objects):
~ new ground, (fig) make new
discoveries; ~
a person 's heart.
make him very sad; ~ the news.
make it known; ~ a ( World, etc)
record, better than it. 7 disci-
do
pline: ~
a horse (in). 8 destroy:
~ a person 's spirit/resistance. 9
not keep; infringe: ~
the law; ~
one's word/a promise. 10 inter-
rupt: '^ (the) silence; ~ one's
journey. ^^ '^ away (from),
(a) go away suddenly, (b) give
up (habits, belieQ- -^ down.
(a) collapse: Talks have broken
down, (b) stop working: The car
broke down, (c) be overcome by
emotion. ^
sth down, (a)
destroy: ~
down resistance, (b)
analyse, classify: ~
down expen-
diture. '>^ in. enter a building by
force. Hence, •'^-in n. '^ in
on/upon, interrupt. '>^ into.

{

(a) force one's way into (a
building, etc), (b) begin sudden-
ly: '^ into song/a run. '^ off, (a)
stop speaking, (b) pause. ->-
(sth) off. (a) (cause to) separ-
ate: The mast broke off. (b) end
abruptly: ^
off diplomatic rela-
tions. '^ out. (of fire, disease,
violence) start, suddenly. C>
outbreak. '^ out (of), escape.
Hence, ''>^out n. '^ out in. be-
come covered with: -^ out in
spots, 'y^ through, make a way
through (obstacles, etc).
breakthrough. '>^ up, (a) come
to pieces, (b) {fig) (of persons)
mentally collapse, (c) (of a
school, etc) close for holidays,
(d) (of a relationship) come to
an end. '^ sth up, (a) smash.
(b) (cause to) divide: up a ^ 1 variety; type (of animals, etc).
piece of work, (c) bring to an
end: the police broke up a meet-
ing: "^ an alliance. Hence,
up n end of a marriage, etc.
break-able /'breikabl/ ac^' easily
broken.
break-age /'breikids/ n [C] 1 act
of breaking. 2 something that
has been broken.
break-down /'breikdaun/ n [C]
1 failure in machinery. 2 col-
lapse of talks, health, etc: a ^ner-
vous ''^. 3 analysis of statistics: a
~ of expenses.
breaker /'breik3(r)/ n [C] 1 large
wave breaking into foam. 2 per-
son or thing that breaks some-
thing. 'ice-'>^, ship used to
break up ice.
break-fast /'brekfast/ n [C] first
meal of the day. a v/have break-
fast.
break-through /'breikBru:/ n
[C] 1 movement through the
enemy's defences. 2 major
covery in science, etc.
break-water /'breikw3:t3(r)/ n
[C] structure built out into the
sea to shelter a harbour.
breast /brest/ n [C] 1 milk-
producing part of a woman's
chest. 2 upper front part of the
body, make a clean '^ of
sth. confess.
breath /breG/ n 1 [U] air taken
into and sent out of the lungs. 2
[C] single act of taking in and
sending out air. out of ^. un-
able to breathe quickly enough.
take sb's '^ away, startle
him. under one's '^. in a
whisper. 3 [C] breeze.
light
'^less adj (a) out of breath.
43 breakable/bride
(b) unstirred by wind. '>^less-
\y adv. ''>^takinga^' amazing.
breath-alys-er /'bre99laiz3(r)/ n
[C] device to test the alcoholic
content of a person's breath.
breathe /bri:5/ vtji 1 take air in-
to the lungs and send it out
again. 2 say quietly; whisper.
breather, short pause for rest.
bred /bred//7/.p/7 of breed.
breech /bri:tj/ n [C] back part of
a gun barrel, where the cartridge
or shell is placed.
O breed /bri:d/ vtii {pt.pp bred
/bred/) 1 keep (animals, etc) for
the purpose of producing
young: ->- horses/cattle. 2 give
birth to young. 3 educate, bring
up: a well-bred boy. 4 be the
cause of: Dirt ~5 disease, a n [C]
2 sort; type: a new ~of manager.
'^er, person who breeds ani-
''>^- mals, -^ing n [U] (a) (in verbal
senses): the '^ing of horses, (b)
good manners; education: a man
ofgood^ing.
breeze /briiz/ n [C,U] a gentle
wind. D vi '^^ in/out, (informal)
come in/go out quickly, breez-
ily adv. breezy adJ (a)
pleasantly windy, (b) (of per-
sons) lively.
breth-ren /'bredran/ n pi (old
use) brothers.
brev-ity /'brevati/ n [U] short-
ness (of human life, etc).
brew /bru:/ vt/i 1 prepare (beer,
tea, etc). 2 (Jig) be forming: A
storm is '^ing. a n [C] result of
brewing, '^er n [C]. '^ery,
place where beer is brewed.
bribe /braib/ n [C] something
given to persuade a person (to
do something wrong), a vt offer,
dis- give, a bribe to. '^ry, giving or
taking of bribes.
bric-a-brac /'brik 9 braek/ n [U]
old articles of furniture, china,
etc.
brick /brik/ n [C,U] block of
baked clay for building, u vt '^
uplin. block (an opening) with
bricks. ''>^layer, workman who
builds with bricks, '-v/work,
structure made of bricks.
bri-dal /'braidl/ adj of a bride or
wedding.
bride /'braid/ n [C] newly mar-
ried woman. ''^^groom
/-gru:m/ n [C] newly married
man. brides-maid /'braidz-
meid/ n [C] girl attending a bride
at her wedding. C> best man.
 bridge /broccoli 4

bridge' brid3/ n [C] 1 structure cause to fall: '•^ down prices/the

providing a way across a river. government, (b) kill or wound:
etc. 2 raised part of a ship where He brought down the antelope. '^
the captain and officers work. 3 forward, (a) cause to be
upper part of th6 nose. 4 part discussed, etc. (b) advance: The
over which the strings of a viol- meeting has been brought for-
in, etc are stretched, a vi build a ward, is to be earlier. C> post-
bridge across; ^
a canal. pone. ~in, (a) produce as
''>^head (mil) strong position profit, (b) introduce: 'v, in a new
from which attacks can be fashion legislation. -^ off, (esp)
made. manage to do something suc-
bridge^ brids/ n [U] card-game cessfully. '>-' on, (help to) pro-

for 4 players. duce: The rain brought on his

bridle /'braidl n [C] part of a cold. '^ out, (a) show clearly:
horse's harness that goes on its ~ out the meaning, (b) cause (a
head, a vti 1 put a bridle on (a quality) to appear: Danger --^.f
horse). 2 (Jig) control: '^ your out the best in him. (c) cause to
passions. strike: Union leaders brought out
briefs 'bri:f/ adj (-er, -est) last- the workers, 'x^ round, (a)
ing only for a short time, in '^. cause (a person) to regain con-
in a few words. '>^ly adv sciousness after fainting, (b)
briefs /bri:f n 1 [C] summary of convert to one's views, etc. ^
the facts of a legal case, pre- to, = bring round(a5. up, ^
pared for a barrister. 2 informa- (a) rear; educate; up ~
tion, instructions, etc given in children animals, (b) vomit, (c)
advance, a vt 1 instruct or em- call attention to.
ploy (a barrister). 2 give a brink 'briqk n [C] 1 edge of a
brief(2) to. '^case, flat leather cliff, etc. 2 (Jig) edge of some-
case, for documents, etc. thing exciting or dangerous: on
briefs 'bri:fs n pi (also a pair of the '^ of war.
-^) pants without legs. brisk brisk/ adj (-er, -est) live-
brig-ade bri'geid/ n [C] 1 army ly; quick-moving; walk at a '^
unit of three battalions. 2 organ- pace, '^ly adv
ized body of f>ersons with bristle /'brisl/ n [C] a short stiff
special duties; the Jire-'s.. hair on an animal or brush, a vi
briga-dier ibriga'disCr)/ n [C] 1 (of hair) stand up. 2 (fig) show
officer commanding a bri- anger. 3 '>^ with, have in large
gade(1). numbers; bristling with guns.
bright /brait, adj (-er, -est) 1 Brit-ish 'bntij a^/yof Great Bri-
reflecting much light: shining. 2 tain or its inhabitants: the B'^,
cheerful and happy. 3 clever. British people.
-^en v?//make or become brigh- brittle /'britl adj hard but easily
ter, '^ly adv. ~ness n [C] broken (eg glass).
briMiant /'brilisnt/ adj 1 very broad' adj (-er, -est) 1
/bro:d
bright(l). 2 very clever. '>^ly wide. 2 from side to side: a river
adv. brilliance/i[U] fifty feet~. 3 full; in 'v, daylight.
brim brim rj [C] 1 edge of a cup. 4 general: a ~
distinction. 5 (of
etc. 2 edge of a hat. D v/ (-mnn-) the mind and ideas) liberal. 6 (of
'^ over, be full to the top. speech) with a strong regional
brine bram/ n [U] salt water, esp accent. |'>^-'minded adj liberal
for pickling food. and tolerant, -"o^ly adv generally:
bring /brii]/ vt (pt.pp brought '^ly speaking.
/hro:if) 1 carry or accompany broad^ /brD:d/ n [C] the wide
towards somebody: me my ^ part; the ^
of the back.
coat. 2 cause to come: Spring ^s broad-cast 'brordkarst/ vtji
warm weather. 3 -w sb/ (pt.pp ~) send out (speech, mus-
oneself to do sth, persuade: / ic, etc) by radio or TV. n [C]
can't ^ myself to tell him. 4 something broadcast.
(legal) start; ~
a case against broad-side /'brordsaid/ n [C] 1
her. 5 -^ about, cause to hap- (firingoO all the guns on a ship's
pen. ^ back,
(a) return; ^ side. 2 (Jig) strong attack (eg in
back a book, (b) cause to an argument).
remember, (c) reintroduce: 'v. broc-coli /'brokah/ n [C, UJ (j)l
back hanging. '^ down, (a) 'V.) kind of cauliflower with

L
 45 brochure/buck

many sprouts. brought /brD:t//?r,/)/j of bring.

bro-chure /'braoJaCr)/ n [C] brow /brau/ n 1 (usually pi: also
short, illustrated, pamphlet, esp 'eye'>^) arch of hair above the
as an advertisement. eye. 2 forehead. 3 top ofa slope.
brogue^ /braug/ n [C] strong, brow-beat /'braubiit/ vt {pt ~,
thick-soled shoe. pp'^en -bi:tn/) bully.
brogue^ 'brsug/ n [C] Irish way brown /braun/ n [C.U] adj (-er,
ofspeakmgEngUsh. -est) (having the) colour of cof-
v7//' cook by
broil broil,' direct fee with milk, d vt/i make or be-
contact with fire; grill. come brown.
broke brsuk adj (stony /f/at) browse /brauz/ vi 1 feed (on
'^, {si) without money. grass, etc). 2 read without any
bro-ken ^'brsukan/ pp of break: definite plan, for mterest. o n [C]
a ~
home, one in which the par- (act, period, oO browsing.
ents have separated; (= im- ~ bruise /brurz/ n [C] injury by a
perfect) English: '^-^hearted. blow to the body, or to a fruit, so
filled with grief. that the skin is discoloured, a
bro-ker /'br3uk3(r)/ n [C] (usual- vtii 1 cause a bruise to. 2 show
ly ^stock-'^) person who buys the effects ofa blow.
and sells (business shares, etc) bru-nette 'bru:'net/ n [C] white
for others. woman with dark skin and hair.
brolly /'broil/ n [C] {pi -ies) {in- brunt /brAnt/ n [C] chief part:
formal) umbreWa. bear the ~
of an attack.
bron-chial /'broqkial/ a^' of the brush^ /brAj'/ n [C] 1 implement
tubes of the windpipe. of bristles, etc for sweeping,
bron-chi-tis /broq'kaitis/ n [C] cleaning, etc (eg ^tooth-^,
inflammation of the tubes of the ^paint'^). 2 (act oQ using a
windpipe. brush. 3 [U] rough low-growing
bronze /bronz/ n 1 [U] alloy of bushes. 4 short encounter: a ~
copper and tin. 2 [U] reddish with the enemy.
brown colour. 3 [C] work of art brush^ brAj, vt i 1 use a brush
made of bronze, d vtji make or on. 2 '^ sth aside/away, {fig)
become bronze in colour. pay no or little attention to (dif-
brooch /brautj"/ n [C] ornamen- ficulties, etc). ^ up (on), study
tal pin worn on a dress. or practise (something forgot-
brood /bru:d/ n [C] 1 young ten): ^
up {on) your French. 3
birds hatched at one time in a touch when passing.
nest. 2 {informal) family of chil- brusque /brursk/ adj (of speech
dren, a v/1 (ofa bird) sit on eggs or behaviour) rough and impol-
to hatch them. 2 ->-' over/on. ite.~ly adv. ~ness n [U]
{fig) think about (troubles, etc) Brus-sels sprout /jbrAslz
for a long time, broody adj (a) 'spraut/ n [C] green vegetable
(of hens) wanting to brood (1 ). with buds on a high stem.
(b) (f/g) depressed. bru-tal /'brurtl/ a5/ savage; cruel.
brook /bruk/ n [C] small stream. ^ly adv. ^ity /bru:'taebti/, [C,
broom /bru:m/ n [C] long- U] {pl-\es) (act oO cruelty.
handled implement for sweep- brute bru:i/ n [C] 1animal (ex-
ing fioors, etc. cept man). 2 stupid or savage
broth soup in which
/broG/ n [U] person, a adj unthinking and
meat has been cooked. physical: ~
strength, brut-ish
brothel /'broGl/ n [C] house at adj of orlike a. brute.
which prostitutes may be visit- bubble /'bAbl/ n [C] 1 (in air)
ed. floating ball of liquid containing
brother /'brAd9(r)/ n [C] 1 son of air. 2 (in liquid) ball of air or gas
the same parents as another per- that rises to the surface, a vi send
son. 2 member of the same so- up, rise in, make the sound of,
ciety, profession, etc. ''>^hood, bubbles, ''^-gum, chewing-
(a) [U] feeHng (as) of brother gum which can be blown into
for brother, (b) [C] (members bubbles, bub-bly /'bAbli/ adj
oO a society or organization. full of bubbles.
''>-'-in-law n [C] {pi ^s- in -law) buck^ /bAk/ n [C] male ofa deer,
brother of one's husband or hare or rabbit. C> doe.
wife; husband of one's sister. buck^ /bAk/ vt/i 1 (of a horse)
'-v/ly adj jump up with the four feet
 .

buck/bully '

together; throw (the rider) by bugle 'bju:gl n [C] musical

doing this. 2 (informal) make wind-instrument, used for mili-
more cheerful: The good news tary signals, bugler, person
'^ed us all up. who plays a bugle.
buck^ ,bAk n [C] (si) US dollar. build' bild viii (pt.pp built
parss the ~
(to sb). (si) pass /bilt ) 1 make by putting parts,
the responsibility (to). etc together: ->^ u house. 2 rely
bucket z'bAkit n [C] 1 vessel for on: 'X. hopes on. 3 ->^ up. in-
carrying water, etc. 2 (also crease: Traffic IS '\.ing up. '^
''>-f ul) amount a bucket holds. sb/sth up. (a) increase a per-
buckle 'bAkl /; [C] metal fas- son's reputation (through pub-
tener, with a spike to go through licity), (b) make larger: 'v. up a
a hole in a belt. etc. a v/,/ 1 fas- business, (c) become covered
ten with a buckle. 2 (of metal, with buildings. Hence, '-^-^-up,
etc) become twisted from strain (a) increase: a '^-up of forces
or heat. (b) accumulation: a '^-up of
bud ;h\di n [C] leaf, flower or traffic, (c) flattering publicity
branch, at the beginning of its etc. 'v.er, person who builds,
growth, nip sth in the '^. put esp houses.
an end to, eg a plan, before it de- build^ ,bild/ n [U] (of the human
velops, a \i (-dd-) put out buds. body) general shape and size: a
'>^ding adj beginning to deve- man of powerful '^y.
lop: w^ poei. build-ing "bildiq/ n 1 [C] house
Bud-dhism 'bodizam/ n the re- or other structure. 2 [U] (art of)
ligion founded by Buddha constructing houses, etc.
(teacher) in N India, in about bulb /bAlb, n [C] 1 round, under-
the 6th century. Bud-dhist ground part of a plant. 2 thing
'bodist/ rt[C],a(/y like a bulb in shape: an electric
budge /bAd3 vt/i (informal) light'^. <^ous /'bAlbas/ adj like
(cause to) move: / can't ~ this a bulb.
stone. bulge /bAlds/ n [C] swelling, a
bud-geri-gar /'bAd33nga:(r)/ n v/// (cause to) swell outwards.
[C] small parakeet. bulk bAlk/ n [U] quantity, vol-
budget /'bAd3it/ n [C] estimate ume, esp when large, in '^. in
of future income and expendi- large amounts: buy in ~. the '^
ture (esp by government), d vi '^ of. the greater part of bulky
for. plan to save money for. adj (-ier, -iest) large; clumsy to
buff bAf/ n [U] 1 thick, soft move.
leather. 2 dull yellow colour, n bull /bul/ n [C] 1 male of the ox
17polish (metal). family, a ,-0- in a 'china shop.
buf -falo ibAfsbu/ n [C] (pi ~s) person who is clumsy where care
1 kind of ox. 2 N
American bi- is needed, take the ,^ by the
son. 'horns, meet a difficulty bold-
buf -fer /'bAf9(r)/ n [C] apparatus ly.2 male of the whale, elephant
to reduce the efTect oJ a collision and other large animals.
on a railway engine. '~dog, large dog, with a short,
buf-fet' /"bufei/ n [C] 1 counter thick neck. ''>-do2e vt (a) re-
where food and drink may be move earth with a bulldozer,
bought and consumed, eg on a (b) force a person to do some-
train. 2 table from which cold thing, ^dozer, powerful trac-
food is served, eg in a hotel. tor for moving large quantities
buf.fet^ /'bAfit, n [C] blow (usu- of earth, etc. ''>-'s-eye, centre
ally with the hand), a vt give a of a target.
blow to: '^edby the wind. bul -let /'built/ n [C] piece of lead
buf -f oon /bs'fuin/ n [C] clown. fired from a rifle or revolver.
bug /bAg/ n [C] 1 small insect '~-proof adj able to stop bul-
that lives in dirty houses. 2 (in- lets.
formal) virus infection. 3 (si) de- bull-etin /'bubtm/ n [C] official
fect eg in a computer. 4 small report of news.
hidden microphone, a vt (-gg-) bul-lion /'bulian/ n [U] gold or
(informal) put hidden micro- silver in bulk.
phones in. bul-lock /'bubk/ n [C] castrated
bug-bear /'bAgbe3(r)/ n [CJ bull.
thing feared or disliked. bully /'bull/ n [C] (y?/-ies) person
 47 bulrush/burn

who uses his strength to frighten {mil) underground shelter.

or hurt those who are weaker, n bunny /'bAni/ n [C] {pi -ies)
vt ipt.pp -ied) use strength, etc in (child's word for a) rabbit.
this way. buoy /bDi/ n [C] 1 floating object,
bul-rush "bolrAj/ n [C] tall rush anchored to the sea bottom, to
with a thick head. show a danger, rocks, etc. 2 =
bul-wark 'bulwak; n [C] 1 wall lifebuoy, n vi 1 mark the posi-
built against attack. 2 [fig) thing tion of with a buoy. 2 '^ up, (a)
that defends or protects. keep afloat, (b) (Jig) keep up
bum^ /bAm n [C] {informal) but- hopes, dreams, etc.
tocks. buoy-ant 'bDiont/ adj 1 able to
bum^ bAm n [C] {si) tramp, float. 2 3 (fig) (of
(fig) cheerful.
beggar or lazy person. the stock market, etc) maintain-
bumble-bee /'bAmbl bi:/ n [C] ing high prices, -^ly adv. buoy-
large kind of bee. ancy «[U]
bump /bAmp/ vtii 1 strike or bur-den 'baidn; n [C] 1 load (esp
knock against. 2 move with a one that is heavy). 2 something
jolting motion: The bus ^ed difficult to bear: the ~
of taxa-
along the rough road. 3 'n^ sb tion, n vt put a burden on.
off, {si) murder him. a ad\ --^^some adj hard to bear.
violently, n « [C] 1 blow or bureau 'bjuarau, n [C] (pi ~x
knock; dull sound of blow. 2 -raoz ) 1 writing desk with
swelling on the body. 3 irregu- drawers. 2 government depart-
larity on a road surface, bumpy ment: the Jnforhy-tation B-^
adj (-ier, -iest) with many bureau-cracy /bjos'rokrasi/ n
bumps. [U] government officials who
bum-per^ /'bAmp3(r)/ n [C] bar are apointed. not elected by the
on a motor-vehicle to protect it people. bureaucrat
from damage. /'bjuarakrict n [C] official who
bum-peH /'bAmp9(r)/ adj large; works in a government depart-
abundant: a ~ harvest. ment, bureau'cratic^^/
bump-kin /'bAmpkm/ n [C] bur-glar 'b3:gb(r)' n [C] person
rough or stupid person, esp who breaks into a house to steal.
from the country. '-^^-proof adj made so that
bun /bAn/ n [C] 1 small, round, burglars cannot break into.
sweet cake. 2 twisted knot of bur-glary n [C. U] (pi -ies)
hair above the back of the neck. crime of breaking into a house
bunch /bAntJ/ n [C] number of to steal, burgle /'baigl/ vtji
sniall, similar things growing or break into(a building) to
fastened together: a -^ of commit burglary.
grapes flowers, a vt/i '^ up,
I
bur-ial /'berisl/ n [C,U] act of
form into a bunch. burying.
bundle /'bAndl/ n [C] number of burly 'baili/ adj (-ier, -iest) (of a
things fastened, or wrapped person) big and strong.
together, a vt/i 1 '^^ up, make burn^ /b3:n/ n [C] injury, mark,
into a bundle. 2 send in a hurry: made by heat or acid, -^er,
They ^dhim into a taxi. (part of an) apparatus from
bung /bAr)/ n [C] large stopper in which the flame comes: an 'oil-
a cask or barrel, a vt put a bung ^er. '>^ing adj (a) intense: a
into, '^ed up, blocked with ^ing thirst desire, (b) causing
I

dirt, etc. argument: a '^ing question.

bun-ga-low /'bArjgabu/ n [C]
house with only one storey.
bungle /'bAqgl/ vtji do (a piece
of work) badly and clumsily.
bun-ion /'bAnian/ n [C] inflamed
swelling, esp on the big toe.
bunk^ /bAr)k/ n [C] narrow bed
fixed on the wall, eg in a ship.
bunk^ /bAgk/ n do a '^. {si) run
away.
bunker /'bAi)k3{r)/ n [C] 1 part
of a ship where coal is stored. 2
sandy hollow on a golf-course. 3
burn^ /bam/ vt!i{pt.pp'^\ /barnt/
or ~ed /bsmd/) 1 use for light-
ing or heating: ->- coal in afire. 2
damage, hurt by fire, heat or ac-
id: ~ old papers. 3 {fig) be filled
with strong feeling: -^ with ang-
er. 4 '>^ av\fay, (a) continue to
burn, (b) become less by burn-
ing. '^ down, be destroyed,
destroy, by fire: The house '^t
down. '^ out, (a) become extin-
guished, (b) (of a rocket) use up
its fuel, (c) be destroyed by fire:
burnish /buttress 48

'^t-out factories. smash it. go '>^, fail: The busi-

burnish /'b3:nij"/ vt/i polish by ness went '^.
rubbing. bustle /'bAsI/ vtli (cause to) be
burp b3:p n [C] viisf) belch. active and busy, a n [U] noisy
bur-row 'bArao, n [C] hole activity.
made in the ground (by rabbits, busy 'bizi ad/ (-ler, -lest) 1 oc-
etc), a v7 /make a burrow. cupied; having much to do. 2
bur-sar /'b3:s3(r)' n [Cj treasurer full of activity: a ~
day. 3 (of a
(esp of a college). telephone line) in use. d vt keep
burst^ b3:sl « [C]1 bursimg ex- oneself busy.
plosion. 2 brief, violent effort: a but' bAt adv only: IVe can ^
~ of energy. 3 outbreak: a '^ of try.
gunfire. but' /bat strong form: bAt/ con/
burst^ b3:st/ vt i(pi.pp '>^)y (of (showing contrast): Tom was not
a bomb, etc) (cause to) explode. there ^ his brother was.
2 (of river banks) (cause to) but^ /bat strong form: bAt/ prep
break outwards; (of a bubble) except, excluding: No-one knew
break; (of buds) open out. be ~ John '-^ for, except for: B^
'^ing to, be eager to. 3 be un- for your help we should not have
able to contain: '^ing with im- finished.
patience. 4 enter or leave sud- butcher 'butJ'D(r) n [C] 1 per-
denly: ~
out of the room. 5 -^ in son who k'ills and sells animals
fonjupon), mterrupt; arrive for food. 2 person who kills sa\ -

suddenly. -^^ into, begin sud- agely. n prepare meat [o:

denly: -^ into flames tears Isong.
etc. '^ out laughing/crying.
suddenly begm to laugh
bury /'ben/ vt(pt.pp-\e^)^ place
(a dead body in a grave or m the
) vant
sea. 2 put underground; hide
from view: huned treasure: She
buried (= hid) her face in her
hands. '^ oneself in. become
very involved with.
bus bAS/ n (pi '^es) public
motor-vehicle that carries pas-
sengers, a vt i (-SS-) go. take, by
bus. ''^ stop, stopping place
for buses.
bush boj n 1 [C] small plant
with woody stems. 2 [Uj wild
uncultivated land, esp in Aus-
tralia, 'bushy adj (-ier, -iest)
(a) covered with bushes, (b)
growing thickly: -^ v eyebrows.
busier, busiest C> busy
busi-iy /'bizih/ adv in a busy
way.
busi-ness /'biznis/ n 1 [U] buy-
ing and selling; commerce;
trade. 2 [C] shop; commercial
enterprise, etc. 3 [U] task, duty:
It is a teacher's -^ to help his pu-
pils, get down to '^, start the
work that must be done, mind
one's own '^, not interfere
with the affairs of others. ''X/-
like adj efficient, well organ-
ized, ''^^man, man who is en-
gaged in buying and selling, etc.
t»ust' /bASt/ n [C] 1 head and
shoulders of a person made in
stone, etc. 2 woman's breasts.
bust^ /bASt/ vtii (si) sth. ^ but-tress
v7 1
selling as food. 2 kill violentl\
esp with a knife, butchery,
cry. (esp) needless and cruel killing
but-ler n [C] head ser-
''bAtl3(r)'
house.
in a
butt' bAt' n [C] 1 large barrel. 2
thicker, larger end (esp of a
rifle). 3 unburned end, eg of a
smoked cigarette.
butt' bAt n [C] person who is a
target for ridicule, jokes, etc.
butt^ bAt vti 1 strike or push
with the head. 2 -^ ^in, (infor-
mal) interrupt a conversation.
but-ter ,'bAt3(r) n [U] food
made from cream, used on
bread, etc. a vt 1 cover, cook
with, butter. 2'^sb up, flatter.
''>-'Cup, wild plant with small
yellow flowers, '^scotch, [U]
sweet substance made by boiling
sugar and butter together.
but-ter-fly /'bAtaflai/ n [C] (pi
-ies) insect with four wings, of-
ten brightly coloured.
but-tock /'bAtak/ n [C] either
side of that part of the body on
which a person sits.
but-ton /'bAtn/ n [C] 1 small,
round, bit of plastic for fasten-
ing articles of clothing. 2 object,
like a button to control a ma-
chine, etc: press /push the ~. a
vt/i fasten with a button.
''^hole n [C] (a) hole through
which a button is passed, (b)
flower worn on the lapel of a
jacket, n vt hold a person (to get
hio attention).
/'bAtris/ n [C] 1 sup-

port built against a wall. 2 (fig)
thing that supports, d vt
strengthen, support.
buxom /•bAksam/ adj (of
women) large and healthy.
buy /bai/ vt/i (pt.pp bought
return for money, d
/bo:t/) get in
n {informat) scJmething pur-
chased: a good ->-. 'x.er, person
who chooses articles to be sold
in
buzz
a shop.
/bAz/ vt/i 1 make
ming sound of bees). 2 move
(as
quickly, -v. off. (si) go away. 3
(of the ears) be filled with a buz-
zing noise. 4 {informal) fly very
close to another aeroplane (to
threaten it), a « [C] 1 sound of
people talking, etc. 2 humming
(of bees or other insects). '>^er,
electrical bell that produces a
buzzing note.
buz-zard /'bAzad/ n [C] kind of
falcon.
by^ /bai/ adverb 1 near: A large
crowd stood 'v-. 2 past: He hur-
ried -^ without a word. (-^ and
^
large, on the whole; usually.
by' /bai/ prep 1 near; at the side
of: 5/7 '>- me. '^ oneself, alone;
without help, stand '^ sb. sup-
port him. 2 along, across, over:
We came -^ the fields, not '^ the
roads. 3 past: He walked'^ me. 5
during: The enemy attacked -^
night. 6 not later than: Can you
finish the work '^^ tomorrow? 1
(of units of time, measurements,
etc): rent a house '^ the year; sell
cloth '>- the metre. 8 through
means of: live 'v teaching; killed
'>^ lightning. 9 on or in:
land/sea/ air; ^ car /boat. 1
cording to: B'^ my watch it is 2
o'clock. 11 to the extent of: The
bullet missed me ~
two inches.
by-elec-tion /'bai ilekjn/ n [C]
election in only one area during
the life of Parliament. C> gener-
al election.
by-gone /'baigon/ adj past: in '^
days. D n {pi) Let '^s be '^s.
Forgive and forget the past.
by-law, bye-law /'baib:/ n [C]
law made by a local authority.
by-pass /'baipars/ n [C] wide
road passing round a town or
village, a v/ 1 provide with,
make a bypass. 2 avoid: -^^ a
problem /blockage.
by-prod-uct /'baiprodAkt/ n [C]
substance obtained during the
manufacture of some other sub-
stance.
) buxom/cafd
by-stander /'baistaend3(r)/ n [C]
person standing near but not
taking part in an event.
a hum-
Co
C, c /si:/ {pi C's, c's /si:z/) 1 the
third letter of the English al-
phabet. 2 the Roman numeral
100.
cab /kseb/ n [C] 1taxi. 2 part of a
railway engine, lorry, etc for the
driver.
cab-aret /'kaebarei/ n [C] songs,
dancing, etc provided in a res-
taurant, club, etc.
cab-bage /'kaebidz/ n [C,U]
plant with a round head of thick
green leaves.
cabin /'kaebm/ n [C] 1 room in a
ship or aircraft, esp (in a ship)
for sleeping in. 2 small house
made of logs; railway signal-
box. '->- cruiser, motor-boat
with a cabin.
cabi-net /'kaebrait/ n [C] 1 piece
of furniture with drawers or
shelves for storing things: a ^fi-
ling '^, for letters, documents. 2
most imp>ortant ministers of a
government.
cable /'keibl/ n 1 [C,U] thick,
strong rope (of fibre or wire),
used on ships, etc. 2 bundle of
travel 'v wires for carrying electrical
ac- power or messages; telegram, d
vt/i send (a message) by cable.
''>'-car/-railway, one up a
steep slope, worked by a
cable(l).
cackle /'jaejk/ n 1 [C] noise made
by a hen. 2 [C] loud laugh; [U]
foolish talk, n vi 1 (of a hen)
make this noise. 2 (of a person)
talk or laugh noisily.
cac-tus /'kaektas/ n [C] {pi '^es,
cacti /'kaektai/) (sorts oO plant
with thick stem and leaves
covered with prickles.
ca-det /ka'det/ n [C] young per-
son training in the police or arm-
ed forces.
cadge /kaeds/ vt/i (informal) (try
to) get by begging; borrow: '^fS
from a friend.
caf.6 /'kaefei/ n [C] sraaM
restaurant where coffee, tea ar>J
 .

cafeteria/ camel

food are served. voice; cry. 2 make a short visit: /

cafe-teria ,k.aefi'ti3ri3/
;
n [C] ~f</ on Mr Green, 'v. for. visit
self-service cafe. (a house, etc) to get somethmg,
cage keids n [C] framework or somebody. 3 name: He's '^ed
with bars, in which birds or ani- John. 4 consider: / -^ that a
mals may be kept, a v7 put, keep, shame. 5 summon: Please a ~
in a cage. doctor. 6 -^ a meeting!
cagey 'keid3i/a^ secretive. election, announce that one
cairn /kean/ n [C] heap of stones will be held 'v. a strike, order
as a landmark or memorial. workers to come out on strike. 7
ca-jole /ka'dpul/ vi use flattery '^ by. {informal) visit for a short
to persuade He '^.dme into j out
: time. '^ for. demand, require:
ofgoing. The problem '^ed for quick ac-
cake /keiky n 1 [C,UJ sweet mix- tion.'^ (sth) off. (a) tell it to
ture of flour, eggs, butter, etc come away: ~
your dog off. (b)
baked in an oven. 2 [C] shaped decide to stop;cancel: The strike
mixture of other kinds of food: was '^ed off. '>-' on. make a
'/u/i-~5. 3 [C] shaped piece of short visit, 'v. on/upon, appeal
other materials: a ~
o/ soap, a to; invite: ~o« the enemy to sur-
piece of ^, something easily render. out. (a) summon,
'>^

done. D vt;i coat thickly (with esp to an emergency: '^ out the
mud, etc). fire brigade, (b) instruct (work-
ca-lam-ity ks'laemati/ n [C] {pi ers) to come out on strike, -v*
-ies) great disaster sb/sth up. (a) telephone to.
cal-cium ,'kaelsi3m; n [U] soft (b) summon for (military, etc)
white metal (symbol Ca). service. Hence, ''>-'-up n [C].
cal-cu-lable 'kaelkjubbl/ adj cal-ler /'kD:l9(r)/ n [C] person
that may be measured. who visits or telephones.
cal-cu-late 'kaelkjuleit/ vta 1 calligra-phy ks'ligrdfi/ n [U]
fmd out by working with num- (art oO beautiful handwriting.
bers: -^ the cost. 2 design; in- caMing 'koiliq/ n [C] (esp) occu-
,

tend: '^d to attract attention. 3 pation or profession.

consider, cal-cu-lat-ing adj cal-li-pers- /'kaelipsz/ n pi ^ in-
scheming; crafty. ,cal-cu-'la- strument for measuring the
tion n rC,U]. calculator n diameter of round objects. 2
[C] machine that calculates au- supports attached to the legs of
tomatically. a disabled person to enable him
cal-en-dar ;'k2ehnd9(r)/ n [C] 1 to walk.
list of the days, weeks, months, cal-lous /'kaebs/ adj 1 (of the
of a particular year. 2 system by skin) made hard. 2 (fig) without
which the year is divided: the feeUngs or sympathy.
Muslim ~. cal-low /'kaebu/ adj young;
calf^ /ka:f/ n 1 [C] (pi calves inexperienced.
/ka:vz/) young of the domestic caMus /'kaebs n [C] {pi ~es)
cow; young of the seal, whale. 2 area of thick, hardened skin.
[U] (also '-^ skin) leather from calm ka:m/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of
the skin of a calf. the weather) quiet; not wmdy;
calf^ /kaf/ n [C] {pi calves (of the sea) still. 2 not excited;
/ka:vz/) back of the human leg, quiet: keep ~. d n [C] a time
between the knee and the ankle. when everything is quiet and
cal-ibre(6'5 =-ber) 'kaelib9(r) peaceful, d vtii make or become
n 1 [C] inside diameter of a calm: ^him down. 'N/ly adv.
tube/gun, etc. 2 [U] quality of ~ness«[U]
character: soldiers of high '^. cal-orie /'kasbri/ n [C] unit of
cali-persAi/7/C> callipers. heat; unit of energy in food.
cair /kD:l/ n [C] 1 shout; cry: a -^ calve kaev vi give birth to a calf.
for help. 2 characteristic cry of a calves kaEvz//?/ofcalf.
bird. 3 short visit (to a house, ca-lyp-so ka'lipsau n [C] {pi
etc). 4 message; summons; invi- ~s) West Indian popular song.
tation: 'telephone -^5.a close cam-ber 'kaEmb3(r) n [C] slight
~. a narrow escape from dan- rise in the middle of a surface (eg
ger. '~-box, public kiosk with a a road).
telephone. came /keim/ /?/ of come.
call^ ko:l/ vtji 1 say in a loud camel /'kaeml/ n [C] long-necked
 51 cameo /canon
animal, with one or two humps /-•Ieijn/«[C,U]
on its back. can-cer /'kaens3(r)/ n [C,U] dis-
cameo /'kaemisu/ n [C] (pi '^s) eased growth in the body: lung
hard stone with a raised design, '^. '>-ous fl<// of. like, cancer.
used as an ornament. can-did /'kaendid/ adj straight-
cam-era /'kaemara/ n [C] appa- forward, frank: a ^
discussion.
ratus for taking photographs or -^ly adv
moving pictures. can-di-date /'kaendidat/ n [C] 1
cam-ou-flage /'k2em9fla:3/ n person who wishes to take an of-
[U] use of colour etc to make it fice or position. 2 person taking
difTicult to recognize the an examination.
presence of something or some- candle /'kaendl/ n [C] stick of
body. D vt conceal by means of wax with a string {wick) through
camouflage. it, for giving light. ''>^stlck,
camp /kaemp/ n [C] 1 place holder for a candle.
where people live in tents or can-dour {US =-dor)
huts. 2 (also 'holidays) organ- /'ka£nd3(r)/ n [U] quality of say-
ized centre for family holidays. ing what one thinks; frankness.
3 group of people with similar candy /'kaendi/ n [U] (also
ideas: Join the enemy ^. a vi ^sugar-^'-^) sugar made hard by
make, live in. a camp, go '>^ing. boiling; [C] {pl-\es) piece of this,
spend a holiday in tents, etc. a v7'/ {pt.pp -ied) preserve (eg
'>^er, person who camps. fruit) by boiling in sugar.
cam-paign /kaem'pem/ n [C] 1 cane /kem/ a/ [C] 1 stem of tall
military operations, usually in reeds and plants (eg bamboo):
one area. 2 series of planned ac- sugar-'^; a walking"^. 2 [C]
tivities: an ^advertising -w. d vi length of cane used to beat chil-
take part in a campaign. '>^er, dren. D v/hit withacane(2).
person who campaigns. ca-nine /'kemam/ adj oi', as of, a
cam-pus /'kaempas/ n [C] (pi dog.
'v.es) grounds of a school, col- can-is-ter /'ksnist9(r)/ n [C] 1
lege or university. small metal box with a lid. 2
can^ /kaen/ n [C] metal container cylinder fired from a gun: a
for liquids, food, etc; contents of 'tear-gas^.
such a container: an 'oil-'^: a -^ can-ker /'kaeqk3(r)/ n [U] 1 dis-
of beer. €> tin. a vt (-nn-) put ease of trees. 2 disease that
(food, etc) in a can. '^^nery, causes ulcers, ^ous adj of, like
place where food is canned. canker.
can^ /kan strong form: kaen/ aux can-na-bis /'kaenabis/ n [U] drug
verb {negative cannot, can't; smoked as an intoxicant. C>
pt could, negative couldn't) 1 hemp.
be able to; know how to: C~ cannery O can'.
you lift this box? She '^ speak can-ni-bal /'kaenibl/ n [C] person
French. 2 be able to: / hear~ who eats human flesh; animal
you. 3 {informal) (used to show that eats its own kind, '^ism, n
permission): You '^ go home [U] practice of eating the fiesh of
now. C'^jcould I see you for a one's own kind. '>^is-tic
moment. 4 (used to show possi- /-'hstik/ adj
biUty in the present): That can-non /'kaenan/ n 1 [C] {pi of-
can 't/couldn 't be true. ten unchanged) heavy gun, fixed
ca-nal /ka'nael/ n [C] 1 channel to a guncarriage. 2 [C] heavy,
cut through land for use of boats automatic gun used in modem
or for irrigation. 2 tube in a aircraft.
plant or animal: the alimentary can-not /'kaenat/ O can^.
ca-noe /ka'nu:/ n [C] light boat
ca-nary /ka'neari/ n [C] {pi -ies) moved by paddles, d vt travel by
small, yellow songbird. canoe, '-v/ist, person who pad-
can-eel /'kaensl/ vt/i (-II-, US = dles a canoe.
-I-) 1 cross out; make a mark on canon /'kaenan/ n [C] 1 church
(eg postage stamps). 2 say that law. 2 general standard or prin-
something arranged will not be ciple: the 'v-j of good taste. 3
done: The meeting was '^led. -^ priest, ^v/i-cal /ka'nonikal/ adj
out. balance; be equal: the two according to church law. '>^ize
arguments ->- out. '>i'la-tion /'kaenanaiz/ vt make (a person) a

ca Aon / caramel
saint.
ca-non O canyon.
can-opy /'kaenapi/ n (C) (/)/-ies)
1 (usually cloth) covering over a
bed, throne, etc. 2 cover for the
cockpit of an aircraft.
cant /ksnt/ n [U] insincere talk.
can't/ka:nt/ = cannot.
can-tankerous /kxn'tsi]-
karas/ adj bad-lemF>ered; quar-
relsome.
can-teen /kaen'ti:n/ n [CJ 1 place
(esp in factories, offices) where
food is provided. 2 box of cut-
lery. 3 small water container.
can-ter /'kaent3(r)/ n [C] (of a
horse) slow gallop, a v/// (cause
to) gallop slowly.
can-ti-lever "kapntili:v3(r)/ n [C]
large bracket extending from a
wall or base (eg to support a bal-
cony).
can-vas /'kaenvas/ n (pi -^.ses) 1
[U] strong, coarse cloth used for
tents, sails, oil-paintings, etc. 2 cap-size /kaep'saiz/ v/// (esp of a
[C] (piece of this for) an oil-
painting.
can-vass /'kaenvas/ vt/i go from
person to person and ask for
votes, orders for goods, etc. a n
[C.U] (instance oO canvassing.
canyon, canon /'kaenjan/ n [C]
deep gorge.
cap /kzep/ n [C] 1 soft hat with-
out a brim, but with a p)eak. 2
cover (eg on a milk bottle, tube
of toothpaste), a vt (-pp-) 1 put
a cap on; cover the top of. 2 do
or say something better than
somebody else. ^ a story, tell
a better one. 3 select (a sports-
man) for a national team.
ca-pa-bil-ity /(keipa'bibti/ n (pi
-ies) 1 [U] power or capacity:
nuclear ^. 2 (pi) talent that can
be developed.
<^-pable /'keipabl/ adj 1 talent-
ed; able: a '^ man. 2 -^ of, (a)
(of persons) able or likely to.
He'^ '\. of any crime, (b) (of
things, situations, etc) ready for:
The situation is '>^ of improve-
ment, ca-pably adv
ca-pac-ity /ke'paesati/ n (pi -ies)
1 [U] ability to hold, learn: a
tank with a '^ of two litres. 2 [C]
position: in my '^^ as Manager.
cape' /keip/ n [C] loose sleeveless
garment, hanging from the
shoulders.
cape- /keip/ n [C] point of land
lo-.ng out into the sea.
cap.i|.|ary /ka'pibri/ n [C] (pi
-ies) small, narrow tube, esp a
I
.
52
very small blood-vessel.
capi-tal /'kspitl/ n [C] (often as
an adj) 1 city where the govern-
ment of a country is carried on.
2 (of letters of the alphabet) not
small. 3 [U] wealth used to pro-
duce more wealth; money with
which a business is started, a adj
punishable by death: '>^ offence.
,^'letter,egA,B,C,D
capi-tal-ism /'kxpitslizdm/ n
lUj economic system in which a
country's trade and industry are
privately owned. O socialism.
capi-tal-ist, (a) supporter of
capitalism, (b) person who con-
trols much capital ( 3)
capi-tal-ize /'kxpitslaiz/ vt/i 1
convert into capital (3). 2 (fig)
take advantage of: '\^ on the
enemy 's mistakes.
ca-pitu-late /ka'pitjuleit/ vi sur-
render (on stated conditions).
ca-pitu'la-tion n [U]
boat) (cause to) overturn.
cap-Stan /'kaepstan/ n [C] up-
right device turned to raise
anchors, etc.
cap-sule /'kaepsju:!/ n [C] 1
seed-case that opens when the
seeds are ripe. 2 tiny container
for a dose of medicine. 3 com-
partment which can be ejected
from a spacecraft.
cap-tain /'kaeptm/ n [C] 1 leader
of a team 2 (army) officer who
commands a company. 3 officer
in command of a ship, a v^ act as
captain.
cap-tion /'kaepjn/ n [C] 1 title of
a newspaper article, photo-
graph.
cap-ti-vate /'kaeptiveit/ vt fasci-
nate: '^dby her beauty.
cap-tive /'kaeptiv/ n [C], adj(pcT-
son, animal) taken prisoner.
cap'tiv-ity n [U] state of being
held captive.
cap-tor /'kaept9(r)/ n [C] person
who takes another person cap-
tive.
cap-ture /'kaeptj"3(r)/ vr make a
prisoner of; take as a prize by
force, an^ [U] act of capturing.
2 [C] thing that is caught.
car /ka:(r)/ « [Cl 1 = motor-car.
2 coach of a train: the ^dining"^.
''>- park, place for parking
motor-vehicles.
cara-mel /^ksrsmel/ n 1 [U]
burnt sugar used for flavouring.
2 [C] small, shaped piece of
boiled sugar.
 53 carat /carriage

carat n [C] 1 unit of

/'kaerat/ thinking of what one does, (b)
weight for precious stones. 2 done with care: a ^ful piece of
measure of the purity of gold. work, '^fully adv. '>^ful-ness
cara-van /'kaeravaen/ n [C] 1 n [U] 'X/less adj (a) (of a per-
company of persons making a son) not taking care, (b) done
journey together (eg across a de- or made without care: a '^less
sert). 2 covered cart for Uving in. mistake. (c) unconcerned
3 small home pulled by a about: '^less of his reputation.
motor-vehicle. 'N^iess-ly adv. <x/less-ness n
carbo-hy-drate /,ka:b3u- [U]
'haidreit/ n 1 [C,U] (kinds oQ care^ /ke3(r)/ vi 1 feel interest,
compound including sugars and anxiety or sorrow: He failed but
starches. 2 (/>/) starchy foods. J don 't think he '^s. 2 like: Would
carbon /'kaiban/ n 1 [U] non- you '>^ to go for a walk? 3 'w for,
metallic element that occurs in (a) like (to have): Would you '>-
diamonds and in coal (symbol for a drink? (b) look after: 'v./or
C). 2 [C,U] (also '^-paper) children.
(sheet of) thin paper coated with ca-reer /k3'ri3(r)/ n 1 [C] pro-
coloured matter for making gress through life. 2 [C] profes-
copies. 3 [C] copy made by the sion; occupation, d vi rush wild-
use of a carbon (2). ly: '^ down the street.
carbuncle /'ka:bAi]kl/ n [C] ca-ress n [C] loving
/ka'res/
(esp) red inflamed swelling un- touch. D give a caress to.
vt
der the skin. cargo /'kargau/ n [C,U] (pl'^es)
car-bu-ret-tor, (also -retor, goods carried in a ship or air-
-ret-ter) /,ka:bju'ret3(r)/ n [C] craft.
part of a motor-car engine in cari-ca-ture /,kaerik3'tju3(r)/ n
which petrol and air are mixed. [C] picture, imitation of a person
carcass, car-case /'ka:k3s/ n stressing certain features to
[C] dead body of an animal. cause amusement or ridicule, d.
card /ka:d/ n [C] 1 piece of stiff vt make, give, a caricature of.
paper used for various pur- car-nage /'ka:nid3/ n [U] killing
poses: a ^Christmas '^. alsoO of many people.
postcard. 2 (often ^playing-'^) car-nal /'ka:nl/ adj of the body;
one used for various games and scnsu&h '-^ pleasures.
for telling fortunes, on the'^s. carna-tion /ka:'neijn/ n [C]
likely. War is on the '^s. put plant with sweet-smelling white,
one 's '^s on the table, make pink or red flowers.
one's intentions known. carni-val /'ka:nivl/ n [C,U] pub-
card-board /'ka:db3:d/ n [U] lic celebrations.
thick, stiff kind of paper. car-ni-vore /^kaniivD:(r)/ n [C]
cardiac /'ka:diaek/ adj of the flesh-eating animal, car-ni-
heart. vor-ous /ka:'mv3r3s/ adj
cardi-gan /'kardigan/ n [C] knit- carol /'kseral/ n [C] song of joy or
ted woollen jacket. praise, esp a Christmas hynm. a
cardi-nai^ /*ka:dml/ adj most vt (-II-) singjoyfully.
important. '^ number, any carp' /kap/ n [C] (pi '^) fresh-
number eg 2, 5, (contrasted with water fish.
second, fifth, etc). carp^ /k(i:p/ vi make unnecessary
cardinal /'ka:dml/ n 1 [C] complaints.
member of the Sacred College of carpen-ter /'kapmt9(r)/ n [C]
the RC Church, which elects workman who makes and re-
Popes. 2 [U] bright red colour. pairs structures of wood, car-
care' /ke3(r)/ n 1 [U] serious at- pen-try, work of a carpenter.
tention or thought: take '>- over carpet /'karpit/ n [C] thick
your work, take '^ of, {infor- covering for floors, d vt cover
mal) deal with. 2 [U] protection: with a carpet.
The child was left in its sister 's '^. carriage /'kaends/ n 1 [C] ve-
3 (usually pi) cause of sorrow hicle for carrying people. 2 (C)
and anxiety: the ^^s of a large car for passengers on a railway
family, '^free adj without train. 3 [U] (cost oO carrying of
care (3). ''^ taker, person in goods. 4 [U] manner of walking.
charge of a building, 'x/ful adj ''>i'vway, (part of a) road used by
(a) (of a person) cautious; vehicles. (> dual.
carrier/ cassette 54

carrier /'kaen3(r)/ n [C] 1 person carvmg-knife. (b) person who

or company that carries goods. carves, carv-ing, something
2 person, animal, etc that trans- carved (in wood, etc).
mits a disease without himself cas-cade /kae'skeid/ n [C] water-
suffering from it. 3 vehicle, ship, fall, o vifall like a cascade.

etc used to transport troops, etc: case^ /keis/ n [C] 1 instance or

an'aircrafl-'^. example; circumstances: / can't
car-rot /'kaerat/ n [C] (plant with make an exception in your '-^. It's
an) orange root used as a vege- a ~ of cheating. (Just) in ^. I

table. because of a possibility: In '^ I

carry /'kaeri/{pi.pp -ied) 1
vt/i forget, please remind me. in 'any
move from place to place; take a '>^. whatever happens, in *that

person, a message, etc from one '^, if that happens, has hap-
place to another: ->- a box. 2 pened. 2 person suffering from a
have with one: '>- an umbrella. 3 disease. 3 (legal) question to be
supports These pillars the ~ decided in a law court; the argu-
weight of (he roof. 4 win; F>er- ments, etc used, make out a ^
suade: The motion was carried. 5 (fori against), give argu-
walk, stand, in a particular way: ments in favour of/against. 4
He carries himself like a soldier. (gram) form of a noun or pro-
6 (of missiles, sounds, etc) reach noun that shows its relation to
a distance; go to: Their voices another word. ,'V'-'history, re-
carried many miles. 8 be car- cord of the history of a person's
ried away, lose self-control, 'v. health, etc.
off, win. ->.. on, (a) conduct; case^ /keis/ n [C] box, bag,
manage: '^ on
a business, (b) covering: a ^pillow-^. alsoO
talk loudly; behave strangely. '>^ suitcase, bookcase, o vr enclose
on (with), (a) continue: C-^ in a case.
on (with your work), (b) (with case-ment /'keismsnt/ n [C]
disapproval) have a love affair window that opens like a door.
with. '^ out, complete some- cash /kaej/ n [U] 1 money in
thing: 'x, out a plan. '^ coins or notes. 2 money in any
through, (a) help: Their cour- form: be short of '^. o vtji 1 give
age will --^ them through, (b) or get cash for: ~
a cheque. 2 '^^
complete something. in on, make a profit from. ''>^
cart /ka:t/ n [C] vehicle pulled by crop, crop to be sold for cash.
a horse, put the '>^ before the '>/ register, machine for re-
horse, do things in the wrong cording and storing cash
order, a vt ^ carry in a cart. 2 received.
(informal) carry: 'x. parcels ca-shew /'kaeju:/ n [C] (tropical
around, ''v.-horse, strong horse tree with a) small kidney-shaped
for heavy work. nut (*'\^-nut).
car-ti-lage /'ka:tilid3/ n [C,U] cash-ier /kaE'Ji3(r)/ n [C] person
tough, white tissue attached to who receives and pays out
the joints in animal bodies. money in a bank, store, etc.
car-ton /'ka:tn/ n [C] cardboard cash-mere /'kaejmi3(r)/ n [UJ
or plastic box. fine soft wool.
car-toon /ka:'tu:n/ n [C] 1 draw- ca-sino /ka'siinau/ n [C] (pi '^s)
ing dealing with contemporary building, room for music, danc-
events, in an amusing way. 2 ing, and for gambling.
(also animated ~) film made by cask /ka:sk/ n [C] 1 barrel for
photographing a series of draw- liquids. 2 amount that a cask
ings. '>.'ist, person who draws holds.
cartoons (1 ). cas-ket /'kaskit/ n [C] 1 small
cartridge /'kaitnds/ n [C] 1 box to hold letters, jewels, etc. 2
case containing explosive with a (US) = coffin.
bullet or shot (for firing from a cas-sava /ka'sarva/ n [C,U]
rifie or shotgun). 2 part of a (tropical plant with) starchy
record-player that holds the root eaten as food.
stylus. 3 large cassette. cas-ser-ole /'kaesaraul/ n [C] 1
carve /'ka:v/ vt/i 1 make by cut- covered dish in which food is
ting a piece of wood or stone: ~ cooked. 2 food so cooked.
a statue. 2 cut up (cooked meat) cas-sette /ka'set/ n [C] (US =
into pieces or slices, carver, (a) cartridge) sealed container for
 55 cassock /categorical

magnetic tape or film. covered animal often kept as a

cas-sock /'kaesak/ n [C] long pet. 2 any animal of the group
outer garment, worn by some that includes cats, tigers, lions,
priests. etc.''>^ burglar, one who enters

cast' /ka:st/ n [C] 1 act of throw- a building by climbing up walls,

ing (eg a net). 2 thing made by etc. ''>^-nap, short sleep.
casting(2) or pressing soft cata-combs /'k£t3ku:mz/ n pi
material into a mould: a plaster underground rooms for the
~. 3 mould for a casting. 4 set of burial of the dead.
actors in a play. 5 (of the eyes) catalogue (US = -log)
slight squint. /'kaetolog/ n [C] list of names,
cast^ /ka:st/ vt/i {pt.pp '^) 1 places, etc in a special order, a vt
throw; allow to fall: ~ a net. -^ make, put a catalogue.
in,
one's eye over 5th. look at it. cat-a-pult /'kaetapAlt/ n [C] 1 Y-
2 pour (liquid metal) into a shaped stick with a piece of elas-
mould; make in this way: a fi- tic, for shooting stones, etc. 2 (in

gure ~
in bronze. 3 give (an ac-
tor) a part in a play. 4 '^ sbl
sth aside, abandon. -^^ off.
(a) unloose (a boat), (b) {fig)
throw away as unwanted. ^'^
iron n [U] iron made in moulds.
Hence, I'^-'iron adj (a) made
of cast iron, (b) (fig) hard;
strong: a '^iron excuse. i'>^ing
'vote, one given to decide a
question when votes on each
side are equal.
cas-ta-nets /ikaesta'nets/ n pi
hollow shells attached to the
fingers to make clicking sounds.
cast-away /'ka:st3wei/ n [C]
shipwrecked person.
caste /ka:st/ n [C] one of the
Hindu social classes.
cas-ti-gate /'kaestigeit/ vt
ish severely; criticize,
ti'gationrt[C,U]
cast-ing /'ka:stii]/ n [C] thing
made by being poured into a
mould. Ocast2(2).
castle /'ka:sl/ n [C] 1 large build-
ing fortified against attack. 2
piece in the game of chess.
cas-tor, cas-ter /'ka:st3(r)/ n
[C] 1 wheel fixed to the legs of a
chair. 2 small bottle for salt,
sugar, etc. ''>^ sugar, very fine,
white sugar.
cas-tor oil /jkaistsr bil/ n [U]
thick palm-oil, used as a medi-
cine.
cas-trate /kae'streit/ vt make (a
ancient times) machine for
throwing large stones, d vt shoot
(as) from a catapult.
cata-ract /'kaetaraekt/ n [C] 1
large, steep waterfall. 2 disease
of the eye causing bhndness.
ca-tarrh /k3'ta:(r)/ n [U] inflam-
mation in the nose and throat,
causing fiow of liquid.
ca-tas-trophe /ko'taestrofi/ n [CJ
event causing great suffering
and destruction (eg a fiood).
cata-strophic /ikaeta'strofik/
adJ
catch' /kastj/ n [C\ 1 act of
catching (esp a ball). 2 that
which is caught: a good '^ offish.
3 something intended to trick:
There's a ~in it somewhere. 4
pun- device for securing a door. etc.
cas- catch^ /kaetj/ vt/i (pt.pp caught
/kD:t/) 1 stop and hold (some-
thing in motion) (eg with the
hands): ~ a ball. 2 capture;
seize: -^ a thief. 3 surprise a per-
son doing something (wrong).
^ sb out. detect an error,
fault. 4 be in time for: ~
a train.
5 --w on, (a) understand, (b)
become popular. -^ sb up/up
with sb. come up to a person
going in the same direction. 6
(cause to) be trapped: / caught
my fingers in the door. 7 under-
stand (the meaning oQ; hear
(sound). '^ sb's eye. attract
his attention, -v, sight of. C>

male animal) useless for breed- sight(2). 8 become infected

ing; remove the testicles of with: ~ a cold.'^ fire, begin to
cas'trationw[C,U] burn. ''^.'Vv/ord, word, phrase,
cas-ual /'kae3U3l/ adJ 1 happen- used to draw attention (eg in ad-
ing by chance: a -^ meeting. 2 in- vertising).
formal: -^ clothes. 3 not per- catch-ing /'kietjir)/ adj (esp of
manent: labourers, 'x^ly adv
'^.^ diseases) infectious.
casu-alty 'ks303lti/ n [C] (pi catchy /'kstji/ adj (-ier, -iest)
-ies) person killed or injured in (of a tune) easily remembered.
war or an accident. cat-egori-cai /|k<eti'gDrikl adj
cat /kaet/ n [C] 1 small, fur- (of a statement) unconditional;
categorize /cement
absolute. '>.'lyai/v
cat-egor-ize /'kxtigaraiz/ vt
place in a category.
cat-egory /'kstigan/ n [C] (pi
-ies) class in a complete system.
ca-ter /'keit3(r)/ vi 1 provide
food. 2 supply amusement, etc:
TV programmes -v. for all tastes.
'^er, person who provides
meals, etc to clubs, etc.
cat-er-pil-iar /'kaet3pil3{r)/ n [C]
1 larva of a butterfly or moth. 2
endless belt passing over tooth-
ed wheels on tanks, etc.
cat-gut /'kaetgAt/ n [U] material
used for the strings of violins,
tennis rackets, etc.
ca-the-dral /k3'ei:dr3l/ n [C]
chief church in a diocese.
cath-ode /'kaeGaod/ n [C] nega-
tive electrode in a battery, etc.
cath-olic /'kaeOahk/ adj^ gener-
al; including many things: a man
with '^ tastes. 2 C'^, = Roman
Catholic, a n C^, = Roman
Catholic.
Ca-tholi-cism /ks'Golssizsm/ n
[U] teaching, beliefs, etc of the
Church of Rome.
catty /'kaeti/ adj (-ier. -iest) (esp)
sly and spiteful.
cattle /'kaetl/ «/?/ bulls,
caught /koit/ pt.pp of catch'.
caul-dron /'koildran/ n [C] large
pot in which things are boiled.
cauli-flower /'kDliflau3(r)/ n
[C,U] (vegetable with a) large,
white flower-head.
cause /kD:z/ n 1 [C,U] that which
produces an effect: The of the
fire. 2 [U] reason: '^ for com-
plaint. 3
[C] purpose for which
efforts are made: fight in the -^
of justice. D v/ be the cause of:
What ^d his death?
causeway /'kDzwei/
raised road or path.
caus-tic /'koistik/ adj 1 able to
burn by chemical action: -^^ ^o-
da. 2 (Jig) sarcastic, ^ally /-kh/
adv
cau-tion /'kD:Jn/ n 1 [U] taking
care; paying attention. 2 [C]
warning words; give him a •^,
warn him. a vt give a warning to.
'>-ary /'-ri/ adj giving advice or
warning.
cau-tious /'korjas/ at^ having or
showing caution. '>^ly adv
cav-ai-cade /,kaEvl'keid/ n [C]
procession of persons on horse-
back or in carriages.
cav-airy /'kaevlri/ n {sing or
-ies) soldiers who fight
56
seback.
cave /keiv/ n [C] hollow place in
the side of a cliff or hill, or under
the ground, a vt/i '>^ 'in. (cause
to) fall in: the roof '^d in.
cav-ern /'kaevDn/ n [C] (///) large
cave.
caviar, cavi-are /'k2evia:(r)/ n
[U] pickled roe (eggs) of the
sturgeon (a fish).
cav-ity /'kaevsti/ n [C] (pi -ies)
small hole in a solid body: a'^in
a tooth.
cay-enne /kei'en/ n [U] (also ^
pepper) hot kind of red pepper.
cease /si:s/ vtjistop (the usual
word): C-n. fire! '>^less adj
never ending. '>^less-ly a</v
cedar /'si:d3(r)/nl [C] evergreen
tree with hard, sweet-smelling
wood. 2 [U] the wood.
ceil-ing /'si:liq/ n [C] 1 upper
surface of a room. 2 maximum
height or level: price I wage ^.
cel-ebrate /'selibreit/ vt 1 do
something to show that a day or
an event is important: ~ a birth-
day. 2 honour, cele-brated adi
famous, cel-e'bra-tion n [C,UJ
cp-ieb-rity /si'lebrati/ n (pi -ies)
1 [U] fame and honour. 2 [C]
cows. famous person: television cele-
brities.
cel-ery /'sebri/ n [U] plant whose
white stems are eaten raw.
ce-les-tial /si'lestisl/ adj of the
sky; of heaven: Stars are bo-~
dies.
celi-bate /'selibat/ adj. n [C] (of
~ an) unmarried person (esp for
religious reasons), celi-bacy n
[U] state of living unmarried.
cell /sel/ n [C] 1 small room (esp
in a prison or a monastery). 2
unit of an apparatus for produc-
n [C] ing electric current by chemical
action. 3 microscopic unit of liv-
ing matter. 4 small group of
people (in a secret organiza-
tion): terrorist '^s.
cel-lar /'sel3(r)/ n [C] under-
ground room for storing coal,
wine, etc.
ceMist /'tjelist/ n [C] person who
plays a cello.
cello /'tjebu/ n [C] (pi '^s) large
violin held between the knees.
cel-lu-lar /'seljul3(r)/ a<^ consist-
ing of cells(3).
Cel-sius /'selsias/ n = centi-
grade.
ce-ment /si'ment/ n [U] 1 grey
pi, powder which, when wet be-
on hor- comes hard like stone and is
 57 cemetery/chaff

used for building, etc. C> con- of special interest, etc: a 'shop-
crete. 2 soft substance that sets ping'^; the 'v^ of attraction, a vt;i
firm, used for filling holes (eg in place in the centre. on. con- ^
the teeth), or for joining things. centrate: '^ one's attention on an
D vt put in, join with, cement. idea.
cem-etery /'sematri/ n [C] {pi cen-trifu-gal /sen'trifjugl/ adj
-ies) land used for burials. moving away from the centre: '^
ceno-taph /'senataf/ n [C] mo- force .

nument to a person buried else- cen-tury /'sent Jan/ n [C] {pi -ies)
where. 1 100 years. 2 100 runs in crick-
cen-sor /'sens3(r)/ n [C] (esp) of- et.
ficial with authority to examine ce-ramic /si'rasmik/ adj of the
books, films, etc and to remove art of pottery, ce-ramics, (a)
anything he considered harmful. (with a sing verb) art of making
D vt examine, cut out, parts of (a and decorating pottery, (b)
book, etc). ''>^ship, office, (with a pi verb) articles made of
work, etc of a censor. porcelain, clay, etc.
cen-sure /'senj3(r)/ vt {formal) cer-eal /'siarial/ n [C] (usually pi)
criticizeunfavourably, a n [C,U] grain used for food.
rebuke; disapproval. cer-emo-nial /isen'maonisl/ adj
cen-sus /'sensas/ n [C] {pi ~es) as used for ceremonies: a -^ car-
official counting of the popula- riage, a n [C.U] special order of
tion, traffic, etc. ceremony; formality, --^^ly adv
cent /sent/ n [C] the 100th part of ceremoni-ous /iseri'maunias/
a dollar or other currency; coin adj fond of, marked by, formal-
of this value, per '^, {" ^) for ity. '^\y adv
every 100: a 10 per ^ increase. cer-emony /'serimsni/ n [C] {pi
cen-taur /'sentD:(r)/ n [C] (Greek -ies) 1 [C] special act(s), reli-
myth) creature, half man and gious service, etc on a special oc-
halfhorse. casion. 2 [U] formal behaviour.
cen-ten-ar-ian /jsenti'nearian/ n cer-tain /'sartn/ adj 1 settled; of
[C], fljy (person) (more than) 100 which there is no doubt. 2 con-
years old. vinced; having no doubt, make
cen-ten-ary /isen'timan/ adj. n '^, do something to be sure: I'll
[C] {pi -ies) of a 100th anniver- make ~
he comes 3 sure to hap-
sary. pen: a ~
cure. 4 not named on ^^
cen-ten-niai /sen'temal/ adj. n conditions. 5 some, but not
= centenary, ^ly adv much: There was a '^ coldness in
cen-ter /'sent3(r)//7(L'5) = cen- her attitude, '^ly adv (a) with-
tre. out doubt: He will ^ly die. (b)
cen-ti-grade 'sentigreid/ adj'm (in answer to questions) yes.
or of the temperature scale that cer-tain-ty /'saitanti/ n 1 [C] {pi
has 100 degrees between the -ies) thing that is certain. 2 [U]
freezing-point and the boiling- state of being sure.
point of water. cer-tifi-cate /ss'tifikai/ n [C]
centimetre {US = -meter) written statement, that may be
/'sentimi:t3(r)/ n [C] the 100th used as proof: a 'birth ~.
part of a metre. cer-tify /'saitifai/ vt/i(pt.pp-\e<i)
cen-ti-pede /'sentipi:d/ n [C] declare (usually by giving a cer-
small, crawling creature with tificate) that one is certain, that
many feet. something is true: ^ him dead/
cen-tral /'sentral/ a^// 1 of, at, the insane.
centre.2 most important. ,'>- cess-pit /'sespit/, cesspool
'heating, system of heating a /'sespu:l/ n [C] underground
building from a central source tank into which drains empty.
through radiators, etc. 'X/ly adv chafe /tjeif/ vtii 1 make (the
cen-tral-ize /'sentralaiz/ vtji 1 skin) rough or sore by rubbing.
bring to the centre. 2 bring un- 2 feel irritation: ~ at the delay, a
der central (esp government) n [C] sore place on the skin.
control, cen-tral-i'z-ation n chaff /tja:f/ n [U] 1 outer cover-
[U] ing {husks) of grain, removed
centre {US = center) before the grain is used as food.
'sent3(r)/ n [C] 1 middle part or 2 hay or straw cut up as food for
point. 2 place of great activity, cattle.
 .

chagrin/chant 58

chagrin /'Jaegrin/ n [U] disap- cham-pion 'tjaempian/ n [C] 1

pointment or annoyance.
chain /tjein/ n [C] 1 line of con-
nected links or rings. 2 connect-
ed things, events, etc: a of
mountains, a vi make secure
with a chain: He was ~
ed to the
wall. '~ reaction, chemical
change forming products that
cause further changes. '«>>'-
smoker, person who smokes
cigarettes one after the other.
''>^-store, one of many shops
owned by the same company.
chair /tJeD(r) n [C] 1 separate
movable seat for one person. 2
seat, office, of a person who pre-
sides at a meeting. 3 position of
a professor, a v7 1 lift and carry
(a person who wins a race). 2
a meeting, act as chairman.
''>^man, person controlling a
meeting.
chalet /'Jaelei; n [C] 1 Swiss
mountain hut built of wood. 2
summer coyage in the same
style.
chalk /tJo:k/ n 1 [U] soft, white
substance used for making lime.
2 [C,U] this material made into
sticks for writing, d vt
whiten, with chalk, chalky adj
of, containing, like, chalk.
chaMenge /'tjaehnds/ n [C] invi-
tation or call to play a game,
have a fight, etc. a vt give,
challenge to; ask for facts (to
support a statement, etc): a ~
person's right to do something.
chal-lenger, person who chal-
lenges.
cham-ber /'tjeimbe(r)/ n 1 (old
use)room. 2 (hall used by a)
law-making assembly. 3 group
of persons organized for trade: a
C~ of Commerce. 4 space in a
gun that holds a cartridge.
''>^maid, maid who keeps bed-
rooms in order in hotels. ''>-
music, music for a small num-
ber of players.
cha-meleon /kaimiilian/ n [C]
small lizard whose colour
changes according to its back-
ground.
cham-ois /'Jaemwa:/ n [C] small
animal like a goat. 2 soft leather
from the skin of goats.
champ /tjaemp/ vt/i^ (of horses)
bite noisily. 2 {fig) show impa-
tience.
cham-pagne /Jaem'pem/ n [C,
U] white, sparkling French
wine.
person who speaks in
fights or
support of another or of a cause.
2 person, team taking the first
^ place in a competition, a vt sup-
port; defend, -^ship, (a) [Ul
act of championing, (b) [C] con-
test to find a champion(2).
chance^ /tjcrns/ n 1 [U] the hap-
pening of events without any
cause that can be seen; fortune
or luck, by '^, unexpectedly. 2
[C,U] possibility: no •^ of win-
ning. 3 [C] opportunity: the of ~
a lifetime, d adj happening by
chance(l). chancy adj (-ier,
-iest) (informal) risky
chance^ /tja:ns/ vt/i 1 happen
by chance: / ~c/ to be there. 2
~ take a risk.
chan-cel /'tjarnsl/ n [C] eastern
part of a church.
chan-cel-lor /'tja:ns3l3(r)/ n [C]
1 important government minis-
ter: the C~ of the Exchequer. 2
(of some universities) honorary
head. 3 (in eg Germany) chief
minister of state.
chan-de-lier /JaEnd3'li3(r)/ n [C]
branched support, hanging
write. from a ceiling, for a number of
lights.
change^ /tjemds/ n 1 [C] chang-
ed condition(s); thing used in
place of another: a ~
of clothes.
be, a 2 [U] money in coins; money
that is the difference between the
price and the sum offered in
payment. 3 [C,U] alteration.
for a ~, for the sake of variety.
change^ /tjemd3/ V7//1 leave one
place and go to another: ad- ~
dress. 2 take something off and
put something else on: to '^
clothes. 3 give and receive in re-
turn: ~ a traveller's cheque. 4
make or become dilTerent. ->/
one's mind, decide on a new
plan, etc. ^able /-M/ adj likely
to alter; able to be changed.
chan-nel /'tjaenl/ n [C] 1 stretch
of water joining two seas: The
English C~. 2 passage along
which a liquid may flow. 3 (fig)
any way by which news, ideas,
etcmay travel, through the
usual '^s, by the usual means
of communication. 4 band of
radio or TV frequencies, a vt (
II-, 6^5 also-!-) 1 form a channel
in. 2 cause to go through chan-^
nels: ~ water into fields; one's ~
efforts into hard work.
chant /tja:nt/ n [C] 1 tune for

psalms. 2 several words sung on
one note, a vt/i sing a chant:
'^ing football crowds.
chaos 'keiDs/ n [U] complete
absence of order; confusion.
cha-otic /kei'otik/ adj in a state
of chaos; confused, cha-oti-
callyadv
chap^ /tjaep/ n [C] (informal)
man.
chap^ /tJaep/ vt'i (-pp-) (of the
skin) (cause to) become rough,
cracked, a n [C] crack, esp in the
skin.
chapel /'tjaepl/ n [C] 1 place used
for Christian worship, eg in a
school. 2 small place within a
church with an altar.
chap-lain /'tjaeplm/ n [C] priest,
esp in the armed forces.
chap-ter ''tjaept9(r)/ n [C] 1
(usually numbered) division of a
book. 2 (general meeting of the)
canons of a cathedral church.
char^ /tj"a:(r)/ vt/i (-rr-) make
black by burning.
chaH /tj'a:(r)/ vi (-rr-) clean of-
fices, houses, etc. o n [C]
charwoman. '-^woman,
woman who earns money by
charring.
char-ac-ter /'kaersktsir)/ n 1 [U]
(of a person, etc) mental or mor-
al qualities that make one per-
son different from others, out
of -^, unlike a person's known
character. 2 [U] moral strength:
a man of '^. 3 [U] nature, qual-
ity, of a thing: the -^ of the de-
sert. 4 [C] person who is well
known; person in a novel, play,
etc. 5 [CJ letter, sign used in writ-
ing or printing: Chinese ^s.
'x/less adj ordinary; not
special.
char-ac-teristic /ikaerak-
ta'nstik/ a^' typical: his 'n.
reply a n [CJ special mark or
quahty. ^ally l-kei/'adv
char-ac-ter-ize /'kaersktsraiz,
vt show or mark in a special
way.
cha-rade /Ja'rard/ n [C] 1
in which a word guessed by
is
the onlookers after each syllable
of it has been acted 2 pointless
action.
char-coal /'tjaikaul/ n [U] black
substance, of burnt wood, used
as fuel, for drawing, etc.
charge^ /tjaids/ n [C] 1 accusa-
tion of (a crime). 2 violent at-
tack at high speed (by soldiers,
etc). 3 price asked for goods or
chaos /chaste
services. 4 amount of powder
causing an explosion; energy in
an electrical battery, etc. 5 [C,U]
responsibility: Mary was in -^ of
the baby, take ^^ of, be re-
sponsible for; take control of.
charge^ /tja:d3/ vt;i 1 accuse:
He was ^d with murder. 2 rush
forward (and attack). 3 ask in
payment. 4 load (a gun); put a
charge (4) into. 5 --^ with, give
as a task.
charge d'affaires /Ja:3ei
d«'fe3(r) n [C] (p/ charges d'af-
faires) deputy ambassador.
char-iot 'tjaenaf n [C] horse-
drawn vehicle with two wheels,
used in ancient times in fighting.
"•^eer ,'|tjaeri3'ti9(r)/ n [C] driver
of a chariot.
chari-table /'tjaeritsbl/ adj
showing, having, for, charity.
chari-tably /-sbli/ adv
char-itv/'tj2er3ti/rj(p/-ies)1 [U]
money, food, given to the p>oor 2
[C] organization for helping the
poor. 3 [U] kindness to other
= persons.
char-la-tan /'Jaibtan/ n [C] per-
son who claims to have more
skill, etc than he has.
charm /tja:m/ n 1 [U] attractive-
ness; power to give pleasure. 2
[C] pleasing quality. 3 [C] thing
believed to have magic power: a
lucky ^. n vt/i 1 attract; give
pleasure to. 2 use magic on.
'>-'ing «(// delightful.
chart /tjart/ n[C] 1 map used by
sailors.2 sheet of paper with in-
formation, in the form of dia-
grams, etc: a weather ^. n vt
*
make a chart of
char-ter "tj"a:t3(r)/ n [C] 1
(statement oQ rights, permis-
sion, esp from a ruler or govern-
angry ment. 2 hiring (of an aircraft, a
ship, etc): a '^flight, n vt 1 give
a charter to. 2 hire a ship, an air-
craft, etc for an agreed purpose.
char-woman /'tjaiwumsn/ n C>
char^.
game chase /tjeis/ vt/i run after in
order to capture, kill or drive
away, n n [Cj act of chasing.
chasm /'kaezam/ n [C] 1 deep
opening in the ground. 2 (fig)
wide difference (of interests).
chas-sis "Jaesi/ n [C] (pi ~) 1
framework of a motor-vehicle. 2
landing-gear of an aircraft.
chaste /tjeist/ adj 1 virtuous. 2
(esp) avoiding sexual activity 3
(of style, taste) simple.
chasten /chest 60

chasten /'tjeisn/ vt correct by struct and defeat (a person, his

punishment. plans). D /J [C] 1 complete de-
chas-tise /tjac'staiz/ vi punish feat. 2 trapping of an op-
severely. ~ment n [U] punish- ponent's kmg in chess.
ment. cheek /tji:k/ n [C] 1 either side of
chas-tity /'tjacstoti/ n [U] state the face below the eye. 2 [U] im-
ofbeingchaste(1,2). pudence. D vt be impudent lo
chat tjaet/ n [C] friendly, infor- cheeky adj (-ier, -lest) im-
mal talk. D vtji (-tt-) have a chat. pudent, '^ily adv
'>^tv adj (-ier, -iest) fond of cheer^ /tjio(r)/ n 1 [U] state of
chatting. hope, gladness. 2 [C] shout of
cha-teau /'Jaetau/ n [C] (pi ~x joy or encouragement, -^^ful adj
/-tauz/) castle or large country (a) bringing happiness: a -^
house in France. day. (b) happy and contented.
chat-ter/'tJaetaCr)/ v/1 (of a per- '>-ifully adv. '^^less adj without
son) talk quickly or foolishly. 2 comfort; gloomy.
(of a person's teeth) strike cheeH /tji3(r)/ vt/i 1 make
together from cold or fear d n happy: The good news '^ed me
flJ] 1 foolish talk. 2 excited, in- (up). 2 take comfort, become
distinct noise. ''>-box, person happy. 3 give shouts of joy, ap-
whochatters(1 ). proval or encouragement.
chauf-feur n [C] per-
/'J3uf9(r)/ '>^ingn[\J],adj
son paid to drive a private car. cheerio /,t|iori'3u/ ini (informal)
chau-vin-ism /'Jauvmizam/ n goodbye.
[U] excessive enthusiasm for cheery /'tjiari/ adj (-ier,-iest)
one's country, sexual superior- merry, cheerily adv
lively;
ity, etc.'chau-vin-ist, person cheese /tj"i:z/ n [C,U] solid food
with such enthusiasm: a male ~. made from milk curds. ''>^-
chau-vi'nistic adj cloth, thick, cotton cloth.
cheap /tji:p/ adj (-er, -est) 1 chee-tah /'tji:t3/ n [C] kind of
costing little money. 2 of poor leopard.
quality: ~ and nasty. 3 shallow: chef /Jef/ n [C] (pi ~s) head cook
~ emotion, ^ly adv. '>^ness n in a hotel, restaurant etc.
[U]. ^en vtji make or become chemi-cal /'kemikl/ adj of,
cheap. made by, chemistry, a n [C] sub-
cheat /tji:t/ vtji act in a dis- stance used in chemistry, -x/ly
honest way: ~ a person out of his /-kh/ adv
money: ~ in an examination, a n chem-ist /'kemist/ n [C] 1 expert
[C] person who cheats; dis- inchemistry. 2 person who pre-
honest trick. pares and sells medical goods,
check^ /tjek/ n [U] 1 control; toilet articles, etc.
person or thing that controls or chem-is-try /'kemistri/ n [U]
restrains: a '^ on his progress. 2 branch of science that deals with
examination to make certain of how substances are made up
accuracy. 3 receipt given tem- and how they combine.
porarily for something handed cheque /tJek/ n [C] (US =
over, '-^up, (esp a medical) ex- check) written order to a bank
amination. to pay money. ''>^-book, num-
check^ /tJek/ vt/i 1 examine in ber of cheques fastened to-
order to learn whether some- gether.
thing is correct: a students~ cherish /'tjenj/ vt 1 care for
answer. 2 hold back; cause to go tenderly. 2 keep alive (hope,
slow or stop: He couldn't his ~ etc): '^ the memory of.
anger. 3 threaten an opponent's cherry /'tjeri/ n [C] (pi -ies) (tree
king in chess. 4 '^ in. register at with) small, red fruit, with a
a hotel, etc. 'y^ out. pay one's stone,a adj bright red.
bill and leave, '-^--out, (esp) cherub /'tjerab/ n [C] 1 (pi ~s)
place (eg in a supermarket) small beautiful child; (in art)
where one pays the bill. such a child with wings. 2 (pi
check" /tJek/ n [U] pattern of ~im/-bim/) angel.
crossed lines forming squares. chess /tjes/ n [U] board game
check-mate /'tjekmeit/ vt 1 for two players.
make a move chess that traps
in chest n [C] 1 strong box.
/tjest/
the opponent's king. 2 (fig) ob- 2 upper front part of the body.

,'>^ of 'drawers, piece of furni-
ture with drawers.
chest-nut /'tJesnAt/ n 1 [C,U]
tree with smooth, bright
reddish-brown nut. 2 colour of
the nut. aaJ/ reddish-brown.
chew /tju:/ vt/i move (food, etc)
about between the teeth in order
to crush it. d n [C] act of chew-
ing; thing to chew. ''>>^ing-gum,
sweet, sticky substance for
chewing.
chic /Ji:k/ n [U] superior
style;elegance d adj styVish.
chick /tjik/ n [C] young bird, esp
a young chicken.
chicken /'tjikm/ n 1 [C] young
bird, esp a young hen. (Don't)
count your '^s before they
are hatched, (Don't) be too
hopeful of your chances of suc-
cess, etc. 2 [U] flesh of a young
hen as food, n adj (informal)
lacking in courage, ''x/pox, dis-
ease producing red spots on the
skin.
chic-ory /'tjikari/ n [U] 1 plant
used as a vegetable. 2 the root
roasted and made into a powder
(used with coffee).
chief /tji:f/ n [C] 1 leader or rul-
er. 2 head of a department, d adj
1 principal; most important. 2
first in rank, -in-'chief, sup-
reme: the Commander-in-'^.
'>^ly adv mostly; mainly.
chief-tain /'tjirftan/ n [C] chief
ofa clan or tribe.
child /tjaild/ n [C] (pi children
Z'tjildran/) 1 young human
ing. 2 son or daughter.
''>-hood, state, time, of being a
child, ''^ish adj (of adults) be-
having Uke, a child, ^-v/less adj
having no child(ren). ''>^like adj
simple, innocent.
chill /tjil/ n 1 (sing only) un-
pleasant feeling of coldness. 2
(sing only) (fig) depressed feel-
ing: The bad news cast a over ~
the meeting. 3 [C] illness caused
by cold and damp, a adj un-
pleasantly cold, a vtji make or
become cold, chilly adj (-ier,
-lest) (a) rather cold, (b) (fig)
unfriendly.
chilli /'tjih/ n [C,U] dried pod of
red pepper, tasting very hot.
chime /tjaim/ n [Cj (sound ofa)
tuned set of bells, a v/// (of bells,
a clock) (make) ring.
chim-ney /'tjimm/ n [C] (pi ~s)
structure through which smoke,
from a fire is carried away.
61 chestnut/choice
''>^pot, pipe fitted to the top of
a chimney. ''>-stack, group of
chimneys. '^v/-sweep(er),
man who sweeps soot from
chimneys.
chim-pan-zee /itjimpaen'zi:/ n
[C] African ape.
chin /'tjm/ n \C\ part of the face
below the mouth.
china /'tjaina/ n [U] 1 baked and
glazed fine white clay. 2 articles
(eg cups, plates) made from this.
chink^ /tj"ir)k n [C] narrow
chink^ /tjigk/ vtji. n [C] (make
the) sound of coins, glasses, etc
striking together.
chip tjip/ n [C] 1 small piece cut
/
or broken off (from wood,
stone, china, etc), have a -^ on
one 's shoulder, feel that one
has been unfairly treated. 2 strip
cut from a potato, etc: fish and
'^s. 3 place (in china) from
which a chip has come, a vtji (-
pp-) 1 cut or break (a piece ofT
or from). 2 (of things) be broken
at the edge. 3 -^^ '//», (informal)
(a) interrupt, (b) contribute
money.
chi-rop-ody /ki'ropadi/ n [U]
treatment of troubles of the feet.
chi'-rop-odist/i[C]
chirp /tj3:p/ vtli. n [C] (make)
short, sharp sounds (as of small
birds).
chirpy /'tjarpi/ adj (-ier,-iest)
lively, happy.
chisel /'tjizl/ n [C] steel tool used
be- for shaping wood, etc. d vt (-II-)
cut or shape with a chisel.
chit /tjit/ n [C] note of a sum of
money owed.
chiv-alry /'Jivlri/ n [U] 1 laws
and customs of the knights in
the Middle Ages. 2 kindness,
courtesy, esp to the weak and
women, chiv-al-rous adj
chloro-form /"klorsfDim/ n [U]
liquid to make a person uncon-
scious during a surgical opera-
tion. D vt use chloroform.
choc-olate /'tjokbt/ n 1 [U]
substance made from cocoa. 2
[C] drink or sweet(l) made
from this, a at^dark brown.
choice /'tjDis/ n 1 [C] act of
choosing. 2 lU] possibility of
choosing: / had no -^ but to
leave.3 [C] variety from which
to choose: a large -^ of bags. 4
[C] person or thing chosen: This
is my ~. a adj unusually good:
'^ fruit.
 .

choir/chunk 6

choir /'kwai3(r) n [C] 1 com- baptism. ''>^ing n [C]

pany of persons trained to sing Christendom /'knsndam/nall
together, esp in church. 2 part of Christian people
a church for the choir. Christian 'kristjan^ adj of Je-
choke' lJ"3ok vi i 1 be unable sus and the religion based on his
to breathe because of something teaching d n person believing in
m the windpipe, or because of the religion of Christ. '-^^ name,
emotion. 2 stop the breathing first name.
of. 3 fill a passage that is usually Chris-ti-an-ity ikristi'aenati/ n
clear: a drain '\^d{un) with dirt. [U] the Christian religion.
choke^ tjauk n (C] valve in a Christ-mas 'krismas n [C] {pi
petrol engine to control the in- 'N.es) (also1^ ^Day) yearly cele-
take of air. bration of the birth of Jesus
chol-era 'kobra r\ [U] infec- Christ. 25 December.
tious and often fatal disease, chrome kraum n [U] yellow
common in hot countries. colouring matter used in paints,
choose tju:z vii (pt chose etc.
/tjauz', pp chosen 'tjauzn ) 1 chro-mium 'kraumiam/ n [U]
select from a great number. 2 element (symbol Cr) used to
decide: He ^ to become a doctor. prevent rust on other metals.
chop' tjop n [C] 1 chopping chro-mo-some 'kraumasaum/
blow. 2 thick slice of meat with n [C] tiny thread in every nucleus
the bone in it. in animal and plant cells, carry-
chop* tjop vti (-PP-) cut into ing genes.
pieces with an axe, etc. chronic 'kronik adj (of a dis-
chop-per ''tjop^r)' n [C] 1 ease) lasting for a long time. O
heavy tool for chopping meat, acute(2). '>^ally -hei' aJv
wood, etc. 2 {informal) heli- chron-icle 'kronikl' n [C] re-
copter. cord of events in order of time, a
choppy 'tjopi adj (-ier, -iest) 1 \7 make, a chronicle.
(of the sea) moving in short, ir- chrono-logi-cal ,kron3-
regular waves. 2 (of the wind) 'lodsikl adj in order of time.
continually changing. '^\^fadv
chop-sticks 'tjopstiks n pi chron-ol-ogy kra'noladsi n {pi
pair of sticks used by Chinese -ies) 1 [U] science of fixing
and Japanese for lifting food to dates. 2 [C] arrangement of
the mouth. events with dates.
choral 'koiral/ adj of, for, sung chron-ometer ''kr3'nDmit3(r)
by, a choir. n [C] very accurate clock.
chord koid n [C] 1 straight line chrysa-lis /'knsalis n [C] {pi
that joins two points on the cir- ~es) shell-like form taken by an
cumference of a circle. 2 combi- insect just before it Hies as a
nation of musical notes in har- moth, butterfiy, etc.
mony. chry-san-the-mum kn'saen-
chore /tjD:(r)/ n [C] 1 ordinary Gamam' n [C] {pi ~s) (fiower cf
everyday task. 2 small un- a) garden plant blooming in
pleasant duty. autumn and early winter.
choreography ikori'Dgrafi/ /i chubby /'tjAbi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
[U] art of designing dances. fat, round.
chore'ographer, n [C] chuck' /tjAk/ vt {informal) 1
chor-is-ter 'kDrist3(r)' n [C] throw. 2 give up (in disgust): '>^

person who sings in a choir. inone's job.

chorus 'ko:r9s/ n [C] {pi
(music for a) group of singers. 2
(part of a) song for all to sing. 3
something said by many people
together: a ~
o/ approval, n vt
sing, speak, in chorus.
chose, chosen c> choose.
Christ /kraist/ n title given to
sus, now used as His name.
christen /'knsn/ vt receive (an
infant) into the Christian church
by baptism; give a name to at the
~es) 1 chuck* tjAk/ n [C] 1 part of a
lathe which grips the object to be
worked on. 2 part which grips
the bit on a drill.
chuckle /'tjaekl/ n [C] low, quiet
laugh, a vt laugh in this way.
chum /tjAm/ n [C] {dated) close
Je- friend (esp among boys). '>^my
adj (-ier, -iest) friendly.
chump /tjAmp/ n [C] 1 thick
piece of, eg meat. 2 {si) fool.
chunk /tjArjk' n [C] thick piece
 63 church/city

or lump, chunky adj (-ier, place to place freely. 2 cause to

-iest) short and thick. circulate, cir-cu'la-tion n (a)
church /tj"3:tj[/ n [C] building for [U] circulating, esp the move-
pubHc Christian worship, enter ment of the blood, (b) [U] state
the C'-N-, become a minister of of being circulated: put coins in-
reUgion. '-"^^yard, burial ground to ~. (c) [C] number of copies
round a church. of a newspaper sold.
churn /tJ3:n/ n [C] 1 tub in which cir-cum-cise /'s3:k9msaiz/ vt re-
cream is shaken to make butter. move the skin at the end of the
2 very large can in which milk is penis, circum-cision /-'si3n/
carried, a vtji 1 make (butter) in n[C,V]
a churn. 2 stir about violently. circumference /s3:'kAm-
chute /J"u:t/ n [C] 1 long, narrow, farsns; n [C] 1 Ime that marks
steep slope down which things out a circle. 2 distance round:
may slide. 2 smooth fall of water the earth's ^.
over a slope. cir-cum-f lex /'s3:k9mfleks/ n [C]
chut-ney /'tjAtni/ n [U] hot- mark placed over a vowel (as in
tasting mixture of fruit, spices. French role).
cider /'said9(r)/ n [U] fermented circumnavi-gate /,S3:k9m-
applejuice. 'naevigeit/ vt sail round (esp the
cigar /si'ga:(r)/ n [C] tight roll of world), circumnavi'ga-tion
tobacco leaves for smoking. « [C,U]
ciga-rette /iSiga'ret/ n [C] roll of cir-cumstance /'S3:k9mst9ns/
shredded tobacco in thin paper n [C] 1 (usually pf) conditions,
for smoking. connected with an event or per-
cin-der /'smd3(r)/ n [C] small son, in/under the '^s, such
piece of coal, etc partly burned. being the state of affairs. 2 fact:
cin-ema /'smama/' n 1 [C] place His death is an unfortunate '^. 3
where films are shown. 2 [U] ip{) financial condition.
moving pictures as an art or in- circum-stan-tial /|S3:k9m-
dustry. 'staenjl/adj 1 (of a description)
cin-na-mon /'smaman/ n [U] 1 giving full details. 2 (of
brown spice used in cooking. 2 evidence) based on details that
its colour, yellowish brown. suggest strongly but do not pro-
cipher, cypher /'saif9(r)/ n [C] vide proof.
1 the symbol 0, representing circus /'s3:k9s/ n [C] (pi ~es) 1
nought. 2 {fig) person or thing a show of performing animals,
of no importance. 3 secret writ- acrobats, etc. 2 (esp in proper
ing. names) open space where streets
circa prep (Latin) (abbr
/'saika/ meet: Piccadilly C-^.
= ca) about (with dates):
c, cis-tern /'sistgn/ n [C] water
horn ~ 150 BC. tank, eg as above of a lavatory.
circle /'s3:kl/ n [C] 1 space en- cite /sait/ vt 1 give as an example
closed by a curved line, every (esp by quoting from a book). 2
point on which is the same dis- (legal) summon to appear in
tance from the centre. 2 ring. 3 court, ci-ta-tion /sai'teijn/ n
seats between the gallery and the [C,U]
floor of a theatre. 4 group of citi-zen /'sitizn/ n [C] 1 person
persons: a ~
o/ friends, a vtji who lives in a town. 2 person
move in a circle; go round. who has full rights in a State.
circuit /'saikit/ n [C] 1 journey ''>^ship, being, rights and du-
in a circle. 2 closed path for an ties of, a citizen.
electrical current. C> short- cit-ric /'sitrik/ adj ~
acid, acid
circuit. 3 connected group of from such fruits as lemons and
places, events: the tennis ~. limes.
'>^ous /S3:'kju:it3s/ adj going a cit-rous /'sitrgs/ adj of the citrus
long way round: a '^ous route. fruits.
cir-cu-lar /'s3:kjub(r)/ at^' round cit-rus /'sitras/ n [C\ (pi ~es)
in shape; moving round, a n [C] kinds of tree including the le-
printed letter, advertisement, etc mon, orange and grapefruit, a
of which many copies are distri- a<^' of these trees: ^^ fruit.
buted. city /'siti/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1 large
circu-late /'s3:kjuleit/ vt/i 1 go and important town; town given
round continuously; move from special rights in self-
civic/classic

government. 2 the C'-^, finan- tightly by means of a screw, o

cial centre of London 3 people
living in a city.
civic /'sivik/ at// of the affairs of a
town or a citizen.
civil /'sivl/ adj 1 of human so-
ciety: ~ rights. 2 not of the arm-
ed forces. O military 3 politely
helpful. 1^ ,engi'neering,
design and building of roads,
bridges, docks, etc |~ 'rights,
rights of a citizen to political, so-
cial freedom or equality, ,'v.
'servant, official in
Service the |C'>^ 'Service,
government departments,
adv politely. '>-itv si'vibti n
(a) [U] politeness, (b) (pi) pol-
ite acts.
ci-vil-ian si'vilian' n [C], adj
(person) not serving with the
armed forces.
civilization iSivalai'zeiJn n 1
[U] civilizing or being civilized;
state of being civilized.
system, stage of, social develop-
ment: Greek ^. 3 [U] civilized
States collectively.
civi-lize "sivalaiz/ vt 1 bring out
of a savage or ignorant state (by
education, etc). 2 improve and
educate.
claim^ kleim' n 1 [C] act of
claiming: a - for more pay. 2
[C] sum of money demanded, eg
under an insurance agreement.
3 [U] right to ask for. 4 [C]
something claimed; piece of
land given to a gold-miner.
claim^ /kleim/ vt/i 1 demand re-
cognition of a fact: to he the~
owner. 2 say that something is a
fact: He ~5 to be English. 3 (of
things) deserve: matters that -^
attention, ^s^ant n [C] p>erson
who makes a claim, esp in law.
clairvoy-ance /klea'vDians/ n
[U] power of seeing in the mind
what is happening or exists be-
yond the normal range of the
senses, clairvoy-ant person
with such power.
clam /klaem/ n [C] large shellfish.
clam-ber /'klaemb3(r)/
with difficulty, a n [C]
climb.
clammy /'klaemi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
damp and sticky.
clamour (US = clamor)
/'klaem3(r)/ n [C,U] loud, con-
fused noise, a vi '^ for, demand
noisily.
clamp /klaemp/ n [C] apphance
for holding things together
17// 1 put a clamp on 2 -\^
</otvn (on), (informal) sup-
press; stop: -^^ down on drunken
drivers. Hence,'^-down n [C]
clan klaenn [C] large family
group, esp in Scotland.
clandes-tine klaen'deslm/ adj
the secret: ->^ organizations.
clang klaer)/ vtji. n [C] (make a)
loud ringing sound.
clap klaep/ vtji (-pp-) 1 show
approval, by striking the hands
the Civil together; do this as a signal. 2
all strike lightly with the hand: -^
-^--ly somebody on the back. 3 put
quickly: ~f J in prison. -^ eyes
on sb, (informal) catch sight of
a n ^ loud explosive noise (of
thunder). 2 sound of the hands
brought tbgether.
claret "klaerst n [U] 1 red wine
from Bordeaux. 2 its colour, d
adj dark red.
2 [C] clar-ify 'klaenfai/ vtli (pt.pp
-led) 1 make or become clear or
intelligible. 2 make (a liquid,
etc) free from impurities, clari-
fi'Ca-tion /,klaenfi'keijn/ n [U]
being clarified.
clari-net /(klaeri'net/ n [C] music-
al woodwind instrument.
'>^tist, person who plays the
clarinet.
clar-ity /'klaerati/ n [U] clearness.
clash /klaej/ vt/i 1make a loud
noise (as when metal objects
strike together). 2 meet in con-
flict. 3 (of events) interfere with
each other; happen at the same
time. 4 be in disagreement, n n
[C] 1 clashing noise. 2 disagree-
ment; confiict.
clasp /kla:sp/ n [C] 1 device with
two parts that fasten. 2 firm
hold. D vt/i 1 hold tightly. 2 fas-
ten with a clasp(1 ).
class klars/ n [C] 1 group hav-
ing qualities of the same kind. 2
[UJ system of ranks in society. 3
group of persons taught to-
gether. 4 grade won in an exami-
nation. S (informal) excellence;
vi climb style: a top ~
tennis player, d vt
awkward place in a class(1 ). room,
'
^
room used for teaching.
clas-sic /'klaesik/ adj 1 of the
highest quality; having a recog-
nized value. 2 famous because
of a long history, a « [C] 1 writ-
er, artist, book, etc of the highest
class. 2 ancient Greek or Latin
writer. 3 (pi) the -^s, (literature
oO ancient Greece and Rome. 4

university course in
sics(3).
clas-si-cal /'klaesikl/
the best (esp ancient
Roman) art and literature.
proved value: '^ mu^ic, eg of
Mozart. '>^ly«^/v
clas-sify /'klaesifai/ vt (pt.pp
-ied) arrange in classes; put into
a class(1). clas-si-fi-ca-tion
/.klaesifi'keifn/ n [C,U]. clas-si-
fied adj (a) arranged
classes(1 (b) officially secret.
).
ciat-ter n [U] loud
/'kla;t3(r)/
noise (as of plates or tins fal-
ling). D vt/i make a clatter.
clause /kb:z/ n [C] 1 (gram) part
of a sentence, with its own sub-
ject and predicate. 2 (legaf)
plete paragraph in
ment, etc.
claus-trO'pho-bia /,kb:str3-
'faubia/ n [U] fear of confined
places.
claw /kb:/ n [C] 1 hooked nail
on the foot of an animal or bird.
2 pincers of a shellfish. 3 device
like a claw (eg on a machine for
lifting things), a vt get hold of,
scratch, with claws.
clay /klei/ n [U] stifT, sticky earth
from which bricks, pots, etc are
made.
clean^ /kli:n/ adj (-er, -est) 1 free
from dirt. 2 not yet used: a '^
sheet of paper. 3 pure; innocent:
a 'N. joke. 4 even; regular: a
cut. a ac/v completely: I '^forgot
it. come make a full confes-
'^.
sion. D n [U] (witha) cleaning.
,/-^.'cut adj sharply outlined.
,'>>'-'shaven adj with the hair of
the face shaved off.
clean^ /kli:n/ vtji^ make clean. 2
'^ sb out, win or take all his
money. '^ sth out. clean the
inside of. '^ up. make clean or
tidy. '>-' sth up. (a) end crime,
etc in: The police must '^ up the
city, (b) {informal) win or take
all the money. «wer n [C] person
or machine that cleans: a
^vacuum-'^.
clean-ly^ /'klenh/ adj (-ier, -lest)
having clean habits, clean-li-
nessAi[U]
clean-ly^ /'kli:nli/ adv exactly;
neatly: Cut in '>^ into two pieces.
cleanse /klenz/ vt make pure.
clear^ /kli3(r)/ adj (-er, -est) 1
easy to see (through): '>^ glass. 2
free from guilt: a -v, conscience. 3
(of sounds, etc) easily heard;
pure. 4 easy to understand.
65 classical/client
the clas- make oneself '>^, make
oneself understood. 5 free from
adjt in. of, obstacles. 6 certain: / am not '^
Greek and as to what to do. a n [U] in the
2 of ->.', free from suspicion, et*j. ,'x/-
'headed, able to think well.
cleaH /kli3(r)/ adv 1 distinctly: /
can hear you loud and'^. 2 com-
pletely: The prisoner got '>^
away. 3 without touching: He
jumped '^ of the bar. keep/
in stand '^. keep away. '>^ness n
[U] state of being clear.
clear* /kli3(r)/ v/// 1 remove, get
rid of. 2 get past or over without
touching: '^ a wall. 3 become
bright: The sky soon '^ed 4 'n^ .
away, take away; go away. '>^
com- off. (of unwanted persons) go
an agree- away: C-*- off! '>^ out. (a)
empty, (b) go away. ^
up. be-
come clear, c/ear sth up. (a)
make tidy, (b) solve (a mystery,
etc^.
clearance n [C] 1
/'kliarsns/
clearing up. 2 [C.U] clear space
between: -^ under a bridge. 3 [U]
permission (eg for a ship to leave
port).
clearing /'kliariq/ n [C] open
space in a forest.
clear-ly /'kliali/ adv 1 distinctly.
2 (in answers) defintely.
cleave /kli:v/ vt/i (pt clove
/kbuv/, cleft /kleft/; pp cleft or
cloven /'kbuvn/) cut into two
^ (with an axe, etc).
clef /kief/ n [C] musical symbol
to show the pitch of the notes.
cleft /kleft/ C> cleave.
clem-ency /'klem?nsi/ n [U] 1
mercy. 2 mildness (of weather).
clem-ent adj
clench /klentj/ vt press or clasp
firmly together: a '^edfist.
clergy /'kl3:d3i/ n pi persons or-
dained as priests, '-wman, or-
dained minister.
cleri-cal /'klerikl/ adj 1 of the
clergy. 2 of. for, a clerk.
clerk /kla:k/ n [C] person em-
ployed in a bank, office, etc to
keep accounts, copy letters, etc.
clever /'klev3(r)/ adj (-er, -est) 1
quick to learn. 2 done with abil-
ity and skill. '>^ly adv. 'V/ness n
cliche /'kli:Jei/ n [C] idea or ex-
pression that has been used too
much.
click /khk/ vi. n [C] (make a)
short, light sound (like a key
turning in a lock).
cli-ent /'klaiant/ n [C] 1 person
clientele/cloth
who gets advice from
a lawyer,
etc. 2 customer (at a shop).
cli-en-tele /,kli:dn'tel/ n cus-
tomers.
cliff /kUf/ n (C) steep face of
rock, esp by the sea.
cli-mac-tic /,klai'msktik/ adj
forming a climax.
cli-mate /'klaimit/ n [C] 1
weather conditions of a place. 2
current condition: the political
'^.cli-matic /,klai'maetik/ adj.
cli-max /'klaimaeks/ n [C] (pi
'v^s) point of greatest interest
or intensity (eg in a story), a vt/i
come to a climax.
climb /klaim/ vt/i 1 go up or
down (a tree, mountain, etc). 2
(of aircraft) go higher 3 rise m amination,
social rank, position, etc. a n [C]
instance or place of climbing.
'^er, (a) person who climbs,
(b) climbing plant.
clinch /klmtj / vili 1 settle (a bar-
gain, an argument) conclusively.
2 hold with the arms; embrace.
Dn[C] embrace.
cling /kliq/ vi {pt.pp clung
/kUq/) hold light.
clinic /'klmik/ n [C] (part of a)
hospital or institution where
medical advice and treatment
are given, an ,ante-^natal'^. '>^al
adj (a) of clinics or their treat-
ment, (b) (fig) cold; without
feelings: a '^al statement of the
facts.
clink /kUgk/ vt/in[C] (make the)
sound of small bits of glass, etc
knocking together.
clip^ /klip/ n [C] (esp) wire or
metal device for holding eg pap-
ers together, d vt (-pp-) keep
together with a clip.
clip^ khp/ vt (-PP-) 1 cut short
or neat. 2 (si) hit sharply, a n [C]
1 instance of clipping. 2 sharp
blow. '>^pers n pi (also a pair of
'^pers) instrument for clipping.
'>^ping, (esp) article cut from a
newspaper, etc.
clique /kli:k/ n [C] closely united
group of persons.
cloak /kbuk/ n [C] 1 loose outer
garment, without sleeves. 2 (fig)
something used to hide: a '^ of
secrecy,a vt hide (thoughts, pur-
poses, etc), '-^room, place
where coats, etc may be left.
clock /kick/ n [C] instrument for
measuring and showing the
time, a vt/i measure the time
speed of somebody: He -y^eJ W (cotton, wool, etc). 2 [C] piece of
seconds for the race. ->- in /out.
66
record the time of (eg the arrival
and departure of workers).
''^^A/ise adv turning in the same
direction to that taken by the
hands of a clock.
clod /klod/ n [C] lump (of earth,
etc).
clog' /klog/ n [C] wooden shoe.
clog' /klog/ vt/i (-gg-) (cause to)
be or become blocked.
clois-ter /'kbist3(r)/ n [C] 1
covered walk, in a courtyard. 2
(life in a) convent or monastery,
a vt put, live in, a cloister(2).
'>^ed, sheltered; secluded.
close' /klaos/ adj (-r, -st) 1 near
(in space or time). 2 severe; thor-
ough: under '\^ arrest, on '^r ex-
keep a -^ \^atch
on, watch carefully. 3 intimate:
a '^ friend. 4 won by a small
amount: a '^ race. 5 (of the
weather) hot and damp, d adv in
a close manner; near together:
stand '>^ against the wall, i'n^-
'fitting adj fitting tight (to the
body, etc). ''>^-up, close view on
a photograph or film. '>^ly adv
in a close manner, "^o/ness n [U]
close^ kbus/ n [C] 1 grounds of
,
a cathedral. 2 = cul-de-sac.
close^ kbuz' vt'i 1 shut: ~the
door. '>- one's eyes to, ig-
nore. 2 be not open: This road
is '^d. 3 bring or come to an end:
^ a discussion. 4 bring together.
5 ->- down, (a) (of a factory,
business, etc) shut completely,
(b) (of a broadcasting station)
stop transmitting. Hence, ''>^-
down n. -^ in. The days are
closing in, getting shorter. '^ in
on/ upon, (a) envelop: Dark-
ness '^d in on us. (b) come near-
(er) and attack. ,'>^d 'shop, fac-
tory or trade where only mem-
bers of a trade union may work.
close* /kbuz/ n [U] 1 end (of a
period of time): at '^ of day. 2
conclusion (of an activity, etc).
closet /'klozit/ n [C] (now chief-
ly US) small room for storing
things. c> cupboard.
clo-sure /'kbu33(r)/ n [C] act of
closing (down): the '^ of a fac-
tory.
clot /klot/ n [C] 1 lump formed
from liquid, esp blood. 2 (si)
fool, a vt/i (-tt-) form into
clots(l).
cloth /kloG/ n {pi ~s kloes) 1
[U] material made by weaving
this material: a tables.

clothe /klaud/ vt wear clothes;
supply clothes for.
clothes /kbudz/ n p! coverings
for a person's body; dress.
'bed'^^, sheets, blankets, etc.
cloth-ing /'klaudirj/ n [U]
/ec//ve) clothes.
cloud /klaud/ n 1 [C,U] (mass
00 water vapour floating
visible
in the sky. 2 [C] similar mass of
smoke, insects, etc. 3 [C] cause
of sadness, fear: the '-^s of war. 4
under a '^. under suspicion, a
vtU become, make, unclear, (as)
through cloud: her eyes '^ed
over with tears, cloudy
adj
(-ier, -lest) (a) covered with
clouds, (b) (esp of liquids) not
clear.
clove^ /klauv/p/ of cleave
clove^ /kbuv/ n [C] flower-bud
of a tropical tree, used as a spice.
clove^ /kbuv/ n [C] section of
some bulbs: a -«-' of garlic.
clo-ver /'kbuv3(r)/ n [U] low-
growing plant with (usually)
three leaves on each stalk.
clown /klaun/ n [C] 1 person in
a circus performing foolish
tricks, etc. 2 person acting like a
clown. D vi behave like a clown.
club' /kUb/ n [C] 1 heavy stick
used as a weapon. 2 stick with a
curved head for playing golf. 3
playing-card with black leaf-like
designs. 4 society of persons
who meet for sport, social enter-
tainment, 6 building(s) used
etc.
by such a society, o vt/i (-bb-)
hit witha club(1). -^ to-
gether, join (together) They : of)body of men on police duty
'\^bed together to buy a house.
cluck /kkk/ VI, n [C] (make the)
noise made by a hen.
clue /klu:/ n [C] fact that suggests
a possible answer to a problem.
'N/less adj (informal) stupid.
clump' /klMnp/ n [C] group (of
trees, shrubs).
clump^ /kUmp/ vi tread heavily:
'^^ about the room.
clumsy /'kl\mzi/ adj (-ier,
1 ungraceful in movement or
construction. 2 tactless; unskil-
ful: a ^
remark, clum^sily adv.
clum-si-ness n [U]
clung /klAq/p/.pp of cling.
clus-ter /'klASt3(r)/ n [C] group
of things close together, a vi
form a close group round.
clutch /kUtJ/ take
vt/i (try to)
hold of tightly with the hand(s).
a n [C] 1 act of clutching. 2(pl)
control: He's in her />^es. 3 dev-
67 clothe /cob
ice in eg a motor-car for con-
necting the engine to the gear-
box.
ciut-ter /'klAt3(r)/ vt make un-
tidy, a /i [U] disorder.
(co/- coach' /ksutj/ n [C] 1 bus for
long-distance travel. 2 (US =
car) railway carriage. 3 carriage
pulled by horses.
coach^ /kautj/ n [C] 1 teacher,
esp one who gives private les-
sons. 2 person who trains ath-
letes for contests, a vt/i teach or
train.
co-agu-late /(ksu'sgjuleit/ vt/i
(of liquids) become thick; clot,
as blood does in air. co-
agulation /i[U]
coal /kaul/ n [C,U] (piece oQ
black mineral that bums.
•'x.f ace, exposed surface of coal
in a mine. '>'field, district
where coal is mined, ''^/-gas,
gases made from coal, '-^^mine,
mine from which coal is dug.
'<>i'miner, man who works ia a
coalmine.
co-alesce /,k303'les/ vi come
together and unite.
co-ali-tion /.ksua'UJn/ n 1 [U]
uniting. 2 [Cj union of political
parties for a sp>ecial purpose.
coarse /kD:s/ adj (-r, -si) 1 not
fine and small; rough, lumpy. 2
(of language, etc) vulgar, -v^ly
adv. <-vness n [U]
coarsen /'kosn/ v/// make or be-
come coarse.
coast' /kaust/ n [C] seashore and
land near it. ''>^guard, (officer
on the coast. ''X'line, line of the
coast. '>^al adj
coast^ /kaust/ vt/i 1 go in a ship
along the coast. 2 ride (a bicycle,
etc) down a hill without using
pKDwer.
coat /kaut/ n [C] 1 outer garment
with sleeves, buttoned in the
front. 2 covering, eg an animal's
hair. 3 layer of, eg paint put on a
-lest) surface, a vt cover with a layer
(eg of paint). ,'X/ of 'arms, de-
sign used by a noble family,
town, etc. ''>^-hanger, device
on which clothes are hung in
wardrobes, etc.
coat-ing /'kautu)/ n [C] thin lay-
er or covering.
coax /kauks/ vt/i 1 persuade a
person to act, by kindness or
patience: / '^ed her into coming
with me. 2 get by coaxing.
cob /kob/ n [C] 1 short-legged
cobble/coin 68

horse. 2 (also ^corn--^) inner rules and principles: a of be- ^

part of an ear of maize: corn on haviour. 2 system of signs, secret
ihe'^. 3 male swan. writing to ensure secrecy.
cobble' /'kobl/ n [C] (also i^- break a ->-, discover how to in-
sione) round, smooth stone used terpret a code(2). a vt (also
for paving, d vi pave with these en'^ /en'kaud/) put into a
stones. code(2).
cobble' /'kobl/ vt (dated) mend co-ed /kao 'ed/ n [C] (informal)
(esp shoes), cobbler n [C] (dat- (student at a) co-educational
ed) = shoe-repairer. school.
co-bra /'kaubra/ n [C] poisonous co-educa-tion /,kau ,ed3u-
snake of Asia and Africa. 'keijn/ n [U] education of boys
cob-web /'kobweb/ n [C] spid- and girls together, -^al adj
er's web. co-erce /,kau'3:s/ vt use force to
co-caine /kau'kem/ n [U] drug make (a person) do something,
used as a local anaesthetic. etc. co-ercion/keu'3:Jn/ n [U]
cock' /kok/ n [CJ male bird, esp use of force to make a person do
adult male chicken. something. co-ercive
cock' /kok/ n [C] 1 tap and spout /keo'3:siv/ adj of, using, co-
for controlling the flow of a ercion.
liquid or a gas. 2 lever in a gun. co-exist Aikauig'zist/ vi exist at
cock' /kok/ V1 1 turn upwards : the same time, "wence n [U]
The horse '^ed its ears. 2 raise (esp) peaceful existence of
the cock of (a gun) ready for fir- states.
ing. cof -f ee
/'kofi/ n 1 [U] bush with
cocka-too /(koka'tu:/ n [C] par- beans used for making a drink;
rot with a crest (1 ). the beans; [C,U] drink made
cock-erel /'koksral/ n [C] young from coffee. 2 light-brown col-
cockV our.
cock-eyed 'kokaid/ adj (si) 1 cof-.fer /'kDfa(r)/ n [C] (esp)
twisted; crooked. 2 badly organ- large, strong box, esp for hold-
ised. ing money.
cockle /'kokl/ n [C] edible shell- cof-fin /'kofin/ n [C] box for a
fish; (also ^'^-shelf) its shell. dead person to be buried in.
cock-ney /'kokni/ adJ, n [C] cog /kog/ n [C] one of the teeth
(characteristic of a) native, esp on a wheel which move the teeth
working-class, of London. of a similar wheel.
cock-pit /'kokpit/ n [C] com- cognac /'konjaek/ n [U] fine
partment in a small aircraft for French brandy.
the pilot. co-habit /,kau'haEbit/ vj (of an
cock-roach /'kokrautj/ n [C] unmarried couple) live together
large, dark-brown insect. as husband and wife. '>^a-tion
cocks-comb /'kokskaum/ n [C] /,kauhaebi'teifn/rt[U]
(esp) red crest of a cockV co-here /,kao'hia(r)/ vi 1 stick
cock-tail/'kDkteil/n[C]1 mixed together; be or remain united. 2
alcoholic drink. 2 mixture of (of arguments, etc) be consis-
fruit, shellfish, etc: fruit '^. tent.
co-coa /'kaukau/ n [U] powder co-her-ent /,kau'hiarant/ adj 1
of crushed cocoa seeds; hot sticking together. 2 (of speech,
dnnk made from this. argument) well-organized;
coco-nut /'kaukanAt/ n [C,U] clear. '^lyai/v
large seed (of the ^^-palm) filled co-he-sion /,kau'hi:3n/ n [U]
with milky juice and with a solid (force, act of) sticking together.
white lining and a hard shell. co-he-sive /-siv/ adj
cocoon /ka'kurn/ n [C] silky coil /koil/ vtji wind into a conti-
covering made by a caterpillar nuous circular shape, a /i [C] 1
to protect itself while it is a something coiled; a single turn
chrysalis. of something coiled. 2 spiral of
cod /kod/ n^ [C](pl ^) (also wire to conduct electric current.
''^fish) large sea-fish. coin /koin/ n [C,U] (piece oQ
coddle /'kodl/ v/ 1 treat with metal money, a v/ 1 make
great care. 2 cook, eg eggs, in (metal) into coins. 2 invent (esp
water just below boiling-point. a new word). '>^age /'komids/ n
code /kaud/ n [C] 1 system of (a) [U] making coins, (b) [C]

system of coins in use: a decimal
'v. (c) [C] newly invented word.
co-incide /(kaum'said/ vi 1 (of
objects) be the same in area and
outline. 2 (of events) happen at
the same time. 3 (of ideas, etc)
be in agreement.
co-inci-dence /ikau'msidans/ n
[U] the condition of coinciding;
[C] event happening by chance:
Our meeting was a pure '^. co-
inci-den-tal /,k3u,msi'dentl/
flf^' happening by chance.
coke /kauk/ n [U] substance that
remains when gas is taken out of
coal, used as a fuel, a vt turn
(coal) into coke.
col-an-der, cul-len-der
/'kAl3nd9(r)/ n [C] vessel with
many small holes, used to drain
water from vegetables.
cold' /kauld/ adj (-er, -est) 1 of
low temperature, have '>^ feet,
feel afraid or reluctant, throw
'V. water on sth, discourage
it. 2 unkind; unfriendly: a
(fig)
-v. welcome. ,'>^-'blooded adj
(a) having blood that varies
with the temperature (eg rep-
tiles), (b) (%) (of persons, their
actions) without emotion, j*^-
'hearted adj without
sympathy, give sb the '>^-
shoulder. ignore him. ^'^
'war, struggle for superiority
using propaganda, etc without
fighting. '>^ness n [U]
cold' /kauld/ n 1 [U] low temper-
ature (esp in the atmosphere).
(be left) out in the ^, (Jig)
(be) ignored. 2 [C,U] illness
{catarrh) of the nose or throat:
carc/i(a)~.
col-lab-or-ate /ks'lsbareit/ vi
work in partnership. 2 '^ with,
co-operate, esp with the enemy.
coMab-or'ation n [U]. col-
lab-orator, person who col-
laborates.
col-lage /'kDla:3/ n [C] picture
made by combination of bits of
paper, photographs, etc.
coMapse /ka'laeps/ vt/i 1 fall
down The building '^d in the
: tion
earthquake. 2 lose physical
strength, mental powers, ey^ 3
(of eg a chair) fold up. a n[C]
collapsing. col-laps-ible,
-able /-abl/ adj that can be col-
lapsed (3) (for packing, etc).
col-lar /'kDl9(r)/ n [C] 1 part of a
garment that fits round the
neck. 2 band of leather, etc put
round the neck of a dog or other
69 coincide/colonize
animal, d vt seize (roughly) by
the collar, ''x/bone, bone join-
ing the shoulder and the breast
bone.
col-league /'kDli:g/ n [C] person
working with others.
col-lect /ko'lekt/ vt/i 1 bring
together; get from a number of
persons or places. 2 save
(stamps, etc), eg as a hobby. 3
come together: a crowd '^ed. 4
fetch: -^ a child from school. 5 re-
cover control of: ^ one's
thoughts, '^ed adj (esp of a per-
son) calm; not distracted.
col'lec-tion n (a) [U] collect-
ing; [C] instance of this, (b)
group of objects that have been
collected, (c) [C] money collect-
ed (at a meeting, a Church ser-
vice, etc), 'x.i ve adj of a group or
society as a whole. '>^ive noun,
(gram) one that is singular in
form but stands for many indi-
viduals, as cattle, crowd, '^or n
[C] person who collects.
col-lege /'kolids/ n [C] 1 school
for higher education; part of a
university. 2 union of persons
with common purposes: the C-^
of Surgeons.
col-lide /kd'laid/ vi 1 come
together violently; crash. 2 be
opposed: The two politicians '^d
over the new law.
col-lier /'kDli3(r)/ n [C] 1 coal-
miner. 2 ship that carries coal.
col-liery /'koliari/ n [C] (/?/ -ies)
coalmine.
col-li-sion /ka'lisn/ n [C,U] 1
colliding; crash. 2 opposition;
clash.
col-loquial /ks'bukwisl/ adj(o(
1 words, style) suitable for ordi-
nary conversation; not formal
or literary. '>^ly adv. '>^ism, col-
loquial word or phrase.
col-lu-sion /k9'lu:3n/ n [U] se-
cret agreement for a deceitful
purpose: be in '^.
co-Ion' /'kaubn/ n [C] lower part
of the large intestine.
co-Ion' /'kaubn/ n [C] punctua-
mark (:).
co-lonel /'k3:nl/ n [C] army offic-
er above a major.
co-lo-nial /ka'bunial/ adj of a
colony or colonies, a n [C] in-
habitant of a colony (1 ). -^^ism,
policy of having colonies(l).
'N^ist, supporter of colonialism.
col-on-ist /'kobnist/ n [C]
pioneer settler in a colony ( 1 )
col-on-ize /'kobnaiz/ vt begin a
colonnade /come 70

colony, col-on-iz'ation n [U] ly. 3 -x/ out. (fig) take out (un-

col-on-nade /jkob'neid/ n [C] wanted things, persons) from a

rowofcolumns(1 ). group.
col-ony /'kobni/ n (C) (pi -ies) 1 com-bat /'kombat/ n [C], vt/i
country settled by people from fight; struggle.
another country, and controlled com-bat-ant /'kombatant/ adj
by it; group of people who settle fighting. D n [C] person who
2 group of people with the same fights.
nationality or occupation, living com-bi-na-tion /(kombi'neijn/
together. n 1 [U] state of being joined:
color (^'S^ = colour. work in ~
with. 2 [C] number of
co-lossal /ka'losl/ adj very persons or things that are
large joined. 3 numbers needed to
co-los-sus /ka'losas/ n [C] (pi -si open the lock of a safe, etc.
/-sai/, '>^s) 1 very large statue com-bine^ /kam'bam/ vt/i
(esp of a man). 2 very large per- (cause to) join together.
son. com-bine^ /'kombatin/ n [C]
col-ourUUS = color) /'kAl3(r)/ group of persons, companies,
n 1 [C,U] sensation produced in etc joined for a purjwse. ,'n/-

the eye by rays of light of differ- 'harvester, machine that both

ent wavelengths: Red. blue and cutsand threshes (grain).
yellow are ^.s. 2 [U] redness of com-bust-ible /kam'bAStabl/
the face, be I feel/ look off '^, adj . n [C] (substance) that
{informal) be/look unwell. 3 (pi) catches fire and bums easily.
materials used by artists; paint. com-bus-tion /kam'bAStJan/ n
4 [U] (of events, descriptions) [U] process of burning.
interest; lively detail. 5 (pi) flag come /kAm/ v/ (pt canrie /keun/;
(of a ship), with flying '^s. pp ~) 1 move towards the
with great success. 6 race other speaker; arrive where the speak-
than European. ''>^-bar, social er is. 2 reach (a particular level,
distinction between white and point): Your bill ^^s to £20. -v. to
coloured races. '<-w-blind adj an agreement, agree. -^^ to
unable to distinguish between light, be revealed. 3 ^ fo sb.
certain colours. '>^f ul adj full of occur to: The idea came to him in
colour; exciting. his bath. 4 begin: -^ to realize
oo\0'Ur'(US =
color) /'kAl3(r)/ something. 5 occur; be found:
vtji1 give colour to. 2 blush. 3 May ~5 between April and June.
change or misrepresent in some 6 be; become: The handle has "^
way: News is often '^ed. '^ed loose, -v. true, (of wishes,
adj (b) having the colour speci- dreams) be realized. 7 be in the
fied: ^cream-'^ed. (b) (of per- future: in years to '^. S '>^
sons) not wholly of European about, happen. -^ across
descent, '^'ing, (esp) (a) colour (sb/sth), find or meet by
of the skin (showing health). chance. '^ along, (a) (impera-
colt /kault/ n [C] young male tive) try harder; hurry up. (c)
horse. c> filly, '-x^ish adj like a progress: The garden is coming
colt; frisky. along nicely, (d) arrive. '>^
col-umn /'kobm/ n [C] 1 tall apart, fall to pieces. '^ back,
pillar supporting part of a build- return. '^ back (to one), re-
ing, or standing alone. 2 some- turn to the memory. Hence
thing shaped like a column. 3 ''>'back n return to power,
vertical division of a printed fame. ^ before sb, be dealt
page. 4 numbers arranged under with by: 'v- before a judge, 'v, be-
one another; soldiers, ships, one tween, interfere with, -v, by
behind the other. sth, obtain. '^ down, (a) col-
coma /'kauma/ n [C] unnatural lapse, (b) (of rain, prices, etc)
deep sleep usually from injury or fall, 'x/ down in the world,
illness. lose social position. Hence, ^"^
comb /kaum/ n[C] 1 piece of down n. ^ down in favour
metal, plastic, etc with teeth for of sb/sth, decide to support.
making the hair tidy. 2 part of a '^ down to, (a) reach to. (b)
machine hke a comb. 3 = can be reduced to: Your choices
honeycomb, a vt/i 1 use a comb '>- down to these, (c) (of tradi-
on (the hair). 2 search thorough- tions, etc) be handed down. -x.
 71 comedian /commend
/r, (a) (of the tide) rise, (b) be- a person who is suffering: words
come fashionable, (c) be of '^. 3 [C] person or thing that
received as income, etc. 'v. into, brings relief or help, a vt give
inherit. '>^ of. be the result of: comfort to. '>^able /'kAmftabl/
Nothing will ^ of it. '>^ of age, adj (a) giving comfort to the
C> age^l). ^ off (sth), be- body: a ~
chair j bed. (b) having
come separated (from): A button comfort: a '^ life, (c) free from
has '^ off my coat. '^ off. (a) pain, anxiety, etc. 'X/ably adv in
take place: Did your holiday ever a comfortable manner.
'^ off? (b) (of plans) succeed: comic /'komik/ adJ 1 causing
The experiment did not '^ off. -^ people to laugh. 2 of comedy, d
on, (a) follow, (b) (as a chal- n [C] 1 magazine with comic
lenge): C^ on! (c) develop; im- strips. 2 comedian. '>^ strip,
prove: Your singing is coming on. series of drawings telling an
(d) (of rain, night, illness, etc) amusing story. '>^al adJ
begin. '>^ out. (a) appear; be- com-ing /'kAmiq/ n [C] arrival:
come visible, (b) become the ^of winter, a adj future: the
known; be published: When will '^ months.
your book '^out? (c) (of work- comma /'kDma/ n [C] punctua-
men) strike, (d) (of details, etc tion mark (,). c> inverted com-
in a photograph) appear, (e) (of mas.
stains, etc) be removed. '>^ out com-mand^ /k9'ma:nd/ n 1 [C]
in, be (partly) covered in (spots, order. 2 [U] authority; power (to
etc). -^ over sb. (of feelings) control): Who's in ^here? 3 [C]
take possession of: What has ~ part of an army, air force, etc
over you? -v. round, (a) come under separate command: Bom-
by an indirect route, (b) visit, ber C^. 4 [U] possession and
(c) occur again: My
birthday skill: '^ of the English language.
will soon '^ round, (d) change com-mand^ /ka'mornd/ vt/i 1
one's views, etc. (e) regain con- order. 2 have authority over: ^
sciousness, 'v/ through, (a) re- an army. 3 be in a position to
cover from a serious illness or use: He ^s great sums of money.
injury, (b) arrive (by telephone, 4 deserve and get: ~
respect. 5
radio, etc). '>^ 'fo, = come (of a place) overlook. 'N^ing adj
round (e). '^ under sth. (a) com-man-dant /ikomsn'dsnt/
be in (a certain category, etc), n [C] ofTicer in command of a
(b) be subjected to: ~
under her military establishment.
influence. '^ up. (a) (of seed, com-man-deer /|kDm3n'di3(r)/
etc) show above the ground, (b) vt seize (provisions etc) for mili-
arise; be put forward: The ques- tary purposes.
tion hasn't '^ up yet. -^ up com-man-der /k3'ma:nd3(r)/ n
against, meet op-
(difficulties, [C] person in command.
position). ^ up (to), reach: com-mand-ment /k9'ma:nd-
The water came up to my waist. msnt/ n [C] divine command.
'>^up with, produce; find: '^ com-mando /ka'mamdau/ n [C]
up with a solution. "^^ upon, at- {pi ~s or ~es) (member of a)
tack by surprise; arrive at sud- body of troops specially trained
denly. for carrying out raids.
com-edian /k3'mi:di3n/ n [C] 1 com-mem-orate /ks'mem-
comic actor. 2 person who be- areit/ vt honour the memory of
haves in a comic way. (a person, event), com-mem-
com-edienne /k9,mi:di'en/ n [C] or-ation /-'reijn/ n (a) [U] act
female comedian. of commemorating, (b) [C]
com-edy /'komadi/ n (pi -ies) 1 (part of a) service in memory of
[U] drama that deals with hu- a person or event, com-mem-
morous events. 2 [C] amusing or-ative /ka'memrativ/ adj.
play. 3 [C,U] amusing incident com-mence /ks'mens/ vtji {for-
in real life. mal) begin; start. '>^ment, be-
comet /'komit/ n [C] heavenly ginning.
body with a bright centre and corn-mend /ko'mend/ vt {for-
tail that moves round the sun. mat) 1 praise: ~ his brave ac-
corn-fort /'kAmfat/ n 1 [U] state tions. 2 -^ sth to. give for
of being free from suffering, an- safekeeping to. '>^able /-abl/ adj
xiety, pain, etc. 2 [U] kindness to worthy of praise.
commensurate/confimunion72

com-mensurate /ks'men- attend to special business.

Jurat/ adj equal to; suitable for: commod-ity /ka'modati/ n [C]
pay '^ with the work done. {pi -ies) useful thing, esp an ar-
com-ment /'koment/ n [C.U] of trade.
ticle
brief opinion; criticism, a v/ give com-mon^ /'koman/ adj (-er,
opinions. -est) 1 belonging to many per-
coni>men-tary /'komdntn/ n sons or all members of a group..
[C] (pi -ies) 1 collection of com- 2 usual and ordinary. 3 (of per-
ments, eg on a book. 2 descrip- sons, their possessions) inferior;
tion of an event as it happens a vulgar. ,^ 'ground, (Jig)
'K, on a football match. agreed basis for discussion, etc.
commentate /'komantcit/ vi ,'>^ 'knowledge, what is gener-

give a commeniary(2) (on). ally known. I'x/ 'law, (in En-

comrnenta-tor, person who gland) unwritten law based on
gives a radio or TV commentary customs and earlier legal deci-
on, eg a horse-race. sions. ''-Noplaceadj ordinary.
com-merce 'komars/ n [U] 1 />^.room, sitting-room for
trade (esp between countries). 2 teachers or students in a college,
the exchange and distribution of school, etc. |'>^ 'sense, practic-
goods. al good sense based on ex-
com-mer-cial ka'maijl/ adj of perience. '>-ly adv (a) usually,
commerce, n n [C] advertise- (b) inacommon(3) way.
ment on TV or radio. '>^ com-mon^ /'koman/ n 1 [C] area
'radio/'television, financed of unfenced grassland for all to
by advertising. '>^ 'traveller, use. 2 in '^. for or by all (of a
person who travels around sel- group), haye in '^ (with),
ling goods. '>^'vehicle, van, share (with).
lorry, etc for the transport of com-moner /'komanaCr)/ n [C]
goods. 's^Xy adv not one of the nobility.
com-miser-ate /ka'mizareit/ Commons /'komanz/ n pi the
nji express sympathy for: '^ '^, (usually the ^House of ''>-) as-
with him after he had lost the sembly of the British Parliament
fight, commise'ration n [C, elected by the people.
ul com-mon-wealth /'koman-
commission /ka'nujn/ n 1 wel0/ n [C] 1 people of a nation.
[C,U] the giving of authority to 2 association of States (eg the
a person to act for another. 2 [U] C~ of Australia). 3 the C'^. as-
payment for selling goods, made sociation of independent states
to a salesman, agent. 3 [C] offi- (formerly colonies of GB).
cial paper appointing an officer com-mo-tion /ka'maujn/ n (C,
in the armed services. 4 [C] body U] noisy confusion.
of persons appointed to make com-mu-nal /'komjonl/at^'l of
an inquiry, a vt give a commis- or for a community. 2 for com-
sion to. mon use.
com-mis-sion-aire /ksimijo- com-mune^ /'komjum/ n [C] 1
'ne3(r)/ n [C] uniformed porter (in France) smallest administra-
at the entrance to a hotel, etc. 2 group of people
tive district.
com-mis-sioner /k3'mij3n3(r)/ living together and sharing
n [C] 1 member of a commis- property and responsibilities.
sion (4). 2 government rep- com-mune^ /ka'mju:n/ vi feel in
resentative: the British High C~ close touch with.
in Accra. com-muni-cate /ka'mju:nikeit/
com-mit /ka'rait/ vt (-tt-) 1 per- vtji 1pass on (news, an illness,
form 2 hand over
(a crime, etc). 2 share or exchange (news,
etc).
to, forguarding or treatment: ~ etc):~ by telephone. 3 (of
a patient to a mental hospital. 3 rooms, etc) be connected.
^ oneself (to...), make com-muni'cation n (a) [U]
oneself responsible: He has ^ted the act of communicating, (b)
himself to supporting his [C] piece of news; letter, (c) [C,
brother's children, o^ment n [C] U] means of communicating.
(esp) something to which one is com-municat-ive /ka'mju:-
commitied(3). nikativ/ adj willing to give infor-
com-mit-tee /ka'miti/ n [C] mation.
group of persons appointed to com-mu-nion /ka'mjurnian, n 1

[U] sharing of thought and feel-
ings. Holy '^. (in the Christian
Church) celebration of the
Lord's Supper.
com-munique ks'mjuinikei/ n
[C] official announcement.
com-mu-nism /'kDmjjjnizam n
[U] (belief in a) social system in
which means of production are
owned by the community.
com-mu-nist n [C] supporter
of communism, d adj of
communism.
com-mun-ity /ks'mjuinali/ n [C]
{pi -ies) 1 [CJ the '^, all the
people living in one place. 2 [C]
group of persons with common
interests. 3 [U] condition of
sharing, having things in com-
mon: ^ of interests.
com-mute ;k3'mju:t' vtU 1 ex-
change one thing (esp one kind
of payment) for another. 2 re-
duce the severity of a punish-
ment. 3 travel regularly between
one's work and one's home.
corn-muter, person who com-
mutes(3).
corn-pact^ kam'paekt' adj
closely packed together; neatly
fitted, -^ly adv. --wness n [U]
corn-pact^ /'kompaekt/ n [C]
small, fiat container for face-
powder.
com-pan-ion /kam'paenian;
[C] person who works with, or
often with, another. '>^ship,
state of being companions.
com-pany /'kAmpani/ n {pi -ies)
1 [U] being together with an-
other or others: Old people are
bored without ~. 2 [U] group of
persons; guests. 3 [U] persons
with whom one spends one's
lime: That boy keeps very bad^.
4 [C] business organization. 5
[C] number of persons working
together: a theatrical '^. 6 [C]
section of an infantry battalion.
com-par-able /'komprabl adj
that can be compared.
comparative /kam'paerativ
adj 1 of a comparison or com-
paring. 2 measured by compar-
ing: living in ^
comfort. 3 {gram)
form of adjectives and adverbs
expressing 'more', a n [C] com-
parative form: 'Better' is the
of 'good', '-wly adv
com-pare /kam'peaCr); v7//1 ex-
amine, judge to what extent per-
sons or things are similar. 2
point out the similarity of. 3 ->-
with, be able to be compared.
73 communique/compile
comparison kam'paerisn n 1
[U] by /in(with), when
-^
compared 2 [C] act of
(with),
comparing. 3 [U] equality of
value: there is no -^ between
them.
compartment k3m'pa:t-
mant n [C] section; separate di-
vision, eg in a railway carriage.
com-pass 'kAmpss, n [C] {pi
-^es) 1 device with a needle that
points to magnetic north. 2 {pD
(also a pair of-^es) V-shaped in-
strument used for drawing
circles, etc. 3 extent; range: out-
side the -^^ of her voice.
com-pas-sion /kam'paejn/ n [U]
pity; feeling for the sutTerings of
others, --wate -JanM ac// show-
ing or feeling compassion.
com-pat-ibie kam'piEtsbl, adj
(of ideas, people, principles, etc)
able to exist together with.
compatiblyac^v
com-pa-triot kam'paetriat/ n
[C] person of the same country
as another.
com-pel kom'pel, vt (-II-) force
(a person to do something).
compen-sate 'kompenseit
vr make a suitable payment,
/'
give something, to make up (for
loss, injury, etc), com-pen'sa-
tion n fC.U] compensating;
n something given to compensate.
is com-pere 'kDmpe3(r) n [C] or-
ganizer of an entertainment who
introduces the performers, etc. a
vt act as compere for.
com-pete ksm'pirt/ vi take part
,
in a race, contest, etc: to ^
against with others.
com-petence /'kDmpitgns, n 1
[U] being competent: ability. 2
(of a court, etc) legal power.
com-pet-ent adj having abil-
ity, authority, knowledge, etc
(to do what is needed), com-
petent-ly a(2^v
com-pe-ti-tion ikompa'tijn/ n
1 [U] competing; rivalry. 2 [C]
instance of competing; contest.
com-peti-tive /kom'petativ/
adj
com-peti-tor k3m'petit9(r)/ n ,
[C] person who competes.
com-pi-la-tion /(kompi'leiju/ n
~ [U] compiling: [C] thing that is
compiled.
com-pile kam'pail' vt collect
(information) and arrange (in a
book, list, etc), com-piler, per-
son who compiles 'a dicticnay,
etc).
 I

complacence /compress 74

complacence kam'pleisns, n adj helping to form (a complete

[U] feeling of personal content- thing), a n [C] part of a larger or
ment, satisfaction com-pla- more complex objecticar '^s.
cency n [U] complacent adj com-pose kam'paJz/ vt/i 1
com-plain ksin'plcin say vi make by putting things to-
that one is not satisfied, that gether.2 put together (words,
something is wrong: '^ about the music, etc): -^ a poem,
food. symphony. 3 {printing) set up
com-plaint kam'plemt' n 1 [C] (type) to form pages, etc. 4 get
statement of dissatisfaction. 2 under control: ~ one's thoughts.
illness; disease. composed adj calm, com-
com-ple-ment 'komplimant/ n poser n [C] (esp) person who
[C] 1 which makes some-
that composes music.
thing complete: Wine is the per- com-pos-ite 'kompazit/ adj
fect '^ toa meal. 2 total number: made up of different parts or
A ship's -^ of men. 3 (gram) materials.
word(s) used after verbs such as com-po-si-tion ikompa'zijn/ n
be and become, a vi complete; be 1 [U] act or art of composing. 2
the complement to. -«wary [C] that which is composed. 3
-'mentri aaj. [C] (esp) exercise in writing; es-
com-plete^ kam'pliu/ adj 1 say. 4 [U] theparts of which
having all its parts; whole. 2 fin- something is made up.
ished; ended. 3 thorough; in com-posi-tor k3m'pDZit3(r)/ n
every way a ~
surprise. '>-ly adv [C] person who composes type
in every way. ^ness n [U] for printing.
com-piete^ kam'plirt vt finish; com-post /'kompost/ n [U] mix-
bring to an end; make perfect: ~ ture, esp of rotted food, etc for
a course in English a painting. use as a fertiliser.
com-pletion^>[U] com-po-sure /kam'pausafr)/ n
com-plex^ 'kompleks/ ac//made [U] calmness; control of one's
up of many different parts; diffi- feelings: lose i regain one 5 'n..
cult to understand or explain. com-pound^ /'kompaund; n,
^ity kam'plekssti n [C,U] ' made up of two
adj 1 [C] (thing)
com-plex^ 'kompleks, n [C] 1 or more combined parts. 2
number of closely related parts: {gram) word made up of two or
a building ^. 2 mental state of more words, eg safety-pin. j-^
obsessive concern or fear. 'interest, interest on capital
com-plexion /k^m'plekjn/ n [C] and accumulated interest.
1 natural colour of the skin: a com-pound^ /kam'paund/ vtji
dark /fair ^. 2 gfmeral character {formal) 1 mix together: '^
(of affairs, etc). several chemicals. 2 complicate
compliance ksm'plaians/ n (an offence or injury).
[V] action of complying: with ~ com-pound^ 'kompaund/ n [C]
the rules, com
-p i -ant adj obe- enclosed area with buildings,
dient. etc.
com-pli-cate 'komplikeit, vt com-pre-hend ikompn'hend/
make complex, complicated vt {formal) 1 understand fully. 2
adj m^dc up of many parts; diffi- include; consist of
cult to do. icompli'cation n com«pre-hension ikompri-
[C] 'henjn n 1 [U] the mind's power
com-plic-ity kam'plisati/ n [U]
,
of understanding. 2 [C,U] exer-
taking part with another person: cise to improve one's under-
prove his -^ in the crime. standing, comprehen-sible
com-pli-ment /'koraplmisnt/ n /-'hensabl/ adj that can be un-
[C] 1 expression of admiration, derstood fully, com-pre-hen-
approval, etc. 2 (pi) greetings, a sive adj including much a -»^

vt /'komphment/ express admi- description. ^com-pre'hen-

ration, etc. ^ary /-'mentri/ adj sive (school), that provides
(a) expressing admiration, (b) all types of secondary educa-
free of charge: -^^ary tickets. tion, com-pre-hensive-ly adv
com-ply /kam'plai/ vi (pt,pp com-press^ /ksm'pres/ vt 1
-ied) '^ (with), agree (to do); press, get into a small(er) space.
obey (a command, wish, etc). 2 put (ideas, etc) into fewer
com-ponent /kam'paunant/ words.
 75 compress / concord
corn-press^ /'kompres/ n [C] ed: lose one's '>^. '>^ camp, place
pad or cloth pressed on to part where civilian political prisoners,
of the body (to stop bleeding, are brought together.
etc). '>^ion /kam'prejan/ n [U] con-cen-tric /kan'sentrik/ adj
compressing; being compressed. (of circles) having a common
com-prise /kara'praiz/ vt be centre.
composed of; have as parts. con-cept /'konsept/ n [C] gen-
com-pro-mise /'kompramaiz/ n eral idea of something
[C,U] settlement of a dispute by con-cep-tion /kan'sepjn/ n 1
which each side gives up some- [U] conceiving of an idea; [C]
thing it has asked for. d vtii 1 idea. 2conceiving(2).
make a compromise. 2 put in a con-cern^ /kan'sarn/ vt 1 affect;
'dangerous or embarrassing pos- be of importance to: So I As far
ition. as I'm -^ed. 2 be busy with, in-
. .

com-pul-sion /kam'pAlJn/ n 1 terest oneself in. 3 worry: '^ed

[U] act of compelling. 2 [C] for/aboul her safety, ^^-'ing prep
strong desire, urge, com-pul- = about2(3).
sive adj caused by an irrational con-cern^ /kan's3:n/ n 1 [C]
desire: a compulsive desire to kill. something of interest or impor-
com-pul-sory /ksm'pAlsari/ adj tance. 2 [C] business or under-
that must be done; required. taking: a profitable ^. 3 [U] an-
com-pulsor-ily /-sarali/ adv xiety: a cau^e /or ~.
com-punc-tion /k9m'pAt)kJn/ n con-cert /'konsat/ n 1 [C] music-
[U] uneasiness of conscience; al entertainment. 2 [U] agree-
doubt: kill him without ^. ment; harmony.
com-pu-ter /k9m'pju:t3(r)/ n [C] con-certed /kan's3:tid/ adj
electronic device 'which stores, planned, performed (together):
analyses and produces informa- make a ~ effort.
tion as required, '^^ize /-raiz/ vt con-cer-tina /ikonsa'tiina/ n [C]
store (information) with or in a (pi '^s)musical wind instrument
computer. held in the hands.
com-rade /'komreid/ n [C] 1 con-certo /kan'tjeatau/ n [C] (pi
trusted companion; loyal friend. ~s) musical composition for a
2 fellow member of a trade solo instrument supported by an
union, a (left-wing) political orchestra.
party, etc. '>^ship n [U] con-ces-sion /kan'sejn/ n [U]
con /icon/ vt (-nn-j (informal) conceding; [C] that which is con-
deceive, trick, a n [C] trick. ceded: make'^s to the enemy.
con-cave /'korjkeiv/ adj curved con-cili-ate /kan'silieit/ vr win
inwards. the goodwill of; calm the anger
con-ceal /ksn'siil/ vt hide; keep of. con-cili'ation n [U]. con-
secret. 'x/ment«[U] cili-atory /kan'siliaian/ adj
con-cede /kan'sird/ v7 admit (de- wishing or likely to conciliate.
feat); grant; allow (a right). con-cise /kan'sais/ adj giving
con-ceit /kan'sirt/ n [U] too high much information in few words:
opinion of oneself, '^ed adj. a ^N^ report, -v-ly adv. '>i'ness n
'^ed-lyadv [U]
con-ceive /kan'siiv/ vt/i 1 form con-elude /kan'klu:d/ vtji 1
(an idea) in the mind. 2 (of a come or bring to an end. 2 ar-
woman) become pregnant. range : ~ an agreement. 3 arrive
con-ceiv-able /-sbl/ adj that at a belief: The jury that the ^d
can be believed, con-ceiv-ably man was not guilty, con-elu-
adv sion /kan'klu:3n/ /» [C] (a) end.
con-cen-trate /'konsntreit/ vt/i (b) decision; settlement.
1 bring or come together at one con-clus-ive /kan'klursiv/ adj
point. 2 keep one's attention on: (of evidence, etc) convincing.
-N. on one's work. 3 increase the '>^\yadv
strength of (a solution) by re- con-coct /kan'kDkt/ vt 1 pre-
ducing its volume, a n [C] pro- pare by mixing together. 2 in-
duct made by concentrating(3) vent (a story, etc), con'coc-
con-cen-tra-tion /(konsn- tion n [U] mixing; [C] mixture.
'treijn / n 1 [C] that which is con- con-cord /'kDr)ka:d/ n [C,U]
centrated: troop ^5. 2 [U] con- agreement or harmony (be-
centrating or being concentrat- tween persons or things).
concourse/confession 76

con-course 'korikois n [C] 1 [C] (usually pf) expression of

coming or moving together. 2 sympathy.
place where crowds come con-done kan'daun' vt over-
together. look or forgive (an offence).
concrete 'koQkrirt at/yl exist- con-duc-ive ksn'djuisiv/ adj
ing in material form. 2 definite: helping to produce: ^
lo health.
'^ evidence a n [U] building con-duct^ 'kondAkt/ n (U) 1
material made by mixmg cement behaviour. 2 manner of manag-
with sand, gravel, etc. a vt cover ing affairs.
with concrete. conduct' kan'dAkt w// 1 lead
concur k3n'k3:(r)/ vi {-rr-) (for- or guide; -^ tourists round a city.
mal) 1 agree. 2 (of circum- 2 control; manage. 3 direct (an
stance-j. etc) happen together orchestra). 4 behave. 5 (of sub-
^s^rence kan'kArans n fu) ag- stances) allow (heat, electric cur-
reement. '>-rent adj. 's-rent-ly rent) to pass along or through.
adxdi the same lime. con'duction -Jn n [U] trans-
con-cuss kon'kAS vrfnjurefthe mission, eg of electric current
bram) by a hard blow, con- along wires, -^^ive adj able to
'cussion/j(C,U] transmit (heat. etc), '^or n [C]
con-demn kan'dem/ vt 1 say (a) person who conducts an or-
that a person has done wrong. 2 chestra, (b) person who collects
(legal) give judgement against: fares on a bus. (c) substance
'^ed to death. 3 force (to do that conducts heat or electric
something unwelcome). 4 de- current. ~ress n [C] woman
clare (buildings) unfit for conductor(b).
use.'>>'a-tion .kDndam'neifn/ n cone kaun, n [C] 1 solid body
lU] which narrows to a point from a
con-densa-tion (konden- round, flat base. 2 something of
'seijnn 1 [U] condensing or be- this shap>e: an ice-cream ^. 3
ing condensed. 2 [C.U] drops fruit of certain evergreen trees.
formed when vapour condenses. con-fec-t!on ksn'fekjan; n
con-dense kan'dens' v// 1 (of (formaf) [C] mixture of sweet
a liquid) (cause to) increase in things; sweet cake. '>^er, person
density or strength; ^ed milk. 2 who makes and sells pastry,
(of a gas or vapour) (cause to) pies, cakes, etc. ^^.ery n (a) [0]
change to a liquid. 3 put into sweets, chocolates, cakes, etc.
fewer words: ^ a speech. (b) [C] (pi -ies) confectioner's
con-den-ser k3n'dens3(r)'/i[C] shop.
1 apparatus for condensing vap- con-feder-acy /kan'fedarasi/ n
our to liquid. 2 apparatus for ac- [C] (pi -ies) union of states, par-
cumulating static electricity. ties or persons.
con-de-scend ikondi'send' v/1 con-fed-er-ate^ kan'fedarat
(agree to) do something below adj joined together by an agree-
one's position, rank: The ment or treaty, a « [C] 1 person
manager ^^ed to talk to the work- or State joined with another. 2
ers. 2 behave as if one is superi- accomplice (in a plot. elc).
or. '>-ing adj con-fed-er-ate^ kar'fedoreit
con-di-ment 'kondimant n Mii bring or come into alliance.
[C.{J]( forma f) = seasoning. con-fed-e ration n [C] al-
con-di-tion' kan'dijn n 1 [C] liance; league of states.
something on which another con-fer k3n'f3:(r)/ vt'i (-rr-) 1
thing depends, on -v. that, onb '^ sth on/upon, give or grant
if; provided that. 2 [U] the (a degree; title, favour). 2 con-
present slate of things: a car in sult or discuss.
good's.. 3 (p/) circumstances. con-fer-ence 'konfarans/ n [C,
con-di-tion^ kan'dijn; v7 1 de- U] (meeting for) discussion; ex-
termine; govern. 2 train: a dog change of views.
-^ed touhey. . con-fess kau'fes' vt i 1 say or
con-di-tional ksn'dijanl udj admit (that one has done
depending on. containing, a wrong). 2 (RC Church) tell
condition. '^ clause, (gram) one's sins to a priest.
one beginning wjth 'il" or 'un- con-fes-sion kan'fejn // [C.l jj

less", '^ly adv 1 admission of guilt. 2 tolling t f

con-dol-ence kon'doulons n one's sins, '^-al -Janl n [C]
 77 confetti /conjugate

place where a priest hears con- the '^ between the police and the
fessions. demonstrators.
con-fetti /kan'feti/ n [U] small con-fuse /kan'fjuiz- v/l put into
bits of coloured paper thrown at disorder; mix up in the mind. 2
weddings, etc. mistake one thing for another.
con-fi-dant /ikonfi'daent/ n [C] confusionA;[Ul
person who is trusted with pri- con-geal ,k3n'd3i:l/ vtn become
vate affairs or secrets. solid (esp by cooling).
con-fide /kan'faid/ vt'i 1 a tell con-gen-ial /k3n'd3i:ni3] adj 1
secret. 2 ~ in. have trust or (of persons) having a similar
faith in. nature, etc. 2 (of occupations,
con-fi-dence n 1
'konfidans; etc) in agreement with one's
[U] (act oQ confiding in or to. in tastes. '>^ly adv
strict '^. expecting something con-geni-tal /kan'dsenitl adj
to be kept secret. 2 [C] secret, (of diseases, etc) present from or
confidential information. 3 [U] before birth.
belief in oneself or others, con- con-gested kan'dsestid, adj
fident adj very sure, confi- too full; overcrowded, con-
dently <7c/v gestion ^([U]
con-fi-den-tial /jkonfi'denjl con-glomerate^ k^n'glom-
adj 1 (to be kept) secret. 2 hav- aratadj. n [C] (made up of a)
ing the confidence of others. number of things put together.
con-fine /kan'fam vt 1 keep con-glomerate^ kan'glom-
withm limits: We '^d the illness oreit 17;/ collect into a mass.
to one village. 2 keep shut up: con-glome'ration n [C,U]
'^d to bed with a cold, con- con-gratu-late kan'grietjuleit
fined (of space) limited; res-
«i// 1/ express pleasure at a person's
tricted, -anient n (a) [U] being success, good fortune, etc: ^
confined, (b) [C.U] giving birth him on his victory, con-
to a child. gratu'lations /; [C] words
con-fines /'konfainz, «/?/ limits; that congratulate.
borders. con-gre-gate 'korigrigeit vt i

con-firm /kan'faim/ vt 1 make come or bring together, con-

(power, ownership, opinions, gre'ga-tion n (a) [U] congreg-
etc) firmer or stronger; provide ating; [C] gathering of people,
proof. 2 agree to (an appoint- (esp) in a church service, con-
ment, etc). 3 admit to member- gre'gationah/t//
ship of the Christian Church. con-gress 'korigres n 1 [C]
'N^ed adj (esp) unlikely to meeting of representati\es for
change. -^a-tion ikonfa- discussion. 2 C^^, lavi -making
meiJan/^tCU] body of US. '^v/man/woman,
con-fis-cate ./'konfiskeit vt member of Congress. '>^ional
seize officially (private kon'grejanf c/c/y

property) without compensa- con-gru-ent 'korigruant adj 1

tion,con-f is'ca-tion n [C,U] suitable; agreeing (with). 2 hav-
con-flict^'konfiikt «[C]1 fight; ing the same size and shape: -^
struggle 2 (of opinions, etc) op- triangles.
position; difference, a kan'flikt con-gru-ous /'korjgroas adj
v/ be opposition.
in suitable; proper (with).
con-form k3n'fD:m/ v// be in coni-cal 'konik adj cone-
agreement with, comply with- shaped.
(rules, regulations) ^
to the law. coni-fer 'kDnif.-)(r) « [C.U] tree
'vist n [C] person who con- (eg pine, fir) that bears cones.
forms. '>^ity n [U] (a) action. ~ous ko'niforos adj
behaviour, in agreement with con-jec-ture kon'd3ektJo(r)
what is usual, accepted, (b) ag- vt i (formal) guess, a /; fC.U]
reement. (formal) guess; guessing, con-
con-found kon'faond vt 1 fill jee turah/r//
with confusion. 2 mi.x up. con- con-ju-gal 'koiid-ogl adi {inr-
fuse (idca;s. etc). mal) of mar.'iage and ucddcd
con-front /kon'fr,\nt/ vi come life; of husb.ind and vMfe.
face to face with; oppose, •-^^a- con-ju-gate /'knnd-)ugcii \i,i
tion |konfi,\n'teiJ"<-jn n [C.m {gram) 1 gi\e ihc Ummis ol a sert^
(instance oD hostile opposition: (lor number, tense. e?c). 2 tola
conjunction/considering 78

verb) have these forms con- after an accuient.

ju'ga-tion n (a) ICU) system con-script kan'skript vt com-
of verb forms, (b) [C] class of pel by law to serve in the armed
verbs conjugated alike. forces. O draft v (2) o /;

con-junc-tion kan'dj-MjkJn/ n 'konskript [C] person who is

1 [C](firam) word that joms conscripted. con'scrip-tion
other words, clauses, etc. eg ami, ,-Jn .j[U]
hut or. 2 [U] joming. in -^ con-se-crate 'konsikreit v/ set

with, together with. 3 [C] com- apart as sacred; make sacred: ~

bination (of events, etc). a church, con-se'cra-tion /;
con-jure 'kAnd33(r), Mido 1 (C.U) (instance oO being consec-
clever tricks which appear mag- rated.
ical. 2 up. (a) cause to ap-
-N^ con-secu-tive kon'sekjutiv
pear as if from nothing, (b) fli// coming one after the other in
compel (a ghost or spirit) to ap- regular order. '>-ly adv
pear conjurer, conjuror, con-sen-sus kan'sepsas/ n [C]
person who performs conjur- (/7/~es) general agreement.
ing(1 ) tricks. con-sent /kan'sent/ vi give per-
connect ka'nekt/ vi/i 1 fasten; mission: ~
to a marraige. a n [U]
link: ~ ihc two ixires together. 2 agreement; permission.
relaie(things)in the mind. con-se-quence /'konsikwans, n
con-nec-tion ka'nekjn, m1 (C. 1 [C] result: the '>^s of his action.
U] connecting; point where two 2 [U] importance: a man of'^.
things are connected, thing con-se-quent 'konsikwant/ a<//
which connects. 2 [C] train air- (formal) following as a conse-
craft, that takes passengers on quence. '>-'ly adv therefore.
the next stage of their journey. 3 con-se-quen-tial /(konsi-
[C] person one knows in busi- 'kwenjl adj {formal) 1 = con-
ness. 4 in -s^ with, concerning. sequent. 2 (of a person) self-
con-nexjon ka'nekjan/ = con- important. ~ly aJv
nection con-ser-va-tion ikonsa'veijn/
con-nive k^'naiv/ vi -w at, lake n [U] preservation (of buildings,
no notice of (what is wrong) the countryside, etc); prevention
connivance/7[U] of loss, waste, etc.
con-nois-seur ,kDn3's3:(r)' n con-serva-tive /kan's3:vativ/
[C] expert (on food, art, etc). adj 1 opposed to change; cau-
connotation ikons'teijn n tious 2 the C'->^ Party, one of
[C] extra meaning suggested by the main political parlies in
a word: Slang words usually have Great Britain, a n [CJ 1 conser-
obscene '^s. vative(l) person. 2 C'-«^, mem-
con-quer /'koijkDfr) vt 1 defeat ber, supporter, of the Conserva-
or overcome enemies. 2 take tive Party, -^^ly adv. con-
possession of by force: a city. ^ serva-tism/7(U]
'>^or, person who conquers. con-serva-tory /kan's3:vatri/ n
con-quest 'kDijkwast/ n 1 [U] [C] (pi -ies) 1 building with glass
act of conquering (eg a country walls and roof in which plants
and its people). 2 [Cfsomething are grown. 2 school of music or
got by conquering. dramatic art.
con-science /'konjans/ n [C,U] con-serve kan'ssrv/ v.' keep
1 sense of right and wrong. 2 from change, loss or destruc-
feeling of guilt, (have sth/sbj tion.D n (usually pi) jam; fruit
on one's '^, (feel) troubled preserved by cooking.
about something one has done. con-sider /kan'sida(r)/ vt 1
con-scien-tious /ikonji'enjss think about. 2 take into ac-
adj 1 guided by one's sense of count: '>^ the feelings of others. 3
duty. 2 (of actions) done care- think that: ~
him in fool.
fully and honestly. ^w,|y adv. considerable /kan'sidarabl/
--^^nessrtfU] adjgrcdl: important.
con-scious /'konjas/ adJ 1 con-sider-ate kan'sidarat/ adj
awake; aware. 2 deliberate He thoughtful (of the needs of
spoke with '^ superiority. ^^^ of, others). '>-'ly adv. con-side'r-
aware of: He was ^
of his mis- ationA7[C,U]
takes, -^ly adv. ^ness
n [U] consider-ing kan'sidariq/
being conscious: regain '^ness prep in view of: He's very well ~

his age.
con-sign /kan'sain/ vt 1 send
(goods, etc) for delivery. 2 hand
over: ~^/jf boy to his brother's
care. '>-'ment n [U] consigning;
[C] goods consigned.
con-sist /kan'sist/ vi 1 '^ of, be
made up of. 2 v in, have as the
chief element.
con-sist-ency /kan'sistansi/ n
ipl -ies) 1 [U] the state of always
behaving in the same way. 2 [C.
U] degree of thickness (e$p of a
liquid), con-sist-ent adj (a)
not ctianging. (b) in agreement.
con-sist-ently adv
con-so-la-tion /ikonsa'leijn/ «
[U] consolin^i 2 [C] person or
thing that consoles.
con-sole^ /kan'sa jl/ vt give com-
fort or sympathy to.
con-sole^ /'konsaul/ n [C] panel
for the controls of electronic
equipment.
con-soli-date /kan'solideit/ vt/i
1 make or become stronger. 2
unite or combine into one.
con-soli'da-tion n [C.U]
con-somme /kan'somei/ n [U]
(Fr) clear, meat soup.
con-son-ant /'konsanant/ n [C]
speech sound produced
(partly) stopping the breath; let-
ter of the alphabet for such a
sound(6,c, J, etc.)
con-sort^ /'konsDU/ n [C] hus-
band or wife, esp of a ruler.
con-sort^ /kan'soit/ vi-^ with,
spend time in the company of.
con-sort-ium /kan'sDitiam/ n
[C] {pi -tia /-tia/) association of
businesses, banks, etc.
con-spicu-ous /kan'spikjuas/
adj easily seen; attracting atten-
tion. '>^\y adv
con-spir-acy /kan'spirasi/ n (pi
-ies) 1 [U] act of conspiring. 2
[C] plan made by conspiring.
con-spira-tor /ksn'spirataCr)/
n [C] person who conspires.
con-spire /k3n'spai9(r)/ vt/i 1
make secret plans (with others):
'^ to kill the king. 2 (of events)
act together; combine.
con-stable /'kAnstabl/ n [C]
{dated) policeman, chief '>-', se-
nior police officer, con-stabu-
lary /kan'staebjubn/ n [C] {pi
-ies) police force.
con-stant /'konstsnt/ adj 1 go-
ing on all the time: ^
noise. 2
{formal) firm; faithful: a
friend, -^ly adv continuously.
con-stancy/i[U]
79 consign/consume
con-stei-la-tion /jkonsta'leijn/
n [C] named group of stars.
con-ster-nation /.kDnsta-
'neijn/ n [U] surprise and dis-
may.
consti-pation /ikonsti'peijn/
n [U] difficult emptying of the
bowels, con-sti-pate /'konsti-
peit/ vr cause constipation.
con-stitu-ency kan'stitjoansi
n [C] {pi -ies) (voters living in a)
town or district that sends a rep-
resentative to Parliament.
con-stitu-ent /kan'stitjuant/
adj 1 having the power or right
to alter a political constitution: a
^ assembly. 2 helping to make a
whole, a n [C] ^ member of a
constituency. 2 necessary part.
con-sti-tute /'kDnslitju:t/ vt 1
establish. 2 make up (a whole).
con-sti-tu-tion /ikonsti'tju.-Jn;
/; [C] 1 laws and principles ac-
cording to which a state is
governed. 2 person's physical
structure and condition. 3
general structure of something.
'>^alcjiy/ of a constitution (1,2).
con-strain /kan'strein/ vt use
force or strong persuasion: I felt
-^^ed to obey, con-straint
by /k9n'streint/«[U]
con-strict /kan'stnkt; vt make
tight or smaller; inhibit.
con'stric-tion -Jn/ n (a) [U]
tightening, (b) [C] feeling of be-
ing constricted.
con-stric-tor /k3n'stnkt3(r)/ n
[C] 1 muscle that tightens or
narrows. 2 c> boa.
con-struct /ksn'strAkt/ vt build.
--N^or, personwho builds things.
con-struc-tion /kan'strAkJn/ n
1 [U] act or manner of con-
structing. 2 [C] structure; build-
ing. 3 [C] meaning; interpeta-
tion: Do not put a wrong -^ on his
action, 'x.al adj of, involving,
construction.
constructive /ksn'strAktiv/
adj helping to construct; giving
helpful suggestions. '>^ly adv
con-sul /'konsl/ n [C] represen-
tative of a State in a foreign
country, '^ar /'kDnsjul3(r)/ adj
of a consul or his work. '>^ate
/'konsjubt/ n [C] consul's posi-
tion or office.
con-suit /kan'sAlt/ vtjigo to a
person, a book, etc for informa-
tion, advice, etc. '>^ant n [C]
~ person who gives expert advice.
'^a-tion /-'teijn/ n [C,U]
con-sume /kDn'sju:m/ vt/i {for-
consumer /contort
maf)^ eat or drink 2 use up: A/v
car '^s a hi of petrol 3 destroN
(by fire) consum-ing
minating: a consuming ambition.
con-sumer k3n'sju:m3(r) n [C]
person who uses (manufac-
tured) goods. O producer(l)
con-sum-mate 'konsameit
1 (formal) make perfect 2 make
complete lesp marriage by sexu-
al intercourse) con-sum'ma-
tion«[C.U]
consumption kan'sAmpJn n
[U] 1 using up. consuming (of
food, energy, etc); the quantity
consumed. 2 (popular name
tuberculosis, con-sump-tive
[C], adj (person) suffermg from
consumption (2).
con-tact 'kontaekt n 1 [U]
touching or communication:
Come into -^ 2 [C] (meeting
with.
with a) person: business -^5. 3
[C] connection (for electric cur-
rent), a \t get in touch with.
con-ta-gion kan'teidsan
[U] the spreading of disease. 2
[C] disease that can be spread by
contact. 3 (fig) the spreading of
ideas, false rumours, etc. con-
tagious adj.
contain ksn'tem/ vt 1 have or
hold within itself: This bottle -^5
two litres of milk. 2 keep feel-
ings, enemy forces, etc
control
con-tainer k3n'tem3<r) «
bottle, box. etc designed to con-
tam something. 2 large metal
box. etc for transport of goods.
contaminate ksn'taemmeit
vt make dirty or diseased: -^d
food, con-tami'na-tion n (a)
[U] contaminating, (b) [C] that
which contaminates.
con-tem-plate 'kontempleit
vt 1 look at; think about. 2 con-
sider doing something,
tem*pla-tion n [U] contem-
plating; deep thought, con-
tem-pla-tive kan'tempbtiv
adj (format) thoughtful.
contemporary kan'tem-
prsri' adj 1 belonging to the
same time. 2 of the present time;
modern, a n [C] (pi -ies) person
of the same age. belonging to the
same period.
con-tempt kan'tempf « [U] 1
despising or being despised. 2
disregard or disrespect: in of
the rules, 's^ible adj deserving
conteinnt. "^u-ous -tjoss adj
showing contempt.
80
contend kan'tend w /I strug-
gle; be competition. 2 argue,
in
adj do- assert (that...), -^er. competi-
tor, rival.
con-tent^ kan'tent adj satis-
fied; happy: -^ to stay at home, a
n [U] the condition of being sat-
\t isfied, a v7 satisfy. '>-ed aJ/ sat-
isfied '>-'ed-ly adv '>^ment n
[L] state of being content.
con-tent* 'kontent .i1 (yj^lhat
which is contained: the ~5 for
her bag. 2 (nf) list of chapters in a
book 3 (Cj text (of a book).
con-ten-tion kan'tenjn «1 [U]
for) quarrelling or arguing. 2 [C] ar-
n gument; point of view, con-
ten-tious adj quarrelsome;
causing argument.
con-test^ 'kontest n [C] fight;
competition. '>^ant kan'tes-
tant person who competes,
,
fights, etc.
con-test* /kan'test vt'i^ argue;
debate. 2 = contend(l).
n 1 con-text 'kontekst n [C,U] 1
sentence, phrase etc m which a
word appears 2 circumstances
in which an event happens.
o^ual kan'tekstjual adj ac-
cording to the context (1 ).
con-ti-nent 'kontmant n [C] 1
one of the main land masses
(Europe. Asia, Africa, etc). 2
under the C-w, the mainland of
Europe, -^al '-'nentl adj (a)
[C] 1 belonging to, typical of. a con-
tinent, (b) of the mainland of
Europe.
con-tin-gency kan'tind3ansi/ n
[C] (pi -ies) possibility; event
that happens by chance: pre-
pared for every '^.
con-tin-gent kan'tmd33nt/ ,j
[C] 1 part of a larger force of
troops, ships. 2 part of a larger
group of persons.
con- con-tin-uai kan'tmjual/ adj
repeated; very frequent. '>^ly
adv again and again; without
slopping.
con-tin ue /kan'tmju:/ vtli 1 go
farther; go on (being or doing).
2 start again after stopping.
con-,tinu'ation n [C,U]
con-ti-nu-ity ,kDnti'nju:ati/ n
[U] the state of being continu-
ous.
continuous kan'tinjuas/ adj ,
going on without a break: a 'v
~ line supply offood, 'v/ly adv
con-tort kan'tD-.t v7 force or
twist out of the usual shape.
con'tor-tion -Jn n [C.U] '
 81 contour/convent

con>tour /'kDntu3{r)/ n [C] out- ence which is clearly seen

line (of a coast, a human figure, con-tra-vene /ikontra'vim/ vt
etc). D vt mark with contour oppose, break (a law, a custom).
lines. line, line (on a map)
''>^ con-traven-tion /kontra-
joining points at the same-height 'venjn, a3[C.U]
above sea-level. con-trib-ute /kan'tnbjuit/ v///1
contra-band 'kDntrabaend; n join with others in giving help,
[U] (trade in) goods brought in- money, ideas, etc. 2 help to
to or taken out of a country ille- cause: ~
to his success. 3 write
gally. (articles, etc) for a periodical.
contra-ception /,kDntr9- ,con-tri'bution n [C,U]. con-
'sepjn/ n [U] method of prevent- tribu-tor, p>erson who contri-
ing the conception of children. butes, contributory adj.
contraceptive n'[C] device con-trive /kan'traiv/ vt'i invent;
or drug intended to prevent con- find a way of doing (something):
ception (2). D adj preventing He ^d to escape punishment.
conception. con-triv-ance n (a) [U] act of
con-tract^ /'kontraekt/ n [C,U] contriving,(b) [C] something
formal agreement (between per- invented.
sons, groups, states), 'x.ual con-trol /ksn'traul/ n 1 [U]
/ksn'trasktjual/ adj of (the na- power to direct, order, or res-
ture oO a contract. train, be/get out of '^, in a
con-tract^ /ksn'traskt/ vt/i 1 be state where authority, etc is lost.
bound, bind, by agreement. 2 2 [C] means of regulating, re-
become liable (for debts). 3 straining: ^5 on pollution. C>
catch (an illness), -^or, person, birth-control. 3 [C] standard of
business firm, that enters into comparison for results of an ex-
contracts. periment. 4 (usually p[) means
con-tract^ /kan'traekt/ vt'i make by which a machine, etc is oper-
or become smaller: metal ~5 ated or regulated, a vt (-II-) 1
when it con'trac-tion
cools, have control of 2 regulate
/-Jn/ n (a) [U] process of becom- (prices, etc). 3 restrain: one's ^
ing smaller, (b) (C] something temper, 'x^ler n [C] person who
contracted. controls a department of a large
con-tra-dict /,kontr3'dikt/ vt 1 organization.
say that a person's opinion is contro-versy /'kDntr3V3:si,
wrong: Don 't ~
your mother. 2 kan'trovasi/ n [C,U.] {pi -ies)
(of facts, statements, etc) be prolonged argument, con-tro-
contrary to (others), con-tra- ver-siai /ikontra'vaijl/ aJ/ caus-
diction /-Jn/ n [C,U]. '^ory adj ing controversy.
contradicting. con-va-lesce /(konva'les/ vi re-
con-tralto /kan'traeltau/ n [C] gain health and strength after an
ipl -^s) lowest female singing illness. con*va-lescence n [U]
voice. (period oO recovery from ill-
con-trap-tion /ksn'traepjn/ n ness, con-va-lescent n [C], adj
[C] {informal) strange apparatus (person who is) recovering from
or device. illness.
con-trary^ /'kontran/ adj 1 -^^ con-vene /ksn'virn/ vt/i 1 call
to, opposite; totally different: (persons) together. 2 come
'^ to what you believe. 2 (of the together (for a meeting, etc).
wind and weather) unfavour- con-vener, person who con-
able (for sailing). 3 {informal) venes meetings.
obstinate; unreasonable, con- convenience /ksn'viinisns/ «
trari-ness /'kontrsrms/ n [C] 1 [U] quality of being conve-
being obstinate. nient. 2 [C] tool, device, etc tnat
con-trary^ /'kontrari/ n [C] {pi is useful or convenient.

-ies) opposite, on the ^, con- con-veni-ent /k3n'vi:ni3nt/ adj

tradicting what has been said. suitable; serving to avoid
to the ^, to the opposite effect. trouble or dilTiculty: a place ^
con-trast /kan'traist/ vtii 1 to stay, 'v/ly adv
compare so that differences are con-vent /'konvsnt; n [C] 1 so-
made clear. 2 show a difference: ciety of nuns. c> monastery. 2
His paintings '^ favourably with building(s) in which they live
yours, n /'kontrarst/ n [C] differ- and work.
convention/copper 82

conven-tion /kan'venjn/ n 1 ships, troops, etc). 3 [C] ship(s),

(C) conference of members of a supplies under escort, a vt (esp
society, political party, etc. 2 [C] of a warship) escort (other
agreement between States, rul- ships) to protect (them).
ers, etc. 3 [C] practice or custom: con-vulse /kan'vAls/ vt cause
The ~5 of writing letters. 'X/al violent movements or distur-
adj based on convention(3); bances, con'vul-sion n [C].
traditional. '^\y adv con-vuls-ive adj
con-verge k3n'v3:d3/ vt/i (of coo 'ku:/ vti. n [C] (make a) soft,
lines, movmg objects) come to- murmurmg sound (as of doves).
wards each other and meet at a cook /kuk/ vtii 1 prepare (food)
point. con-ver-gencen[U] by heating. 2 be cooked. 3 make
conversation ,kDnv3'seiJ"n false: ~the accountsjbooks. a n
Aj[U] talkmg; [C] talk, -^al adj [C] person who cooks food.
(of words, etc) used in talk. '>-er n [C] oven, stove, for cook-
con-verse^ /kan'vsis/ vi (formal) ing food, -^ery n [U] art and
talk. practice of cooking. '>-'ing n [U]
con-verse^ "konva-.s/ n [U with coor /ku:l/ adj (-er, -est) 1 be-
the] adj (statement which is) op- tween warm and cold. 2 calm;
posite (to another). '>^ly adv unexcited. Hence, ,cool-
con-ver-sion /k3n'v3:j"n/ n 1 [U] 'headed adj. play it '^. deal
converting. 2 [C] instance of calmly with a situation. 3 im-
this. pudent in a calm way. 4 (of be-
con-vert' /'konvait/ n [C] person haviour) not showing interest or
converted, esp to a different reli- enthusiasm. D /I [U with the] cool
gion. air or place; coolness. '>-'ly adv.
con-vert' /kan'vact/ vt 1 change '%^ness«[U]
(from one form, use, etc into an- cool' /ku:l/ vt!i make or become
other): to -^ pounds into francs. 2 cool. -^ down/off. (Jig) be-
cause (a person) to change his come calm; less excited.
beliefs, etc. ^ible /-abl/ adJthzLt coop /ku:p/ n [C] cage, esp for
can be con verted. hens, a vt '^ up, put in a coop;
con-vex /'konveks/ adj curved confine (a person).
outwards. co-op-er-ate /kau'opareit/ vi
con-vey /ksn'vei/ vt 1 take, work or act together to achieve
carry. 2 make known ideas, feel- something, co-op-e'r-ation n
ings, etc to another person. [U]. co-op-er-ative ac^y willing
'>-'er-belt, (eg in a factory) to co-operate, a n [C] business
band moving over wheels for owned by the people who work
carrying packages, etc. '^^ance there.
n [C,Uj (a) act of conveying, co-opt /kau 'opt/ vt (of a com-
(b) vehicle. mittee) add (a person) as a mem-
con-vict' /'konvikt/ n [C] person ber by the votes of those already
convicted of crime and sent to members.
prison. co-or-di-nate^ / ,k3oh:din3t/ adj
con-vict' /ksn'vikt/ vt prove or equal in importance, a n [C] co-
declare that (a person) is guilty ordinate thing or person.
of a crime. co-or-di-nate' /jkau'Didaneit/ vt
con-vic-tion /kan'vikjn/ n 1 [C, make co-ordinate; make (ac-
U] the convicting of a person for tions, limbs, etc) work together.
a crime. 2 (C,U] firm belief. ,co-or-di'na-tion n [C,\j]
con-vince /kan'vms/ vt make (a coot /ku:t/ n [C] swimming and
person) feel certain; cause (a diving bird.
person) to realize: / -^d him that cop /kop/ n [C] (si) = police-
I was right, con-vinc-ing adj man.
that convinces, con-vin-cing- cope /kaup/ vi deal with success-
lyadv fully: She couldn't ~ with all her
con-vo-ca-tion /(kDnva'kairn/ n work.
1 [U] calling together. 2 [C] as- copi-ous /'kaupias/ adj (formal)
sembly of officials of the plentiful: a ~supply, -wly adv
Church. cop-per' /'kop9{r)/ n 1 [U] com-
con-voy /'konvoi/ n 1 [U] con- mon reddish-brown metal
voving; protection: sail under ^. (symbol Cu). 2 [C] coin made of
2 [C] protecting force (of war- copper. 3 [C] large vessel made
 83 copper/correct

of metal. O [U]
boiler. 4 cor-nea /'koinia/ n [C] (pi ~s)
reddish-brown colour, d adj tough transparent covering of
reddish'-brown. '-^-plate n [U] the eyeball.
copper plate on which designs cor-ner /'kD:n3(r)/ n [C] 1 (posi-
are engraved. tion of the) angle where two
cop-per^ /'kDp3(r)/ r. [C] (si) lines or surfaces meet, a tight
= policeman. '>^,a difficult situation. 2 hid-
copse /kops/ n [C] small area of den, secret, place. 3 region: from
shrubs and small trees. all~5 of the world, a vtji 1 trap:
copu-late /'kopjuleit/ (esp of vi put into a difficult position. 2
animals) unite in sexual inter- turn a corner (on a road, etc).
course, copu'la-tion n [C,U] cor-net /'kornit/ n [C] 1 small
copy^ /'kopi/ n [C] {pi -ies) 1 musical instrument Hke a trum-
thing made to be like another; pet. 2 piece of biscuit like a cone,
reproduction of a letter, picture, to hold ice-cream, etc.
etc. 2 one example of a book, cor-nice /'kDinis/ n [C] project-
newspaper, etc ing part or ornament around a
copy^ /'kopi/ vt/i {pt,pp -ied) 1 ceiling or the top of a column.
make a copy of. 2 do, try to do. cor-on-ary /'koranri/ adj of ar-
the same as. 3 cheat (by copying teries supplying blood to the
in an exam, etc). heart, d n [C] {pi -ies) (also '^
copy-right /'kopirait/ n [U] thrombosis) blockage of an
right held by the author to print, artery in the heart.
publish, sell his work, n vt cor-on-ation /ikors'neijn/ n [C]
protect in this way. ceremony of crowning a king or
coral /'koral/ n [U] hard, red, queen.
pink or white substance built on cor-oner /'kDr3n3(r)/ n [C] offi-
the seabed by small creatures, a cialwho investigates the cause
r«^ made of coral. of any accidental or suspicious
cord /kD:d/ n 1 [C,U] (length oQ death.
twisted strands, thicker than cor-onet /'kDrsnet/ n [C] small
string. 2 [C] part of the body like crown (worn by a peer).
a cord: ihe vocal '^s. cor-porar /'korparal/ adj of the
cor-dial /'k3:di3l/ adj warm and human body: ^ punishment, eg
sincere (in feeling, behaviour). beating.
'X/ly adv corporal^ /'kDiparol/ n [C] non-
cor-don /'kDidn/ n [C] ring of commissioned ofTicer below
persons acting as guards, a vt ^ sergeant m the army.
off, protect with a cordon: The cor-por-ate /'koiparat/ adj 1 of
army -^ed off the area. or belonging to a corpora-
cor-du-roy /'koidorDri/ n [U] tion(2). 2 of. shared by. mem-
thick, cotton cloth with raised bers of a group: ^
responsibility.
lines on it. cor-por-ation /ikDrpa'reiJn/ //
core /kD:(r)/n [C] 1 (usually [C] 1 group of persons elected to
hard) centre of such fruits as the govern a town. 2 group of per-
apple and pear. 2 central or sons authorized to act as an in-
most important part of any- dividual, eg m business.
thing, to the '^, thoroughly, n corps /kD:(r)/ n [C] {pi -^ jky.zl) 1
vt take out the core of. one of the technical branches of
cork /ko:k/ n 1 [U] the bark of an army: the Medical C~. 2 mi-
the tree called the ^cork-oak. 2 litary force of two or more divi-
[C] round piece of this material sions.
used as a stopper for a bottle, a corpse /kD:ps/' n [C] dead body
vt stop (a bottle) with a cork. (esp of a human being).
'-s^screw, tool for pulling cor-puscle /'kD:pAsl/ n [C] one
corks from bottles. of the red or white cells in the
corn' /kD:n/ n 1 [U] (seed cO blood.
various grain plant^ 2 [C] single cor-ral ka'ra:!/ n [C] enclosure
grain (of wheat, pepper, etc). for horses and cattle, d vt (-II-)
'--w-cob, part of an ear of maize. drive (cattle, etc) into, shut up
'•^^flour, flour made from in, a corral.
maize. cor-rect' yko'rekt' adj 1 true;
corn^ /kD:n/ n [C] small area of right: the -^ answer. 2 (of man-
hardened skin on the foot. ners, dress, etc) proper; decent.
correct/ counsel 8

'>^ly adv 'y^ness n (U] = astronaut

cor-rect' ka'rckt; vi 1 make cosmopolitan ,kozm3-
right, take out mistakes from. 2 'politan; adj 1 of or from all
point out the faults of; punish. parts of the world. 2 free from
cor'rec-tion -Jn/ n (a) [U] national prejudices.' o n (C) cos-
correcting, (b) [C] change that mopolitan(2) person.
corrects something: ^j are urii- cosmos 'kozmos/ n the '>^,

ttn in red ink. -wive ^. adj. the universe.

corre-late 'koraleit/ \tii have, cost' kost n 1 ICU) price paid
show, a close relation: try to -n- for a thing. 2 that which is need-
rwo sets of facts cor-re'la-tion ed to obtain something: the of ~
n (C) close relationship. victory to one's '>", to one's
cor-re-spond ,kori'spDnd/ vi loss or disadvantage, at all '^s.
agree with; be the same as. 2 -^ whatever the cost may be. 3 {pi)
to. be equal (to), be similar (in {legal) expense of having an ac-
position, etc) (to). 3 exchange tion settled in a law court.
letters, -s^ing adj that corre- cost kost viipt.pp ~) 1 have at
spond(s)(2) 's^ing-ly a^v the price of: Shoes -^ £20 a pair.
correspondence ikori- 2 result in the loss of: many ~
'spondans 1 (C,U] agreement:
/j lives, a vt {pt.pp ~ed) estimate
similarity. 2 [U] letter-writing, the cost of an article.
letters, correspondent n [C] cost-ly /'kostli/ adj (-ier, -iest)
(a) person with whom one ex- of great value; costing much.
changes letters, (b) person who cos-tume 'kostjurm n 1 [U]
writes articles for a newspaper. styleof dress. 2 [C] clothes worn
cor-ri-dor 'koridorfr) n [CJ long by actors on stage.
narrow passage from which cosy' 'kauzi adj (-ier, -iest)
doors open into rooms. warm and comfortable, cosily
cor-rob-or-ate /ka'robsreit v/ adw cosi-ness n [U]
give support to (a statement, be- cosy^ 'kauzi, n [C] covering for
lief, etc). a teapot.
cor-rode ks'raud/ vtji wear cot /kot/ n [C] bed for a young
away by chemical action or dis- child.
ease; be worn away. cot-tage /'kotids/ n [C] small
cor-rosion ka'rau^n/ n [U] 1 house, esp in the country.
process of corroding. 2 sub- cot-ton 'kotn, n [U] 1 soft,
stance (eg rust) produced by white substance, used for mak-
corrodmg: There 's a lot of corro- ing thread, cloth, etc. 2 thread,
sion on my car. cor-ros-ive cloth,made from cotton, j-^-
/ka'rausiv n [C], a^y (substance) 'wool, absorbent cotton used
that corrodes. for padding, bandages, etc.
corru-gate 'korsgeit' \t i couch' kautj n [C] long seat
make into folds or furrows. like a bed.
corru'gation n [C,U] couch^ /kautJ/ vt express: A
cor-rupt adj (of per-
ka'r.Apt reply '^ed in formal terms.
sons, actions) immoral;
their cou-gar ''ku:g3(r); n [C] large
dishonest (esp through taking wild cat, also called a. puma.
bribes), d v/,/ make or become cough kof n [C] 1 act or sound
/

corrupt, cor-rup-tion jAni n of coughing. 2 illness that causes

[U] a person to cough, d v7 / send
cor-set ''kD:sit/ n [C] close- out air from the lungs violently
fitting undergarment shaping and noisily.
thewaist and hips. could kud weak form kad/ aux
cortege, cortege kor'teis/ n verb:pto( can.
[C] procession, eg at a funeral. coun-cil 'kaunsl'rt [C] group of
cosh /koj/ n. n [C] (GBsl) (strike persons appointed or elected to
with) a flexible rubber tubing give advice, manage affairs, etc,
filledwith metal, etc. esp of government. ''>^-house,
cos-metic /koz'metik/ adj. n [C] house built by a city council, to
(substance) designed to make be rented, --^^lor ( US = -cilor ) n
the skin or hair beautiful. [C] member of a council.
cos-mic /'kozmik' adj of the coun-sel 'kaonsl, n 1 [Ul ad-
w hole universe or cosmos. vice; consultation. 2 [C] {pi -w)
cos-mo-naut ''kozmanD.-t n [C] barrister giving advice in a law
 85 count/courage

case, a vi (-II-, US also -I-) (for- (coins, handwriting, etc) in ord-

mal) advise, '^lor (US =- er to deceive.
selor);7[C] adviser. coun-ter-foil /'kauntafDil/ n [C]
count^ /kaont/ n [C\ 1 act of section of a cheque, receipt, etc
counting; number got by count- kept by the sender as a record.
ing: There were 50. at the last ~. countermand /,kaunt3-
make a '^ of. 2 {legal) accusa- 'ma:nd/ v7 cancel a command al-
tion; charge: guilty on all ~5. ready given.
count^ /kaunt/ vtji 1 say or coun-ter-part /'kauntspart/ n
name numbers in order: Has [C] person or thing exactly like,
John learned to -^ yet at school? or closely corresponding to, an-
2 find the total of. 3 include: ten other.
people, '^ing John. 4 consider to coun-ter-sign /'kauntasam/ vt
be: -^ oneself lucky. 5 be impor- add another signature to (a
tant: every minute ~5. 6 'v^ document) to give it authority.
(sth) against sb. be to the count-ess /'kauntis/ n [C] wife
disadvantage of. -^ on/upon, ofa count or earl.
expect with confidence; rely on. count-less /'kauntlis/ adJ that
'V. out. (a) count things (slow- cannot be counted (because too
ly), one by one. (b) not include: numerous).
C-^ me out. I'm not going, -n^ up, coun-try /'kAntri/ n {pi -ies) 1
find the total of. [C] land occupied by a nation. 2
count^ /kaunt/ n [C] title of no- [Cj land of a person's birth or ci-
bility in Europe. tizenship. 3 the ->-, the people
count-able /'kauntabl/ adj that of a country (1 ). go to the '^,
can be counted. general election. 4 the -v/,
call a
coun-ten-ance^ /'kauntmans/ n land used for farming. 5 (as an
{format) 1 [C] face; its appear- ai//)ofor in the country (4).
ance and expression. 2 [U] sup- coun-try-man /'kAntrimsn/,
port; approval. coun-try- woman /'kAntri-
coun-ten-ance^ /'kaontmans woman/ [C]n {pi -men,-
vt {formal) give support or ap- -women) person living in the
1
proval to: I cannot'-^ violence. country (4). 2 person of the
coun-ter^ /''kaunt3(r)/ n [C] same country (1 ).
table on which goods are shown coun-try-side /'kAntrisaid/ n
in a shop or bank. [U] rural area(s) (contrasted
COun-teH /'kaont9(r)/ n [C] 1 with town).
small piece of plastic for count- county /'kaonti/ n {pi -ies) [C]
ing in games, etc. 2 device for major division of a country or
counting (in machinery, etc). state.
COun-teH /'kaont3(r) adv^ to, coup /ku:/ n [C] {pi '^s /ku:z/) 1
in theopposite direction (to); in sudden action taken to get
opposition (to). power. 2 (also -^ d'etat)
coun-ter* /'kaunt3(r)/ vt/i op- violent or illegal change in
pose; reply to (an attack, etc): ^ government.
his arguments. couple^ /'IcApl/ n [C] 1 two per-
coun-ter- /,kaunt3(r)-/ prefix 1 sons or things, seen together or
opposite in direction: i-^- associated. 2 a man and woman,
pro'ductive. 2 made in answer to: esp a man and his wife.
^-^-attack 3 corresponding: couple^ /'kApl/ vtji 1 fasten, join
*'>^part. (two things) together: two ^
coun-ter-act /|ko:onto'rskt/ vt railway carriages. 2 (of animals)
act against and make (action, unite sexually; (of things) come
force, poison) of less effect: ~a together; unite.
poison. coup-let /'kAplit/ n [C]suc- two
coun-ter-baiance /'kaonts- cessive lines of verse, equal in
baebns/ n [C] weight, force, length and with rhyme.
equal to another and balancing coup-ling /'kApIir)/ n [C] link,
it. D VI ikaunta'biEbns/ act as a etc that joins two parts, esp rail-
counterbalance to. way coaches.
coun-ter-feit ''kauntsfit/ n [C], cou-pon /'ku:pDn/ n [C] ticket
aJJ (something) made in imita- which gives the holder the right
tion of another thing in order to to receive or do something.
deceive: ^
banknotes, a vt copy cour-age ;'kArid3/ n [U] quality

courgette/coy
that enables a person to control
fear in the face of danger, pain,
etc. '>^ous k:>'reid33s/
, adj
brave; fearless. '>^ous-lv adv
courgette /kua'set/ n (C) (US
= zucchini) small green mar-
row(2).
courier 'kuri3(r)/ n [C] 1 per-
son who attends to details of
travel and (sometimes) accom-
panies travellers. 2 messenger
carrying news or important
government papers.
course^ /kD:s/ n 1 [C] direction
taken by something: the 'v, of u
river/rocket, (as) a matter of
'^. that which one would expect
to be or happ>en. of '^. natural-
ly; certainly. 2 [C] ground for
races, sport. 3 [C] series
tures, treatments, etc.
of the several parts of a meal, in
due '^, at the proper time, in
f/ie'>^ of, during.
course^ /kD:s; v/// 1 (of liquids)
move quickly. 2 hunt with dogs.
court^ /koit/ n 1 [C] place where
legal cases are held; the judges,
magistrates in a court. 2 the '^,
(residence of a) great ruler, his
family and officials, etc. 3 [C]
space marked out for certain
games: a tennis ~. '-"wyard, un-
roofed space with walls round it.
court^ ;kD:t/ vtji 1 try to win the
affections of, with a view to
marriage: He '^ed Mary for two
years. 2 risk (something disag-
reeable): ~
disaster.
cour-teous ;'k3:ti3s/ adj having
good manners; polite and kind
(to). '^{y adv
cour-tesy /'kaitasi/ n {pi -ies) 1
[C,U] courteous behaviour. 2
by^-'Of, with the favour or per-
mission of.
court-ier /'kD:ti3(r)/ n [C]
ber of a sovereign's court.
court-mar-tial 'ma:Jl/ n
/,ko:t
[C] {pi ~s-martial) court for try-
ing offences against military
law; such a trial, a vt (-II-) try (a
person) in a court of this kind.
court-ship /'ko:tjip/ n [C,U]
(period of) courting(1 ).
cousin /'kAzn/ n fc]: {first) ~,
child of one's uncle or aunt; sec-
ond ~, child of one's parent's
first cousin.
cove /kauv/ n [C] small bay^.
cover' /'kAV3(r)/ n 1 [Cj thing
that covers: a chair -%.. 2 [Cj
binding of a book, magazine,
etc. 3 [C] wrapper or envelope.
)
86
under separate ^, in a separ-
ate parcel or envelope. 4 (U]
place or area giving shelter.
take '^. place oneself where
one is concealed or protected. 5
(U] under -w of. protected by:
under ^ of friendship /darkness.
6 [U] force of aircraft protecting
a land or sea operation. 7 insur-
ance against loss, damage, etc.
cover^ /'kAVo(r), vt 1 place (one
thing) over or in front of (an-
other); hide or protect (some-
thing) in this way: ^
a chair/
one's face. -^ up. put a cover (1
over. 2 be '^ed with, (a) have
a great number or amount of:
hills ^ed with snow, (b) have as
a natural coat. 3 travel (a certain
of lec- distance). 4 keep a gun aimed at
4 [C] one a person. 5 (of money) be
enough for: write a cheque to 'v
e.xpenses. 6 include: His resear-
ches ^ed a wide field. 7 (of a
journalist) report (an event).
'>^agc n [U] covering of events,
etc. C> cover^(7).
cov-ert' /'kAvat/ «r// (of glances,
threats, etc) half-hidden; dis-
guised.»^lyaJv
cov-ert^ /'kAvot/ n [C] area of
thick undergrowth in which ani-
mals hide.
cow^ /kao/ n [C] 1 fully grown ,
female of the ox family. 2 female
elephant, rhinoceros, whale, etc.
''^boy, man who looks after '
cattle in the western parts of the :
US. ''>^hand, '-v^herd, person i
who looks after grazing cattle.
''>-hide, leather made from a \
cow's skin.
cow^ /kau/ vt frighten (a person)
into submission.
cow-ard /'kauad/ n [C] 1 person
unable to control his fear. 2 per-
mem- son who runs away from re-
danger. '>^ly adj
sponsibility, '<
(a) not brave, (b) like a co-
ward, cow-ardice /-dis/ n [U]
cower /'kau3(r)/ vi lower the \
body, move back, from cold, 1
fear.
cowl /kaol/ n [C] 1 long gown
with a hood; the hood. 2 metal
cap for a chimney.
cox /koks/ n [C] {informal) (abbr
oO cpxswain. a vtji act as cox-
swain.
cox-swain /'koksn/ n [C] person,
who steers a rowing-boat, esp in
races.
coy /ko:i/ adj (-er, -est) (esp of a
girl) (pretending to be) shy.
 87 coyote/crawl

modest, 'v/ly adv narrow space; restrict: a ^ed

coY'Ote /'koiaut/ n [CJ small
Qf western N America.
crab /kraeb/ n [C] ten-legged
shellfish; [U] its meal as food.
crack^ /kraek/ n [C] 1 line where
something is broken, but not in-
to parts. 2 sudden,
separate
sharp noise: the -^ of a whip,'
rifle. 3 sharp blow: a '^ on the
head, a adj first-rate: He's a '^
shot.
crack^ /kraek/ vt/i 1 get or
a crack or cracks(1 ) in: ->- a
plate. 2 make a crack or
cracks (2). 3 (of the voice) be-
come harsh; (of a boy's voice)
become deeper. 4 solve (a code,
problem). 5 '^ dow/n on (sbl
sth). take disciplinary action
against. -^ up. lose strength (in
old age); suffer a mental col-
lapse. '>^ a joke, make one. get
'>^/'/i</, get busy.
cracker /'kraek3(r)/ n [C] 1 thin
biscuit (as eaten with cheese). 2
firework that makes cracking
noises. C> also nutcrackers.
crackers /'kraekaz/ adj {si) mad;
crazy.
crackle /'kraekl/ vi make
of small cracking sounds, as
when dry sticks burn, a n [U]
small cracking sounds.
crack-pot /'kraekpot/ adj. n [C]
eccentric, mad: a '^ idea.
cradle /'kreidl/ n [C] 1 small bed
for a baby. 2 (fig) place where
something begins: the of Wes- ~
tern culture. 3 framework like a
cradle, d vt place, hold, in or as
in a cradle.
craft /kra:ft/ n 1 [C] skill
the hands; occupation needing
such 2 [C] (pi ~) boat(s),
skill.
ship(s). 3 [U] cunning; skill in
deceiving, crafts-man n [C] {pi
-men) skilled workman who
practises a craft, crafty adj
ier, -iest) cunning; showing
in trickery, --wily adv. '^i-ness
crag /kraeg/ n [C] steep mass of
rock. '>^gy adj (-ier, -iest) hav-
ing many crags.
cram /krsm/ v/// (-mm-)
into/ with, make too full: 'v.
clothes into a suitcase. 2 fill the
head with facts (for an examina-
tion).
cramp^ /kraemp/ n [U] sudden
and painful tightening of the
muscles.
cramp^ /kraemp/ vt 1 keep in a
wolf room. 2 cause to have crampV 3
fiisten withacramp^.
cramp^ /kraemp/ n [C] tool with
a moveable part which can be
screwed up to hold things.
cram-pon /'kriEmpDn/ n [C] iron
plate with spikes, worn on shoes
for climbing on ice.
cran-berry /'krasnbari/ n [C] {pi
-ies) small, red berry, used for
making jelly and sauce.
make crane^ /krein/ n [C] 1 large wad-
ing bird with long legs and neck.
2 machine with a long arm, used
for lifting heavy weights.
crane^ /krem/ vt/i stretch (the
neck) (eg to see better).
cran-ium /'kremiam/ n [C] (anat)
bony part of the head enclosing
the brain, cran-ial adj
crank^ /kraeqk/ n [C] L-shaped
handle for turning things, d vt
move by turning a crank.
'--^shaft, shaft that turns or is
turned by a crank.
crank^ /krasr)k/ n [C] person with
fixed (and often strange) ideas.
cranky adj (-ier, -iest) (of
people) odd; eccentric.
a series crash^ /kraej"/ n [C] 1 (noise
made by a) violent fall. 2 ac-
cident: a plane rear ^. 3 ruin;
collapse (eg in trade, finance), d
adv with a crash. ''>--course/
programme, one to achieve
quick results, '-^-heimet, hel-
met worn, eg by'a motor-cyclist,
to protect the head, (--s^-'lancl
v//i (of aircraft) land out of con-
trol. Hence. ,'v.-'landing n [C,
U]
with crash^ /kraej/ vtji 1 fall or strike
suddenly and noisily (esp of
things that break). 2 cause to
crash: '^ a car. 3 force or break
through violently. 4 (of a com-
pany, etc) be ruined.
(- crass /krass/ adj (of eg ignor-
skill ance, stupidity) very great.
crate /kreit/ n [C] large wooden
container for goods, a vt put in a
crate.
cra-ter /'kreit3(r)/ n [C] 1 mouth
of a volcano. 2 hole made by a
1 ^ bomb.
cra-vat /kra'vaet/ n [C] piece of
cloth worn as a tie.
crave /kreiv/ vr// desire strongly.
era v-ing n [C] strong desire.
crawl /krorl/ vi 1 move slowly,
along the ground or on the
hands and knees. 2 go very slow-
ly: traffic ~5 into London every
 1

crayfish/ crescendo 88

morning. 3 be of things thai

full
crawl: ^ing wiih ants. 4 (of the credit' /'kredit, n 1 [U] belief of
flesh) feel as if covered with others that a person, company,
crawling things C>creep(5) an etc can pay debts. 2 [U] money
1 [U] crawling movement. 2 the owned b> a person, company,
'>^, high-speed swimming etc in a bank account. 3 [Cj sum
stroke. of money advanced or loaned
cray-fish 'kreifij n [C] fresh- (by a bank. etc). 4 (ace) record
water shellfish like a lobster of pa>menis received. 5 get/
crayon 'kreian n (Cj pencil of take '^ (for sth). receive re-
soft,coloured chalk, wax. o v7 cognition, etc. % be a '\^ to sbl
draw with crayons sth. add to the good name of. f
craze kreiz v/ make wildly ex- [U] belief; trust: give ~
to his
cited or mad. d n [C] enthusiastic story. *'>^ card, one issued by a

interest that lasts for a short business firm allowing the hol-
time. O rage(3). der to obtain goods on cred-
crazy 'kreizi adj (-ier, -iesi) 1 it (1 ). ''v<-worthy, adj (accept-

wildly excited or enthusiastic: ->- ed as being) safe to offer credit

about football 2 suffering from to.
mental disorder; foolish, craz- credit' /'kredit/ vt 1 believe. 2
ily adv crazi-ness n [U] enter on the credit side of an ac-
creak kri:k' n [C]. vi (make a)
, count. '>^able /-abl' adj that
sound like a badly oiled hinge. brings credit(5,6,7j. 'x^ably
creaky adj (-ier, -iest) making adv
creaking sounds. creditor /'kreditd(r)/ n [C] per-
cream kri:m, n [V] 1 fatty part son to whom one owes money.
of milk which rises to the sur- cre-du-lity ,kr3'dju:l3ti n [U]
face. 2 substance like cream: too great a readiness to believe
^furniture -^ 3 best part: the ~ things, 'credu-ious adj
of society. 4 yellowish-white col- creed ;kri:d n [C] (system oO be-
our. D adj yellowish-white, a v/ liefs,esp on religious doctrine.
take cream from (milk); add creek kri:k//7[C]1 ((75) narrow
cream to. 2 take the best part. inlet of water on the coast or in a
creamy adj (-ier, -iest) hke river-bank. 2 {N America) small
cream; containing cream. river.
crease /kri:s n [C] 1 line made creep /krirp/ vi {pt.pp crept
(on cloth, paper, etc) by crush- /krept;) 1 move along with the
ing, folding or pressing. 2 white body close to the ground. 2
line on -a cricket pitch. vti move slowly or quietly. 3 (of
make, get, a crease (1 ) in. time, age, etc) move gradually. 4
cre-ate /kn'eit; vt 1 cause some- (of plants, etc) grow over the
thing to exist; make (something surface of (a wall, etc). 5 (of the
original). 2 produce: prob- ~ flesh) feel as if covered with
lems. crawling things. C> crawl(4).
cre-ation /kn'eijn/ n 1 [U] the creeper /'kri:p3(r)/ n [C] plant
act of creating (eg the world). 2 that grows along the ground,
[U] all created things, the C'>^, over rocks, walls, etc.
the world or universe as created creepy /'kriipi, adj (-ier, -iest)
by God. causing fear.
cre-ative ,/kn'eitiv/ adj having cre-mate /kri'meit/ vt burn (a
power to create; of creation. corpse) to ashes, cre'ma-tion n
-^ly adv. [CU] (instance oQ cremating.
cre-ator /kri'eit3(r)/ n [C] person cre-ma-tor-ium ;,krem3-
who creates, the C-^, God. 'toiriam/ n [C] (pi ~s) furnace,
crea-ture n [C] living
/'kri:tj3{r)/ place, for the cremating of corp-
animal, person. ses.
creche /'kreij/ n [C] (GB) public crepe, crepe /kreip/ n [U] kinds
nursery for babies. of wrinkled cloth or paper: ^
cre-den-tials /kn'denjlz/ n pi paper I rubber.
letters or papers showing that a crept /krept/ />r,/7yp of creep.
person is what he claims to be. cres-cendo /kri'Jendao/ n [Cj,
cred-ible /'kredabl, adj that can adj (pi ~s) 1 (music played)
be believed, cred-ibly adv in a \yith, of, increasing loudness. 2
credible manner, credi-'bil-ity (fig) progress towards a climax.

cres-cent n [C] 1
/'kresnt/
(something shaped hke) the
curve of the new moon. 2 row of
houses in the form of a crescent.
cress kres/ n [U] plant with
hot-tasting leaves.
crest /krest; n [C] 1 tuft of feath-
ers on a bird's head. 2 decora-
tion on the top of a helmet. 3 de-
sign over the shield of a coat of
arms. 4 top of a hill; white top of
a large wave, d vt reach the crest
of a hill, a wave, '-^^-fallen, (fig)
very disappointed.
cre-tin /'kretm/ n [C] 1 mentally
undeveloped person. 2 {infor-
ma^ stupid person.
cre-vasse /kri'vaes/ n
open crack, esp in ice.
crev-ice /'krevis; n [C]
opening or crack (in
wall, etc).
crew /kru:/ n [C] 1 persons
working a ship or aircraft (ex-
cept the officers). 2 group of
persons working together; gang:
a camera ~
a v/ act as crew ( 1 )
. forms and gives judgements, esp
crib^ /krib/ n [C] 1 wooden
framework from which animals
can pull out food. 2 small bed
for a baby.
crib^ /krib/ n [C] 1 something co-
pied dishonestly from the work
'Of another. 2 word-for-word
translation of a foreign text, a
vt/i (-bb-) 1 use a crib(2). 2
copy (a persons work)
honestly.
cricket' /'krikit/ n [C]
brown jumping insect which
makes a shrill noise.
cricket"^ /'knkit/ n [U] ball game
i^^-match) played on a field by
two teams of eleven players
each, with bats and wickets.
'>^er, cricket player.
cried /kraid, pt.pp o[cry^.
cries /kraiz/ pres tense
of cry
crime /krami/ n [C,U] offence(s)
for which there is severe punish-
ment by law.
crimi-nal /'krimml/a<i/ of crime.
a n [C] person who commits a
crime or crimes. '>^ly adv
ciim-son /'krimzn/ adj.
deep red (colour).
cringe /knnds/ vi 1 move (the
body) back or down in fear. 2
behave too humbly (towards a
superior).
crinkle /'knijkl/ n [C] small, nar-
row wrinkle (in paper), a vi i
make or get crinkles in.
89 crescent/crooked
cripple n [C] person un-
'kripl;
able to move properly, through
injury or weakness, a vt make a
cripple of; damage or weaken
seriously.
cri-sis 'kraisisn [C] {pi crises
-si:z ) 1 turning-point in illness,
life. 2 time of difficulty or dan-
ger.
crisp krisp, adj (-er, -est) 1 (esp
,
of food) hard, dry and easily
broken. 2 (of the weather)
frosty, cold. 3 (of style, man-
ners) quick, precise: his way of~
speaking, a n [C] (usually/?/) thm
slice of potato, fried and dried
(sold in packets), a vt/i make or
[C] deep. become crisp, -^ly adv. 'v^ness
n[C]
narrow criss-cross 'kriskros/ adj with
a rock, crossed lines, a vt/i mark with
lines that cross.
cri-terion krai'tisrian/ n [C] {pi
-ria ,-n3/) standard of judge-
ment.
critic /'kritik n [C] 1 person who
about literature, art. music, etc.
2 person who finds fault, '-v^a!
adj (a) of or at a crisis, (b) of
the work of a critic, (c) fault-
finding, ^wally adv in a critic-
al (a) manner.
criti-cism /'kritisizam n 1 [U]
the work of a critic. 2 [C] opin-
ion on literature, art, etc. 3 [C]
dis- remark, etc that finds fault.
criti-cize /'kntisaiz/ v/// form
small, and give a judgement on; find
fault with.
croak /kraok; n [C] deep, hoarse
sound (as made by frogs), d vt/i
1 make
this kind of sound. 2 say
ina croaking voice.
crock /krok, n [C] 1 pot made of
baked earth. 2 old vehicle in
poor condition.
of cry^; pi crock-ery /'krokari/ n [U] pots,
plates, cups etc (made of baked
clay).
croco-dile /'krokadail/ n [C] 1
large river reptile with a long
body and tail. 2 {informal) line
of school children two by two.
''>^ tears, insincere sorrow.
n [U] cro-cus /'krsukas, n [C] (/?/~es)
small plant with white or yellow
flowers.
crook /kruk/ n [C] 1 stick with a
rounded hook at one end, esp
used by a shepherd. 2 {informal)
criminal, a \ti bend into the
shape of a crook.
crooked /'krukid/ adj 1 not
crop/crowd 90

straight. 2 dishonest, '^-^lyadv one or both eyeballs turned to-

crop^ krnp/ n [C] 1 yearly (or wards the nose.
season's) produce of grain, cross-fire 'krDsfai3(r) n [U]
grass, fruit, etc. 2 (pi) agricultu- firing of guns from two or more
ral plants in the fields. 3 group opposite points,
of persons or things: a new of ~ cross-ing 'krosiq n [C] 1 the
problems. act of going acro^^. esp by sea: a
crop^ krop 17/ (-PP-) 1 (of ani- stormy ^ of the Atlantic. 2 place
mals) bite off the tops of (grass, where two roads, railways, etc
plants, etc); graze. 2 cut short (a cross O level crossing
person's hair, a horse's tail). 3 '>^ cross-legged .kros 'legd/ adv
up. appear or arise (esp unex- (of a person sitting) with one leg
pectedly): A new problem has placed across the other.
^pedup. cross-pur-poses jkros 'pa:-
cro-quet 'kraukei n [U] game pasiz n pi be at '^. (of two per-
/

played on grass with wooden sons or groups) misunderstand

balls which are knocked one another.
through hoops. cross-reference ikros
cross^ kros adj 1 (informal) 'refrons n [C] reference from
bad-tempered. 2 (of winds) one part of a book, etc to an-
blowing from one side. other.
cross^ kros /? [C] 1 mark made crossroads 'krosraudz/ n {pi,
by drawing one line across an- with a sing verb) place where two
other. 2 stake with another piece or more roads meet.
of wood across it. esp the C'v., cross-sec-tion /ikros 'sekjn/ n
that on which Christ died; sign [C] 1 (drawing of a) piece or slice
of across. 3 (//;?) suffering. 4 off- made by cutting across. 2 (Jig)
spring of animals or plants of representative sample of the
different breeds. whole: a ~
of society.
cross^ kros vtii 1 go across; cross-word /'krosward/ n [C]
pass from one side to the other (also '-^ puzzle) puzzle in which
side of. 'V. one's mind, (of words have to be written in
ideas, etc) occur to one. 2 draw a spaces on a chequered square.
line or lines across or through: crotch krntj' n [C] 1 place
'^ out a word. 3 put or place where a branch joins a tree. 2
across or over, keep one's place where a pair of trousers or
fingers '^ed. (fig) hope for the a person's legs join.
best. 4 ~
oneself, make the crouch kraotj, vi lower the
sign of the cross. 5
oppose or ob- body with the limbs together:
struct (somebody, his plans, The tiger '^ed ready to attack, a
etc). 6 produce a cross(4) by n [C] crouching position.
mixing breeds. crou-pier /'krurpiei/ n [C] person
cross-bow 'krosbao, n [C] who collects money at a gam-
bow^(1) placed across a bling table.
grooved wooden support, used crow^ krao/ n [C] (kinds oQ
for shooting arrows, etc. large, black bird with a harsh
cross-bred 'krosbred a^y pro- cry. as the ^'^ flies, in a
duced by crossing breeds. straight line: It's ten miles away,
cross-breed 'krosbriid/ n [C] as the -^ flies. '~'s feet n pi
animal, plant, etc produced by lines on the skin near the corners
crossing breeds. of the eyes, '-s^'s-nest, look-
cross-check /kros 'tjek/ vtn out platform on the mast of a
test, eg a method, calculation, ship.
by using a different method, etc. crow^ krau/ vi 1 (of a cock)
a rtlC] test of this sort. make a loud, shrill cry. 2 (of per-
cross-country /,krDs'kAntri/ sons) express triumph; boast, a
adj, adv across the country or A? [C] crowing sound.
fields: a^ race. crow-bar /'kr3uba:(r)/ n [Cl
cross-exam-ine /jkros ig'zae- straight, iron bar, used as a lever
mm/ vt question closely, esp to for moving heavy obiects.
test answers already given, as in crowd /kraud n [C] 1 large
law court. cross-exami- number of people together. 2
'nation/7[C] (informal) groups of persons as-
cross-eyed 'krosaid adj with sociated in some way: the golf
 91 crown /crystal
'^. a vtii 1 come together in a crush, be crushed, noisily, a n
crowd. 2 (cause to) move [C] 1 act of. noise made by,
through, etc in a crowd; fill with. crunching. 2 the '^, (informal)
-^-ed ailj having large numbers crisis: when the '^ comes.
of people, things. cru-sade n [C] 1 mili-
krui'seid
crown^ kraun/ n [C] 1 or- tary expedition made by the
namental head-dress of a king Christian rulers durmg the Mid-
or queen; royal power. 2 top of dle Ages against the Muslims. 2
the head or of a hat. struggle or movement: a for ~
crown^ kraon v/l put a crown human rights, a vi take part in a
on (a king or queen). 2 give crusade, cru-sader n [C]
honour to; reward: '^ed with crush^ kr.\J" n [U] crowd of
success. 3 have at the top: a hill people pressed together.
-^cd with trees. 4 finish; com- crush^ krAj vr /I press so that
plete, to -^ (it) all, to complete there is breaking or injury. 2
good or bad fortune, -^^ing adj (cause to) become full of creases.
completing; makmg perfect. 3 defeat completely. 4 press or
cru-cial 'kru:Jl adj decisive; push in: crowds ^ed into the
critical, '^ly adv theatre. '>>/ing adj overwhelm-
cru-ci-fix 'krursifiks n [C] ing: a ^ing defeat,
'x^ing-ly adv
model of the Cross with the fi- crust krASt/«1 [C,U] hard sur-
gure of Jesus on it. '>^ion face of a loaf, pie or tart. 2 [C.U]
/ikru:si'fikjn a; [C,U] putting to hard surface.
deathonacross(2). crus-ta-cean 'krA'steifn, n [C]
cru*cify /'kru:sifai/ vt {pt.pp shellfish.
-ied) put to death by nailing to a crusty "krASti/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
cross. having a crust; hard like a crust.
crude /kru:d/ adj (-r, -st) 1 (of 2 (of persons, their behaviour)
materials) in a natural state; not quick to show irritation, etc.
refined: ~
oil. 2 without taste or crutch krAtJ n [C] 1 stick used
refinement; vulgar. 3 badly pre- as a support under the arm to
pared: -^ methods. '^\\ adv help a lame person to walk. 2
crud-ity 'krurditi/ n [U] being {fig) moral support. 3 =
crude; [Cj {pi -ies) crude (2) act. crotch(2).
remark, etc. crux krAks/ n [C] {pi '^es) part
cruel /kru:9l/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of (of a problem) that is the most
persons) taking pleasure in the difficult to solve.
suffering of others. 2 causing cry' n [C] {pi cues) 1 loud
krai
pain or suffering: a ~
attack. sound of pain, grief, etc: a of ^
'^\\adv. ^ty/ n [C,U] (pi -\es). pain for help, a far "^ from,
;

cruet ''kru:it/ n [C] small stand very different from. 2 fit of

for vinegar and oil, or salt and weeping.
pepper, on a table. cry^ krai' vt/i {pt.pp cried) 1 (of
cruise 'kru:z; vi 1 sail about for persons, animals) make sounds
pleasure, or, m war, looking for that express feelings (eg pain,
enemy ships. 2 (of cars, aircraft) fear). 2 (of persons) weep. 3 call
travel at the most economical out loudly. ^
off, cancel (an
speed. D n [C] cruising voyage. appointment, etc).
I

If cruisers [C] fast warship. crypt kript n [C] underground

'
crumb /krAm/ n [C] 1 very small room, esp of a church.
piece of dry food, eg bread. 2 cryp-tic /'kriptik/ adj secret;
{fig) small amount: not a of ~ with a hidden meaning.
proof. crys-tal 'kristl/ n 1 [U] trans-
crumble /'krAmbl/ vt/i 1 break, parent, natural substance like
rub or fall into very small pieces. quartz; [C] niece of this as an or-
2 (Jig) be destroyed, decay. nament. 2 [U] glassware of best
crum-bly adj (-ier, -iest) easily quality. 3 [CJ regular shape
crumbled. taken naturally by certain sub-
crumple /'krAmpl vt/i 1 press stances: salt ^s. '^line adj
or crush into creases. 2 become made of crystal(s); like crystal;
j

1 full of creases. 3 ^ up, crush; very clear. '>^lize vtii (a) form
collapse. into crystals(3). (b) cover
'
crunch krAntJ/ vt/i^ crush noi- (fruit, etc) with sugar-crystals,
sily with the teeth when eating. 2 (c) {fig) (of ideas, plans) be-
cub /curd
come clear und definite.
cub 'k\b n (C) young lion. bear,
fox, tiger.
cubby-hole 'kAbi haol/ n [C]
small, enclosed space
cube kju:b n [C] 1 solid body
having SIX equal square sides. 2
(maths) product of a number
multiplied by itself twice, n vt
multiply a number by itself
twice: 3 '^d is 27. cu-bic
/'ju:bik/ adj having the shape of
a cube; of a cube: one '^ metre.
cu-bicle 'kju:bikl, n [C] small
division of a larger room.
cuckoo 'koku:, n [C] bird
whose call is like its
which lays its eggs in the nests of
other birds.
cu-cum-ber 'kju:kAmb3(r)/
[C,U] (creeping plant with a)
long, green fleshy fruit
cud kAd n [U] food which oxen,
, cumbersome
etc bring back from the first sto-
mach and chew again, chew
the '^, (Jig) think about.
cuddle 'kAdl/ vtii 1 hold close
, dition after another.
and lovingly in one's arms. 2 lie
close and comfortably: The dog
'-^d close to the fire, a n [C] act of
cuddling, hug. cud-dly adJ in-
vitingcuddling.
cud-gel /'kAdsDl/ vt. n [C] (-1I-)
(hit with a) short, thick stick.
cue^ /kju:/ n [C] 1 the last words
of an actor's speech which show
v/hen somebody else is to do or
say something. 2 hint about how
to behave, what to do, etc.
cue^ /kju:/ n [C] billiard-player's
long rod, for striking the ball.
cuff ^ /k\[/
n [C] end of a sleeve
the wrist, off the -^, (of a
speech) done without prepara-
tion. ''>^-link, jewellery used for
fastening a cufT.
cuff^ /kAf/ vt, n [C] (give a) hght
blow with the open hand.
cui-sine /kwi'zim/ n [U] (Fr)
style of cooking; cooking.
cul--de-sac /'kAl da sack/ n [C]
street with an opening at one
end only.
cul•len•der/'kAl9nd^(r)/^/[C]
colander.
cul-mi-nate /'kAlmineit/
in, (of efforts, hopes, careers,
etc) reach the highest point.
culmi'nation rx
point.
cul-prit /'kAlpnt/ n [C] person
who has done wrong.
cult /kAlt/ n [C] 1 system of reli-
gious worship. 2 devotion to a
person or practice.
cul-ti-vate /'kAltiveit/ vt 1 pre-
pare (land) for crops by plough-
ing, etc; help (crops) to grow. 2
give care, time, etc in order to
develop something. cul-ti-
vated adj (of a person) having
good manners and education.
iCulti'vationn[C]
cul-ture 'kAltj"D(r) n 1 [Li] ad-
vanced development of ihe hu-
man powers; development of the
body. mind. 2 [C] all the arts, be-
liefs, social institutions, etc of a
community, race, etc: Chinese
~. 4 [U] cultivating (of crops,
name, and etc). 5 [C] growth of bacteria.
Cul-tural adj having to do with
culture, cul-tured adj (of per-
n sons) cultivated.
cul-vert /'kAlvat/' n [C] drain that
crosses under a road or railway.
'kAmbasom/
adj heavy and awkward to carry.
cumu-lat-ive 'kju:mjubliv/ adj
increasing in amount by one ad-
cun-ning 'kAniq/ adj clever at
deceiving, a n [U] quality of be-
ing cunning. '^\y adv
cup^ /kAp/ n [C] 1 small porce-
lain bowl, with a handle, for tea,
coffee etc; contents of a cup.
not my ^ of tea, (informat)
not what I like. 2 gold or silver
vessel given as a prize in compet-
itions. ''>^ful n [C] as much as a
cup will hold.
cup^ /kAp/ (-PP-) put into the
vt
shape of a cup: ~
one 's hands.
cup-board /'kAbod/ n [C] set of
at shelves with doors.
cur /k3:(r)/ n [C] 1 bad-tempered
or worthless dog. 2 cowardly or
badly-behaved man.
cur-able /'kjuarabl/ adj that can
be cured.
curate /'kjuarat/ n [C] clergy-
man who helps a parish priest.
cura-tive /'kjuarstiv/ adj help-
ing to cure: the ~ power of a
medicine.
cu-ra-tor /kju'reit3(r)/ n [C] (Offi-
= cial in charge (esp) of a museum
or art gallery.
vt ^ curb /k3:b/ n [C] 1 strap passing
under a horse's jaw, used to con-
trol it. 2 (Jig) something that
[C] highest holds one back: a -^ on price in-
creases. 3 ^ kerb, d v/ 1 control
(a horse) with a curb. 2 keep
(feelings, etc) under control.
purd /k3:d/ n 1 [C] (often pi)
thick, soft substance formed

when milk turns sour. 2 [U] (in
compounds) substance resem-
bling curd: Jemon-^'^.
curdle /'kardl/ vt/i form into
curds.
cure /kju3(r)/ vt/i 1 bring (a per-
son) back to health; get rid of
(an evil). 2 treat meat, fish, etc in
order to perserve it. d n [C] cur-
ing(1); something that
cures (1 ).
cur-few /'k3:fju:/ n [C] time or
signal for people to remain in-
doors.
curi-os-ity 'ikjuan'osatt/ n {pi
-ies) 1 [U] being curious(1 ,2) 2
[C] strange or rare object.
curi-ous 'kjoari^s; adj 1 eager
(to learn, know). 2 having too
much interest in the affairs
others. 3 strange; unusual.
curl /k3:l/n [C] something like
the thread of a screw, esp a lock
of hair of this shape, a vt/i make
into curls; twist; grow in curls.
curly /'k3:li/ adJ (-ier, -lest) hav-
ing curis; arranged in curls.
currant /'kArant/ n [C] 1 small.
dried grape used in cakes etc. 2
(bush with) small black, red or
white fruit.
currency /'kAransi/ n {pi -Ies) 1
[U] the state of being in general
use. 2 [C,U] money in use in a
country.
cur-rent^ /'kArant/ adj 1 in
general use; generally accepted.
2 now passing; of the present
time: '^ newslaffairs. '--w ac-
count, (with a bank) one from
which money may be drawn
without previous notice. ,'>^ af-
'fairs, current(2) news. '>^\s
adv
cur-rent^ /'kArant/ n [C] 1
stream of water, air, gas, elec-
tricity, etc. 2 course or move-
ment (of events, opinions, etc).
curricu-lum /ka'rikjubm/ n [C]
{pi ~s or -la /-b/) course of
study in a school, college, etc. '^
'vitae /'vi:tai/ {Latin) brief writ-
ten account of one's past history
(eg education, employment).
curry^ /'kAn/ n [C,U] {pi -ies)
(dish oO meat, fish, eggs, etc
cooked with hot-tasting spices.
D vr {pt. pp. -ied) cook with
curry.
curry^ /'kAn/ vt {pt. pp -ied) -^
favour (with sb), try to
favour or approval (by using
flattery, etc).
curse^ /ksis/ n [C] 1 words cal-
93 curdle/cut
ling for punishment, injury or
destruction. 2 cause of misfor-
tune or ruin: Alcohol was his '>^.
3 offensive or vulgar word or
words.
curse" /ksrs/ vt/i 1 use a curse
against; use violent language
against. 2 be ^d
with, suffer
misfortune because of. cursed
-t, '-id/ adj (a) hateful, (b) {in-
formal) very bad.
curt /k3:t/ adj (of a speaker) ab-
rupt; brief. '>^ly adv. ^'s^ness n
[ul
cur-tail /k3:'teil/ vr make short;
. limit.'>^ment n [C,U] act or re-
sultof curtailing.
cur-tain 'k3:tn/ n [C] 1 piece of
cloth, etc as hung up at a win-
of dow. 2 sheet of heavy material
across the front of the stage in a
theatre. 3 cover or protection: A
'^ of mist, a vt furnish or cover
with curtains.
curtsey, curtsy /'k3:tsi/ n [C]
{pi '^s, -ies) formal gesture of
respect (bending the knees)
made by women, n vi {pt.pp
-^ed, -ied) make this gesture.
curve /k3:v/ n [C] line of which
no part is straight, d vtji have
the form of a curve.
cushion /'kujn/ n [C] 1 small
bag with soft material, to
filled
make a seat more comfortable,
or to kneel on, etc. 2 something
like a cushion: a ~
of air. u vt 1
supply with cushions. 2 protect
from shock or harm.
cus-tard /'kAStad/ n [C,U] mix-
ture of eggs and milk, sweetened
and flavoured.
cus-tod-ian /ka'staudian/ n [C]
1 person who has custody of
something or somebody. 2 care-
taker of a public building.
cus-tody 'kAStadi/ n [U]l (duty
oO caring for, guarding: give her
~ of the child. 2 imprisonment.
(be) in ~, (be) in prison.
cus-tom /'kAStam/ n 1 [U] usual
behaviour among members of a
social group. 2 [C] particular
way of behaving. 3 [U] regular
support given to a tradesman by
customers. 4 {pi) import duties;
department of government {the
C'^s) that collects such duties.
--^-built, made to order, ^v^ary
fliZ/according to custom (1 ,2).
win cus-tomer /'kASt3m3(r) n [C]
person who buys things in a
shop.
cut' /kAt/ n [C] 1 act of cutting;
 ;

cut, czar 94

blow wiih a knile, eic. opening cut-let 'kAtht «lCj slice of mea;
made b> a knife, eic. 2 reduc- or fish.
tion: '^ in laxas 3 part that is
a cut-ter n [C] 1 persor
'kAt3(r)
cut off: a -^ of ht-ef. 4 style in or thing that cuts. 2 sailing-
which clothes, hair, etc are cut. vessel with one mast.
cut^ k.\t vi I ipi.pp ~) (-tt-) 1 cut-throat 'kAtOrsot n [C
make an opening, wound, etc murderer, a acsf/ murderous: (/;f i

with something sharp 2 (a) (of -^- competition between shops

a sharp tool, instrument, etc) be cut-ting' 'kAtir) adj 1 sharp

suitable to use. (b) (of a piercing. 2 sarcastic. ->^ remark >

material) be capable of being about the singer s performance.

cut. 3 sta> away from. -^ a class. cut-ting^ 'kAtiq n [C] 1 un-
4 (of lines) cross. 5 -s^ (off) a roofed passage dug through the
corner, go across, not round it. ground for a road, railway, etc.
-^ corners, (jig) do something 2 something cut from a news-
quickl) but not perfectly. -^ paper, etc. 3 short piece of the
one's losses, abandon a stem of a plant, used for grow-
scheme before one loses loo ing a new plant.
much mone>. 6 ->- s6 dead. cuttle-fish 'kAtlfiJ n [C] sea-
pretend not to have seen some- animal with long arms which
body. '>^ sth open, make an sends out a black liquid when at-
opening or split in. ^ sth tacked.
short, make shorter. 7 |-w and cy-an-ide 'saianaid, n [U]
^dried. (of opinions, etc) form- strong poison.
ed and unlikely to be changed. 8 cycle n [C] 1 series of
,'saikl
->- across sth. lake a shorter events in a regularly repeated
route across (a field, etc). sth ^ order: the ->- of the seasons. 2
back, (a) (of shrubs, etc) cut (abbr for) bicycle, d vi ride a
close to the stem, (b) reduce: ^ bicycle, cyc-lic(al) adjhappcn-
back the number of workers. ing in cycles(l). cyc-iist, per-
Hence, 'cut-back n [C]. ^ son who cycles.
sth/sb down, (a) cause to fall cyc-lone 'saikbon/iIC] violent
by culling, (b) killor injure, (c) wind rotating round a calm cen-
reduce (expenses, etc), (d) per- tral area, cyc-lonic sai'klonik
suade (a person) to reduce a adj
price. ^
down on, reduce cyg-net 'signit n [C] young
one's consumption of. ^ in, in- swan.
terrupt (a conversation, etc). -^^ cyl-in-der 'silind3(r) n [C] 1
sb/sth off (from), (a) re- solid or hollow body shaped like
move by cutting, (b) interrupt: a log. 2 chamber (in an engine)
-^ off the gas. (c) isolate: towns in which gas or steam works a
~ o// by floods. '^ out, stop cy-lin-dri-cal
piston, si'lin-
functioning, -c- sth out, (a) re- drikl cylinder-shaped.
fli^
move by cutting, (b) make. cym-bal 'simbl n [CJ one of a
shape, by cutting, (c) {informal) pair of round brass plates struck
leave out. (d) (informal) stop together to make (flanging
doing or using: -n, out cigarettes. sounds.
(not) be ^
out for, (not) cynic 'smik n [C] person who
have the abilities needed for. -^ sees good in anything and
little
sth/sb up, (a) cut into pieces, who shows this by being sarcas-
(b) (informal) make unhappy, '>^ism
tic. 'smisizam n [U]
i'^ 'price, (esp) reduced in cynic's opinions or attitude.
price, i-^-'rate adj at a reduced '>^al adj like a cynic, '^aiiy adv
price. cy-pher /'saif3(r) n [C] = ciph-
cute kju:t; adj (-r, -st) (infor- er.
mal) (of a girl) attractive. cy-press /'saipras, n [C] (kinds
cu-ticle 'kju:tikl n [C] layer of oO evergreen tree with dark
hard skin at the base of a finger- leaves and hard wood.
nail or toe-nail. cyst sist n [C] hollow organ in
cut-lass 'kAtbs n [C] (sailor's)
,
the body containing liquid.
short, one-edged sword. czar za:(r) /i (also tsar) emper-
cut-lery 'kAtbri n [U] imple- or (of Russia before 1917).
ments used at table (knives, ^ina zor'riina n Russian em-
forks). press.
 95 D/dank
from a person causing loss or in-
jury, a v7 cause damage (1 ) to.
dame deim/ n [C] 1 (title of a)
woman awarded an honour
(equal to knight).
damn daem \t 1 (of God) con-
demn to everlasting punish-

Dd ment. 2 condemn, nn not (be)

wforth a '^. (be) worthless.
'^able 'daemnsbl adj (a) hate-
'

ful; deserving to be damned, (b)

D, d 'di: (/>/ D's, d's /di:z/) 1 the {informal) very bad. '>^a-tion
fourth letter of the Enghsh al- /daem'neijn' n [U] being damn-
phabet. 2 Roman numeral 500. ed; ruin. D int Curse it, you. etc.
dab /daeb/ vtii (-bb-) touch, put '>^ed adj (a) the '>^ed, souls in
on, lightly and gently, a ^ [C] 1 hell, (b) {informal) deserving to
small quantity (of paint, etc) be damned, d adv {informal) ex-
dabbed on. 2 slight tap. tremely: '^ed lucky.
dabble 'dacbl vtH 1 splash (the
' damp^ daemp adj {-ex. -est)
hands, feet, etc) about in water. havmg some moisture (in or on):
2 (in art, politics, etc) do. study, a -^ room, a n [U] state of being
as a hobby, not professionally. damp. -wness/i[U]
dachs-hund 'daekshund/ n [C\ damp^ daemp, vti 1 make
breed of dog with short legs. damp. 2 (also 'dampen) make
dad /daed/ n [C] {informal) = sad or dull: ^ his enthusiasm. 3
father. '^ down, make (a fire) burn
daddy n [C] {pi -ies)
/'daedi/ more slowly.
child's word
for 'father'. dampen 'dasmpan; vtIi =
daf-fo-dil "daefsdil n [C] yellow ' damp^(2).
flower, growing from a bulb. damper n [C] 1
/''da2mp3(r)/
daft /da:ft/ adj {-ex. -est) {infor- metal plate that controls the
wa/) silly. '>^\y adv flow of air into a fire. 2 person
dag-ger /'daeg9(r)/ n [C] short or thing that ruins: put a '^ on
knife used as a weapon, look the party.
->^s at, look at with hatred. dam-son /'daemzn/ n [C] (tree
daily 'deiliadv happening,
adj. producing) small dark-purple
appearing, every day. n n [C] {pi plum.
-les) newspaper published every dance dams/ n [C] 1 (series oO
day. movements and steps in time
dainty "demti/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 with music; music for such
(of persons) pretty and neat. 2 movements and steps. 2 social
(of things) pretty: delicate(2): a gathering for dancing, a vt'i 1
^ flower. dain-tily adv move in rhythmical steps, usual-
daintiness/}[U] ly with music. 2 perform (a
dairy 'dean, n [C] {pi -ies) 1 named dance). 3 move in a lively
shop where milk, butter, eggs, way. dancer, person who
etc. are sold. 2 (part of a) build- dances, danc-ing adj, n [U]
mg where butter, cheese, etc are dan-de-lion /'daendilaian/ n [C]
made. '->- cattle, cows raised to small wild plant with bright yel-
produce milk. low fiowers.
dais 'Mens/ n fC] {pi ~es -siz/) dan-druff /'dsndrAf/ n [U] dead
platform (esp at the end of a skin in small pieces in the hair.
hall). dan-ger 'demd33(r) n 1 [U]
daisy 'deizi/ n [C] {pi -ies) small possibility of suffering injury or
white flower with a yellow cen- loss, in 'V-, likely to be injured,
tre. hurt, out of '>^. safe again. 2 [C]
dale deil Ai [C] = valley. something or somebody that
dam .'daem' n [C] barrier built to may cause danger. '^»^ous
keep back water, a vt (-mm-) 1 "demd33r3s adj likely to cause
make a dam across. 2 {fig) hold danger, ^ously at/v
back: -^- the flood of criticism. dangle 'daerigl/ \'t!i hang or-
dam-age "daemid3 n 1 [l] swing loosely.
harm; loss: The fire caused great dank dasrik adj {-ex, -est) cold
'^. 2 {ph {legal) money claimed and damp.
dare/dead
dare^ /de3<r)/ aux (3rd person
sing is dare, not dares) have the
courage, impudence, to: How
he say rude things about me!
dare^ de3(r)/ vt/i 1 be brave
enough to: / '^n 7 do that. 2 chal-
lenge to do something: / -^ you
(to say that again)! o n (only in)
do sih for a ^. do because
it
one is dared (2). '~-devil, per-
son who is foolishly bold.
daring 'desrii]/ n [\J] adventu-
rous courage, d adjho\ii and ad-
venturous. '>^lyadv
dark^ /da;k/ adj (-er, -est) 1 with
no or very little light: a '^
colour jroom. 2 (of colour) near-
er black than white. 3 (of the
skin) not fair. 4 {fig) hidden,
mysterious: a ~
secret, a '^
horse, (Jig) person about
whom little is known. 5 hope-
less; sad: the ^
days of war. 'X/ly
adv. '>^ness/i[U]
dark^ /da:k/ n [U] 1 absence of
light; night time. 2 (fig) ignor-
ance: he I keep him in the^.
dar-ling /'da:lir)/ n [C] person or
object very much loved.
darn /da:n/ xtji mend eg a hole
by weavmg thread, a n [C] place
mended by darning.
dart^ /da:t/ n [C] 1 sudden move-
ment. 2 small, sharp-pointed
missile, thrown at a target in the
gameofc/arr.v.
dart^ /da:t/ v/// (cause to)
suddenly.
dash' n 1 [C] sudden rush;
/dffij/
violent movement. 2 [C] (sound
oQ liquid striking something:
the ^of waves on the rocks. 3 [C]
small amount of something ad
ded: a ~
of pepper. 4 [C] written
or printed mark (-). 5 short race.
6 [U] energy: a man with great
'V-. *^board, instrument panel
of a motor-vehicle.
dash^ /daej/ vtji 1 send or throw
violently; move violently: a ^
glass against the wall. 2 sb's^
hopes, destroy, discourage,
them. '>^ing adj impetuous; full
of energy.
data /'delta/ n pi ^ facts; things
certainly known. 2 information
prepared for a computer pro-
gramme. ''^ bank, store of
data. 1'^ 'processing, the per-
forming of operations on data.
date' /deit/ n [C] 1 statement of
the day, month, year, of an
event. 2 (be/go) out of ^,
(be) no longer used; old-
96
-fashioned to '^. so far; until
now. (be/bring) up to '^.
~ (make) modern. 3 (informal)
appointment. 4 (informal) F>er-
son of the other sex with whom
dates(3) arc arranged.
date^ /deit/ vtH 1 have or put a
date(1 ) on. 2 ->- from/back
to. have existed since. 3 become
out of date. 4 make a date(3)
with, dated aJ/ out of fashion.
date^ /deit/ n [C] fruit of the '>^-
palm.
daub /dorb/ vtji 1 put (paint,
plaster, etc) roughly on a sur-
face. 2 paint (pictures) without
skill. 3 make dirty, a n [C,U]
(covering oQ soft, sticky
material, eg clay.
daugh-ter n [C] one's
/'d3:t3(r)/
female child, '-^-in-law (pi
~s-in-law) wife of one's son.
daunt /dD:nt/ vi discourage.
'>^less adj not discouraged.
dawdle /'docdl/ vtji be slow;
waste time.
dawn /doin/ n [C] 1 first light of
day; daybreak. 2 (fig) begin-
ning; birth: the ~
of civilisation.
D vi 1 begin to grow light. 2 -x/
on, grow clear (to the mind): //
'^edon her that she was wrong.
day /dei/ n 1 [U] time between
sunrise and sunset. 2 [C] period
of twenty-four hours (from mid-
night). '^ in. "w out, continu-
move ously, one '^, on a day (past or
future), the other '^, a few
days ago. 3 [C] the hours of the
day given to work, call it a '^.
stop working. 4 [CJ (often pi)
time; period, makesb's >^,
make him very happy, the
present •>-•, the time we are
now living in. 5 his/her. etc
'^, lifetime; period of success,
etc. '^'s^break, dawn. *'>^dream
vi, n [C] (have) idle and pleasant
thoughts. <'>^light n [U] (a)
light of day. (b) dawn.
daze /deiz/ vt make (a person)
unable to think clearly, an in a
'^, unable to think.
dazzle /'daezl/ vt make (a person)
unable to see clearly because of
too much light, etc.
dead /ded/ adj. n [U] 1 (plants,
animals, persons) no longer liv-
ing. 2 without movement or ac-
tivity: The town is -^ after 10
o'clock. 3 (of languages, cus-
toms, etc) no longer used. 4 (of
the hands, etc) numbed, eg by
cold. 5 complete; abrupt: a ~
 97 deaden /decease

stop. .6 no longer be
that can -^ly adv (a) very much, (b) at
used: The telephone went ~. 7 great cost.
(of sound) dull, heavy. 8 (of col- dearth d3:0' n [U] shortage,
ours) lacking brilliance, a adv lack.
completely; absolutely: ^ death deG n [C.U] 1 dying;
certain! accurate. '>^ centre, ex- ending of life, sick/bored to
act centre. 'end, cul-de-sac.
,'>-' '^ of, extremely tired, bored
''>^line, fixed date for finishing with. 2 put to '^. kill. 3 state of
(doing) something. -^ loss, being dead. 4 (fig) destruction.
failure. '-^^-duties, taxes paid on a per-
deaden 'dedn vt make less son's property after death, '--w-
loud, strong, bright, etc. trap, place, circumstances, etc
dead-lock 'dedlok; n [C.U] to- likely to cause death, '^v^-
tal failure toreach agreement. warrant, official order for an
dead-ly adj (-ier, -lest) 1
/'dedli/ execution, -^ly adj. adv like
likely to cause death: a poison. ^ death.
2 filled with hate: '^ enemies, a de-base di'beis/ vt make lower
m/v like death. in value. ~ment«[U]
deaf def, adJ (-er, -est) 1 unable de-bate n [C.U] formal
di'beit
to hear. 2 unwilling to listen. discussion, in public meeting, in
turn a -s^ ear to. refuse to lis- Parliament, a vt i have a debate
ten to. '~-aid, small device that about; think about, de-bat-
helps a deaf person to hear, (--w able -obi; adj do iibiful. open to
'mute, person who is deaf and question.
dumb. '>^ness/7[U] de-bauch di'bD:tj/ vt cause a
deafen 'defn' vr make so much person to act immorally, d n [C]
noise that hearing is dilTicult or occasion of excessive drinking,
impossible. immoral behaviour, -s^ery n
deaP /di:l n [U] a good/ great [C.U] (j)l -ies) excessive drink-
^, large quantity: a good of ^ ing, etc.
money, a adv very much, often: / de-bili-tate di'biliteit vt make
^ce him a great ^. (a person) weak, de-bil-ity
deaP 'dirl n [CJ 1 (in games) dis- di'bibti n [U] weakness (of
tribution of playing-cards. 2 health, purpose).
business transaction. debit 'debit n [C] entry (in an
deaP di:l, vtji {pt.pp ~t delt ) 1 account) of a sum owing, a vt
give out to a number of persons: put on the debit side of an ac-
^ cards. 2 ^
in sth, stock; sell: count.
shops ^ing in cheap goods. 3 de- de-bris 'deibri: n [U] scattered
liver: ^ him a blow on the nose. 4 broken pieces; wreckage.
'^ with, (a) have relations debt det n [C.U] payment
with, (b) (of affairs) manage; which must be paid to some-
attend to: ~
with an emergency. body; obligation. '>>'Or, person
(c) be about: a book -^mg with who is in debt to another.
Africa, '^er n [C] (a) person debut, debut "deibju:/ n [C] (of
who deals out playing-cards. an actor, musician, etc) first
(b) trader. ~ing n (a) [U] dis- public appearance.
tributing of somethmg; behavi- dec-ade /'dekeid/ n [C] period of
our towards others, (b) (/>/) bu- ten years.
siness relations. deca-dence 'dekad^ns n [U]
dealt /delt/ /7/.0/? of deaP. falling to a lower level (in mor-
dean n [C] 1 clergyman at
/di:n/ als, art. etc), deca-dent adJ
the head of a cathedral chapter. de-cant /di'kasnt vt pour (wine,
'

2 head of a university depart- etc) from a bottle into another

ment. vessel. '>^er, vessel into which
dear /di9(r)/ adj (-er, -est) 1 wine is decanted.
loved; lovable. 2 (at the begin- decapi-tate Mi'kspiteit/ vt cut
ning of letters): D~
MadamjSir. the head off.
3 high in price. 4 precious (to); de-cay /di'kei/ vi go bad; lose
greatly valued, a adv at a high power, health, a « [U] decaying:
cost. D « [C] 1 lovable person. 2 tooth '^.
(used to address a person): Yes. de-cease 'di'si:s/ vi die. a n
->-'. a int (to express surprise,
(legal) death, the -^^d. person
dismay, etc): Oh ~.' D'^ me! who has recently died.
deceit/ dedicate 98

de-ceit n 1 (U] trickery;

/di'si:t/ known formally; announce, 's^
dishonesty. 2 [C] lie; dishonest »var (on/against), announce
trick, 'v-ful aJj (a) in the habit that a state of war exists. 2 say
of deceiving, (b) intended to de- solemnly. 3 tell (customs offi-
ceive. ~fully /-fall; adv. 'v/ful- cials) of goods brought into a
nessAj[U] country: Have you anything to
de-ceive ,di'si:v/ vi cause a per- ^>
son to believe something that is de-cline' di'klam/ n [C] reduc-
false. de-ceiverA?[C] tion, weakening: a ;/; ~
De-cem-ber /di'semb3(r), n strength exports.
twelfth month of the year. de-cline^ di'klain/ vt 1 sa> i

de-cent /dirsnt adj ^ right and 'No" (to). 2 become smaller.

suitable; respectful: wear '^
clothes to the party. 2 modest;
respectable: '>- language/
behaviour. 3 imformat) likeable.
'>^ly adv in a decent(1 ,2)
ner. de-cencv/j[U]
de-cep-tion di'sepjn/ n 1 [U]
deceiving. 2 [C] trick intended to
deceive.
de-cep-tive /di'septiv/ adj mis-
leading: a ~ appearance.
adv
deci-bel n [C] unit to
'desibel/
measure the loudness of sounds.
de-cide vti 1 settle (a
di'said,
question or a doubt); give a
judgement. 2 make up one's
mind: / ^c/ to leave. 3 cause to
decide(2): His behaviour -^dme
to leave, de-cided adj (a) clear;
definite, (b) (of persons) deter-
mined, '^d-ly adv definitely.
de-cidu-ous di'sidjuss,' adj (of
trees) losing their leaves every
year.
deci-mai "desiml ac// of tens or
one-tenths. '^ point, the point
in 15-61. '>..'ize ,-aiz/ vt
to a decimal system. '>^iz-ation
/idesimslai'zeijn/ n [U]
deci-mate ,'desimeit/ vt kill
destroy a large part of.
de-cipher /di'saif3(r)/ vt find the
meaning of (something written
in code, bad handwriting, etc).
de-ci-sion /di'sisn/ n 1
ciding; judging; fc] settlement of
a question, judgement: reach/
come to a -^^.2 [U] ability to de-
cide and act; determination: a
man of '^. de-cis-ive /di'saisiv/
adj (a) having a definite out-
come, (b) showing decision(2).
decisivelyai^v
deck^ /dek; n [C] 1 any of the
floors of a ship, a bus, etc. 2
pack of playing-cards,
chair, folding canvas chair.
deck^ dek/ v/ decorate.
weaker, lower: His strength is
declining.
de-clutch /,di:'klAtJ/ vi discon-
nect the clutch (of a motor-
man- vehicle) in order to change gear.
de-code ,di:'k3(id' vt decipher
(a message code).
in
de-com-pose ,,di:k3m'p3uz/
vt;i 1 separate (a substance) into
its parts. 2 (cause to) become
'>^lv rotten; decay, decom-po-si-
tion /'-ps'zijn, n [U]
de-cor 'deikD:(r) n [C] appear-
ance, decoration, eg of a room.
dec-or-ate 'dekareit, vt^ make
(more) beautiful by placing or-
naments on or in. 2 paint, plas-
ter, etc the rooms or the outside
of (a building). 3 give (a person)
a mark of distinction (eg a me-
dal): '^d for bravery, dec-or-
ator n [C] workman who decor-
ates(2). ,dec-o'ra-tion n (a)
[U] decorating, (b) [C] thing
used for decorating: Christmas
'^s. (c) [C] medal, ribbon, etc.
dec-or-ative /'dekarativ adj
change suitable for decorating(1 ).
de-coy ,'di:k3i n [C] 1 (real or
imitation) bird or animal used to
or attract others (to be killed or
caught). 2 (jig) person or thing
used to tempt somebody into a
trap, a vt /di'kDi/ trick into a
place of danger.
[U] de- de-crease /di'krirs/ vtji (cause
to) become shorter, smaller,
less: sales are decreasing, a n
,'di:kri:s/ [U] decreasing; [C]
amount by which something
decreases; a 5ma//~ in sales.
de-cree /di'kri:/ n [C] 1 order
having the force of a law: by
royal ~. 2 judgement of some
law courts, a vt/i issue a, order
by, decree.
''v.- de-crepit /di'krepit, adj made
weak by old age.
dedi-cate 'dedikeit, vt 1 devote
,

dec-lar-ation /idekb'reijn/ « [C] (one's time, energy, etc to a pur-

announcement: a -^ of war. pose). 2 devote with solemn
de-clare 'di'kle3(r)/ vtn 1 make ceremonies (to God). 3 (of an

author) write a person's name at
the beginning of a book, (to
show gratitude or friendship to),
dedi'ca-tion /; (a) [U] dedicat-
ing, (b) [C] words used in dedi-
cating a book.
de-duce /di'dju:s/ v7
(knowledge, a theory, etc) by
reasoning; reach a conclusion.
de-duct /di'dAkt/ vt take away
(an amount or part): ~ £10 from
his wages.
de-duc-tion /di'dAkJn/ n
deducting; [C] amount deduct-
ed. 2 [U] deducing; [C] conclu-
sion reached by reasoning.
deed /di:d/ n [C] 1 something
done; act. 2 (legal) signed agree-
ment, esp about ownership.
deep^ /di:p/ aJj (-er, -est) 1 go-
ing a long way down from the
top or surface: a '^ river, a hole
two feet ~. 2 {fig) serious: a
thinker. 3 (of sounds) low. 4 (of
colours) strong; intense. 5
strongly felt: ^
hatred. 6 (fig)
difficult to understand. 8 (of
sleep) from which orffe is not
easily wakened, --o^ly
tensely: hurt by your re-
~/v
marks. '-V'ness n [U]
deep^ /di:p/ adv far down or in.
i'>^-'freeze vt freeze (food)
quickly in order to preserve it
for long periods, d n [C] special
type of refrigerator used for this
purpose. I'-v^-'rooted, (fig) not
easily removed: '^-rooted hat-
red,i^-'seated, (of beliefs, etc)
firmly established.
deepen /'dirpan/ vt/i make or be-
come deep.
deer /di3(r)/ n [C] (pi
animal, the male of
grac'^ftil
whi^n has horns.
de-face /di'feis/ vt spoil the ap-
pearance of: ^public buildings.
'^ment«[C,UJ
de-fame /di'feim/ vt attack the
good reputation of. defa-ma-
tion /idefs'meijn/ n [U]
de-fault /di'fDilt/ vi fail to pay,
perform a duty, or to appear (eg
in a law court) when required, a
n [C] act of defaulting. ~er,
person who defaults.
de-feat /di'fiit/ vt 1 overcome;
win a victory over. 2 ruin: Our
hopes were ^ed. a n [U] defeat-
ing; [C] instance of this.
de-f ect' /'dr.fekt/ n [C] fault; im-
perfection. ~ive /di'fektiv/ adj
de-fect^ /di'fekt/ vi desert one's
country, political party, etc. de-
99 deduce /deflate
'fection /-Jn/ n [C,U]. -^or,
person who defects.
de-fence (VS =-fense)
di'fens/ 1 [U] defending from
attack. 2 [C] thing used to de-
fend or protect. 3 [C,U] (legal)
arrive at argument(s) against an accusa-
tion; the lawyer(s) acting for an
accused person. '>^less adj un-
able to defend oneself.
de-fend /di'fend/ vt 1 protect;
make safe. 2 speak or write in
1 [U] support of: -^^ a elaim. -^^^ant n
[C] person against whom a legal
action is brought, -^er « [C] per-
son who defends, de-fens-ible
/di'fensabl/ adj able to be de-
fended, de-fens-jve /di'fensiv/
adj used for defending, n n on
the '^, prepared to defend
oneself, def ens-ive-ly adv
de-fer^ 'di'f3:(r)/ vt (-rr-) post-
^ pone: '>- a deeision.
de-fer^ /di'f3:(r)/ vi (-rr-) give
way to: / shall ~
to your advice.
'-^^ence /'defarans/ n [U] giving
way to the wishes of others; re-
spect.
adv in- de-fiance /di'faisns/ n [U] open
disobedience or resistance; defy-
ing, in -^ of, showing contempt
of: in ~of my orders, de-f iant
adj showing defiance; disobe-
dient.
de-f i-ciency /di'fijnsi/ n (pl-\es)
1 [C,U] shortage; lack: a -^ ofvi-
tamins. 2 [C] amount by which
something is short, de-ficient
adj
defi-cit /'defisit/ n [C] amount
by which something, esp a sum
of money, is too small. C> sur-
~) fast, plus.
de-file /di'fail/ vt make dirty or
impure.
de-fine /di'fain/ vt 1 state pre-
cisely the meaning of (eg words).
2 state or show clearly: '^ one's
potition on an issue, de-fin-able
/-abl/ ac^ that can be defined.
defi-nite /'definat/ at// clear; not
doubtful. ,'>^ 'article, the word
'the', -^ly adv (a) in a definite
manner, (b) (informal) certain-
ly: He ^ly agreed to come.
defi-ni-tion /|defi'mjn/ n 1 [U]
defining; [C] statement that de-
fines: a^ofa word. 2 [U] clear-
ness of outline: the ^
of a photo-
graph.
de-f ini-tive /di'finativ/ adj fixed;
decisive; without the need for
change or addition.
de-flate /di'fleit/ vt 1 make (a
deflect/ delirium KK)

tyre, etc) smaller by letting out lightful; pleasant: '^ i hocolates.

air or gas. 2 (fig) cause to seem del-egate^ /'deligat/ n [C] person
less important. 3 dii'fleit' re- to whom something is delegat-
duce the amount of money in ed.
circulation, de'fla-tion n IC,U] del-egate^ 'deligeit vt appoint
act ofdeflating. as a representative; entrust (du-
de-flect di'flekt, »// (cause to) ties, rights, etc), del-e'ga-tion
turn aside (from): The bullet was n (a) [U] delegating, (b) [C]
^cil hv a wall ami missed him. group of delegates.
de'f lection Jn «[C.U] de-lete ,di'li:t vt remove; erase
de-form di'foirn vt spoil the (something written or printed).
form or appearance of; put out dele-tion // [U] deleting; [C]
of shape, "^^ed adj badly something deleted.
shaped. ~itvA7[C.U] de-lib-er-ate^ di'libarat; adj 1
de-fraud di'frojd v7 trick; cheat intentional: a ~
insult. 2 slow
(a person): ->^ him of £100. and cautious (in action, speech,
de-frost idii'frost i/ remove ice etc). '^Xy adv
or frost (eg m
a refrigerator). de-lib-er-ate^ /di'lib3reit/ vtji
deft deft adj skilful (esp with (formal) consider, talk about,
the fingers). '>-'ly ai/v. carefully.
de-funct di'fAqki/ adj (of de-lib-er-ation dijlibs'reijn/ n
things, eg laws) extinct. (formal) 1 [C,U] careful discus-
de-fuse |di:'fju:z/ vt remove the sion; debate. 2 [U] slowness of
fuse of, eg a bomb. movemetit.
defy di'fai vt (pt.pp -ied) 1 re- deli-cacy /'delikosi/ n (pi -ies) 1
sist openly. 2 refuse to obey: '^ [U] quality of being delicate. 2
the law. (CJ tasty food.
de-gen-er-ate di'dsenar.-^t adj. deli-cat6 /'delikst adj^ soft; of
n [C] (person) having lost quali- fine material: the ^ wings of a
ties considered normal and de- 2 fine; exquisite:
butterfly. ^
sirable. D di'dsenareit v7 pass workmanship. 3 becoming ill

from a state of goodness to a easily: in -^ health. 4

requiring
lower state. skill: a -v- operation. 5 (of col-
de-grade di'greid i7 1 reduce ours) soft; not strong. 6 (of the
in rank or status. 2 cause to be senses, of instruments) sensi-
less moral: His dishonesty ^d tive^(3). 7 needing great care: a
him. degradation ,degr3- ~ situation. 8 (of food) pleasing
'deijn/ n [U] degrading. to the taste. '^\y adv
de-gree di'gri: n [C] 1 unit of deli-ca-tes-sen /idelika'tesn/ n
measurement (of a circle) for [C,U] (shop selling) prepared
angles. 2 unit of measurement foods ready for serving.
for temperature. 3 stage in a de-li-cious di'lijos adj giving
scale or process, by '^s, gradu- delight (esp to the taste).
ally.4 grade given by a univer- de-light' Mi'lait/ n 1 [U] great
sity toone who has passed an pleasure: take ~
in his victory. 2
examination, first ->-, most ex- fC] cause or source of great
treme stage: first -^ burns. pleasure, -^^ful adj giving
de-hy-drate /|di:hai'dreit/ vt re- pleasure. ~fully ac/v
move water from (a substance). de-light^ /di'lait/ vt!i^ give great
de-ice /,di: 'ais vt free from ice. pleasure to; please greatly. 2 be
deign /dein/ vi be kind or grac- •^ed, be greatly pleased. 3 find
ious enough to: She- didn't -^ to great pleasure: He ~5 in working
speak to me. hard.
de-ity /'deiati/ n {pi -ies) 1 [U] di- de-lin-quency /di'liQkwsnsi/ n
vine quality or nature. 2 [C] god (pi -ies) [C,U] wrong-doing;
or goddess. neglect of duty, de-lin-quentn
de-ject /di'd3ekt/ vt make sad or [CL adj (person) doing wrong,
gloomy, de'jection /-Jn/ n [U] failing to perform a duty.
dejected state. de-liri-ous /di'linos/ adj 1 suf-
de-lay /di'lei/ vtji 1 make or be fering from delirium. 2 wildly
slow or late. 2 postpone, d « 1 t\c'\ted.'^lyadv
[U] delaying. 2 [C] instance, de-lir-ium /di'linam/ n [U] 1
time, of this. mental disturbance, esp during
de-lec-table /di'lektabl/ adj de- illness. 2 (fig) wild excitement.
 101 deliver/denounce

de-liver /di'liv3(r)/ vr 1 take (let- demo-crat 'demakraet, n [C] 1

ters, goods, etc) to houses, or person who favours or supports
buyer(s): ~
milk /newspapers. 2 democracy. 2 D-^, (VS) mem-
'v. from,{formal) rescue, save. ber of the Democratic Party.
3 give; pronounce:
to a lec- ^ -v.ic '-'kraetik; adj of, support-
ture. 4 help (a woman) in child- ing, democracy, --^i-callv adv
birth. 5 surrender; hand over. 6 de-mol-ish /di'mDliJ", vr 1 pull
send against: to '^ a blow, -^^er, down, eg old buildings. 2 des-
rescuer, --•wance n [U] deliver- troy, eg an argument, demo-li-
ing(2); rescue. tion/|dem9iliJn'n[C,U]
de-liv-ery /di'livari/ n (pi -ies) 1 demon, dae-mon 'diiman/ n
[C,U] delivering (of letters, [C] 1 evil spirit. 2 (informal)
goods, etc). 2 [C] birth of a child: fierce or energetic person.
The mother had an easy ~. 3 [U] demon-strate /'demanstreit/
manner of speaking (in lectures, vtji 1 show clearly by giving
etc), proof(s) or example(s). 2 take
delta "delts/ n [C] {pl^s) land in part in a demonstration ( 1 )
this shape (J) at the mouth of a dem-on-stration /(deman-
river. 'streijn/ n [CU] 1 demonstrat-
de-lude di'luid/ vt deceive; mis- ing(1 ). 2 public display of feel-
lead. ing by a group, eg of workers.
del-uge heavy
/'delju:d3/ n [C] 1 de-monstrative /di'mon-
rush of water; violent rainfall. 2 strativ/ adj (a) showing the
heavy rush of something: a '^ of feelmgs. (b) (gram): pronoun, ~
letters, n vr flood. (this, these, that, those).
de-lu-sion /di'lu:3n/ n [U] delud- demonstrator n [C] (a) per-
ing; [C] mistaken belief. son who takes part in a demon-
de luxe /di 'Uks/ ac^/ of very high stration(2). (b) person who
quality. teaches by demonstrating(1 ).
delve /delv vt/i ~ (into), in- de-moral-ize di'morslaiz/ vr
vestigate, look into. destroy the courage, confidence,
de-mand^ /di'ma.nd/ n 1 [C] act etc of. eg an army: troops '^d by
of demanding(1 ); something a surprise attack.
that is demanded(l): a ~ for de-mote /,di:'m9ut/ vr reduce in
more nay. on ->^, when demand- rank, de'mo-tion n [U]
ed. 2 [U] desire, by people ready de-mure /di'mju9(r)/ adj^ quiet
to buy, employ, etc: Our goods and serious. 2 modest; shy: a ^
are in great '^. smile, -^^ly adv
de-mand^ /di'ma:nd/ vt 1 ask for den /den/ n [C] 1 animal's hidden
as if ordering. 2 need: work '^ing living-place. 2 secret place. 3 (m-
great care. formai) private room in which a
, de-mar-cate /'di:ma:keit/ vr fix person works.
I
the limits of, eg a frontier, de- de-nial /di'naial/ n 1 [C,U] deny-
I mar'cation n[\J] ing; refusing a request. 2 [C]
I
demean-our (US =-or) statement that something is not
/di'mi:n9(r)/ n [U] way of behav- true.
denim /'denim/ n 1 [U] strong
'
demented /di'mentid/a<^' mad. cotton cloth. 2 (pt) (informal)
^lyadv jeans made from denim.
deme-rara /idema'reara/ n [U] de-nomi-na-tion /diinomi-
(also '^ sugar) light brown cane 'neij"n/ n [C] 1 name, esp of a reli-
sugar. gious group. 2 unit (of weight,
de-mili-tar-ized /,di:'mili- numbers, money, etc), -^al adj
taraizd adj (of a place) required of religious groups.
to have no military forces in it. de-nomi-na-tor /di'nomi-
de-mist /,di:'mist/ vr remove the neit3(r)/ n [C] number below the
mist from, eg a windscreen. line in a fraction, eg 4 in ^.
I

, democ-racy /di'mokrasi/ n (pi de-note /di'nsut/ vt (formal) 1

I -ies) 1 [C,U] (country with a) be the symbol of; be the name of.
government in which all citizens 2 indicate: Tears usually '^ sad-
I share through their elected rep- ness.
'
resentatives. 2 [C,U] (society in de-nounce /di'nauns/ vr speak
which there is) equal treatment publicly against: ~
the govern-
'

ofeach other by citizens. ment's actions.

dense/ derivation

dense dens adj (-r, -st) 1 (of money that is deposited (2,3) 2
liquids, vapour) not easily seen layer of matter deposited (4) 3
through: a ~ fo^. 2 (of people solid layer (in the earth) eg of
and things) crowded together. 3 tin. '^ account, money depo-
{informal) stupid. '>^lv adv sited in a bank, not to be with-
density n {pi -ies) 1
'densati drawn without notice.
[U] the quality of being de-posit' di'po/il vt 1 lay or
dense (1.2) 2 [C.U] {physics) put down. 2 put or store for
relation of weight to volume. safe-keeping. 3 make part pay-
dent dent n [C] hollow in a ment of money that is owed. 4
hard surface made by a blow or (esp of a river) leave (a layer of
pressure, a \i make or get a
i material on)
dent in. de-pot 'depao n [C] 1 store-
den-tal 'denti 6jJ/ of the teeth. house, warehouse. 2 ((75) rail-
den-tist 'dentist n [C] person way or bus station.
whose work is the care of teeth de-prave di'preiv vt corrupt.
'v/ry n[\j\ work of a dentist. de-prav-ity di'pricvati/ n [U]
de-nunciation di,nAnsi'eiJn/ n de-pre-ci-ate di'pri:fieit/ viji
[C.U] (act oO denouncing. make or become less in value.
deny di'nai vi {pt.pp-\e(i)^ sa\ depreci'ation n [U]
that (something) is not true. 2 de-press di'pres v7 1 push
refuse a request. down. 2 make sad. 3 make less
de-odor-ant ,di:'3ud3r3nt/ /7[C] active: a '^ed market for coffee.
substance that hides odours. de-pres-sion di'prejn n 1 [U]
de-part di'pu:t vi go away: being depressed (2). 2 [C] hol-
leave. low in the surface of something,
de-partment di'paitmant/ n esp the ground. 3 [C] time when
[C] one of several divisions of a business is depressed(3). 4 [C]
government, business, shop, area of low atmospheric pres-
university, etc. -^^ store, large sure.
shop where many kinds of de-prive di'praiv/ vt take away
goods are sold in different de- from; prevent from having: chil-
partments. dren -^ of loveifood. depri-va-
de-par-ture /di'pa:tj"3(r)/ n [C, tion idepn'veijn Aj[C,U]
U] (act oO going away. depth depG/ n 1 [C.U] being
de-pend /di'pend/ vi ^ on, 1 re- deep; distance from the top
ly on in order to exist or succeed. down, from the front to the
2 trust, ^able adj that may be back. 2 [C] deep learning,
relied on. thought, feeling, etc. in '^. in
de-pend-ant (also -entj detail; thorough(ly).
di'pendant/ n [C] person who depu-ta-tion idepju'teijn/ n [C]
depends on another for a home, persons given the right to act or
food. O dependent ac//.
etc. speak for others.
de-pend-ence di'pendans/ n depu-tize 'depjutaiz/ vi act as
[U] 1 being supported by others. deputy: '^for.
2 confident trust. deputy /'depjoti/ n [C] {pi -ies)
de-pend-ent di'pendani/ n [C] person to whom work, author-
— dependant, n ac/y depending. ity, etc is given.
de-pict di'pikt vt show in a pic- de-rail /di'reil/ vt cause (a train,
ture; describe in words. etc) to leave the rails. '>^ment «
de-plete ;di'pli:t/ vt use up, [C,U]
empty until little remains: Our de-range di'reinds/ put out vt
food supplies are badly '>^d. de- of working order; disturb: men-
ple-tion«[U] tally ~^, insane.
de-plore di'pb:(r)/ vt regret; der-el-ict /'deralikt/ adj left to
disapprove of: We -^ the death fall into ruin, der-el'ic-tion
of three men. de-plorable adj /-Jn/ n [C,U] (deliberate) neglect
/-rable/ ofduty.
de-port /di'port/ vt expel (an un- deri-va-tion /,deri'veij"n/ n 1 [U] y\
wanted person) from a country. deriving; origin. 2 [C] first form
nation /|di:p3:'teijn n [U] and meaning of a word, de-
de-pose /di'pauz/ vt/i remove a riva-tive /di'nvativ/ adj. « [C] [

king or president from power. (word, substance) derived from

de-posit' /di'pozit/ n [C] 1 another.
 103 derive /destructive

de-rive /di'raiv/ vt/i 1 get: to ~ wished for. a vt {formal) want

pleasure from something. 2 '^ very much; wish.
(from), have as a source: words de-sist -^ (from),
/di'zist/ vi

'^dfrom Latin. (formal) stop (doing some-

de-roga-tory /di'iogatri/ adj thing).
tending to damage (one's repu- desk /desk/ n [C] piece of furni-
tation, etc). ture at which to read or write.
derrick /'derik/ n [C] 1 (also deso-late /'desabt/ adj 1 (of a
^'^-crane) large crane for mov- place) ruined; without people. 2
ing or lifting heavy weights, esp lonely and sad. a vt /'desaleit/
on a ship. 2 framework over an make desolate, desola-tion
oil-well to hold the drilling ma- /-'leiJn,«[U]
chinery, etc. des-pair /di'spe3(r)/ n [U] loss of
de-scend /di'send/ vtji 1 {for- hope, a vi be in despair. '>^ing-
mal) come or go down. 2 be ly adv
'^ed from, have as ancestors. des-patch /di'spaetj/ n.v = dis-
3 '^ on. attack suddenly. patch.
de'scend-ant n [C] person des-per-ate /'desporat/acZ/'l (of
who is descended from (the per- a person) filled with despair;
son named). ready to do anything. 2 extreme-
de-scent /di'sent/ n 1 [C,U] ly serious: a '^ situation, -^^ly
coming or going down. 2 [C] adv. desperation /-'reijn/ n
downward slope. 3 [U] family; [U]
origin: of French ~. des-pic-able /di'spikabl/ adjde-
de-scribe /di'skraib/ vt 1 say serving be despised,
to des-
what (a person or thing) is like. 2 picably a^v
draw: '^ a circle. des-pise /di'spaiz/ vt feel con-
de-scrip-tion /di'skripjn/ n [C, tempt for.
U] describing; picture in words. des-pite /di'spait/ prep in spite
descriptiveac// of: We lost ^ our efforts.
des-ecrate 'desakreit/ vt spoil de-spon-dency /di'spondansi/
or damage (a sacred thing or n [U] loss of hope, de-spon-
place). ,des-e'cra-tion n [U] dentadj
de-seg-re-gate /,di:'segrigeit/' vt des-pot /'despot/ n [C] ruler with
abolish (esp racial) segregation unlimited powers, esp one who
in. governs wrongly or cruelly. '>^ic
de-sert^ /di'z3:t/ vt/i 1 go away /di&^poUk I adj
from. 2 leave without help: ^ des-sert /di'z3:t/ n [C] course of
one's family. 3 leave (esp the fruit, etc at the end of a meal.
armed forces) without permis- '>^spoon, medium-sized
sion, '^er, person who deserts spoon.
(3).'^ion/di'z3:J'n/A?[C,U] des-ti-na-tion /(desti'neijn/ n
des-ert^ /'dezat/ n [C,U] (large [C] place to which a person or
area oQ barren land, often thing is going.
sand-covered, a adJ 1 barren. 2 des-tine /'destm/ v7 decide in ad-
uninhabited: a ~
island. vance: They were -^d never to
de-serts /di'z3:ts/ n pi what a meet again, ie by fate.
person deserves: get one 'sjust ~. des-tiny /'destmi/ n {pi -ies) [C]
de-serve /di'z3:v/ vt/i be worthy fate; the future as determined by
of: Hc^dto win. fate, etc.
de-sign /di'zam/ n 1 [C] drawing des-ti-tute /'destitjuit/ ac^ with-
from which something may be out food, clothes and other
made. 2 [U] art of making such things necessary for life, des-
drawings, etc. 3 [U] general ti'tu-tion/7[U]
planning (of a picture, building, de-stroy /di'stroi/ vt break to
machine, etc). 4 [C] pattern of pieces; make useless; put an end
lines, shapes. 5 plan; intention. to. '>^er n [C] (a) person or
D vt/i 1 prepare a design (1 ). 2 thing that destroys, (b) small,
intend: This room was '^ed for fast warship.
the children, ^^er n [C] de-struc-tion /di'strAkJn/ n [U]
de-sir-able /di'zaiarsbl/ adJ destroying; ruin.
worth having; attractive. de-struc-tive /di'strAktiv/ adj
de-sire /di'zai3(r)/ n 1 [C,U] causing destruction; fond of
strong wish. 2 [C] thing that is destroying.
detach /diagnose If

de-tach di'tdctj v.* unfasten and dev-as-tate 'devasteit v7 ruin

separate '>-'ed udj (a) (of the deva'station n [UJ
mind) not influenced b> others, de-veiop di'vebp vtn 1 (cause
(b) (of a house) not joined to to) grov\ larger, more organized
another. '>^ment n (a) [U) the 2 treat (an exposed film) so ihct'
state of being detathed(a). (b) the photograph can be seen 3
[C] group of soldiers, etc separ- use (an area of land) f(>r build
ated from a larger number ings and so increase its value
de-tair 'di:teil /; 1 [C] small, 'N^ment n (a) (U] developing
particular fact or item. 2 (C] = (b) [C] new stage, situation.
detachment(b) de-vi-ate 'di:vieit vi ^
de-tail^ 'di:ieil v7 1 describe ful- (from), turn away, leave (\^ ha:
ly. 2 appoint for special duty. IS usual, right, etc), de-vi'ation
de-tain di'tein vt keep wailing; 'J(C,U]
prevent from leaving. de-vice /di'vais, n [C] 1 plan.
de-tainee |di:lei'ni:, n [C] per- trick. 2 something made or
son who is detained (esp in pri- adapted for a special purpose 3
son). symbol used in a decoration
de-tect di'tekt' v/ discover (the devil 'devl, n [C] 1 evil spirit
existence or presence of) '^or, the D-^^, the supreme spirit oi
device for detecting, de'tec- evil, Satan. 2 unfortunate per-
tion -Jn n [U] detecting; being son: Oh. you poor -^1
discovered, -^ive n [C] person de-vi-ous 'di:vi3S/ adj 1 cun-
who finds criminals. ning, deceitful.
de-ten-tion di'tenjn' n [U] act de-vise di'vai// vt think out:
or period being detained. plan.
de-ter di't3:(r)/ vt (-rr-) -^^ de-void di'vDid' at// o/', with- ^
(from), discourage: '^red by out: A man ^ of love.
the ruin from ^oinf^ out. de-vote 'di'vr>ot/ vt give up
de-ter-gent di't3:d39nt n [C, (oneself, one's time, energy, etc)
U], a(// (substance) that removes to. de-voted adj very loving or
dirt. loyal, devo-tee idevsu'ti: n
de-terio-rate di'lianareit/ vtH [C] person who devoted to
is

make or become worse: His something, de'vo-tion n (a)

health '^d. deterio'ration n [U] deep, strong love, (b) (pi)
[U] prayers.
determination di|t3:mi- de-vour 'di'vao9(r)/ vt 1 eat
'neijn n [U] 1 act of determin- hungrily or greedily. 2 (fig) ab-
ing. 2 firm intention. sorb, use up, destroy: forests
de-ter-mine di'l3:mm/ vtH 1 -^ed by fire.
decide: fix: ^ one's position. 2 de-vout /di'vaut/ adj^ very reli-
calculate. gious. 2 (of prayers, wishes, etc)
de-ter-rent /di'terant/ n [C]. adj serious; sincere. '>^ly adv.
(thing) tending to, intended to, dew dju: n fU] tiny drops of
deter. moisture appearing in the morn-
de-test di'test; v/ hate strongly. ing from water vapour in the air.
de-throne /di'Graun,/ vt remove dewy adj (-ier, -lest)
(a ruler) from the throne. dex-ter-ity idek'stersti n [U]
det-on-ate 'detaneit/ v/ /(cause unusual skill, esp with the
to) explode. |det-o'n-ation n hands 'dexterous, 'dex-
[C,U] det-on-ator n [C] part of trous aJ/
abomb that causes it to explode. dia-betes |dai3'bi:tiz/ n [U] dis-
de-tour /'di:tu3(r)/ n [CJ way ease in which there is too much
round; diversion. sugar in the blood, dia-betic
de-tract di'traekt/ vi '^ idaia'betik; adj. n [C] (person)
(from), take away (from the suffering from diabetes.
credit, value, of): Nothing -^5 dia-bolic idaia'bolik (also
from the value of his work. '>^al) adj 1 of or like a devil. 2
det-ri-ment /'detrirasnt/ n [U] very cruel or wicked, --^^ally a^v
damage; harm. '>^al /-'mentl/ di-ag-nose ,dai3g'n9uz vt
adj h'dvmful. identify a disease after examin-
de-value /|di:'vslju:/ vt make ing the patient, di-ag-nosis
(the value of a currency) less. /-'nausis/ n (pi -noses) (a) [U]
de-valu'ation/i[C] diagnosing, (b) [C] (statement
 105
of the) result of this, di-ag-
nos-tic /-'nostik/ a^;^"
di-ag-onal /dai'aeganl/ n [C], adj
(straight line) going across, eg
an oblong, from corner to corn-
er. --v/ V ad'
1
dia-gram /'daiDgraem/ n [C]
drawing, design or plan to ex-
plain or illustrate something.
,'>^'matic /idaiaqra'mastik/ a^.
dial /'daial/ n [Cjl marked face
of an instrument, clock, watch,
etc. 2 part of a telephone, with
numbers, used to make a con-
nection. D vt (-II-) telephone: '^
a friend's number.
dia-lect /'daialekt/ n [C,U] form
of a language used in a part of a
country or by a class of people.
dia-logue (US also dialog)
/'daialog/ n 1 [U] (writing in the
form of a) conversation or talk.
2 [C] exchange of opinions.
di-am-eter /dai'aemitair)/ n [C\
(length of a) straight line drawn
from side to side through the
centre of a circle.
dia-metri-cally /,dai9'metrikli'
<7(yv completely: ~ opposed.
dia-mond /'daiamond/ n [C] 1
briUiant precious stone, the har-
dest substance known. 2 figure
with four equal sides whose
angles are not right angles. 3
playing-card with red shapes
like diamonds.
dia-phragm /'daiafraem/ n [C] 1
wall of muscle between the chest
and the abdomen. 2 thin plate or
disc (in instruments).
diar-rhoea (also -rrhea)
/idaia'na/ n [U] too frequent and
too watery emptying of the
bowels.
diary /'daiari/ n [C] {pi -ies)
(book for a) daily record of
events, thoughts, etc. dia-rist ^,
person who keeps a diary.
dice /dais/ n pi small cubes of
wood, bone, etc marked with
spots, used in games, u vt 2 cut
(food) into small cubes.
dic-tate /dik'teit/ v/// 1 say
aloud (words to be written down
by others). 2 give orders.
dic-ta-tion /dik'teijn/ n 1 [U]
dictating. 2 [C] passage, etc that
is dictated.
dic-ta-tor /,dik'teit3(r)/ n [C] rul-
er who has absolute authority.
'>^ial /,dikt3'to:ri3l/ adj. '>^ship
n [C,U] (country with) govern-
ment by a dictator.
dic-tion /'dikjn/ n [U] style or
diagonal/digest
manner of speaking and writing.
dic-tion-ary /'dikjanri/ n [C] {pi
-ies) book dealing with the
words of a language arranged in
ABC order.
did /did/ C> do.
die' /dai/ n [C] metal block used
to stamp designs on or cut pap-
er, coins, etc.
die^ /dai/ vi {pt.pp '^&, pres part
dying) 1 come to the end of life.
2 have a strong wish: dying for a
drink. 3 ->- away, lose strength.
-^ down, become less: The
flames gradually '^d down, 'n^
ot/t, become extinct.
diet food which is
/'daiat/ n [C] 1
usually eaten. 2 food to which a
person is limited, eg to lose
weight, n vi keep to a diet (2).
'-v.ary adj
dif fer 'dif3(r)/ vi 1 ^ (from),
be unlike. 2 disagree.
dif-ference /'difrans/ n [C,U] 1
the state of being unlike. 2
amount, degree, manner, in
which things are unlike. 3
make a/ no/ ^, be of some/no
importance. 4 disagreement.
dif-ferent adj (a) not the
same, (b) separate: at '-^ times.
differ-entiate /idifs'renfieit/
v7 see, treat as different.
dif-fi-cult /'difikslt/ adj 1 not
easy; requiring effort, skill, etc.
2 (of persons) not easily pleased:
easily offended, dif-fi-culty n
{pl-\es) (a) [U] quality of being
difficult, (b) [C] something hard
to do or understand.
dif-fi-dence /'difidans/ n [U]
lack of confidence; shyness, dif-
f i-dent adj dif -f i-dent-ly adv.
dif-fuse /di'fju:z/ vt/i send out,
spread (eg light) in every direc-
tion, n /di'fju:s/ adj 1 scattered:
^ light. 2 using too many
words, dif-fu-sion /di'fju:3n/ n
[U]
digVdig/ C] {informal) 1 push:
/7
a ~in the ribs. 2 sarcastic re-
mark. 3 archaeological site. 4
{p[){GB informal) lodgings.
dig^ /dig/ vtji {pt.pp dug /dAg/)
(-99-) 1 break up and move
earth, with a spade, etc; make a
hole, get (something) by doing
this. 2 {si) enjoy; understand: /
don't~ modern jazz. 3 '>^ sbl
sth out (of sth), get out by
digging.'>^ sth up, remove
from the ground by digging.
di-gest' /'daidsest/ n [C] short
account; summary.
digest/ direct 106

di-gest' /dai'dsest; vt,i 1 (of chenette, a small kitchen.

food) change, be changed, in the dimple 'dimpl; n [C] small natu-
stomach and bowels, so that it ral hollow in the chin or cheek.
can be used in the body. 2 think din dm, n [U] loud, continuous
about and understand: •^ ihc noise a v7,/ (-nn-) make a din.
facts in a book, diges-tion dine dain v7,/ have dinner.
/di'dsestjn n [U] ability to 'dining-car, railway coach in
digest food, 'x/ive adj of diges- which meals are served.
tion (of food). din-ghy 'diqgi, n [C] {pi -ies,
digit 'did3it, n [C] 1 any one of ~s) small open boat.
the ten Arabic numerals to 9: dingy 'dind3i adj (-ier, -iest)
The number 57306 has five ~.i. 2 dirty-looking; not fresh or
finger or toe. -^^al adj of, using. cheerful, dingi-ness n [U]
digils(1 ):a'^uUloik. din-ner /'dinD(r), n [C] main
dig-ni-fied 'dignifaid, adj hav- meal of the day, at midday or in
ing or showing dignity, the evening. ''>^-jacket, black
dig-ni-tary 'dignitan n [C] (/?/ jacket worn by men in the even-
-les) person of high rank. ing for formal occasions.
dig-nity jdignoti n {pi -ies) 1 dino-saur ,'dam3s,'):(r), n [C]
[U] true worth; quality that de- large extinct reptile.
serves respect. 2 [C] high rank. dio-cese 'daiasis n [C] {pi '^s
di-gress ,dai'cjres vi (esp in -si:/i/; ) bishop's district.
speaking or writing) move away dip^ dip/ n [C] 1 act of dipping. 2
(from the main subject). '>^ion downward slope. 3 short swim
/dai'grejn /j[U] dip^ /dip/ vt i (-PP-) 1 put. low-
dike, dyke daik/ n [C] 1 ditch er, into'a liquid. 2 (cause to) go
(for carrying away water from down and then up again: to ^
land). 2 long wall of earth, etc the headlights of a car. 3 -^ into.
(tokeep back water). '^ into one's pur.se j pocket, spend
dil-api-dated di'laepideitid adj money; ~
into a book, look at it
in a state of disrepair. briefly.
di-late dai'leit/ v/;/ (cause to) diph-theria /diPOiaria, n [U]
become wider, larger: Her eyes serious disease of the throat.
^d with fear, dila-tion /-fn/ n diph-thong /'difGog/ n [C]
[U] union of two vowels, eg /ai/ in
di-lemma ydi'lems n [C] (pi ^s) pipe /paip/.
situation in which one has to di-ploma /di'plauma/ n [C] {pi
choose between two things. ~s) educational certificate of
dili-gence ,'dilid33ns n [U] proficiency.
steady effort: work with '^. dili- di-plo-macy di'pbumasi n [U]
gent adj 1 management of a country's af-
di-lute /dai'lju:t/ vt make (a fairs by ambassadors and minis-
liquid or colour) weaker, a adj ters living overseas. 2 skill in
(of acids, etc) weakened by di- dealing with people.
luting. diplo-mat /'diplomaet/ n [C] per-
dim /dim, adj (-mer, -mest) 1 son engaged in diplomacy, "^^ic
not bright: a -^ light. 2 (of the /-'maetik/ adj of, having, diplo-
eyes) not able to see clearly. 3 macy. '>^i-cally a^v
{informal) unintelligent, a vt/i dire /'dai3(r)/ adj^ terrible. 2 ex-
(-mm-) make or become dim. treme: in -^ need.
'v/ly adv di-rect^ /di'rekt/ adj 1 (going)
dime /daim/n [C] coin of US and straight. 2 with nothing in be-
Canada worth ten cents. tween: a ~
result. 3 straightfor-
di-men-sion /di'menjn/ n 1 [C] ward: a '^ way of speaking. 4 ex-
measurement of breadth, act: the ^
opposite, a adv with-
length, etc. 2 {pi) size. -~al suf- out interrupting a journey. ''^
fix: two-^al. current, electric current flow-
dim-in-ish /di'mmij/ vt/i make ing in one direction. ''^
or become less: Our chances of speech, {gram) speaker's actu-
success are '^ing. alwords. '>^ness n [U]. '^ly adv
dim-inu-tive /di'mmjutiv/ adj (a) in a direct way. (b) without
unusually small, a n [C] word delay.
formed by the use of a suffix di-rect^ /di'rekt/ vt/i 1 show how
showing smallness, eg kit- to do something or get some-

\\here: Could you ~ me to the
station? 2 manage; control. 3
aim: ~ criticism at an opponent.
di-rec-tion di'rekjn/ n 1 [jC]
,
point towards which a person or
thing moves or looks. 2 [C] (of-
ten pi) information or instruc-
tions. 3 [U] management; con-
trol, di-rec-tive n [C] instruc-
tions given to staff.
di-rec-tor di'rekt3(r)/ n [C] 1
person who directs the affairs of
a business company. 2 person
who controls the production of
plays" and films. '>>'Ship, posi-
tion of a company director.
di-rec-tory /di'rektan/ n [C] {pi
-ies) (book with a) list of per-
sons, firms, etc in a district: a
telephone'^.
dirt /d3:t/ n [U] 1 unclean matter.
2 loose earth or soil: a road. ~
dirty adj (-ier, -iest) (a) not
clean, (b) obscene: a '^y joke.
(c) (informal) cruel; unfair: a '^
trick, a vt/i {pt.pp -ied)
dirty, dirt-ilya^v
dis-abil-ity /,diS9'bibti/ n {pi
-ies) 1 [U] state of being disabl-
ed. 2 [C] something that disables
a person.
dis-able /dis'eibl/ vt take away
the power to use, esp a part of
the body. '>^ment n [U]
dis-advantage /idissd-
'va:ntid3 " 1 fC] unfavourable
condition. 2 [U] loss; injury.
'>>'Ous '|dis,aedv3n'teid33S/aJ/'
dis-agree idiss'gri:' vr -^
(with), 1 take a different view.
2 (of food, climate) have bad ef-
fects on. '>^abie /-abl/ adj un-
pleasant, ^ably adv. 'V/tnent n
[C.U] difference of opinion.
dis-ap-pear /|dis3'pi9(r)/
out of sight; be used no more.
'>^ance«[C.U].
dis-ap-point /idisa'pomt/
to do what is hoped for. '>^ed
adj sad at not getting what was
hoped for. --^ing adj. '>^ment n
[C,U] state of being disappoint-
ed;something causing this.
dis-ap-prove ,diS9'pru:v/ vt/i'^
(of), have, express, an unfav-
ourable opinion. dis-ap-
provalA?[U]
dis-arm /dis'a:m/ vt/i 1 take
away weapons from. 2
tions) reduce, get rid of, armed
forces. 3 make it difficult for a
person to feel anger, etc: '^ed by
his kindness, -^a'tnent n [U]
process of disarmmg(2).
107 direction /disconnect
'
dis-array idisa'rei/ n [U], vt (put
into) disorder.
dis-as-ter /di'za:st3(r)/ n [C,U]
great or sudden misfortune;
terrible accident, dis-as-trous
di'za:str3S adj
dis-barrd dis'baend' v/// (of or-
,
ganized groups) break up.
dis-be-lieve |disbi'li:v/ v//? re-
fuse, be unable, to believe in.
dis-be-lief ',disbi'li:f /t[U]
disc, (also disk) /disk, n [C] 1
thin. flat, round plate, eg a
gramophone record. 2 layer of
cartilage in the spine: a slipped
~. '~ jockey, person who
plays records of popular music
on the radio.
dis-card /di'ska:d/ vt {formal)
throw away; give up.
dis-cern di'sarn/ vt (format) see
clearly. '>^ing adj able to see and
understand well.
dis-charge dis'tja:d3/ vr//1 un-
load (cargo from) a ship. 2 send
make out (liquid, gas. etc). 3 fire (a
gun. etc). 4 send (a person)
away; allow (a person) to leave.
5 pay (a debt); perform (a duty).
D n [C] 1 act of discharging. 2
something discharged.
dis-ciple di'saipl/ n [C] follower
of any religious, etc leader, csp
Jesus Christ.
dis-ci-pline^ /'disiplm/ n 1 [U]
training to produce self-control,
obedience, etc. 2 [U] the result of
such training. 3 [C] set rules for
conduct. 4 [U] punishment. 5
[C] branch of knowledge.
dis-ci-pline^ 'disiplm/ vr apply
discipline(1 ) to; train and con-
trol; punish.
dis-claim /dis'kleim; vt say that
vi go one has no connection with: ~
respons ib ility for
dis-close /dis'kboz/ vr make
vt fail known: ~ one's identity, dis-
clos-ure/-33(r)/>j[C,U]'
dis-co /'diskau/ n [C] = dis-
cotheque.
dis-coiour (VS = -color)
/dis'kAb(r) vr// change, spoil,
the colour of. '^^ation
/di,kAbireij3n//i[C,U]
dis-com-fort /dis'lcAmfat/ n [C,
U] (cause oO lack of comfort:
the ^s of travelling.
(of na- dis-con-cert /,disk3n's3:t/ vr up-
set the calmness of: / was '^ed to
learn that he didn 't like me.
dis-con-nect /,disk3'nekt, vt de-
tach from; take (two things)
apart, -^^ed adj (of speech or
 \

disconsolate /disinherit

writing) having the ideas, etc talk about (a subject). '>^ion

badly ordered. /di'skAjn//7[C,U]
disconsolate /dis'konsdbt/ dis-dain /dis'dein/ {formal
vt
u<^ without hope or comfort. look on with contempt, d n (I ']

dis-con-tent /(disksn'tent/ n contempt; scorn. '>-f ul adj

[C.U] (cause of) dissatisfaction. dis-ease /di'zi:z/ n [C,U] illnes:,
'^ed adj no{ satisfied. dis-eased adj having a disease
dis-con-tinue /,diskdn'tinju:/ dis-em-bark /,disim'ba:k/ \i t

vtii {formal) stop; bring to an put, go, on shore. '>^a-tion

end. /,disemba:'keiJn//7[C,U]
dis-cord 'disko:d n 1 (C,U] dis- dis-cngage /,disin'geid3/ vt i

agreement; quarrelhng. 2 (C,U] separate, detach (oneself or

lack of harmony between something).
sounds. '^atWadj dis-en-tangle ',dism'tser)ql/ vtn
dis-co-theqge 'diskotek/ n [C] (become) free from compli-
club where people dance to pop cations, tangles or confusion.
music. dis-fig-ure ,'dis'rig3(r)/ vi spoil
dis-count' /'diskaont/ n [C] the appearance or shape of: his
amount of money taken off the face was ^d in the accident
price ~ment/7[C,U]
dis-count^ dis'kaunt; vt (esp) dis-grace /dis'greis/ n 1 [U] loss
refuse to believe a piece of of respect, favour. [C] thing, per-
(news, etc); consider unimpor- son, that causes shame, d vi
tant. bring disgrace on. '>^f ul adj
dis-cour-age /di'skAridz/ v^ 1 dis-gruntled /dis'grAntld/ adj
take away the courage or con- discontented; in a bad mood.
fidence of: He isn 7 '^dby his fai- dis-guise /dis'gaiz/ vt 1 change
lure. 2 persuade a person not to the appearance, etc of, in order
do something, '^ment n [C,U] to deceive. 2 conceal: one's ~
dis-course /'diskD:s/ n [C\ anger, a n [C,\J\ dress, actions,
speech; lecture. etc used for disguising.
dis-courteous /dis'ka.tias/ adj dis-gust /dis'gASt/ n [U] strong
impolite. dis-courtesy dislike, a vt cause disgust in.
/dis'kartosi/ n [C,U] rudeness. '>^ing at// causing disgust.
dis-cover /di'skAV3(r)/ vt find; dish /dij"/ n [C] 1 shallow vessel
get knowledge of. '^er, person from which food is served at
who has made a discovery, dis- table. 2 the '^es. all the plates,
covery n (pi -ies) [C,U] act of etc used for a meal. 3 meal- vt
finding; something found. '>^ (up), 1 put on a dish. 2
dis-credit^ /dis'kredit/ vt cause present, eg arguments. /^ isth
the truth, value of to seem out. distribute it. ''>>'Cloth,
doubtful. cloth for washing dishes, etc.
dis-credit^ /dis'kredit/ n [U] loss dis-hearten /dis'ha:tn/ vt cause
of credit or reputation. to lose courage or confidence.
dis-creet /di'skri:t/ adj careful, dishevelled (US =-eled) (

tactful: a -^ inquiry. 'X/ly adv /di'Jevld/ adj (of the hair and
dis-crep-ancy /di'skrepansi/ n clothes) untidy. '

[C,U] (pi -ies) (of statements dis-hon-est /dis'onist/ adj not \

and accounts) difference. honest. dis-hon-estyAi[C,U]

dis-cre-tion /di'skrejn/ n [U] 1 dishonour (US =^ -honor) '

being discreet. 2 freedom to act /dis'onaCr)/ n [C] 1 loss of ho- ,

according to one's own judge- nour and self-respect. 2 person

ment. or thing th^t brings disgrace, d
dis-crimi-nate /di'sknmineit/ vt 1 bring shame. 2 (of a bank):
vt/i 1 make a difference be- ~ a cheque, etc, refuse to pay \

tween: -^ good books from bad money on it. '>-able /-rabl/ adj i

ones. 2 '^ (against), treat un- dis-il-lu-sion /,disi'lu:3n/ vt set ^

fairly, dis-crimi-nat-ing adj free from pleasant but mistaken

able to discriminate(1 ). dis- beliefs. ~ment n [C] freedom
crimi'nationn[U] from illusions.
dis-cus /'diskas/ n [C] (pi ~es) dis-in-fect /(disin'fekt/ vt make
heavy, round plate for throwing free from '^ant adj, n
infection,
as a sport. [C,U] disinfecting (chemical).
dis-cuss /di'skAs/ vt examine. dis-in-herit /,disin'herit/ vt take
 109 disintegrate/dispute

away the right to inherit. dis-pas-sion-ate /di'spaejanat,

disin-te-grate /dis'mtigreit/ adj free from emotion or influ-
vt t (cause to) break up into ence, '^ly adv
small parts, dis-in-te'gra-tion dis-patch despatch
n[V] /di'spaetf / vt 1 send off: to ^ let-
dis-in-ter /|disin't3:(r)/ vt (-rr-) ters. 2 finish business, etc. 3 kill
dig up (a body) from a grave. quickly, d n (a) [U] dispatching,
-^ment/iJQU] (b) [C] thing dispatched (1 ).
dis-in-ter-ested /dis'mtrastid/ dis-pel /di'spel/ vt (-II-)send
adj not influenced by personal away; remove: ~ rumours/
feelings or interests: a judge- ^ doubts.
ment. dis-pen-sa-tion /,dispen'seijn/
dis-jointed /dis'dpintid/ adj (eg n 1 [U] the act of dispensing (1 ).

of speech and writing) not 2 [C,U] permission to do some-

connected; incoherent. '>^ly adv thing usually forbidden.
disk /disk/ n i;> disc. dis-pense /di'spens/ vt/i 1 deal
dis-like /dis'laik/ vt not like, n n out; distribute. 2 prepare, give
[C] feel
: ^
for somebody. out (medicines). 3 ^
with, do
dis-lo-cate /'disbkeit/ vt 1 put without: Let's ~
with formali-
(esp a bone) out of position. 2 dis-pens-ary n [C](pl-\es)
ties,

put, eg traffic, out of order. place where medicines are given

dis-lo'ca-tion n [C,U]
dis-lodge /dis'lods/ vt force out
of place: ^
a tooth/enemy sol-
diers.
dis-loyal /dis'laial/ adj not loyal
(to), ^ly adv. ^ty n [C,U]
dis-mal /'dizmal/ adj
gloomy./>^ly adv
dis-mantle /dis'maentl/ vt take
to pieces.
dis-may /dis'mei/ n [U] feeling of
fear and discouragement, d
fillwith dismay.
dis<mem-ber /dis'memb3(r)/ vt
1 tear or cut the limbs from. 2
(fig) divide up (a country, etc).
dis-miss /dis'mis/ vt 1 send
away^rom one's employment).
2 allow to go: -^ a class. 3 stop
thinking about: ^
all thoughts of
revenge, '^al n[C.\J]
dis-mount /jdis'maunt/ vt/i get
down (from a horse, bike etc).
dis-obedi-ence /jdisa'birdians/
n [U] failure or refusal to obey.
disobedi*enta<i/
dis-obey /,diS3'bei/ vt not obey a
person, a law, etc.
dis-order /dis'D:d3(r)/ n 1 [U]
absence of order; confusion. 2
[C] rioting. 3 [C,U] disturbance
of the body or mind, n vt put in-
to disorder, '^ly adj
dis-organ-ize /jdisbrganaiz/
throw into confusion.
dis-own /dis'aun/ vt say that one
does not know, has no connec-
tion with (a person or thing).
dis-par-ate /'disparat/ adj that
cannot be compared; very dif-
ferent, dis-par-ity /dir'spaereti/
n [C.U] (pi -ies) inequality; dif-
ference.
out.
dis-perse /di'spars/ vt/i (cause
to) go in difierent directions.
dis-persaiA2[U]
dis-pirited /di'spiritid/ adj dis-
couraged; disheartened.
sad; dis-place /dis'pleis/ vt 1 put out
of the right position. 2 take the
place of. '-•^ment n [U] (a) dis-
placing. 2 amount of water dis-
placed by a ship.
vt dis-play /di'splei/ vt show; ex-
hibit, a n lC,U] exhibition;
show.
dis-please /dis'pli:z/ vt annoy;
offend. dis-pleasure
dis'ple33(r); n [U] anger; anno-
yance.
dis-pos-able /di'spauzabl/ adj^
that can be thrown away: ~ nap-
pies.2 that can be used: ^ in-
come.
dis-pose /di'spauz/ vt/i -s^ of,
finish with; get rid of. dis-
posal n [U] (a) the act of dis-
posing, (b) at one's -s^, to be
used as one wishes.
dis-po-si-tion /idispa'zijn/ n [C]
1 person's natural character: a
cheerful ~. 2 arrangement in
order: the -v, of troops.
dis-pos-sess /(dispa'zes/ vt take
(property) away from.
vt dis-pro-portion-ate
/idispra'pDiJanat/ adj too large or
small, etc. -^^lydi/v
dis-prove /|dis'pru:v/ vt prove to
be wrong or false.
dis-pute /di'spju:t/ vt/i^ debate,
quarrel. 2 question the truth or
validity of: to -^ a decision, a
/'di:spju:t/ n 1 [C] controversy;
argument, in '^, being argued
disqualify/distribute II

about, dis-put-abie /-sbl/ adj against doing, dis-sua-sion

that can be doubted. /-3n/«(U]
dis-qual-ify dis'kwDlifai/ vi dis-tance 'distDns/ n [C,U]
{pt.pp -led) take away permis- measure of space between two
sion: disquulifii'd from driving. points, places, etc. in the ~, far
disqualif ication /-fi'keij'n away.
«(C,U] dis-tant /'distant/ adj^ far away
dis-quiet dis'kwaiat/ v/ {for- in space or time. 2 not closely. 3
mal) make troubled, anxious, a reserved; not friendly. 'X/ly adv:
«[U] anxiety, -^mqadj '^lly related.
dis-re-gard |disri'gu:d vt pay dis-taste /dis'teist/ n [U] dislike.
no attention to; show no
respect '>^ful adj unpleasant. '>>/fuliy
for: Don t ~ my msiruclions. u n adv
[U] lack of care; indifference. dis-tend /di'stend/ vr// (cause to)
dis-re-pair ,disri'pe9(r)/ n [U] swell out.
the state of needing repair. dis-til (US =-till) /di'stil/ vt/i (-
dis-repu-table /dis'repjotabl II-) 1 change (a liquid) to vapour

adj hav ing a bad reputation. by heating and collect the drops
dis-re-pute ,disri'pju:t/ n [U] of liquid that condense from the
fall into '^. no longer have a vapour. 2 make (whisky, etc) by
good reputation. distilling. '>^'la-tion /-ei|n/ n
dis-re-spect ,disri'spekt/ n [U] [CUj. --^^lery, place where
rudeness '>^f ul adj. ^s^f ully adv liquids (eg gin, whisky) are
dis-rupt idis'rApt/ vt break up, distilled.
cause chaos: ~ traffkj dis-tinct /di'stiqkt/ adj 1 easily
negotiations. '>-ion /dis'rApJan/ heard, seen, understood. 2 dif-
n[\J]. '^'wieadj ferent; separate. '>^ly adv
dis-sat-isfy /di'saetisfai/ vt dis-tinc-tion /di'stirikln/^l [U]
{pt.pp -led) fail to satisfy; make act of distinguishing. 2 [C] point
discontented, dis-sat-is-fac- of difference: see a ^
between. 3 !

tion/-'fi£kJn/>7[U] [U] quality of being superior, ex-

dis-sect di'sekt/ vrcut up (parts cellent. 4 [C] mark of honour;
of an animal, plant, etc) to study title, dis-tinc-tive at// showing >

its structure. dis-section a difference; special. '>^ly adv

/-'sekjn «[C,U] dis-tin-guish /di'stiqgwij/ v///l I

disseminate /di'semineit/ ^t see, hear, recognize, the differ-

distribute or spread ideas, etc. ence. 2 observe by looking, lis-
dissemi'nation n [U] tening, etc. 3 be a difference:
dis-sent di'sent, vi 1 '^ Speech ~e5 men from animals. 4
(from), have a different opin- bring credit to oneself, --^able
ion (from). 2 (esp) refuse to ac- /-abl/ adj. '^ed adj famous.
cept a religious doctrine, a n [U] dis-tort /di'stoit/ vt 1 pull, twist,
disagreement. ~er, person who out of the usual shape. 2 give a
dissents, dis-sen-sion /-Jn/ n false account of: ~
the facts.
[C,U] angry quarrelling. dis'tortion /-Jan/ n [C,U]
dis-ser-ta-tion /.disa'teijn/ n [C] dis-tract /di'straekt/ vt take
long written or spoken account. away a person's attention, con-
dis-si-dent /'disidant/ a^//' disag- centration, etc. dis'traction
reeing. D n [C] person who disag- /-Jn/ n (a) [U] distracting, (b)
rees; dissenter. [C] something (annoying) that
dis-simi-lar ;di'sim3b(r)/ adj distracts.
not similar, dissimilarity dis-traught /di'stroit/ adj ex-
/-'laEriti/«[C,U](/7/-ies) tremely upset.
dis-so-ciate /di'saujieit/ vt sep- dis-tress n [U] 1
/di'stres/
arate (in thought, feeling); not (cause oO great pain or sorrow.
associate with, dis-soci'a-tion 2 serious danger: a ~
signal, a vt
«[U] cause distress(l) to. '^ing adj
dis-solve /di'zolv/ 17,/ 1 make a causing distress(1 ).
solid become liquid. 2 (of a sol- dis-trib-ute /di'stribju:t/ vt 1
id) become liquid. 3 bring to, give or send out: ~
leaflets/
come to, an end: ~ a marriage/ books. 2 spread out (over a larg-
Parliament, dis-so'l-ution n er area). distribution
[C,U] /,distri'bju:Jn/ n [C,U]. dis-tri-
dis-suade /di'sweid 1/ advise bu-tor n [C] (a) person who

distributes, (b) part of the en-
gine that sends electricity to the
sparking plugs.
dis-trict /'distnkt/ n [C] part of a
country.
des-trust /dis'trASt/ n [U] doubt
or suspicion, a vt have no trust
in. --N^f ul adj. ~f ully adv
dis-turb /di'st3:b/ vt break the
peace or order of. -^ance n [C,
U] disturbing; disorder (esp in a
public place).
dis-use /dis'juis/ n [U] state of no
longer being used: fall into ~.
dis-used /dis'ju:zd adj ' di-vorce /di'vD:s/ n 1 [C,U] legal
ditch /ditj/ n [C] narrow channel
dug to carry off water, n vtji 1
send or throw into a ditch. 2
(Jig) abandon. 3 {informal)
crash (an aircraft) into the sea.
dither 'did3(r)/ v/ (informal)
hesitate about what to do.
ditto /'ditau/ n [C] (jjI ~s) the
same.
ditty /"diti/ n [C] (j)l -ies) short,
simple song.
di-van /di'van/ n [C] low seat or
bed without a back.
dive /daiv; vi 1 go head first into
water; go under water. 2 go
quickly to a lower level. 3 move
quickly: ~ through a window, a n
[C] act of diving into water, div-
er, person who dives or works
under water.
di-verge /dai'v3:d3/ vi (of lines,
opinions, etc) get farther apart;
turn away from.
di-verse /dai'v3:s/ adj of differ-
ent kinds. '>^ly adv. di-ver sity
n [U] difference; different things.
di-ver-sify /,dai'v3:sifai/ vt
(pt.pp -led) make diverse.
di-ver-sion /dai'v3:J"n/ n 1 [C,U]
diverting: the '^ of a stream. 2
[C] something which diverts the
attention. 3 detour: traffic ~5.
'^^ary adj
di-vert /|dai'v3:t/ turn in an-
vt
other direction: -^ a stream/his
attention.
di-vide /di'vaid/ vt/i 1 separate,
be separated (into). 2 find out
how often one number is con-
tained in another. 3 disagree, a n
[C] something that divides. '>^rs
n pi compasses for dividing
angles, measuring lines, etc.
divi-dend /'dividand/ n [C] share
of profit paid to shareholders.
di-vine^ /di'vam/ adj^ of or like
God. 2 (informal) excellent. '>^ly
adv
di-vine^ /di'vam/ vt/i learn about
1 district/do
future events by guessing, di-
viner n [C] person who can find
water underground.
di-vin-ity /di'vmati/ n 1 [U] the
quality of being divine(1 ). 2 [U]
the study of theology.
di-viS'ible /di'vizabl/ adj that
can be divided exactly.
div-ision /di'vi3n/ n 1 [U] pro-
cess of dividing. 2 [C] one of the
parts into which something is di-
vided. 3 [C] (mil) unit of two or
more brigades. 4 [C] line that di-
vides. 5 [C] disagreement.
ending of a marriage. 2 [C] end-
ing of a connection or relation-
ship. D v7 1 end a marrriage by
law. 2 (fig) separate, di-vor-cee
/di|VD:'si:/ divorced person.
di-vulge /dai'vAld3/ vt make
known (a secret),.
dizzy /'dizi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 (of
a peason) feeling as if everything
were turning round; mentally
confused. 2 (of places, condi-
tions) causing such a feeling.
dizzily adv. dizziness n [Uf
do^ /da strong form: duj aux verb
(3rd pers pres tense does; pt did
pp done /dAn/) 1 (with the
/did/,
main verb) (a) for negative sen-
tences: He didn't go. (b) for
questions: Does he want it? (c)
(for emphasis): That's exactly
what he 'did say. 2 (a) (in com-
parisons): She runs faster than I
do. (b) (in question phrases): He
lives in London, doesn't he? (c)
(in answers): 'Who broke the
window?'— I did!'
do^ /du:/ vt/i 1 perform, carry out
(an action): What are you ^ing
now? 2 (a) produce; make: /
have done six copies, (b) work
at: She's '-^ing her knitting, (c)
perform: D^ your duty, (d)
study: Are you '^ing science at
school? (e) find the answer to: /
can 't ~this sum. (f ) deal with,
attend to: / have a lot of corre-
spondence to '^. 3 (as a pp) fin-
ish: It's done. 4 -^ (for), be sat-
isfactory: These shoes won't do
for mountain-climbing. 5 (a)
progress: He's ^ing well at
school, (b) (esp of health) make
progress. How -»^ you ^?
(words used to greet people). 6
travel (a distance); go (at a cer-
tain speed). 7 cook: How would
you like your steak done? S have
to '^ with, be connected with.
9 ^away with, (a) abolish.
docile /dominate
get rid of. (b) kill. •^ for. {infor-
maf) (a) manage: How will you
->- for water in the desert"^ (b)
ruin: destroy; kill: The country's
done for. '^ sb in. {si) kill him.
~ sth out. sweep or clean out.
^ sth up. (a) restore, repair,
(b) fasten or wrap up. '^^ with.
(with can. could) need: You could
'^ with a good night s sleep. ~ the ''^house. (sf) in disgrace.
without, manage without.
doc-ile 'dausail; adj easily
tramed or controlled.
dock^ dok n [C] place where
ships are (un)loaded or repaired.
'>^er, dockyard labourer.
''>^yard, enclosure with docks.
dock^ /dok/ vt/i 1 put in or enter
a dock. 2 join together (two or
more spacecraft) in space.
dock^ dok' n [C] enclosure in a
court for the prisoner.
dock* dok/ vt (esp) make wages,
supplies, less.
doc-tor 'dDkt3(r)/ n [C] 1 per-
son who has received the highest
university degree. 2 person who
has been trained in medicine. C>
physician, surgeon, n v7 1 (in-
formal) give medical treatment
to: '^ a coldia child. 2 make (esp
food) inferior by adding some-
thing. 3 (fig) falsify accounts,
evidence, ^ate /'doktsrat n [C]
doctor's (1 ) degree.
doc-tri-naire /|dDktri'ne9(r)/
at^ theoretical; dogmatic.
doc-trine 'doktrm/ n [C,U] be-
liefs and teachings of a church,
political party, etc.
docu-ment 'dokjumsnt, n [C]
something written or printed,
used as a record or m evidence, a
vt prove by, supply with, docu-
ments. '>^a-tion /(dokjumen-
'teijn/ n [\J] documents, '^ary
/idokju'mentri adi consisting of
documents, n n [Cj (pi -\es) (also
^aryfilm) film giving factual in-
formation.
dodge dods, n [C] 1 quick
movement to avoid something.
2 (informal) trick, a vt|l^ move
quickly to avoid something. 2
avoid (difficulties) by trickery.
dodger, cunning person.
dodgy adj (-ier, -iest) (infor-
'mal) involving risk or loss.
doe /dau/ n [C] female deer, rab-
bit.
does /dAZ/, doesn't /'dAzant
Odo.
dog^ dog n [C] common domes-
tic animal of the wolf family;
11
male of this animal. O
bitch. <yo
to the '^s. be ruined, let
steeping '^s '//e. leave some-
thing alone, lead a '^ 's life, be
always very unhappy '--s^-
collar, (informal) clergyman's
collar, '--^^-eared, (of a book)
having the corners of the pages
turned down with use. be in
'dogs-body, overworked per-
son.
dog^ /dog/ vt (-gg-) 1 keep close
behind. 2 (fig) follow: '^ged by
misfortune.
dog-ged 'dogid' adj stubborn.
-»^ly adv. '>^ness n [U]
dogma 'dogma n (pi ~s) [C,Ul
,
beliefs put forward by eg the
Church to be accepted as true
without question. '^tic
dog'maetik/ adj (a) put forward
as dogmas, (b) (of a person)
giving opinions as if they were
dogmas. '>-tism n [U] (the qual-
ity oO being dogmatic.
dol-drums /'doldramz/ n pi in
the '-^. (fig) depressed; un-
happy.
dole daul/ vt distribute food,
money, etc in small amounts. D n
[C] 1 something distributed. 2
(informal) weekly payment from
the State to an unemployed
worker, ^o^ful adj depressed.
-^^fully a(/v
doll /dol/ n [C] model of a baby
or person as a toy. d vtji (infor-
mal) "^ oneself up, dress up
smartly.
doMar /'dDl3(r)/ n [C] unit of
money (symbol I).
dol-phin /'dolfin/ n [C] sea-
animal like a porpoise.
do-main dau'mein/ n [C] (for-
mal) 1 lands under the rule of a
government, ruler. 2 (fig) area
of knowledge, activity.
dome daum n [C] rounded roof
'
with a circular base; something
shaped dome.
like a
do-mes-tic /da'mestik adj 1 of
the home, family, household. 2
not foreign: ~
news. 3 (of ani-
mals, etc) kept by man. C> wild.
n [C] person who is employed
in household work. '>-ate vt (a)
make able to do household
work, (b) tame (animals).
domi-nant /'dominant/ a<^ hav-
ing control or authoritv; domi-
nating. domi-nancert[U]
domi-nate 'dommeit vtji 1
have control, authority or influ-
 113 domineer/down
ence. 2 overlook: The hill '^s the cise moment, a vt (-tt-) mark
city, domi'na-tion n [U] with a dot. '>^ted about, scat*
domi-neer /|dDmi'ni3(r)/ vi act, tered here and there.
speak, in a dominating manner. do-tage /'dautids/ n [U] weak-
^ing adj ness of mind caused by old age:
do-min-ion /da'mmian/ n 1 [U] old men in their '^.
authority to rule. 2 [C] territory dote /daut/ vi '^(on). show
of a sovereign government. 3 [C] much or too much fondness: -^-^

country of the British Common- on a child.

wealth. double^ /'dAbl/ adj 1 twice as
dom-ino /'dommao/ n [C] ipl much, big, etc. 2 having two like
~es or ~s) 1 small, oblong things or parts: a ~ chin. 3 made
piece of wood, marked with for two persons or things: a ~
spots. 2 (pi) game played with 28 bed. (--w-'bass, largest instru-
of these. ment of the violin family. ,'>^-
do-nate /dsu'neit/ vt give (eg 'breasted adj (of a coat) made
money, to a charity, etc). to overlap across the front of the
do'na-tionnfCU] body. |'>^-'cross vt (informal)
done/dAn/O do. cheat or betray, n n betrayal.
don-key /'doqki/ n [C] {pi ^s) ,'>^-'dealer, person who says
ass. one thing and means another.
do-nor /'d3un9(r)/ n [C] person Hence, ,'>^-'dealing n, adj. |'>^-
who gives: a blood-^. 'decker, (esp) bus with two
don't /daunt/ = do not. [> do. decks.
doom /du:m/ n [U] ruin; death, a double^ /'dAbl/ adv 1 twice as
vt condemn; sentence to death much: cost ~. 2 in twos, see '>^.
or ruin. Dooms-day n end of seetwo things when there is only
the world. one.
door /dD:(r)/ n [C] 1 that which double^ /'dAbl/ n [C] 1 twice the
closes the entrance to a building, quantity. 2 person or thing that
room, etc. 2 entrance to a room, looks exactly like another. 3 {pi)
building. 3 opportunity: the ^ game with two players on each
to success, next '^. (in, to) the side.
next house, out of ^s, in the double* /'dAbl/ vr//1 make twice
open air. ''>^step, step in front bend or fold in two. 3
as great. 2
of a door. ''>^way, opening into '^(back). return along the
which a door fits. same path. '^ up, bend the
dope /dsup/ n [U] {informal) body with pain or in laughter;
harmful drug (eg opium), n vt doubly /'dAbli/ adv twice as: be
give dope to. dopey, dopy adj ~ careful.
(.s7) (a) half asleep, (b) (as if) doubt /daut/ n [C,U] feeling of
drugged, (c) stupid. uncertainty, no 'v-. very pro-
dormant /'dormant/ adj not ac- bably. D vtji feel doubt about.
tive: a ~volcano. -^^ful adj. '>^less adv without
dor-mi-tory /'do:rmtri/ n [C] (pi doubt.
-\es) room for sleeping, with dough /dau/ /; [U] 1 mixture of
several beds. '
flour, water, etc (for making
dormouse /'dD:maus/ n [C] {pi bread, etc). 2 (si) money.
dormice /'dormais/) small ani- '"^nut, sweetened dough
mal (like a mouse) that sleeps cooked in deep fat.
during winter. douse, dowse /daus/ vt put in-
dos-age /'dausids/ n [C] quan- to water; throw water over.
tity of a single dose. dove /dAv/ n [C] 1 kind of
dose /daus/ n [C] amount (of pigeon. 2 (informal) member of
medicine) to be taken at one a group promoting peace. C*
time, a vt give dose(s) to. hawk(2). ''>^-cotersmall shelt-
doss /dos/ vi {GB si) 'v. down, er for doves.
sleep in a temporary bed. '->-- dove-tail /'dAVteil/ n [C] joint for
house, cheap lodging-house. two pieces of wood, a vr// 1 join
dos-sier /'dosiei/ n [C] set of together with these joints. 2 (fig)
papers giving information fit (together).
about a person or event. down^ /daun/ n [UJ 1 soft feath-
dot /dot/zi [C] small round mark. ers of young birds. 2 soft hair, eg
on the '^, (informal) at the pre- on some fruit.
 1

down /draper II

down^ daun, ad\ 1 (a) to a of something to be done: a -^ n/

low(er) level: The sun went ~ a tetter. 2 written order for pa> -

(b) to horizontal position:

a ment of money by a bank 3
knocked -^ by a bus. 2 to a less group of men selected to ser\ e 1 1

I'mportant place: IVe went -^ to the armed forces, d i7 1 make ,,

Brighton (eg from London) 3 draft(1 ) of. 2 select (a mani tor

(to show reduction): The tem- the armed forces, drafts-man
perature has gone ~. 4 (used n [C] (a) person who draus
with reference to writing): wrtic plans(1,2).
something -^ D-^ with. Let us drafty 'dra:fti adj (LS)
be rid of. get ^
to sth. start = draughty.
work :n earnest. ,'^-to-'earth, drag drsg vt i (-gg-) 1 pul!
practical. along (esp with effort). 2 mo\e
down^ daun prep 1 from a slowly and with effort. 3 use
high(er) to a low(er) level: run ^ nets, tools, etc to search the bot-
a hill. 2 did lower partof: farther tom of a river, lake. etc. 4 go too
^ the river. 3 along: walking '^ slowly, be boring, a « 1 [Cj
the street. something that is dragged. 2 [C ]

down* daun vt (informal) put. (informal) person or thing that is

knock, down: ~
a beer, drink it. boring.
down-cast 'daunkarst adj 1 dragon 'draegsn/ n [C] 1 fiction-
(of a person) depressed: 2 (of al creature with wings and
eyes) looking downwards. claws, able to breathe fire. 2 el-
down-fall 'daunfo:! n [C] 1 derly, strict woman.
heavy fall (of rain, etc). 2 (fig) drain^ /drein n [C] 1 pipe, chan-
ruin: His -^ was drink. nel, etc for carrying away un-
down-grade |daun'greid v7 re- wanted 2 something
liquids.
duce to a lower grade or rank. that uses up time, money, etc. O
downhearted /|daun'ha:tid brain drain, '-^pipe, pipje used
fli^ depressed. in a system of drains.
down-hill daun'hil/ adv in a drain^ drein/ vtii 1 ~ away I

downward direction, go '^, off, (of liquid) (cause to) run or

(Jig) become worse; fail. fiow away. 2 (of land, crockery
down-pour 'daunp3:(r)/ n [C] etc) make, become dry. 3 (Jig)
heavy fall of rain. (cause to) lose (strength, wealth,
down-right 'daunrait/ adj 1 etc)gradually: ~
the energy
honest. 2 complete: a ~ lie. d from a battery, '-wing-board,
o^v thoroughly. board at the side of a sink, on
downs daunz n pi expanse of which dishes, etc drain, -^^age n
low hills. [U] (a) act of draining, (b) that
down-stairs /jdaun'steaz/ ad\ which is drained away.
to,on. a lower floor. drake dreik/«[C] male duck.
dovxA-stream /daun'strirm, drama ;'dra:m3/ n 1 [C] play for
adv in the same direction as the the theatre, radio or TV; [L]
current of a river. writing and performance of
down-town /'dauntaun/ adj. such plays. 2 [C,U] series of e.x-
adv (esp US) towards or in the citing or disturbing events.
centre of a town. -^^tic dra'maetik adj (a) ofdra-
down-trod-den idaun'trodn ma(1). (b) sudden or exciting.
aJy treated badly: ^ workers. '^ti-cally adv. -^t-ics, (a) dra-
down-ward 'daunwad a<^ to- matic works or performances,
wards a lower position. (b) (informal) hysterical, excit-
down-wards 'daunwadz/ adv ed behaviour. -^-^tist
towards a lower position. /'draemstist' n [C] writer of
dowry 'dauari/ n [C] (pi -ies) plays, '-v/tize /'draemataiz vt
property, money, brought by a (a) put a story, etc into the form
bride to her husband. of a drama, (b) (informal) exag-
dowse daus/ vi douse.O gerate, esp to cause excitement.
doze dauz/ vi sleep lightly, n n drank draer)k,77/ofdrink.
[C] light sleep. drape hang (cloth) in
/dreip/ vt 1
dozen 'dAzn n (pi ^) twelve. folds.2 '^ with, cover with.
drab /draeb/ adj (fig) dull; unin- dra-per /'dreip3(r)/ n (GB) shop-
teresting, ^ness n [U] keeper who sells cloth, linen, etc.
draft /dra:ft/ n [C] 1 first outline dra-pery, goods sold by a
 115 drastic/dribble

draper. dread 'dred n [U] (or with a)

dras-tic 'draestik/ adj having a
strong or violent effect, --v/ally
aciv
draught (L'-S = draft)
1 [C,U] current of air in a room.
2 [U] depth of water needed to
float a ship. 3 [U] drawing of
liquid from a container: -^ hcer.
4 [C] amount drunk at one time.
5 (pf) {US = checkers) board
game for two players using
twenty-four round pieces, n vr
= draft, draughtsman,
= draftsman, (b)
draughts, draughty
-lest) with draughts (1 ).
dra>A/^ drD: n iC] 1 the act of
drawing: The game ended in a
2 person or thing that attracts
attention. O draw^(4).
draw^ drD: vi i {pt
pp '^n /droin ) 1 move by pul-
ling. 2 take or remove by pul-
,
Img: '^ a cork a gun. 3 obtain
! from a source: water from a~
I . well/ one's salary. ^ a blank.
find nothing. 4 attract: a ~
crowd. 5 take in: -^^ a deep
breath. 6 (cause to) move: The
ships drew near. 7 make with a
pen, pencil, etc: '^ a picture.
great fear and anxiety, n i7//fear
greatly, '-s-ful adj (a) causing
an.xiety. (b) {informal) very un-
dra:l't /? pleasant, -^^fully adv (esp) (/>»-
/orwaOe.xtremelv.
dream dri:m n [C] 1 something
which one seems to see during
sleep. 2 mental picture(s) of the
future: ~5 of wealth. 3 some-
thing very beautiful, n \t i{pt.pp
~ed or ~t drempt ) 1 have
dreams; see in a dream. 2 sth ^
(a) up. (informal) think up (a plan,
piece in etc), -^--er, (a) person who
adj (-ier. dreams, (b) person with im-
practical ideas, etc. dreamy
'drirmi adj (-ier, -iest). (a) (of
^ persons) as if not fully awake,
(b) {informal) beautiful. '>^ily
adv. '>^\\Weadj
drew dru: . dreary 'driari adj (-ier, -iest)
dull; boring, drear-ily adv
dredge dred3 n [C] apparatus
for brmging up mud, etc from
the beds of rivers, etc. d vt i
bring up. clear with a dredge.
dredger, boat carrying a
dredge.
dregs dregz' n pH
solid matter
which sinks to the bottom of
^ liquid. 2 {fig) worst or useless

,
the line (at), refuse to do: ^ part: the ~
of society.
I
the line at robbery. 8 end (a drench drentj vt make very
I
game, etc) without either win- wet: He were ^^edin the rain.
t ning or losing. 9 (usually in pp) dress^ dres n 1 [C] one-piece
t
pull out of shape: a face ~/j with outer garment worn by a
I
pain. 10 -^^ back, move away woman. 2 [U] clothing in gener-
I from. ^
in. (of daylight) be- al. C> evening dress. ''>^
'

come shorter. -^ out. (a) (of rehearsal, final rehearsal of a

days) become longer, (b) per- pla\.
suade (a person) to talk, (c) dress^ dres vt;i 1 put on
(cause to) become longer: a (clothes). ^ up. put on special
long-'^-out discussion. up. ^ clothes. 2 put on evening dress:
(a) write out. (b) come near to: ~ 3 make read\ to
for dinner.
his car drew up outside, (c) '^ use: to ~a salad. dress-O
oneself up. stand up straight. ing(3). 4
clean and bandage a
I
draw-back /'droibaek/ n [Cj dis- wound, etc. 5 make cheerful and
advantage; obstacle. attractive: to ^
a shop-window.
drawer drD:(r)/ n [C] sliding dresser 'dres3(r) n [C] piece of
compartment in a piece of furni- kitchen furniture with shelves
ture, etc. O
chest of drawers. and cupboards below
draw-ing ''drD:ir)/ n [U] the art dress-ing 'dresiq n 1 [U] pro-
of representing objects, scenes, cess of dressmg. 2 [C,U] some-
etc by lines; [C] sketch, picture, thing for dressing wounds. 3
plan, etc. ''>--pin, short flat- [C,U] sauce for salads. ''>^-
headed pin. gown, loose gown worn over
drawing-room MrDiir) rum, n pyjamas, etc. '-^^-table, one
[C] room in which guests are with a mirror in a bedroom.
received. drew dru: pt of draw^.
drawl /drD:l/ vr// speak in a slow, dribble /'dnbL vf,/! (of liquids)
lazy manner.D n [U] slow way of fiow slowly (esp from the
sfjeaking. mouth). 2 (in football) take (the
drawn drD:n p/jof draw^. ball) forward by means of short
dried/ drug II

kicks. who drives vehicles or animals.

dried /draid/ pt.pp o[ dry. driven /'drivn/p/7 of drive'.
drier ;'drai3(r), adj O
dry. anO drizzle /'drizl/ vt rain (in fine
dryer drops), a n [U] fine rain.
drift /drift, n 1 [U] drifting drone draun/ n 1 [C] male bee. 2
movement. 2 [C] something [U] low, humming sound. 3 [C]
caused by drifting: -^5 of snow. 3 monotonous speech, a v^//make
[U] general meanmg: ihc '^ of his adrone(2,3).
arguments. 4 [U] the way in droop /dru:p/ vtii 1 bend or
which events, etc tend to move. hang downwards. 2 let (the
a vi/i 1 be carried along by (a head) move down, d n [C] bend-
current of air or water). 2 (fig) ing position.
(of persons) live without aim or drop^ /drop/ n 1 [C] very small
purpose, -s^er, p>erson who quantity of liquid. 2 (pf) liquid
drifts(2). medicine taken in drops. 3
driir dril/ n [C] instrument that movement to a lower level, esp
turns quickly for making holes. distance of a fall: a ~
in temper-
D vt/i make a hole with a drill. ature.
drill' dril/ n [C,U] 1 army train- drop' /drop/ vt/i (-pp-) 1 (allow
ing in marching, etc. 2 thorough to) fall. 3 (allow to) become
training by repetition. 3 routine weaker or lower: The wind
procedure to be followed, eg in '\.ped. 3 say or write casually: -^
an emergency, a vt/i train by her a short note. 4 stop associat-
means of drills. ing with: 'v- one's girlfriend. 5
drily "draili/ adv dry. O give up: ~a bad habit. 6 no
drink /drir)k vtU (pt drank longer discuss: ~
the subject. 7
/draeqk,, pp drunk drAqk/) 1 -^ back/behind, be behind
take (liquid) into the mouth and (someone) because moving
swallow. 2 take alcoholic liqu- slower. -^ in (on sb): '^ by.
ors. 3 absorb large amounts of pay a casual visit to. '>^ off, (a)
liauid: My car •^s petrol, a n [C, fall asleep, (b) become less:
U] 1 liquid for drinking. 2 alco- Sales have '^ped off. -^ out. (of
holic liquor. '>^able /-abl/ adj. persons doing something) not
~er, (esp) person who take part. Hence, 'drop-out
drinks(2) too much. person who leaves (eg univer-
drip /drip vt/i (-pp-) (of a sity)before completing a course.
liquid) fall in drops, i'^ing drought /draut/ n [C,U] conti-
'wet, very wet. a n [C] (sound nuous (period oO dry weather.
oO drops of liquid falling, i-^^*- drove^ /drsnv / pt of drive'.
'dry adj (of clothes) that dry drove' /drauv n [C] large num-
when hung up to drip. ber of animals being moved
drip-ping 'dripig/ n [U] (esp) fat
, together, drover, man who
from roasted meat. drives cattle, etc.
drive^ /draiv/ n 1 [C] journey (in drown /draun/ (cause a
vt/i 1
a car). 2 [C] private road to a person, to) die in water because
house. 3 [C] (in ball games) hard of lack of air. 2 (of sound) be
stroke or blow. 4 [U] energy. 5 loud enough to prevent another
[C] campaign; effort: the 'export sound from being heard, ^ing
adj.niCV]
drive' /draiv/ vt/i (pt drove drowse /draoz/ vt/i be half as-
/drauv/; pp '^n /'drivn/) 1 cause leep. D n drowsy adj (-ier,
(animals) to move in some direc- -iest).drows-ilyad'v
tion. 2 operate a motor-vehicle. drudge drAds/ n [C] person who
3 go, carry (a person) in a car: works hard and long at un-
He drove me home. 4 (of steam, pleasant tasks. D vi work as a
electricity) be the power to oper- drudge does, '^ry /'drAd33ri/
ate. 5 (of wind) send (things) in hard, uninteresting work.
some direction. 6 hit with force. drug /drAg/ n [C] 1 substance
7 force (a person) to be (in a cer- used for medical purposes. 2
tain state): You'll ~
me mad. -^ substance inducing sleep, happi-
a hard bargain, not give way ness, etc: a '~ addict. vt (-gg-)
another person in a bu-
easily to 1 add harmful drugs to (food
siness deal8 be driving at. and drink). 2 give drugs to.
mean, mtend. '^r n [C] person ''^store, (US) place where
 117
drugs and other articles are sold.
drum /drAm/ n [C] 1 musical in-
strument made of a hollow
cylinder with parchment
stretched over it; sound of a
drum. 2 thing shaped like a
drum: an oil-^. O eardrum.
VI i (-mm-) 1 play a drum. 2 tap
continuously^ o'n something. 3
^ sth into sb. cause a person
to remembec' something by us-
ing repetition, -^mer, person
who plays d drum. ''>^stick,
stick for beating a drum.
drunk /drAqk/ adj {pp of drink)
overcome by drinking alcoholic
liquor, a n [C] person who is
drunk. '>^en adj. '^^en-ness n
dry /drai/ adj (-ier, -lest) 1 not
wet; t'ree from moisture. 2 not
supplying water: a ~well. 3 (of
wine) not sweet. 4 uninteresting;
dull: a -^ speech, a vtji {pt,pp
dried) 1 make or become dry. 2
'^ up. (Jig) come to an end.
^*^er, drier n [C] thing that dries
or on which clothes dry. |'>^-
'clean vt clean (clothes, etc) by
using spirits (eg petrol) instead
of water. Hence I'-^^-'cleaners,
(O^-'cleaning. j-x. dock, one
from which water can be purhp-
ed out. ,'>^ 'rot, decay of wood
(causing it to crumble), drily
/'draili/ adv. '>^ness n [U]
dual /'dju:3l/ adj of two; double.
(--v/ 'carriageway, road divid-
ed down the centre, by grass, eic.
dub /d\bi vt (-bb-) 1 make (a
person) a knight by touching
him on the shoulder with a
sword. 2 give (a person) a pet
name. 3 replace the sound of a
film with a different language.
du-bi-ous /'dju:bi3s/ ac^' causing
or feeling doubt, -v/ly adv.
duch-ess "dAtJis/ n [C] wife or
widow of a duke; woman whose
rank is equal to a duke.
duchy /'dAtJr/ n [C] {pi -ies) (also
dukedom) land ruled by a duke
or duchess.
duck^ /d\kj n 1 [C] common
water-bird; female of this, c>
drake; [U] its flesh as food. 2
score of nought, 0. in cricket.
duck^ /dAk/ vtH 1 move quickly
down (to avoid being seen or
hit). 2 push (a person) under
water for a short time, d n [C]
quick downward movement;
quick dip below water.
duck-ling /MAklir)/ n [C] young
duck.
drum/dump
duct /dAkt/ n [C] 1 tube through
which liquid in the body flows. 2
metal tube and outlet for air.
dud /dAd/ n [C], adj {si) (thing oi
person) of no use: a cheque. ~
due^ /dju:/ adj 1 owing; to be
paid: The gas bill is ~. 2 right;
proper. 3 expected: The train is
^ {in) at 1.30. 4 '^ to, because
of: His success is ~
to hard work
D adv (of points of the compass)
exactly: ^ east.
due^ /dju:/ n 1 {sing only) that
which is right or owing: give the
man his '^. 2 {pi) sums of money
to be paid, eg for membership of
a club.
duel /'dju:?l/ n [C] 1 (illegal) fight
(usually with swords or pistols)
agreed between two persons. 2
any two-sided contest, a vi (-II-,
US also -I-) fight a duel, -^list n
[C]
duet /dju:'et//; [C] piece of music
for two voices or players.
duffle (also duf-fel) /'dAfi/ n
[U] coarse thick woollen cloth: a
'^-coat.
dug /d\gl pt.pp o[ dig.
dug-out /'dAQ aot/ n [C] 1 rough
covered shelter made by dig-
ging. 2 canoe made by hollow-
ing a tree trunk.
duke /dju:k/ n [C] nobleman of
high rank, '^dom, (a) rank,
lands, of a duke, (b) (= duchy)
land ruled by a duke.
dull i'd\\i adj (-er, -est) 1 not
clear or bright. 2 slow to under-
stand. 3 not exciting. 4 not
sharp: a ~
knife, d vt/i make or
become dull. '>^ness n [U]
duly /'dju:li/ adv in a suitable
manner; at the right time.
dumb /d\ml adj (-er, -est) ^ un-
able to speak. 2 temporarily
silent: struck ^^ by the hews. 3
{informal) stupid; dull. '>-ly adv.
•^^ness^lU]
dumb-found {US also dum-
found) /dAm'faund/ vt aston-
ish; make dumb with surprise.
dummy /'dAmi/ n [C] {pi -ies)
object made to look, like the real
person or thing: a tailor's ^.
model of a person for fitting
clothes; a baby's ~, sucked like
the nipple of a mother's breast,
i'^ 'run, practice shoot, perfor-
mance, etc.
dump /dAmp/ n [C] 1 place
where rubbish, etc may be left;
heap of rubbish, etc. 2 store of
military supplies. 3 {st) dirty or
dumpling /dynasty II

ugly place down in the ^s. employed to empty dustbins

unhappy, a v7 1 put on a ''>^pan, pan into which dust is
dump(1 throw down careless-
); swept.
ly. 2 (commerce) sell go6ds duty ''dju:ti n (pi -les) 1 {('A I

abroad at low prices. something one is obliged to dn

dump-ling 'd.\mplir) /i (C] ball on /off '^. engaged not cn-
of cooked dough eaten with f;aged in one's regular work 2
meat or fruit. C,U] tax on goods exported or
dumpy 'dAmpi adj (-ier, -lest) imported (\w;ioms duties) |~-
short and fat. 'f ree, (of goods) allowed to ent-

dunce dAnsn [C] slow learner; er without the payment of cus-

stupid person. toms duties, duti-ful ac//' shoe-
dune dju:n n [C] low stretch of ing respect and obedience.
sand formed by the wind. duti-fully a^v
dung d\x] n fU] waste matter duvet n [C] bed quilt
'dju:vei
dropped by animals. used in place of blankets.
dunga-rees ;,dAng3'ri:z/ n pi dwarf 'dwD:f n [C] (pi ~s) per-
overalls or trousers of coarse son, animal or plant much be-
cotton. low the usual size, d \t cause to
dun-geon "dAndsan n [C] dark '

appear small: houses '^ed by the

underground prison. surrounding mountains.
dupe dju:p \t cheat; make a dwell dwel vt (pt dwelt
fool of. D n [C] person who is /dwelt ) 1 have as one's home 2
duped. '>^on, think, speak or write at
du-pli-cate^ 'dju:plik3t/ adj 1 length about. '>^ler, (in com-
exactly the same. 2 with two cor- pounds) inhabitant: 'city-^ers
fesponding parts, d n [C] thing '>^ing, home.
that is exactly like another, in dwindle /'dwindl/ vi become
^. (of documents, etc) with a lessor smaller by degrees.
copy. dye ;dai/ vtii (3rd person sing
du-pli-cate^ /'djurplikeit vt pres ~s, pt,pp ~d, pres pan
make an exact copy of (a letter, ~ing) colour by dipping in a
etc); produce copies of. du- liquid. D n [C,U] substance used
pli'cation n [C,U]. duplica- for dyeing cloth; colour given by
tor, machine that copies some- dyeing, dyer, person who dyes
thing written or typed. cloth.
dur-able 'djusrabl' adj lasting dying C> die^.
for a long time, a n pi goods ex- dyke/7 = dike.
pected to last a long time. dy-namic dai'naemik/ adj 1 of
dur-ation dju'reijn n [U] time power and forces producing
during which something lasts. motion. c> static. 2 (of a per-
dur-ess (also -esse) /dju'res n son) having great energy, d n (pi)
[U] threats, force: act under ^. (with a sing verb) branch of ,

dur-ing /'djusrii)/ prep 1 physics dealing with matter in

throughout: Don't smoke -^ the motion, "^./allyaf/v i

concert. 2 at some point of time: dyna-mite 'damamait/ n [U]

^
He died the night. powerful explosive, d vt blow up '

dusk /'dAsk' n [U] time just be- with dynamite.

fore night. dy-namo 'damamau n [C] (pi
dusky /yAski/ adj t-ier, -iest) ~s) machine for changing
rather dark; dark-coloured. raoyement into electrical ^

dust /dASt' n [U] dry earth or energy.

other matter in the form of fine dyn-asty /'dmasti/ n [C] (pi -\es)
powder, bite the ^, (informal) succession of rulers belonging to
die, be killed, a vt 1 remove dust one family.
(by wiping, etc). 2 sprinkle with
powder, ^^er. cloth for remov-
ing dust from furniture, dusty
adj (-ier, -iest). ''^bin, recep-
tacle household rubbish.
for
'o^-bowl, area that has no
vegetation because of drought,
etc. ''>^-jacket, paper cover to
protect a book. ''>^man, man

Ee
E, e /i:/ {pi E's, e's /i:z/) the fifth
letterof the Enghsh alphabet.
each adj (of two or more)
/i:tj"/
every one, thing, etc taken sep-
arately: on -^ side of him. a pron
1 every thing, person, group,
etc: ~
of the boys. 2 to every one:
He gave the boys 50p ~ forts:
eager /'i:g9(r)/ adj full of strong
desire. '>-ly adv. '-v/ness n [U]
eagle /'i:gl/ n [C] large, strong
bird of prey.
ear' /i3(r)/ n [C] 1 organ of hear-
ing, be all -^s, listen eagerly. 2
sense of hearing: a good -^ for
music, (play sth) by '^, (a)
(play music) without printed
music, (b) (fig) do something
without planning. ''>^ache,
pain in the inner ear. '-^^drum,
thin membrane (in the inner ear)
which vibrates when sound
waves strike it. ''>^mark vt (fig)
keep for a sp>ecial purpose:
'\^mark money for research, ''v/-
ring, ornament worn in the ear.
''>^shot, hearing distance.
ear^ /i3(r)/ n [C] seed-bearing
part of corn, barley, etc.
earl /3:1/ n [C] title of a British
nobleman of high rank.
early /'3:li/ (-ier, -iest) adj.
near to the beginning: '^ morn-
ing. 2 sooner than usual or than
others: arrive too '^. earlier
on, at an earlier time,
'warning adj (of radar) giving
early indication of the approach
of enemy aircraft, missiles, etc.
earn /3:n/ vt 1 get in return for
work: ~
a salary. 2 deserve: -^
our praise, ^x/ings n pi money
earned.
ear-nest /'arnist/ adj serious; de-
termined. D n in 'v., in a deter-
mined manner; serious(ly). '>^ly
adv. ''^^ness n [U]
earth n 1 this world. 2 [U]
/3:6/
land contrasted with the sky. 3
[U] soil. 4 [C] home of a fox, etc.
5 [C,U] (means oQ electrical
contact with the ground, a vt
connect (an apparatus, etc) with
the earth (5). ^x/quake
119 E/ebb
/'3:9kweik/ n [C] sudden, violent
movements of the earth's sur-
face, '-^^worm, worm that lives
in the soil. '>^ly adj (a) of this
world, not heaven, (b) (infor-
mal) possible: no ^ly use.
earthy adj (-ier, -iest) (a) of or
like soil, (b) (fig) unrefined;
strong and healthy.
earthen-ware /'3:0nwe9(r)/ n
[U] dishes, etc made of baked
clay.
ear-wig /'lawig/ n [C] small in-
sect with pincers at the tail.
ease /i:z/ give relief from
vt/i 1
pain, discomfort, anxiety. 2
make looser; lessen speed, ef-
~ off a bit (
= slow down).
3 move slowly and carefully: '^
the injured man out of the car.
an
[U] freedom from work, discom-
fort, trouble, do sth with '^,
without difficulty.
easel /'i:zl/ n [C] wooden frame
to support a picture (while the
is working at it).
artist
easily /'i:z3li/ adv 1 with ease. 2
without doubt: ~
the best.
east /'i:st/ n 1 the '^, point of
the horizon where the sun rises.
2 part of a country, the world,
etc in this direction. 2 an '^
wind, from the east, a adv to-
wards the east. C> also the Far,
Middle East, the E-^, Asia.
'>^er-ly adj.adv towards, in, the
east; (of wind) from the east.
"^^ern adj of, living in, the east
part of the world, ''^^ward adj
towards the east, '^ward(s)
adv
advl Easter /'i:st9(r)/ n anniversary of
the Resurrection of Christ.
easy /4:zi/ (-ier, -iest) adj 1 not
difficult. 2 free from pain, an-
i'^- xiety, trouble, etc. a adv in an
easy manner, take it /things
'^, don't work too hard, go '^
on. (informal) not use too much
of:Go '^ on the beer. i'>-''going,
(of persons) pleasant; tolerant;
casual.
eat /i:t/ vtji (pt ate /eit/; pp ^eT\
/'i:tn/) 1 take (food) into the
mouth and swallow it. 2 destroy
as if by eating: Acid has ~e« into
the metal. '^ one s words, ad-
mit that one is wrong. <-v/able
adj that can be eaten
eaves /i:vz/ n pi overhanging
edges of a roof, '-^^drop vi
(-pp-) listen secretly to a
conversation.
ebb /eb/ vi 1 (of the tide) flow
ebony / effrontery
back from the land to the sea. 2
(Jig)grow less: His strength was
'^ing. D n [C] 1 the flowing out
of the tide. 2 Ijig) low state.
eb-ony /'ebani/ n [U] hard, black
wood. D adj made of, black as,
ebony.
ec-cen-tric /ik'sentnk/ adi^ (of
a person) odd; not normal. 2 (of
circles) not havmg phe same cen-
tre, a n [C] (esp) eccentric per-
son. '>^ity /-'trisati/ n [C,U] {pi
-ies)(C.U)
echo /'ekoo/ /; (pi -es) fCU]
sound reflected or repeated, a
vtji 1 be sent back as an echo:
His voire '^ed round the erripty
room. 2 repeat a person's words.
eclair /ei'kle3(r)/ n [C] pastry
iced on top and filled with
cream.
eclipse n [C] cutting off
/I'klips/
of the of the sun (by the
light
moon), o-- of the light of the
moon (by the earth's shadow), a
vr cause an eclipse.
ecol-ogy /it'koladsi/ n [U] study
of the relations of living things
to their environment, eco-
logi-cat /-'iDdsikl/ adj.
econ-omic/iiiks'nomik/af^l of
economics (C> below). 2 design-
ed to give a profit: '>^ level of pro-
duction. 3 (informaf) cheap, '^.^al
adj careful in the spending of
money. '^aWy adv
econ-omics iirka'nomiks/ n [U]
/
science of the production, distri-
bution of goods, wealth, econ-
omist /i:'kDn3mist/ n [C] ex-
pert in economics.
econ-om-ize /ir'konamaiz/ vt/i
use or spend less than before.
econ-omy /ii'konami/ n (pi -ies)
1 [C,U] (instance oQ careful use
of money, strength. 2 [C,U] con-
trol and management of money,
goods and other resources.
ec-stasy /'ekstasi/ n [C,U] (pi
-ies) (feeling oQ great joy and
emotion, ec-static /ik'staetik/
adj.
eddy /'edi/ n [C] (pi -ies) (of
wind, smoke, water) circular or
spiral movement, u vi (pt.pp
-ied) move in small circles.
edge /eds/ n [C] 1 cutting part of
a knife, etc. be on '^. be ner-
vous or worried. 2 (line marking
the) outer limit or boundary : 2 attempt: Make an 'n. to escape.
the -^ of a table, p vtji 1 supply
with, form, a border. 2 (cause
to) move slowly: He '^d along
the cliff, edg-ing n [C] narrow
border, edgy adj (-ier, -lesi)
nervous. »
ed-ible /'edibl/ adj that ma> be
eaten.
edit /'edit/ vt 1 prepare (another
person's writing) for publica-
tion. 2 control the publication
of a newspaper, book, etc. 3 pre-
pare a film, tape recording, etc
by putting together parts.
edi-tion /I'dijn/ n [C] 1 form in
which a book is published: a
paperback ~. 2 total number of
copies (of a book, etc) issued at
one time.
edi-tor /'edit3(r) n [C] person
who edits a newspaper, book,
etc. ~-ial /-'tDinal/ adj of an edi
tor. a n [C] article in a news-
paper written by the editor.
edu-cate /'edsukeit/ vt give in-
tellectual and moral training to.
edu-ca-tion /ledsu'keiJan/A? [U]
1 training and instruction. 2
knowledge, character, resulting
from such training, '^al adj
eel ./i:l/ n [C] long fish like a
snake.
eerie, eery /'isri/ adj (-ler, -iest)
causing fear; strange, eerily
adv
ef-fect /I'fekt/ n 1 [C,U] result;
outcome of an action, take ~.
(a) produce the result intended.
(b) come into force: The law
takes ~
today 2 [C] impression
.
produced: sound '^s. 3 (pf)
goods; property, a vt bring
about; cause, --v/ive adj (a) hav-
ing the result intended, (b) actu-
al our '^ive profit. '>^ive-ly adv.
:
^ive-ness n [U]. '>.'ual adj
(format) bringing about the re-
sult required: an -^ual remedy.
ef-femi-nate /I'feminat/ adj (of
a man) like a woman. ,
ef-fer-vesce /,ef3'ves/ vi 1 give
off bubbles of gas. 2 (fig) (of
persons) be lively and excited.
ef -f er-vescent adj
ef-f i-cient /I'fijnt/ adj 1 able to
perform duties well. 2 produc-
ing a desired result, '^ly adv.
ef f i-ciency n /-nsi/ [U]
ef-figy /'efidsi/ n [C] (pl-'\es) rep-
resentation of a person (in
wood, stone, etc).
ef-fort /'efat/ n 1 [C,U] use of
great strenght: tired after the ~.
3 [C] result of effort. ~less,
done without effort.
ef-front-ery /I'frAntarj/ n (pi
-ies) [C,U] impudence: bold-
 121 egg /electron

elas-tic /I'laestik/ adj tending to

egg^ /eg/ n 1 [C] embryo en-
closed in a shell, eg of a hen,
used as food; [U] piece of an egg.
2 [C] female reproductive cell.
''^-cup, small cup to hold a
boiled egg. '"^^-head, intellectu-
al person.
©99^ /eg/ vi '^ sb on. encourage
him
egg-plant /'egpla:nt/ n [C] plant
with a large purple fruit, used as
go back to the normal shape
after being pulled or pressed: an
'^ band a n [U] material made
n [U]
elastic. '>^ity /,elae'stiS3ti/
elated /I'leitid/ adj very happy,
pleased, etc. ela-tion n [U]
el-bow /'elbau/ n [C] joint be-
tween the two parts of the arm;
this part of a sleeve (in a jacket,
etc), a vt push (one's way
through). '^ grease, (infor-
'

food. mal) hard, physical work.''^^-

ego /'egao/ n [C] self; person's
capacity to think and feel.
ego-cen-tric /icgau'sentrik/ adj
interested chiefly in oneself.
ego-ism /'egsoizam/ n [U] 1
theory that our actions are al-
ways caused by the desire to
benefit ourselves. 2 selfishness.
ego-ist n [C] believer in egoism.
ego-tism /'egatizm/ n [U] prac-
tice of talking too much about
oneself; selfishness, ego-tist n
[C] selfish person.
eider-down /'aidadaun/ n [C]
(bed-covering filled with) soft
feathers of the eider duck.
eight /eit/ adj, n [C] (oQ 8.
eighth /eitG/ adj, n [C] (abbr
8th) (oO one of 8 parts or the
next after 7.
eight-een /.ei'tiin/ adj, n [C]
(o018. eight-eenth adj, n [C]
(abbr 18th) (oO one of 18 parts
or the next after 17.
room, space to move freely.
el-der^ /'eld3(r)/ a^^y (of members
of a family) senior: my '^
brother. C> old. a « [C] 1 (pt) per-
sons of greater age. 2 official in
some Christian churches. 3 ol-
der of two persons, ^v/ly adj
rather old. el-dest adj first-
born or oldest.
el-der^ /'eld3(r)/ n [C] small tree
with red or black berries.
elect /I'lekt/ vt 1 choose by vote.
2 decide: they '^ed to stay, o adj-
chosen but not yet in office:
President-^, ^^or n [C] person
having the right to elect, 'x/oral
adj. '>^or-ate /-rat/, whole body
of electors.
elec-tion /I'lekjn/ n [C,U]
choosing or selection (of candi-
dates) by vote.
elec-tric /I'lektrik/ adj of, work-
ed by, producing electricity: an
'-^ fire /generator. '^a\ adj

eighty /'eiti/ adj, n [C] (oO 80. elec-tri-cian /i,lek'trijn/ n [C]

eight-ieth adjn [C] (abbr 80th) expert in working with electrical
(of) one of 80 parts or the next apparatus.
after 79. elec-tric-jty /i,lek'triS3ti/ n [U] 1
either /'aid3(r)/ adj, pron 1 one (energy associated with) a fiow
or the other (of): Take ~
half. 2 of electrons. 2 supply of electric
one and the other: a chair at ~ current (for heating, lighting,
end of the table, a adv, conj 1 (in etc).
statements after not): I don 't like elec-trify /I'lektrifai/ vt (pt,pp
the red one. and I don 't like the -led) 1 charge with electricity.
pink one. '^. C> neither. 2 (to an electrified fence. 2 (fig) excite,
show alternatives): He is ^ mad shock: '^ the audience with one's
or drunk. performance.
eject /I'dsekt/ vt/i^ expel. 2 send elec-tro-cute /i'lektr3kju:t/ vt
out (liquid, etc), ejec-tion /-Jn/ kill by passing an electrical cur-
n [C,U]. -^or-seat, one in an rent through, elec-tro'cu-tion
aircraft for ejecting a pilot in an n [C,U]
emergency. elec-trode /I'lektraud/ n [C]
eke /i:k/ vt -^^ out, make (sup- conductor by which an electric
plies) just enough for one"s current enters or leaves a bat-
needs. anode, cathode.
tery, etc. c>
eiab-or-ate adj com-
/I'laebarat/ elec-tron /I'lektron/ n [C] par-
plicated; great detail, a vt
in ticleof matter, smaller than an
I'laebareit/ work out, describe, atom, having a negative electric
in detail. elab-or-ation charge, elec-tronic adj (a) of
-'reiJn/«[C,U] electrons, (b) operated by,
elapse /I'laeps/ vi (of time) pass. based on, electrons: -^ic music.
 .

electronics /embroider

eiec-tronics n (U) the science you'll be late. '>^where

of electrons and electronic /-'we3(r)/ adv in, at, to some
devices. other place.
el-egant /'eligsnt/ adj showing elude /I'lurd/ vt (formal) avoid
good taste; graceful. '>^ly adv. capture, elu-sive /i'lu:siv/ adj
eleganceAi[U] difficult lo catch or remember
el-ement /'elimant/ n [C] 1 em-aci-ate /I'meijieit/ vt (for-
(science) substance which has mal) make thin: children ^d hy
not been split up into a simpler emaci'ation n [U]
illness,
form. 2 in /out of one's '^. eman-ci-pate /I'maensipeit/ vt

in/not in suitable surroundings. set free (slaves etc), eman-

3 the 'N-s, the forces of nature, ci'pationn[U]
the weather, etc. 4 (p/) begin- em-balm /im'ba:m/ vt preserve
nings of a subject of study. 5 (a dead body) with chemicals.
characteristic feature: Hard em-bank-ment /im'baeqkmant,
work is an important •^ in his life. n [C] wall or mound to hold
6 suggestion, trace: There 's an '^ back water or support a road or
of truth in his statement. 7 resis- railway.
tance wire in a heater, -^^al em-bargo /im'bargau/ n [C] (pi
/-'mentl/ adj of the elements(3) ~es) order that forbids trade, a
ele-men-tary /,eli'ment3n/ adj vt (pt.pp ~ed) put an embargo
of the early stage(s); simple. on.
el-eph-ant /'elifant/ n [C] largest em-bark /im'bark/ vt/i 1 go on
animal now living, with tusks board a ship. 2 '>^ on/upon.
and a trunk. C> white elephant. (formal) start (a journey,
el-ev-ate /'eliveit/ vt 1 lift up. 2 project, etc), ^v^ation /-'keij'an
(Jig) (the mind) improve. «[C,U]
el-ev-ation /jeli'veiln/ n 1 [C,U] em-barrass /im'baerss/ vt cause
act of elevating. 2 [C] height (esp to be ashamed or uncomfort-
above sea-level). 3 [C] plan of able: feel ^ed about
speaking in
one side of a building. c> public. '>^ment n [C,U]
plan(1). em-bassy /'embssi/ n [C] (pi
el-ev-ator /'eliveit9(r)/ n [C] 1 -ies) offices of an ambassador
machine for lifting grain, etc. 2 and his staff.
(US) = \\fX(2). em-bel-lish /im'belij"/ vt Imake
eleven /I'levn/ adj. n [C] (oO 1 1 beautiful: ~ a dress with flowers.
eleventh /I'levnG/ adj. n [C] 2 add details to: '^ a story with
(abbr 11th) (oO one of 1 1 parts comments. '>^'ment n [C,U]
or the next after 10. em-ber /'emb3(r)/ n [C] (usually
elicit /I'lisit/ vt get information, pi) ashes of a dying fire.
etc from. em-bezzle /im'bezl/ vt use (an-
eli-gible /'elidpbl/ adj '^ (for), other's money) illegally for
suitable; qualified for (a job, one's own benefit, '^ment n
etc).ehigiibilityn[U] [C,U]
elim-in-ate /I'limmeit/ vt get rid em-blem /'embbm/ n [C]
of; remove: '^mistakes/a possi- symbol that represents some- i

bilitye,lim-i'n-ation n [U] thing: a dove is the ~

of peace.
elite n [C] group in so-
/,ei'li:t/ em-body /im'bodi/ vt (pt.pp
ciety considered to be superior. -ied) (formal) give physical form
elk /elk/ n [C] one of the largest to ideas, etc. em-bodi-ment n
kinds of deer. [C]: He is the embodiment of
eMipse /I'lips/ n [C] regular oval. goodness
el'l\pt\c(ai) adj em-boss /im'bos/ vt put a raised
elm /elm/ n [C] large common de- pattern on (a surface).
ciduous tree; [U] its wood. em-brace /im'breis/ vt/i 1 take ,

elon-gate /'itloqgeit/ vt/i make arms in

or become long(er)
elope /I'bup/ vi run a>vay (with a
lover). 'v.ment/?[C,U]
elo-quence /'ebkwans/ [U]
skilfuland persuasive use of lan-
guage. elo-quenta<//
else /els/ a</v1 in addition: 5ome-
body ~. 2 otherwise: Run or -^
(a person, etc) into one's
affection.2 (formal) make use
of: ~
an opportunity. 3 include:
A book embracing many sub-
n jects. D n [C] act of embrac-
ing(1). a
em-broider /im'broid3(r)/ vtn
ornament (cloth) with needle-
work-, em-broid-ery n [U]
 123 embryo /end
em-bryo /'embriau/ n [C] (pl'^s) em-ploy /mi'pbi/ vt 1 give work
1 offspring of an animal before to forpayment. 2 {formal) make
birth. 2
(fig) early stage of deve- use of: '^new weapons in a war.
lopment. '>^nic /icmbn'onik/ '^er, person who employs
adj others, i-^^'ee, person who is
emend /I'mend/ vr take out err- employed. '>^ment n [U] (a)
ors from: '^a text. state of being employed, (b)
em-er-ald /'emarald/ n 1 [C] one's occupation.
bright green precious stone. 2 em-press /'empras/ n [C]
[U] colour of this. woman governing an empire;
emerge /I'mards/ v/ 1 come out wife of an emperor.
(from water, etc). 2 (of facts) be- empty /'empti/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
come known, emerg-ence containing nothing. 2 worthless:
/-dsans/ n [U] appearance. ^promises.a n [C] {pi -ies)
emerg*ent /-dsant/ adj new; empty bottle, etc. n vtji {pt.pp
developing: ^«/ nations. -ied) make
or become empty.
emera-ency /I'maidsansi/ n {pi ,'>^-'handed adj carrying no-
-ies) iC] serious situation need- thing; without success: The
ing quick action. thieves left '^-handed, emp-ti-
em-ery /'emsri/ n [U] hard metal ness«[U]
used (esp in powdered form) to emu /'irmju:/ n [C] large flightless
smooth metal. Australian bird.
emi-grant /'emigrant/ n [C] per- emu-late /'emjuleit/ vt try to do
son who emigrates. as well as or better than.
emi-grate /'emigreit/ vi leave emu'la-tionn[U]
one's own country to settle in emul-sion /I'mAlJn/ n [C,U]
another. emi'gra>tion n [C,U] (kinds oQ creamy liquid in
emi-nent /'emmant/ adj {formal) which particles of oil are sus-
(of a person) distinguished. '>^ly pended.
adv to a high degree: -^/y quali- en-able /I'neibl/ vt make able (to
fied, emi-nence n [U] do something): His discovery ^^d
emir /e'mi3(r)/ n [C] Arab prince men to fly.
or governor, 'x^ate /'emarst/ n en-amel /I'naeml/ n [U] 1 sub-
[C] rank, lands, etc of an emir. stance like glass used for coating
emiS'Sion /I'mifn/ n 1 [U] send- metal, porcelain, etc. 2 hard
ing out or giving off: the of ^ covering of teeth, d vt (-II-, US
gas/ light. 2 [C] that which is sent also -I-) cover with enamel.
out or given off. en-chant /m'tfa:nt/ vt 1 delight.
emit /I'mit/ vt (-tt-) give or send 2 use magic on. '>^ing adj very
out: 'flight /a cry. pleasant, -^^ment, n [C,U]
emo-tion /I'maujn/ n 1 [U] ex- en-circle /m's3:kl/ surround.
vt
citement of the feelings. 2 [C] en-close /m'klauz/ vt 1 put a
strong feeling, '^al adj (a) of, fence or wall round. 2 put in an
directed to, the emotions: an envelope, etc. en-clos-ure
'^al speech, (b) easily excited. /-3a(r)/;j[C,U]
'>^ally adv. en-core /'Dir)kD:(r)/ int Again! d n
emot'ive /I'mautiv/ adj tending [C] repetition (of a song, etc).
to excite the emotions. en-coun-ter /m'kaunta(r)/ vt
em-peror /'emp9r3(r)/ n [C] rul- meet (danger, etc); meet a friend
er of an empire. unexpectedly, d n [C] sudden
em-pha-sis /'emfasis/ /j [C,U] (pi (esp hostile) meeting.
^es) 1 force or stress put on en-cour-age /m'kAnds/ vt give
words. 2 special importance confidence to; support.
given to something. '>^ment, n [C,U]
em«pha-size /'emfasaiz/ vt give en-croach /m'krautj/ vi go be-
emphasis to. yond what is right: '^ on his
em-phatic /im'faetik/ adj hav- land/rights, 'x^ment n [C,U]
ing, using, emphasis. en-cy-clo-pedia (also -paedia)
em-pi re /'empai9(r)/ n [C] group /m|Saikla'pi:dia/ n [C] {pi -x/S)
of countries under a single sup- book, or books, giving informa-
reme authority. tion about every branch of
em-pi ri-cal /im'pirikl/ adj (per- knowledge, in ABC order.
son) based on observation and end /end/ n [C] 1 farthest or last
experiment, not on theory. part, make "^s 'meet, not
endanger /enough i:

spend more than one earns, at a arc '^d. 4

{formal) attract: his ~
Joose ''>^, having nothing to attention. 5 (of parts of a ma-
do. on (a) upright, (b) con-
'-s-, chine) lock together, en-gag-
tinuously: for hours on ^. put ing at// attractive. '>-ment n [C ]

an -^ to. stop; finish. 2 small (a) agreement to marry, (b) ar-

piece that remains, a cigarette rangement to meet somcbodv
->-. 3 finish, in the '^. finally. 4 (c) battle.
death. 5 purpose, aim: achieve en-gine 'end3in/ n [C] 1 ma-
or\e's'^{s). D v/'/ (cause to) come chine that converts energy into
to an end. '^ up. finish: He '^ed power or motion. 2 railway loco-
up in Spain. ~ing, last part, eg motive. ''>^-driver, person who
esp of a word. film. '>^less adj drives a railway engine.
having no end. ^^less-ly adv en-gin-eer /,end3i'ni3(r)/ n [C] 1
en-dan-ger in'deind33(r), vrput person who designs machines,
in danger. bridges, railways, etc: a civil
en-dear 'in'di3(r)/ vt cause to be electrical ^. 2 person in control
liked, '^-ment n (C,U] expres- of machinery a vtji 1 work as an
sion of affection. engineer (1). 2 (Jormaf) bring
en-deavour (US =-vor) about skilfully: ~
his defeat.
m'dev3(r)/ n [Cj (Jormaf) effort: '>^ing, the work or profession of
make an ~
to wtn. a vi try to do an engineer.
something. Eng-lish "ir)glif / n the English
endemic /en'demik/ n [C], adj language, the '>^, English
(disease) often occurring in an people, a adjl of England or the
area. Oepidemic. English language. E-^man,
en-dorse in'do:s vt 1 write E'^^woman, man/woman
one's name on the back of (a born in England.
cheque). 2 support a claim, en-grave in'greiv/ vt 1 cut
statement, etc. 3 record a mo- (lines,words, on) a hard surface.
toring offence (on a driver's 2 (fig) impress deeply (on the
licence). 'V/ment/7[C,U] mind), en-grav-ing n [C,U]
en-dow in'dau vt 1 give en-gross /in'graus/ vt take all
money, etc to provide a regular the time or attention of: '^ed in
income for (school, hospital, his book.
etc). 2 be '^ed with, be born en-gulf /in'gAlf vt swallow up:
with (qualities, etc), -anient n The village was -^edbv the flood.
[C.U] enigma I'mgrna, n [C] (pi ~s)
en-dur-ance m'djuarans/ n [U] event, person, that is a mystery.
ability to endure. '>^tic icnig'mstik adj.
en-dure ,in'djo3(r)/ vt/i^ toler- en-joy in'dsoi vt 1 get pleasure
ate pain, hardship, etc. 2 conti- from. 2 have as an advantage: ~
nue to exist; fame that will for ^ good health. 3 -^ oneself, be
'

fver. en-dur-ing ac// lastinjg. happy, '^able /-abl/ adj.

en-emy 'enami/ n [C] {pi -ies) 1 '>-'mentA?[C.U] ^

person who tries to harm one. 2 en-large /m'la:d3/ v7//l make or |

the '>-, (armed forces of a) na- become larger: ~ a photograph.

tion that one is fighting. 2 ^ on/upon, (formal) say or I

en-er-getic /icna'dsetik/ adj write more about, -^ment n

having, done with, energy(l). [C,U]
'^-'aWy adv en-lighten /in'laitn, vr free from '

en-ergy 'enadsi/zi (p/-ies)1 [U] ignorance or misunderstanding, j

force, strength; capacity to do '>^-mentn[\J]

things. 2 (p7) (person's) powers en-list /m'hst/ vt/i 1 take into,
available for working. 3 [U] enter, the armed forces. 2 (Jor-
power: electrical-^. mal) obtain: ~
help, -^-ment n ,

en-fold m'fsuld/ vt enclose (in [C.U] I

one's arms). enor-mity /i'nD:m3ti/ n (pi -les) j

en-force /m'fois/ vt 1 compel (formal) 1 [C,U] great wicked-

obedience to: -^ the law. 2 give ness. 2 [U] immense size.
strength to: --«- an argument. enor-mous /I'normas/ adj very
-^^mentAjfU] large. ^»^ly adv very much.
en-gage /in'geid3/ vt/i^ employ: enough /'I'nAf/ adj. n, adv as
-^ a servant. 2 '>^ in, take part in. much or as many as necessary:
3 agree to marry: Tim and Susan ~ monev to huy a ticket. D adv
 125 enquire/envy

sufficiently: run fast ^

to win. suade: ~
a girl away from home.
sure '^. as expected, etc. '>,'nient«[C,U]
enquire, en-quiry O inquire, en-tire /m'tai3(r)/ adj complete.
inquiry. -s,|y adv. '^ty /-rati/ n [U]
en -rich /in'ritf/ vt improve by en-title /m'taitl/ vt 1 (of books,
adding something: soil '^ed with etc) have as a title. 2 give a right
fertilizer, ^^ment n [C,U] (to). '^mentnfU]
en-roll, en-rol /m'raul/ vtji en-tity /'entati/ n (pi -ies) [C,U]
(cause to) become a member of. existence; thing that exists.
-^mentrtlCU] en-trails /'entreilz/ n pi intes-
en-semble /a:n'sa:mbl/ n [C] 1 tines.
something considered as a en-trance^ /'entrsns/ n 1 [C]
whole. 2 (music) group of musi- opening, door, etc by which one
cians who play together. enters. 2 ICU] coming or going
en-sign /'ensan/ n [C] 1 naval in. 3 [C,U] right to enter.
flag. 2 junior naval officer. en-trance^ /m'tra:ns/ vt fill with
en-slave /m'sleiv/ vt make a pleasure: -^dwith the music.
slave of. '>^ment n [U] en-trant /'entrant/ n [C] person
en-sue /m'sju:/ v/ happen later or who enters a profession, a com-
as a result: in the ensuing battle. petition, etc.
ensure (US = in-sure) /m- en-treat /m'tri:t/ vt ask humbly
'Ju3(r)/ vt/i 1 make sure. 2 make for. en-treaty n [C,U] (pi -ies)
safe: '^ oneself against disap- serious request
pointment. en-trench /m'trentj/ vt 1
en-tail /m'teil/ vt make neces- protect with trenches. 2 estab-
sary: Your plan '^s a lot of work. lish firmly, well ^ed beliefs.
en-tangle /m'tasrjgl/ vt catch entre-pre-neur /,a:ntr3pr9-
among obstacles. '>-ment, n 'n3:(r)/ n [C] person who organ-
[C,U] izes a business or theatre perfor-
en-ter 'ent3(r)/ v///1 come or go mance.
into. 2 join: ~ university. 3 'n^ en-trust /m'trASt/ vt (formal)
into sth, begin: '^ into a give something to a person to
contract discussion. 4 '^ on/ look after.
upon, make a start on. 5 write en-try /'entri/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1
details in a book, etc. coming or going in: Britain's '%^

en-ter-prise /'entapraiz/ n 1 [C] into the war. 2 (place oQ en-

project esp one that needs cour- trance; right to enter. 3 item in a
age. 2 [U] courage and willing- list: dictionary entries.

ness to take risks. 3 [U] commer- enu-mer-ate /I'njurmareit/ vt

cial business: private 'v-. en-ter- name one by one enu-me'r-
pris-ing adj having enter- ation/i[C,U]
prise(2). enun-ci-ate /I'nAnsieit/ vt/i pro-
en-ter-tain /,ent3^tem/ vt 1 nounce (words), enun-ci'ation
receive (people) as guests. 2 n[\J]
amuse, interest. 3 be ready to en-velop /en'vebp/ vt wrap up,
consider: '^ ideas/doubts, --^^ing cover, on all sides: '^ed in fog.
adj amusing, --s^er, person who '>^mentn[\J]
entertains(2) the public. en-vel-ope /'envabup/ n [C]
--N^ment n (a) [U] entertaining paper wrapper for a letter, etc.
or being entertained (1,2). (b) en-vi-able /'enviabl/ adj causing
[C] public performance (at a envy.
theatre, etc). en-vi-ous /'envias/ adj feeling,
enthral (also esp CSen-thrall) expressing, envy. '>^ly adv
m'9ro:l/ vt (-II-) take the whole en-vi-ron-ment /m'vaiaran-
attention of. mant/ n [C] surroundings, cir-
en -throne /m'Oraun/ vt place (a cumstances.
king) on a throne. en-vis-age /m'vizid3/ vt picture
enthusiasm /m'Bjurziaezam/ n in the mind; expect: He had not
[U] strong feeling of admiration '^d seeing her again.
or interest, en-thusi-ast n [C] en-voy /'envai/ n [C] 1 messeng-
person filled with enthusiasm. er,esp one sent on a special mis-
en-thusi-'astic adj. en- sion.2 diplomatic agent.
thusi-asti-caily /-kli/ adv envy 'envi, n [U] 1 feeling of dis-
en-tice in'tais/ vt tempt or per- appointment and ill will (at an-
enzyme /escapade \.

other's better fortune). 2 object [U] state of being balanced: lose

of such feeling: His new house one's '>^.
was the ~
of all his friends, a vi equi-nox "irkwmoks/ n [C] time
{pt.pp -ied) feel envy of / don i of the year when day and night
->- him his job. are of equal length.
en-zyme "enzaim n [C] sub- equip /I'kwip/ vr (-pp-) supply
stance formed in living cells, (a person) (with what is neededj.
able to cause changes without '^ment, (a) equipping, (b)
being changed itself tools, etc needed for a particular
ep-aulet (also epaulette) purpose.
'epalet n [C] decoration on the equi-table /'ekwitabl/ adj fair;
shoulder of a uniform. just: an '^ judgement, equi-
ephem-er-al /I'femsrsl/ adj last- tably at^v
ing for a very short time. equity /'ekwati/ n 1 [U] fairness.
epic 'epik/ « [C],a<^1 (poem) of 2 (/?/ -ies) ordinary stocks and
the deeds of heroes, or of a na- shares not bringing fixed in-
tion's past history. 2 (of a) film terest.
made using large crowds and equiv-al-ent /I'kwivabnt/ adj. n
many locations. [C] equal in value.
epi-demic ,epi'demik/ n [C], adj equivo-cal /I'kwivakl/ adj hav-
(disease) spreading rapidly. O ing a doubtful meaning; suspi-
endemic. cious: aw ~
aw^ner.
epi-lepsy /'epilepsi/ n [U] ner- era /'lara/ n [C] period in history:
vous disease causing a person to the Roman ~.
fall unconscious, epi'lep-tic eradi-cate /I'raedikeit/ vr put an
adj. n [C] end to: -^^ a disease, eradi'ca-
epi-logue (65 =-log) /'epilog/ t\onn[\J]
n [C] part of a book, or play.
last erase /I'reiz/ vt rub or scrap>e
epi-sode /'epissud/ n [C] one out. era-ser, thing used to
event in a chain of events. erase.
epi-taph /'epita:f/ n [C] words erect /I'rekt/ vt 1 build; estab-
cut on a tombstone. lish: ^ a tent/statue. 2 set up-
epi-thet 'epiGet n [C] adjective right, n adj upright: stand ~.
used to describe the character of erec-tion /-Jn/ n (a) [U] act of
a person or thing, as in 'Alfred erecting, (b) [C] building, -^ly
Ihe Great'. adv upright, ^ness
n [Uj
epit-ome /I'pitami/ n [C] some- erode /I'raud/ vr (of acids, rain,
thing which p>erfectly shows a etc) wear away (rock, etc), ero-
quality: His wife is the of ~ sion /-3n/n[U]
beauty, epit-om-ize /-aiz/ vt be erotic /I'rotik/ a<^ of sexual love.
an epitome of err /3:(r)/ vr make mistakes; do
ep-och "irpok; n [C] (beginning wrong.
of a) period of time marked by er-rand /'erand/ n [C] 1 short
special events or characteristics. journey to take or get some-
equal /'i:kw3l/ adj the same in thing. 2 purpose of such a jour-
size, number, value,etc. n n [C] ney.
person or thing equal to an- er-ratic /I'raetik/ adj 1 (of a per-
other. D vt (-II-, US also -I-) be son) likely to do unexpected
equal to. 'N^ly adv. '>^ity things. 2 (of things) not regular
/I'kwolati/ n [U]. 'v.ize in movement, ^ally adv
/'i:kw3lai2/ vr make equal. er-ror /'er3(r)/ n 1 [C] mistake. 2
equate /I'kweit/ vt consider, [U] being wrong: do it in ~.
treat, as being equal. eru-dite /'erurdait/ adj (formal)
equa-tion /i'kwei3n/ n [C] state- having great knowledge.
ment of equality between two erupt /I'rApt/ vi burst out (sud-
expressions: 2x + 5 = 11. denly): the volcano '^ed. erup-
equa-tor /i'kweit3(r)/ n (often tion /-Jn/n[C]
the E's-) imaginary line round es-ca-late "eskaleit/ vt/i in-
the middle of earth half-way be- crease in intensity or extent (eg a
tween the North and South war), es-ca'la-tion n [U]
Poles, '^ial ,ekw3'tD:ri3l/ adj
; es-ca-la-tor /'eskaleitsCr)/ n [C]
eques-trian /I'kwestrisn/ adj of moving stairway.—
horse-nding. es-ca-pade 'eskapeid/ n [C] dar-
/

equi-lib-rium ,i:kwi'libri3m/ n ing or adventurous act.


es-cape /I'skeip/ vt/i 1 get free;
get away; (of steam, fluids, etc)
find a way out. 2 avoid: 'v. pun-
ishment. 3 be forgotten: His
name ^s me. an^ [C,U] (act of)
escaping. 2 [C] leak (of gas,
liquids), es-cap-ism n [U]
cape from reality by day-
dreaming, es-cap-ist, person
doing this.
escarp-ment /i'ska:pm9nt/
[C] steep slope; cliff.
es-cort^ /'eskD:t/ n [C] 1 per-
son(s) going with others, or with
valuable goods, to protect them.
2 ships, aircraft, etc giving
protection.
8s-cort^ /I'skDtt/ vt go with as an
escort.
eso-teric /,es9u'terik/ adj under-
stood by only a small circle of
people.
es-pec-ially /I'spejah/ adv
particular.
espion-age /'espi3na:3/ n [U]
practice of spying.
Es-quire /i'skwai9(r)/ n [C] title
(written Esq.) used after a man's
name in formal letters.
es-say /'esei/ n [C] piece of writ-
ing on a subject. '>^ist, writer of
essays.
es-sence /'esns/ n 1 [U] the most
important quality of a thing. 2
[C,U] perfume, flavouring, etc
in concentrated form.
es-sen-tiai /I'senjl/ adJ neces-
sary; fundamental: an ~
piece of
machinery: food is ~
to life, a n
[C] fundamental element. '>^lv
adv basically: He is '^ly good.
es-tab-lish /I'staebliJ/ vrl setup,
put on a firm foundation: a
well-^ed business. 2 settle a per-
son in a position, place, etc. 3
prove; cause people to accept:
the facts/a claim, '^^vnent n (a)
[U] establishing, (b) [C] that
which is established, eg a busi-
ness firm.
es-tate /I'st'^it/ n 1 [C] property
in the form of land, esp in the
country. C> housing, industrial.
2 [U] (legal) a person's whole
property. O real estate. '^
agent, person who buys and
sells buildings and land for
others. -^ car, saloon car with
collapsible rear seats and
door(s)attheback.
es-teem /i'sti:m/ n (formal) [U]
(high) opinion: hold him in great
^. a vt (formal) respect greatly.
es-ti-mate^ /'estimat/ n [C] ap-
127 escape /evade
proximate calculation (of size,
cost, etc).
es-ti-mate^ /'estimeit/ vt/i form
a judgement about; calculate the
cost, value, size, etc of. es-
ti'ma-tion n [U] judgement;
es- opinion.
es-tu-ary /'estjuan/ n [C] (pi
-ies) mouth of a river into which
the tide flows.
n et cet-era /it 'setsra/ (Latin)
(abbr etc) and so on.
etch /etj/ vt/i use a needle and
acid to make a picture on a
metal plate. '>>'ing n [U] the art
of making designs on metal; [C]
etched picture.
eter-nal /i't3:nl/ adJ^ lasting for
ever. 2 (informal) continual: ~
arguments, '^iy adv
eternity /i't3:n3ti/ n (pi -ies) [U]
time without end; the future life.
in ether /'i:63(r)/ m [U] liquid made
from alcohol used as an
anaesthetic.
ethic /'eOik/ n system of moral
principles: the Christian ^. '>^al
adj (a) of ethics, (b) morally
right, orally adv. eth-ics n [U]
(a) science of morals, (b) pi
moral goodness.
eth-nic /'eGnik/ adj of race or a
group of people, -^^ally adv
eti-quette /'etiket/ n [UJ rules
for formal behaviour.
ety-mol-ogy /|eti'mDl3d3i/ n 1
[U] study of the history of
words. 2 [C] account of the his-
tory of a word.
euca-lyptus /juika'hptss/ n [C]
(pi ~es) tall evergreen tree from
which an oil, used as medicine, is
obtained.
eu-phem-ism "juifsmizam/ n
[C,U] use of less exact but less
~ harsh words for unpleasant
words, eg Pass away for die. eu-
phe'm-istic adj
eu-phoria ju:'fD:ri3/ n [U] state
of excitement; great happiness.
eu-phoric /jui'fonk/ adj
eu-tha-nasia /ju:09'neizi3/ n [U]
(causing a) painless death (for
persons suffering from an incur-
able disease).
evacu-ate I'vaekjueit/ v/1 leave
(an unsafe place). 2 empty
(bowels, etc.) evacu-*ation,/-
.fn/ n [C, U].
evade /I'veid/ vt 1 avoid; keep
away from. 2 avoid doing or
replying to something: ~income
tax/a question, evas-ion /-3n/ ;/
[C,U}. evas-ive /-siv,' adj
 .

evaluate/ examination 128

evaluate /I'vaeljueit/ vi decide {and ~). 3 (used to stress sur-

the amount or value of. eval- prise, etc): What '^ do you mean}'
u'ation/j[C,U] ever-green /'evagriin/ n [C], aJj
evan-gelic /,i:va:n'd3elik/, '^al (tree, shrub) having green leaves
/-kl/ adj of, according to, the all deciduous.
year. C>
teachings of the Gospel. ever-last-ing /leva'laistiq/ aJj
evan-gei-ist /I'vaendplist/ n [C] gomgonforever.
1 one of the writers of the Gos- every /'evri/ aJ/'l all: book = ^ (

pels. 2 preacher of the Gospel. all the books) on that shelf. 2

'>-ic/-'listik/a^ each one: ~
day. 3 all possible;
evap-or-ate /I'vxpsreit/ vi/i 1 complete: You have '^ reason lo
(cause to) change into vapour. 2 be satisfied. 4 (with numbers to
remove liquid from a substance: show repetition): '^ ten minutes
'^d milk. 3 disappear, evap- '>^body, '>^one pron every per-
o'r-ation Ai [Uj son. '>^day adj daily: common.
eve /i:v/ n [C] day or evening be- '^thing pron all things.
fore a (Church) festival; time 'x/where adv in, at, to, every
just before anything: on the '^ of place.
war. evict expel (a tenant)
/I'vikt/ vt
even^ /'i:vn/ adj 1 level; smooth; (from a house) by authority of
regular: an ~
surface. 2 (of the law. evic-tion /-Jn/ /j [C,U]
amounts, distances) equal. evi-dence /'evidans/ n 1 [U]
break (informaf) make
'^, proof; something that proves: 'x.
neither a profit nor a loss. 3 (of of his guilt /innocence. 2 testi-
numbers) that can be divided by mony in a court of law: ^/ve ~.
two. 4 equally balanced: The evi-dent /'evidant/ adj plain and
two teams are very ~. 5 (of clear; obvious. '>-ly adv
temper, etc) not easily made evil /'i:vl/ adj wicked, harml'ul. a
angry, d vt '>^(up). make even n [C,U] wickedness. '>^!y adv
or equal, -^iy adv. '-^ness n [U] evoca-tive /I'vokativ/ adj that
even^ /'i:vn/ adv 1 (to show a evokes: ~
words, that bring
comparison between what is back memories, emotions.
stated and what might have hap- evoke /I'vauk/ vt produce;
pened): He never ~
opened the cause: Stories that ~ happy me-
letter (so he certainly did not mories.
read it). 2 '%. if/though, (to evol-ution /,i:v3'lu:.J"n/ n 1 [U]
stress what
follows): She won't process of developing. 2 [U]
ask, ~
though she needs help. 3 (theory of the) development of
(with comparatives) still, yet: complicated forms of life from
You know '^ less than I do. 4 '^ simpler forms.
now /then, in spite of these cir- evolve /I'volv/ vt/i (cause to) de-
cumstances, etc: E'^ now he velop.
won't believe me. ewe /ju:/ n [C] female sheep. £> .

even-ing /'i:vnig/ n [C] part of ram(1).

the day between afternoon and exact^ /ig'zaekt/ adj 1 correct in '

bedtime. ->- dress, clothes every detail: the ~ size of the

j

worn for formal occasions in the room. 2 precise: the '^ time, '^iy
evening. adv (a) completely: •^/y right.
event /I'vent/ n [C] 1 something (b) (as an answer) quite so. i

(usually important) that hap- '>^nessrt[U]

pens or has happened. 2 in the exact^ /ig'zaekt/ vt demand; in- '

'N^ of/ in that '^. if a thing hap- sist on: ~ obedience. '>^\ng adj
pens. 3 race, competition, etc in making great demands; severe.
a sports programme, 'x.f ui adj exag-ger-ate /ig'zaedpreit/ vt/i
event-ual /I'ventjual/ adj com- make something seem larger, ;

ing at last as a result, '^ly better, etc than it is. exag-gelf-

/-tjush/ adv in the end: He fell ill ation/ifCU]
and'>^ly died. '>^ity /-'aebti/ n [C] exam /ig'zasm/ n (abbr oQ '

{pi -ies) event (1) that is pos- examination(2).

sible. exam-in-ation /ig,zaemi'neifn//i
ever /'ev3(r)/ adv 1 at any time: [C,U] 1 [U] examining. 2 [C] test
Nothing ~ happens here; Have of knowledge or ability. 3 in- ;

you '^ been in an aeroplane? 2 speciion of something: a /we^ica/

continuously; at all times: for ^ ~. 4 questioning by a lawyer in
 129
court.
exam-ine /ig'zaemin/ vt 1 look at
carefully. 2 put questions to in
order to or get information.
test
exam-iner, person who exam-
ines.
example /ig'za:mpl/ n [C] 1 fact,
thing, etc which represents a
general rule, for ^, as an illus-
tration: Many people. Peter for
~, went home. 2 specimen; one
of a number: an ^ of his work. 3
thing or person to be copied: fol-
low my ^. make an -^^ of sb,
punish him as a warning to
others.
exas-perate /ig'zatspareit/ vt
irritate; annoy; make angry.
exas-pe'ration n [U]
ex-ca-vate /'ekskaveit/ vt make,
uncover, by digging, ex-
ca'vation n [C,Ul ex-ca-va-
tor, person engaged in, ma-
chine used for, excavating.
ex-ceed /ik'sird/ v/ 1 be greater
than. 2 go beyond what is al-
lowed: '^ a speed limit. '>^ing-ly
at^v extremely.
ex-cel /ik'sel/ vt/i (-11 -) do better
than (others): He ~5 at sport.
ex-cel-lence /'ekssbns/ n [U]
the quality of being excellent.
Ex-cel-lency /'ekssbnsi/ n [C]
(pi -jes) title of an ambassador,
governor.
ex*cel-lent y'eksabnt/ adj very
good. ^\yadv
ex-cept /ik'sept/ prep 1 but not:
Everybody was late '>- me. 2 -^
that, apart from the fact that: /
would go -v. that it's late. vt ex-
clude (from).
ex-cep-tion /ik'sepjn/ n 1 [C]
person or thing that is not in-
cluded. 2 [C] something that
does not follow the rule. 3 take
-^ to, object to. '>^ional /-Janl/
adj unusual; very good, '^ally
adv
ex-cerpt /'eks3:pt/ n [C] extract
from a book, etc.
ex-cess /ik'ses/ n 1 [U] fact of
being, amount by which some-
thing is. more than something
else, in '^ of, more than. 2 (pi)
very bad behaviour, a adj
/'ekscs/ extra: ^ baggage. '>^ive
adj loo much. '>^ly adv
ex-change /iks'tjemd^/ vt/i
give, receive (one thing) in place
of another: ~
pounds for dollars.
D n 1 [C,U] (act oO exchanging.
2 [U] changing of money for
foreign currency; relation in
examine / execute
value between different curren-
cies, ^able /-dh\/adj
ex-chequer /iks'tjek9(r)/ n [C] 1
the E'^, (GB) government de-
partment in charge of public
money: Chancellor of the '^, mi-
nister at the head of this depart-
ment. 2 treasury; supply of
money.
ex-cise /'eksaiz/ n [U] tax on cer-
tain goods manufactured within
a country.
ex-cite /ik'sait/ vt 1 rouse the
feelings of: '\^dby the news. 2
bring about; cause: '^ envy/a
riot,ex-cit-able /-abl/a^' easily
excited, '-v/ment n [C,U]
ex -claim /ik'sklemi/ vt/i cry out
suddenly. ,ex-cla-mation
/ickskla'meijn/ n [C,U]. excla-
'mation mark, the mark (!).
ex-clude /ik'sklu:d/ vt 1 keep a
person out. 2 ignore as irrele-
vant: ^
the possibility of failure.
ex-clu-sion /-3n/ n [U]. ex-
clus-ive /-siv/ adj (a) (of a per-
son) not willing to mix with
others, (b) (of a group) not
readily admitting new members,
(c) (of a shop) expensive, ex-
clus-ive-lya</v
ex-com-muni-cate /,eksk3-
'mjuinikeit/ vt exclude (as a pu-
nishment) from the Christian
Church. ex-com-muni'ca-
tion n [C,U]
ex-cre-ment /'ekskramsnt/ n
[U] solid waste matter discharg-
ed from the bowels.
ex -Crete /ik'skrirt/ vt (of an ani-
mal or plant) discharge waste
matter (eg urine).
ex-cru-ciat-ing /ik'skru:Jieitii)/
a<^' (of pain) extreme, 'x^ly adv
ex-cur-sion /ik'sk3:Jn/ n [C]
short (return) journey, esp for
pleasure.
ex-cuse^ /ik'skjuis/ n [C] reason
given to explain one's conduct.
ex-cuse^ /ik'skjurz/ vt 1 free
from blame. 2 set free from eg a
duty. 3 justify: Nothing can ~
such rudeness. 4 E'^ me, (an
apology when one interrupts,
asks), ex-cus-able /-abl/ adj
ex-ecute /'eksikjuit/ vt 1 carry
out what one is asked to do. 2
adnunister; put into effect: '^ a
will. 3 carry out punishment by
death. 4 perform: '^ a piece of
music, ex-e'cu-tion n (a) [U]
(skill in the) performance of a
piece of work, etc. (b) [C,U] pu-
nishment by death, ex-ecu-
executive /expenditure 130

tioner, public official who exe- from his country, a vt send into
cutes criminals. exile.
ex-ecutive /ig'zekjutiv/ adj 1 ex-ist /ig'zisl/ vi have being; con-
concerned with managing or tinue living, '^ence n (a) [U]
executing(1 ); ~ duties. 2 having the state of being: the number of
authority: the ~ head of state, a places now in '^. (b) manner of
n [C] 1 the E'x., the executive living: lead a comfortable ~.
branch of a government. 2 per- '>^ent adj Iwing; actual.
son in a business with adminis- exit /'eksit/ n [C] 1 departure of
trative powers. an actor from the stage. 2 way
ex-ecu-tor /ig'zekjut3(r)/ n [C] out, eg from a theatre.
person appointed to carry out ex-on-er-ate /ig'zonareit/ vt free
the terms of a will. (from blame, etc), ex-on-
ex-emp-lify /ig'zemplit''ai/ vt e'ration«[U]
ipt.pp -ied) illustrate by exam- ex-or-bi-tant /ig'z3:bit3nt/ adJ
ple; be an example of ex-emp- (of a price) much too high. '>^lv
lif i-ca-tion /-fi'keijn/ n [C,U] adv
ex-empt /ig'zempt/ vt free from ex-or-cize, -cise /'eksorsaiz/ vt
(an obligation), a adJ free drive out, eg an evil spirit, by
{from), goods ~
of tax. exemp- prayers.
tion /-Jn/n[C,U] ex-otic /ig'zDtik/ adj 1 (of
ex-er-cise /'eksasaiz/ n 1 [U] use plants, ideas) from another
or practice (of mental or physic- country. 2 pleasing because un-
al powers, of rights): Walking is usual.
good^. The -^ of patience. 2 [C] ex-pand /ik'spaend/ vt/i 1 make
activity designed for bodily or or become larger: metal '^s when
mental training, d vt/i 1 take, heated. c> contract'. 2 spread
give, exercise (to): -^ oneself/a out.
horse. 2 make use of: ~
a right. ex-panse /ik'spaens/ n [C] wide
exert /ig'z3:t/ vt 1 bring into use: and open area: the wide ~ of the
~ all one 's energy. 2 make an ef- sea.
fort, exer-tion /-jn/ n (C,U] ex-pan-sion /ik'spjenjn/ n [C,U]
ex-hale /eks'heil/ vtii 1 breathe expanding(1 ).

out. 2 give off (gas), ex-ha-la- ex-pan-sive /ik'spaensiv/ adj 1

tion/,eksh3'leiJn//j[C,U] able, tending, to expand. 2 (of
ex-haust^ /ig'zorst/ n [C,U] (out- persons) talkative, good-
let for) steam, vapour, etc: the humoured.
'^-pipe on a motor-car. ex-patri-ate /eks'paetnat/ adj. n
ex-haust^ /ig'zD:st/ vt 1 use up [C] (person) living outside his
completely; make empty, ex- own country.
haus-tion /-tj"3n/ n [U]. 'v/ive ex-pect /ik'spekt/ vt 1 think that
ac// thorough. something will happen. 2 be
ex-hi-bit /ig'zibit/ n [C] 1 object '^ing. be pregnant, ancy n [U]
shown eg in a museum. 2 docu- the state of expecting. '>^ant adj
ment, object, etc produced in a pregnant. '>^a-tion /-'teijn/ n
law court as evidence, a v/ 1 (often p[) thing expected; future
show publicly for sale, etc. 2 prospects.
give evidence of (a quality). ex-pedi-ent /ik'spirdiant/ adj
ex-hi-bi-tion /,eksi'bijn/ n [C] 1 useful; advantageous: It was ~
collection of things shown pub- to wait until he arrived, a n [C]
licly (eg of works of art). 2 act of necessary plan, action, etc. ex-
showing: an ~
of good behavi- ped-iency«[U]
our, '^ism n [U] behaviour de- ex-pedi-tion /lekspi'dijn/ n [C]
signed to attract attention. (persons making a) journey for a
-^^ist,- person fond of exhibi- definite purpose: an to the~
tionism. North Pole. '>-'ary /-Janari/ adj
ex-hil-arate /ig'zilareit/ v^ fill ex-pel /ik'spel/ vt (-II-) send out
with high spirits. ex-hii- or away by force: -^ air from the
a'ration«[U] lungs Ia pupil from school.
ex-hort /ig'zoit/ vt urge strongly: ex-pend /ik'spend/ vt spend; use
'x- him to try harder. '>^ation up: ~ energy.
/-'teiJn/«[C,U] ex-pendi-ture /ik'spenditj'3(r)/
ex-ile /'eksail/ n [C,U] (person n 1 [U] spending or using. 2 [C,
punished by) being sent away U] amount (of money, energy)
 131 expense/exterior

spent or used. [C,U]. ex-plora-tory /iks-

ex-pense /ik'spens/ n 1 [U] 'ploratn/a^
spending (of money, energy, ex-plo-sion /ik'spbu3n/ n [C] 1
etc). 2 (usually pt) money used (loud noise caused by a) sudden
or needed. and violent bursting: a bomb ~.
ex-pens-ive /ik'spensiv/ adj 2 outburst of anger, laughter,
causing expense; costing a lot: ~ etc. 3 great and sudden increase:
clothes. '>^lv adv the population'^
ex-peri-ence /ik'spisridns/ n 1 ex-plos-ive /ik'spbusiv/ n [C],
[U] gaining knowledge or skill adj (substance) tending to ex-
by doing and seeing things; plode. "v^lyaJv
knowledge or skill so gained: ex-port /ik'sport/ vt/i send
learn by ~. 2 [C] event that af- (goods) to another country, d
fects one in some way: an un- /'ekspDit/ n 1 [U] (business oQ
pleasant '^. a vt have experience exporting. 2 [C] thing exported.
of. ex-peri-enced adj 's^er, person who exports
ex-peri-ment /ik'sperimant/ n 1 goods.
[C] test carried out to study ex-pose /ik'spauz/ vt 1 uncover;
something. 2 [U] experimenting: leave unprotected. 2 make
test by '^. a vi conduct experi- known: '^ a plot. 3 (in photo-
ments. '>^a-tion /-'teijn/ n [U]. graphy) allow light to reach
'>^a\ /-'mentl/ adj used for, (film, etc), ex-po-sure /-33(r)/ n
based on, experiments. [C,U]
ex-pert /'eksp3:t/ n [C] person ex-pound /ik'spaund/ vt {for-
with special knowledge, skill or mal) explain by giving details: ~
training, d adj trained, skilled, a theory.
by practice. '>^lv adv ex-press^ /ik'spres/ adj 1 going
ex-pert-ise /,eksp3:'ti:z/ n [U] quickly; designed for high
expert knowledge and skill. speed: an ^train, a adv by ex-
ex-pi re /ik'spai9(r)/ vi 1 (of a press delivery: send a letter '^. o
period of time) come to an end: «[C] express train.
the contract/my passport has '^d, ex-press^ /ik'spres/ vt make
I IS no longer valid, ex-piry n [U] known by words, looks: ^one's
!
end, esp of a contract. disapproval, a adjc\e^T\y stated:
' ex-plain /ik'splem/ vt 1 make his '^ wish, -^ly a</v definitely.
I
obvious or clear. 2 give reasons ex-pres-sion /ik'sprejn/ n 1 [U]
I for: ~
one's behaviour, ex-pla- process of expressing. 2 [C]
I
na-tion /ickspb'neijn/ n (a) [U] word or phrase: an ^
of thanks.
I (process oQ explaining, (b) [C] 3 sign (on the face, in the voice,
statement, fact, etc that ex- etc) of an emotion. '>^less adj
plains, ex-plana-tory without expression (3)
; /ik'splaenatri/ adj intended to ex- ex-press-ive /ik'spresiv/ adj
plain. showing feelings, etc. -v/ly adv
I

J
ex-pli-cit /ik'splisit/ adj (of a
statement, etc) clearly and fully
expressed: -^ instructions. '>^ly
'>^nessw[U]
adv.
ex-piode /ik'splaud/
(cause to) burst with a loud
noise: The bomb '^d. 2 (of per-
sons) show violent emotion.
ex-ploit^ /'ekspbit/ n [C]
adventurous act.
ex-ploit^ /ik'spbit/ vt 1 use or
develop natural resources: a ~
gold-mine. 2 use unfairly to
make profit: '^ poor workers.
'>^a-tion /-'teiJn/ n [U]
ex-plore /ik'spb:(r)/ vt 1 travel
in a place to learn about it. 2 ex-
amine thoroughly, eg problems
to learn about them, ex-plorer,
person who explores, ex-
plo'ra-tion /,ekspb'reijn/ n
ex-pul-sion /ik'spAlJn/ n [C,U]
(act oO expelling.
ex-quis-ite /ek'skwizit/ adj c\-
cellent.'>^lya(yv
vtji 1 ex-tend /ik'stend/ vt/i 1 make
longer; enlarge: '^ the runway. 2
stretch out (part oQ the body at
full length. 3 offer: ^
an invita-
tion. 4 (of space) reach, stretch:
The park '^s to the river.
ex-ten-sion /ik'stenjn/ n 1 [U]
extending. 2 [C] additional part.
3 [C] internal telephone (in an
office.
ex-ten-sive /ik'stensiv/ adj ex-
tending far. '>^ly adv
ex-tent /ik'stent/ n [U] 1 length;
range: the ~ of the damage/his
knowledge. 2 degree: to some ~.
ex-ter-ior /ek'sti3n3(r)/ adj out-
er; situated on or coming from
exterminate /fabricate 132

outside. C> intefior(l). a n [C] n [C] person

/-ist/ who holds ex-
outside; outward appearance. treme views (esp in f>olitics). o
ex-ter-mi-nate /ik'stacmineit/ vr adj (of pohtical views) extreme.
destroy completely, ex-ter- ex-trem-ity /ik'stremati/ n [C]
mi'na-tion n [C,U] (pi -ies)(format) (a) extreme
ex-ter-nal /ek'starnl/ adj outside: point, end. (b) (pt) extreme
an '^ examination. 'X/ly adv measures, eg for punishing, (c)
ex-tinct/ik'stii)kt/aJy1 no long- (pf) person's hands and feet.
er active: an ^volcano. 2 (of ex-tro-vert /'ekstravart/ n [C] 1
feelings) dead. 3 no longer in ex- person more interested in what
istence: an -^ animal, ex- goes on around him than in his
tinction -Jn/ n [U] making, be- own thoughts and feelings. 2 (in-
coming, extinct. formal) lively, cheerful person.
ex-tin-guish /ik'stiqgwij/ vt 1 O introvert.
put out (a fire). 2 end the exis- ex-uber-ant /ig'zjurbarant/ adjy
tence of (hope, etc). '>-er, appa- growing vigorously: -^^ plants. 2
ratus for putting out a fire. full of life and vigour: ~ chil-
ex-tort /ik'stort/ viobtain by dren, ex-uber-ance n [U]
violence, threats, ex-tor-
etc. ex-ude /ig'zjurd/ vtji (format) (of
tion /-Jn/ n [C,U]. ex-tor- sweat) come out slowly; (fig)
tion-ate /-Janat/ adj (of de- give ofT(eg happiness).
mands, prices) much too high. eye /ai/ n 1 organ of sight, have
ex-tra /'ekstra/ adj additional; an -^ for. be a good judge of.
beyond what is expected, a adv 1 keep an '^ on. keep a watch
more than usually: ^
fine. 2 in on. make '^s at. show that
addition: postage ~. a n [C] ^ one is attracted to (a girl), open
additional thing. 2 (in the cine- sb's '^s to. cause him to
ma, TV, etc) person employed realize, see '>^ to '>^ (with),
eg in a crowd scene. 3 special ed- agree entirely (with), up to
ition of a newspaper. one's eyes in. very busy with.
ex -tract /ik'straekt/ vt 1 take out 2 thing like an eye: the '^ of a
(with effort): '^ a tooth. 2 (fig) needle, a vt observe, watch.
obtain by force: '^ money from a ''x^ball, the eye within the sock-
person. 3 obtain (juices, etc) by et. ''>-brow, arch of hair above
pressing fruit, etc. 4 select the eye. '^^^lash, hair on the
words, examples, etc (horn a edge of the eyelid, ''v.lid, upper
book), a n /'ekstraekt/ tC,U] 1 or lower skin to cover the eye.
something extracted (3). 2 pas- ''>^sight, power of seeing.
sage extracted (4). ex-trac- ''>-sore, something (eg a build-
tion /-Jn/ n [C,U] (a) extract- ing) unpleasant to look at.
ing(1). (b) descent; family: of
French '^ion.
extra-ordi-nary /ik'strDrdnri/
adj beyond what is usual or ordi-
nary; remarkable: ^ behaviour.
ex-tra-ordi-nar-ily /-rah/ adv
ex-trava-gant /ik'straevagant/
adj 1 (in the habit oQ wasting
(money, etc). 2 (of ideas, behavi-
Ff
our) going beyond what is
reasonable, -^ly adv. ex- F. f /ef/ (pi F's, f's /efs/) the sixth
trava-gance /-gans/ n (a) [C, letter of the Enghsh alphabet.
U] being extravagant; some- fable /'feibl/ n 1 [C] short tale,
thing very expensive, (b) [C] ab- not based on fact, intended to
surd statement, act, etc. give moral teaching. 2 [U]
ex-treme n [C] 1
/ik'strirm/ myths, fabled adj legendary:
highest degree: ~5
of temperat- his '^d wealth.
ure, hot and cold. 2 opposite
(pi) fab-ric /'faebrik/ n [C,TJ] 1 textile
qualities: Love and hate are •^s. m-terial. 2 structure: the '^ofa
D adj 1 at the end(s); farthest building /society.
possible: the ~
edge. 2 reaching f ab-ri-cate /'faebnkeit/ vt 1 con-
the highest degree. 3 (of per- struct. 2 invent (something
sons) very different in views or false): '>^ a storyfexcuse. fab-
actions, ^^ly adv. ex-trem-ist ri'ca-tion /I [C,U]
 133
fabu-lous/'faebjul3s/a<//1 exist-
ing in fable (2): '>^ monsters. 2
incredible: 'v. wealth. 3 (infor-
mal) wonderful, '^^ly adv e\-
tTtmely: ^ly rich.
fa-pade /fa'said/ n [C] 1 front of
a building. 2 (fig) false appear-
ance: a '^ of honesty.
face /feis/ n [C] 1 the front part
of the head. ,'>^ to '^, (of per-
sons) looking at each other, in
one's '^. with no attempt at
concealment, to one's '^,
openly: criticise him to his '^.
show one's '^. appear. 2 ex-
pression (on the face), keep a
straight ^, hide one's amuse-
ment, lose ^, suffer loss of re-
putation, pull a '^I'^s. make a
funny expression. save
(one's) 'V., avoid losing one's
dignity. 3 surface; front, d v/// 1
turn the face to. 2 meet con-
fidently: 'V. danger, -x. up to
(sth). recognize and deal with
bravely. 3 recognize "the exis-
tence of: -^ the facts. 4 present
itself to: the problem facing us.
''Xz-cloth, (esp) small towel for
washing the value, (a)
face. ''>^
value shown on a coin or bank-
note, (b) (Jig) apparent value of
something. '>./less adj (fig) un-
known to the public.
facet /'faesit/ n [C] 1 one of the
many sides of a cut gem. 2 view,
aspect, eg of a problem.
fa'Cetious /f3*si:J'ds/ a<^' (intend-
ed to be) humorous; fond of jok-
ing, -^ly adv
fa-cial /'feifl/ adj of or for the
face.
facile adj (of speech or
/"faesail/
writing) done easily but without
attention to quality.
fa-cili-tate /fa'siliteit/ vt make
easy: '^ his escape.
fa-cil-ity /fa'sibti/ n (pi -ies) 1
[U] ability to learn or do things
easily: a '^ for learning lan-
guages. 2 (pi) aids, circum-
stances, which make it easy to
do things: ^sports facilities, eg
running tracks.
fac-simile /faek'smiali/ n [C] ex-
act copy of writing, a picture,
etc.
fact /faekt/ n 1 [C] something
that has happened or been done.
2 [C] something accepted as
true. 3 [U] reality, in '^. really.
fac-tion /'faekjn/ n 1 [C] discon-
tented group of persons within a
party (esp political). 2 [U] quar-
fabulous/fair
relling among such groups.
fac-tor /'faekt3(r)/ n [C] fact, cir-
cumstance, etc helping to bring
about a result: His age was '^ in
his mccess.
fac-tory /'faektari/ n [C] (pi -ies)
building(s) where goods are
made (esp by machinery).
fac-tual /'faektjoal/ a^' concern-
ed with fact.
fac-ulty /'faeklti/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1
power of mind or of doing
things: mental faculties. 2 uni-
versity department; teachers, etc
in one of these.
fade /feid/ vtji 1 (cause to) lose
colour: colours ^
in the sunlight.
2 go slowly out of view, hearing
or the memory. 3 -^^ in(to)l
out. (in filming, broadcasting)
(cause to) decrease or increase in
strength: '•^ a scene out.
fag /fieg/ n 1 (sing only) tiring
job. 2 (C] (st) cigarette, a v/// (-
gg-) 1 do very tiring work. 2 '>^
sb out. (of work) make (a per-
son) very tired.
fag-got (US also fagot)
/'faegat/ n [C] 1 bundle of sticks
tied together for burning. 2
meal ball for frying.
Fahr-en-heit /'faeranhait/ n
name of a thermometer scale
with freezing-point at 32" and
boiling-point at 212'.
fair /fell/ n (only in) without
'^, for certain.
faiP /fell/ vtji 1 be unsuccessful.
2 (of examiners) decide that (a
candidate) has been unsuccess-
ful. 3 be not enough: The rice
crop '^ed because of draught. 4
(of health, eyesight, etc) become
weak. 5 neglect; not remember:
'>^ to keep an appointment. 6 be-
come bankrupt: The company
'\^ed. '>^ing n [C] fault (of cha-
racter). D prep in the absence of:
^ing an answer, if no answer is
received. '>^ure /-J3(r)/ n (a)
[C,U] lack of success; person or
thing that fails, (b) [C,U] neg-
lect: '><'Ure to arrive was very
His
sad. (c) breakdown (of ma-
chinery, etc): engine '^ure.
faint /femt/ adj (-er, -est) 1
weak; indistinct: a ^ outline. 2
(of things in the mind) vague. 3
(of persons) likely to lose con-
sciousness, a vi lose conscious-
ness, a n [C] act, state, of faint-
ing. ,'>^*hearted adj lacking in
courage. 'N^lya^v
fair' /fe3(r)/ adj (-er. -est) 1 just;
 .

fair/ famine

honest: a '^ decision. 2 average; fail to keep level with. 's.

quite good: a 'v- chance of suc- behind with, fail to pay (rent.
cess. 3 (of the weather) good. 4 etc). for. (informal) be at-
'>^

(of the skin, hair) pale; blond. 5 tracted by (esp when deceived):
clean; clear: a -^ copy, a adv in a He '\^s for all the pretty girls, 'x^
fair(1 ) manner. ,'>^ 'play, (Jig) in. collapse: The roof fell in. -^
just treatment for all. '>^ly adv off. become smaller, fewer: At-
(a) justly: be ~/v treated in pri- tendance has ~e/j off. 'n^ out
son, (b) moderately: a '•^ly easy (with), quarrel (with). -^
book. '>^nessr?[U] through, fail: The business deal
faiH fe3(r); n [C] 1 market (esp fell through.
for animals, etc). 2 group of en- fal-lacy /'fabsi/ n (pi -ies) 1 [C.
tertainments, etc travelling from U] false belief, or argument.
place to place. 3 large-scale ex- fallen /7p of falP.
hibition of commercial and in- fal-lible /'faebbl adi liable to
dustrial goods, ''^ground, error, falli'bility /; [U]
open space for fairs ( 2 ) fall-out lfo:l aut, n [U] radioac-
fairy /'feari/ n [C] {pi -ies) small tive dust in the atmosphere,
imagmary being with super- after a nuclear explosion.
natural powers. ''>^tale, (a) fal-low 'faebu/ adj. n [U] (land)
tale about fairies, (b) untrue ploughed but not sown.
story. false /fo:ls/ adj 1 wrong; incor-
faith feiG' n 1 [U] trust: have ~ rect. 2 deceitful; disloyal: a 'v,
in me. 2 [C] religion. 3 (do sth) friend. 3 artificial: -^ teeth. ~ly
in badlgood '^. with without adv. '>^hood n [C,U] lie; untrue
the intention of deceiving, -^^ful statement; lying.
adj (a) loyal and true, (b) true fal-setto /fal'setau/ n [C] (pi
to the facts: a '^ful description. ~s) unnaturally high-pitched
(c) the '>^, {pi) the true believ- voice in men.
ers (in religion), 'v/fully adv fals-ify /'fDilsifai/ vt (pt.pp -ied)
Yours '>^fullY. (words used to make false: ~
documents.
close a formal letter). -^^lessaJy" falsi-fi'ca-tion /-n'keifn n
false; disloyal. [C,U]
fake feik/ n [C] 1 something that fal-ter 'fD:lt3(r)/ vr// 1 move, act
looks genuine but is not. 2 p^er- in an uncertain manner. 2 (of
son who deceives by pretending the voice) waver, hesitate.
to be or have something, a vt --^^ingly aJv
make (eg a work of art) in order fame /feim/ n [U] (state oQ being
to deceive. known by all. famed adj fam-
fal-con /'foilkan n [C] small bird ous.
of prey. '>^ry n [U] hunting with, fam-il-iar f3'mili:3<r)/ adj 1 '^
art of training, falcons. with, having a good knowledge
fair /foil/ « [C] 1 act of falling. 2 of. 2 '^ to. well known to. 3 of-
amount of rain that falls; dis- ten seen or heard: tourists are a
tance by which something falls. -^ sight in London. 4 close; per-
3 {pi) waterfall. 4(t/5) autumn. sonal: on ~
terms with. 5 show-
falP /foil/ vi {pt fell /fel/; pp ~en ing too much friendship: too ->-
/'forlan/) 1come or go down with a girl, -^ly adv. -^ity
freely: fall off a ladder. -^ short /-'aer3ti/>7(;7/-ies)[C.U]
of. fail to equal. 2 no longer fam-il-iar-ize /fs'miliaraiz/ vt
stand; collapse: the old house fell make well informed (with): ~
down. 3 hang down: Her hair fell oneself with the rules.
over her shoulders. 4 become: He fam-ily 'faemali/ n (pi -ies) 1 [C]
,

fell asleep. '^ in love (with). parents and children. 2 children:

become filled with love. 5 be de- He has a large ~. 3 [C] persons
feated or killed in battle; (of a descended from a common an-
city, etc)be captured. 6 '^ on. cestor. 4 [C] group of living
take a direction or position: His things or of languages: the cat
eye fell on{^ He suddenly saw) 'V-. |'>^ 'planning, planning the

a curious object. 7 (of land) number of children, etc in a fam-

slope. 8 have as date: Our holi- ily. |'>^ 'tree, chart showing the
day ~5 in June this year. '^ history of a family.
back, retreat. '>^ back on. fam-ine /'faemin/ n [C,U] ex-
turn to for support. -^ behind. treme scarcity of food.

fam-ish /'faemif/ vtji be
be very hungry.
fa-mous adj known
/'feimas/
widely; having fame. '>^lv adv
excellently: He's progressing
fan' /faen/ n [C] 1 object for mak-
ing a current of air (eg to cool a
room). 2 something that can be
spread out flat, eg the tail of a
peacock. ''-^ belt, rubber belt
used to turn the fan of an engine,
n vt/i (-nn-) 1 send a current of
air on ^o. 2 open in fan-shaped
formation: troops '^^ned out
across the field.
fan^ /faen/ n [C] (informal) sup-
porter: football ~.s. ''^ mail,
letters from fans.
fa-natic /fs'naetik/ n [C] person
with excessive enthusiasm: a re-
ligious ~. a adj (also -^al) too
enthusiastic. '>.'ally adv.
fan-ci-ful /'faensifl/ adj {formal)
1 (of persons) guided by imagi-
nation. 2 unreal: '>^ ideas, ^vly
adv
fancy' /'fiensi/ adj^ (esp of small
things) brightly coloured. 2 un-
usual: '>- dress, as worn at par-
ties.
fancy^ /'fasnsi/ n {pi -ies) 1 [U]
power of creating images in the
mind. 2 [C] something imag-
ined: / have a -^ she'll be late. 3
[C] liking, desire {for), take a
to, become fond of. a vt {pt.pp
-led) 1 picture in mind;
the
imagine. 2 have the impression
that: / '^ he won 't come. 3 have a
desire for: Do you '^ some food?
4 (used to express surprise): F'^
that!
fan-fare /'faenfe3(r)/ n [C] series
of notes played loudly on trum-
pets or bugles.
fang /faer), n [C] 1 long, sharp
tooth (esp of dogs). 2 snake's
tooth.
fan-tas-tic /fiEn'taestik/
wild and strange. 2 (of ideas) ab-
surd. 3 {informal) wonderful: a
'^ party, '-s^ally adv
fan-tasy /'faentssi/ n {pi -ies) [C,
;
U] (strange product of the)
:
imagination: Space travel is no
longer a ^.
far' /fa:(r); adj {O farther, far-
I
thest, further, furthest) distant;
remote: a '^ country, the j-^^
I 'East, countries of East and
I
South East Asia.
far' /fa:(r)/ adv (O farther, far-
'
thest, further, furthest) 1 from.
135 famish /fast
'>^ed. at a distance: How ^ can you
run? 't very
It isn ^ to London. -^
from, (a) not at all: -^ from sat-
isfactory, (b) instead of: ^from
happy. I'm very sad. go '>^, (a)
(of persons) be successful, (b)
(of money) buy much, so ^,
until now. as/so '^ as. to the
extent that: As '^ as I know. 2
. .
(by) much; to a great extent; He
was too ~behind, '"v/away adj
(a) distant, (b) (of a look in the
eyes) dreamy, j-^^-'fetched adj
(of an idea, etc) difficult to be-
lieve. ,'>^-'reaching adj likely
to have many consequences: a
,
^ -reaching decision. |'>^-
sighted adj (Jig) having good
judgement of future needs, etc.
farce /fa:s/ n 1 [C] humorous
play for the theatre, full of ridi-
culous situations; [U] this style
of drama. 2 [C] series of actual
absurd events, far-ci-cal adj
fare /fe3(r)/ n [C] money charged
for a journey: bus -<-5.
fare-well ,fe9'wel/ int. adj, n [C]
(///) goodbye.
farm /fa:m/ n [C] 1 area of land
and buildings for growing
crops, raising animals, etc. 2
farmer's house, a vtji use (land)
for growing crops, raising ani-
mals, etc. ''>^yard, space en-
closed by farm buildings, farm-
^ er n [C] man who owns or man-
ages a farm.
far-ther /'fa:d3(r)/ adv more dis-
tant: They went ->-' into the forest.
far-thest /'fa:dist/ adv. adj most
distant: Which village in England
is -^from London?
fas-ci-nate /'faesineit/ vt charm
or interest greatly, fas-ci-nat-
ing adj. fas-ci*na-tion n [C,U]
Fas-cism /'faejizam n [U] philo-
sophy and organization of ex-
treme right-wing government.
fasc'tst adj
adj 1 fashion 'faejn/ n 1 {sing) man-
ner of doing something: behav-
ing in a strange ^. 2 [C,U] (of
clothes, behaviour, etc) that
which is most popular: the latest
~ in hats, in ^w, fashionable.
come into/go out of '^.
become/no longer be in fashion.
D vt give form or shape to.
^able
adj (a) following the
fashion(2). (b) used by many
people: a '^able restaurant.
'>^ably adv
fast' /fa:st/ adj 1 firmly fixed:
Make the boat '^ /stick '>^. 2 (of
 .

fast /feast 136

colours) that will not spread come fat.

when washed, a adv firmly, fatu-ous /'faetjuds/ adj foolish:
tightly. -^- asleep. O as- '>- remarks. '^\y adv
leep(1). fau-cet /'fDSit/ n [C] (US) =
fast^ fast/ adj (-er, -est) 1 tapV
quick: -w cars. 2 (of a clock) fault h:\V n 1 [C] defect: an elec-
showing time ahead of the true trical ~
in the engine, at '>^. m
time, a a</v quickly. the wrong, find ^
with, com-
fast* fast vi go without food, f)lain about; disapprove of. 2
csp as a religious duty, a n [C] U] responsibility for being
(period oO going without food. wrong: It's your '^. 3 [C] break
fas-ten 'fa:sn vtii 1 fix firmly; in layers of rock, etc. d vt find
join together. 2 become fault with: / cannot ~
his perfor-
fast'(1 3 (formal) direct one's
). mance, faulty adi (-ier, -lest)
attention, etc on: -»^ on an idea. fauna n [U] all the ani-
/'fD:n3/
'>^ener /'fasn3(r)/, something mals of an area or an epoch.
that fastens things together: a fa-vour (t/S = favor) /'feiv3(r)/
'zip-^er. "s^ing, thing that fas- n 1 [U] willingness to help; ap-
tens, eg a bolt. proval: look upon a scheme with
fas-tid-ious /fs'stidiss/ ot^ diffi- '^. 2 [U] aid; support, in of, ^
cult to please. '>^ly adv. (a) supporting, (b) to the ac-
fat' faet adJ (-ter, -test) 1 hav- count of: cheques paid in -^ of a
ing much fat. 2 thick: a 'y^ wallet. club, in sb's 'v., to his advan-
3 (of land) rich, fertile. ^'^- tage. 3 [C] do sb a '^. act of
head, stupid person, '-s^ness n kindness, g vr 1 support. 2 give
[U] ^ty adj (-tier, -tiest) like, more help to one person than to
consisting of, fat. another, o^able -rsbl adj
fat^ fact n [C,U] (kinds oQ oily showing approval; helpful.
substance found in animal bo- '^ahXy adv
dies and in seeds, etc, used for fa-vour-ite (US =-vor-)
cooking. /'feivarit; n [C] 1 person or thing
fa-tal /'feitl/ adj 1 causing, end- preferred above all others. 2 the
ing in, death: a -^ accident. 2 of '^, the horse, etc generally ex-
destiny: the '^ day. ^^ly adv pected to win a race, n adj
fa-tal-ity /fs'taebti/ n {pi -ies) 1 preferred above all others.
[C] misfortune, disaster. 2 [C] fawn' /fain/ n 1 [C] young deer.
death by accident, etc. 2 [U] light yellowish-brown col-
fate /feit, n 1 [U] power believed our. D adi light yellowish-
to control all events. 2 [C] the fu- brown.
ture as decided by fate, 'v/ful fawn^ /fD:n/ vi 1 (ofdogs) show
/-fl/ adj controlled by fate(1); affection by jumping about, etc.
important, '^f ully /-fall/ adv 2'^ on sb. try to win his favour
fa-ther /'fa:53(r)/ n [C] 1 male by flattery, etc.
parent. 2 (usually pf) ances- fear /fi3(r)/ n 1 [C,U] feeling
tor(s). 3 first leader: the of the ~ caused by the possibility of
revolution. 4 priest. Our danger or evil; alarm. 2 [U] an-
(Heavenly) F'^. God. the xiety for the safety (o/): in ~
of
^

Holy F'v,, the Pope, q vt be the
father (of a child), '^-in-law n
[C] (pi '^s-in-law) father of
one's wife or husband, '^wland
n [C] one's native country, -^^ly
flf^ofor like a father.
fathom ''faeSam/ n [C] measure
(six feet metres) of^epth
or 1 -8
of water, d vr 1 find the depth of.
2 understand fully. '>^less adj
too deep to fathom ( 2 )
fa-tigue /fa'tiig/ n 1 [U] condi-
tion of being very tired. 2 [U]
weakness in metals caused by
stress. 3 [C] (mil) tiring task,
cause fatigue to.
fat-ten /'faetn/ vt/i
his life. 3 [Ul possibility: There's
no ~
of me going. No '>^! (infor-
mal) Certainly not! a vtji 1 feel
fear (oQ- 2 '^ for. fee! anxiety
about: ~
for one 's life. 3 have an
uneasy feeling of: ^the worst.
'>^ful adj (a) causing fear, (b)
{informal) very great: a '^ful
mess, (c) frightened, 'v.fully
adv. '>^less adj without fear.
^s^less-ly ac/v
f eas-ible /'fitzabl/ adj 1 that can
be done. 2 {informal) that can be
believed, feasi'bil-ity n [U]
n vt feast /first/ n [C] 1 religious festi-
val, eg Christmas. 2 splendid
make or be- meal, d vt/i^ take part in, give, a
 137 feat/feminine

feast. 2 give pleasure to: ~ one's tain physical or emotional state:

eyes on. -^ happy. 6 -^ for, have
feat /fitt/ n [C] something diffi- sympathy. 7 give an impression:
cult well done. This suit doesn't -^ right. 8 '^
feather /'feaaCr)/ n one of the [C] like, (of persons) be in the
light coverings that grow from a ~
mood for: like (eating) a meal.
bird's skin, a ^
in one's cap, 9 suffer because of: ^ the heat.
something to be proud of. a v7 10 be of the He felt he
opinion:
supply with feathers, -v. one's would succeed. 11 understand
nest, make things comfortable properly: -^ the force of an argu-
for oneself, feath-ery adj light ment, a n (sing only) 1 impres-
and soft. sion given by touching. 2 act of
fea-ture /'fi:tj3<r)/ n [C] 1 part of feeling; being touched.
the face. 2 (pi) the face as a feeler /'fi:l3(r)/ n [C] 1 part of an
whole. 3 characteristic: a major animal used for testing things by
^ of the place. 4 prominent ar- touch, eg antennae. 2 proposal
ticle in a newspaper. 5 full- made to test the opinions of
length film in a cinema pro- others.
gramme, etc. D a
vt be or make feei-ing /'fi:lir)/ n 1 [U] capacity

feature(3) of: A film featuring to feel. 2 [C] physical or mental

Ted Jones. '>^less adj unin- awareness; emotion. 3 (usually
teresting. sing) general opinion: public '>^
Feb-ru-ary /'februsn/ n the sec- was hostile to the proposal. 4 (/?/)
ond month of the year. person's emotions (contrasted
fed 'Stdi pt.pp of feed. with the intellect). 5 [U]
fed -era /'fedarsl/ adj^ of, based
I sympathy.
on. federation. 2 relating to cen- feet /fi:t/«/?/ of foot.
tral (not State) government. feint /femt/ n [C] pretence; de-
fed-er-ate /'fedsreit/ vtji (of ceptive movement. D v/ pretend.
States, organizations) combine, fe-line /'fi:lam/ adj of or like a
unite, into a federation. cat.
fed-er-ation /ifeda'reijn/ n 1 [C] feir/fel//7roffall.
union of States with a central felP /fel/ n [C] stretch of rocky,
(Federal) government. 2 [C] bare moorland.
similar union of societies, etc. 3 felP /fel/ vt cause to fall; cut
[U] act of federating. down (a tree).
fee /fi:/ n 1 [C] charge or pay- fel-low /'febu/ n [C] 1 (dated in-
ment for professional services. 2 formal) man or boy. 2 (usually
entrance money for an examina- pi) companion: ^school ^s. 3 (as
tion, club, etc an adj) member of the same
feeble /'fi:bl/ adj (-r, -st) weak; group, etc: ^'^-*prisoners. 4
without energy.
I'^^^-'minded member of a learned society.
a<//' mentally subnormal; stupid. -^ship n (a) [U] friendly asso-
feebly a^v group or society.
ciation, (b) [C]
feed ;fi:d n 1 [C] (of animals and fel-ony /'febni/ n [C,U] (pi -ies)
babies) meal: The dog has two serious crime, eg murder, felon
'^saday. 2 [U] food for animals. n [C] person guilty of felony.
3 [C] pipe, channel, etc carrying felt' /felt/ /7/,/7/? of feel.
material to a machine; [U] felt^ /felt/ n [U] wool or fur,
material supplied, a vtji {pt.pp rolled fiat into a kind of cloth.
fed /fed/) 1 give food to. be /ed fe-male /'fi:meil/ adji of the sex
^up (with), (si) feel angry, that produces offspring. 2 (of
bored with. 2 (of animals) eat. 3 plants) fruit-bearing. 3 of
'X. on. take as food. 4 supply women. 4 (of tools) having a
with material: '^ power/oil into a hollow part designed to receive
machine, '^v-ing-bottle, bottle an inserted part, eg a plug, d n
from which a baby is given milk. [C] female animal.
feel /fi:l/ vt/i {pt.pp felt /felt/) 1 femi-nine /'femanm/ adj 1 of,
(try to) learn about by touching, suitable for. women. 2 (gram) of
etc. 2 search (about) with the the gender of female names: ac-
hand(s). 3 be aware of (through tress, she, her. femi'nin-ity,
contact): ~
cold. 4 be aware of quality of being feminine, fem-
(not through contact): She felt in-ism, movement for women
concern for them. 5 be in a cer- to obtain equal rights to those of
fen/fibre 138

men. c> fem-in-ist, sup-

lib. fes-ter /'fest3(r)/ vi 1 (ol a
porter of feminism. wound) fill with poison. 2 (fi^)
fen /fen/ n [C] area of low marshy act like poison in the mind.
land. fes-ti-val 'festivl/ n [C] 1 (day or
fence^ fens/ n [C] barrier made season for) public celebration 2
of wood or metal, sit on the series of performances (of mus-
avoid making a decision, a vt
'v/, ic, drama, etc), a adj o( d feast-

surround, provide, with a fence. day.

fenc-ing n [U] material for fes-tive 'festiv/af^/joyous.
making fences. fes-tiv-ity fe'stiv3ti/n(/)/-ies)1
f ence^ fens/ vt 1 practise the art [U] rejoicing. 2 {pf) joyful
of fighting with long slender events.
swords. 2 (//;?) avoid giving a fetch fetj/ vt/i 1 go for and
direct answer to (a question- bring back: F^ a doctor. 2 (of
(er)). fencer, person who goods) sell for (a price): My car
fences, fenc-ing n [U] art, ^ed£200.
sport, of fighting with swords. fete /feit' n [C] festival or enter-
fend fend v7 1 / ^
off. defend tainment, a v7 honour by enter-
oneself from: -^off a blow taining.
attack. 2 -^^ for oneself, look fetid /'fetid/ ac// smelling rotten.
after oneself. fet-ish /'fetij/ n [C] {pi ~es) ob-
fer-ment' 'f3:ment/ n 1 [C] sub- ject to which excessive attention
stance, eg yeast, that causes is given.
other substances to ferment. 2 fet-ter /'fet3(r)/ n [C] 1 chain for
in a '^. (fig) in a state of eg the ankles of a prisoner or the
political excitement. leg of a horse. 2 (fig) (usually/?/)
fer-ment^ fa'ment/ v//! (cause something that hinders pro- ,

to) undergo chemical changes gress: the ^^s of government con-

which change glucose into alco-
hol, eg in beer. wine. 2 (fig)
(cause to) become excited, 'v.-
ation -'teijn n [U]
fern fain/ n [C,U] feathery,
green-leaved plant.
fer-ocious /fa'raulas/ adj sav-
age, '^lyadv
fer-oc-ity fa'rosati/ n {formal)
[U] savage cruelty: the of his
attack: [C] {pi -ies) savage act.
fer-ret /'fent; n [C] small animal
of the weasel family, n vtji 1
hunt with ferrets. 2 discover by
searching; search: '^ing about
for a lost book.
trols, a v/ 1 put in chains. 2 (fig)
restrain.
feud /fju:d/ n [C] bitter quarrel
over a long period of time, a vt
quarrel.
feu-dal /'fjurdl/ adj of the
method of holding land (by giv-
ing services to the owner) during
the Middle Ages in Europe.
~ --^^ism n [U] the feudal system.
fe-ver /'fi:v3(r)/ n 1 [U] very high
temperature of the body. 2 [U]
disease causing a high fever. 3
{sing with a) excited state: in a ^
of impatience. '>^ish adj having
symptoms of, caused by, fever. !

ferry /'fen/ n [C] {pi -ies) (place '>^\sV\\i adv ,

where there is a) boat or aircraft few adj (-er, -est), pron

/fju:/
that carries people and goods (contrasted with many: C> little, i

across a river, channel, etc. a vtii much) 1 (with a pi noun) not

take across in a ferry, '-vz-boat, many: F->^ men came home from
one used for ferrying. ''>^rnan, the war. 2 (with a) a small num-
person who runs a ferry. ber (oQ: a ^
of us survived.
fer-tile 'fartaif adj 1 (of land, fi-ance /fi'a:nsei n [C] man to
etc) producing much. 2 (of a whom one is engaged to be mar-
p>erson) full of ideas, etc. 3 able ried. '>-e n [C] woman to whom
to produce fruit, young. O one is engaged to be married.
sterile, f ertil-ity /fa'tibti/ n [U] fi-asco /fi'aesksu/ n [C] (;?/ ~s) |

fer-til-ize /'faitalaiz/ v7make fer- complete failure.

tile, f er-til-izer n [C.U] chemic- fib fib/ n [C] {informal) untrue
al plant food. statement (esp about something
fer-vent 'farvant/ adj passion- unimportant), n vi (-bb-) tell a
ate: -«- desire/belief/support. rih.-^berniC].
'>-'\y adv fibre {US = fiber) /'faib9(r) n 1
fervour {US =-vor) /'f3:v3(r)/ [C] thin thread in many animal
n [U] strength of feeling. and vegetable growths, eg cot-
 139
ten, muscles. 2 [U] substance
formed of fibres. 3 [U] texture. 4
[U] (//g) character: moral ^.
'-^^glass, material of glass
fibres in resin, fi-brous /-bras/
adj made of, like, fibres.
fickle 'fikl; a^' (of moods, the
weather, etc) often changing.
fic-tion ;'fikjh/ n 1 [C] invented
story (contrasted with truth). 2
[U] stories, novels.
fic-ti-tious /fik'tijas; at// untrue;
invented.
fiddJe "fidl, n [C] 1 violin. 2 dis-
honest action, d vt 1 play a tune,
etc on the fiddle. 2 play aimless-
ly (nith something in one's fing-
ers). 3 (sf) keep false accounts;
cheat somebody, f id-dier n [C]
(a) person wjio plays a fid-
dle(1). (b) person who fid-
dles(3). fid-dling adj {infor-
mal) trivial: fiddling amounts of
money.
f i-del-ity /fi'debli/ n [U] 1 fiiith-
fulness. 2 accuracy: the -^ of a
report. C> high-fidelity.
fidget /'fidsit, viji move the
body about restlessly, a ai [C] 2
person who fidgets, fidgety adj
field^ /fi:ld/ n [C] 1 area of (en-
closed) land. 2 open space: a
^football ^. 3 area of land from
which minerals, etc are ob-
tained: a coal ^. 4 place where a
battle was fought. 5 area of
study or activity. 6 range (of
operation); area in which forces
can be felt: a magnetic -^. ^^^
'marshal, army ofTicer of
highest rank. ''>w, study,
planned study of first-hand ob-
servations, interviews, etc.
field^ /fi:ld/ vt/i 1 (in cricket)
(stand ready to) catch or slop
(the ball). 2 (of football teams,
etc) put into the field: ^
a strong
team. '^er. (in cricket, etc) per-
son who fields.
fiend /fi:nd/ n [C] 1 devil. 2 very
wicked person, ^v^ish adj
fierce /fias/ adj (-r, -st) 1
violent; cruel; angry. 2 (of heat,
desire, etc) intense; strong, '^ly
adv. '>^nessn[U]
fiery /'faiari, adj (-ier, -iest) 1
fiammg; looking hke, hot as,
fire. 2 (of a person) quickly
made angry, f ier-ily adv
fif-teen /,fif'ti:n/ adj, n [C] (of)
15. fif-teenth adj. n [C] (abbr
I5th) (oO one of 15 parts or the
next after 14.
fifth fitB' adj. n [C] (abbr 5th)
fickle/fill
(oO one of 5 parts or the next
after 4.
fifty /'fifti/ adj. n [C] (oQ 50. fif-
ti-eth -39 adj. n [C] (abbr 50th)
(oO one of 50 parts or the next
after 49.
fig /fig/ n [C] (tree having a) soft,
sweet, pear-shaped fruit.
fight /fait/ Ytji {pt.pp fought
TD:t /) struggle with the hands or
with weapons. '^ it out, fight
until a dispute is settled, a n ^
[C] act of fighting. 2 [U] desire
or ability to fight, "-^er, (a) per-
son who fights professionally,
(b) aircraft used in fighting.
f ig-ment 'figmant/ n [C] some-
thing imagined: a ->- of his imagi-
nation.
fig-urat-ive 'figjarstn adj
(abbr //g used in this dictionary)
(of words) used not in the literal
sense but in an imaginative way.
egbait(2).^ly «i/v
fig-ure 'fig3(r) n [C] 1 symbol
for a number. 2 {pD arithmetic.
3 diagram. 4 person's, animal's,
form drawn, painted or carved.
5 human form or shape: She has
a good ^. 6 person, esp his influ-
ence: famous ^s iq history, a vt/i
1 believe: / ~ he 's dead. 2 have a
part: ~ in history. 3 ~ sth/sb
out, calculate; solve a problem.
'^s^-head, person in high posi-
tion but with no real authority,
i--^ of 'speech, figurative ex-
pression.
f ila-ment 'fibmant, n [C] slend-
er thread, eg of wire in an elec-
tric light bulb.
file^ /fail, n [C] metal tool with
roughened surface(s) for cutting
or smoothing hard substances,
a vt make smooth, cut through,
with a file, fil-ings n pi bits re-
moved by filing.
file^ /fail n [C] 1 holder, box,
drawer, etc for keeping papers,
etc. 2 set of papers so kept, a vr
place on or in a file.
file^ /fail n [C] line of persons or
things one behind the other, the
rank and ^, (a) common sol-
diers (not officers), (b) (fig) or-
dinary persons, a vi march in
^
file: out of the room.
fill /fil 17 / 1 make or become
full. 2 hold a position and do the
necessary work; put a person in
a position: -^ a vacancy. 3 '^ in,
add what is necessary to make
complete: -^ in a form. ~ out,
(a) make or become larger, (b)
 .

fillet/fiord

(csp US) = fill in. ^ up. make arrive at naturally: Rivers ^

or become full, a n [U] full //je/> K'a V M the sea. 4 consider to
supply: cal one s ^, as much as he: I '^ it difficult to understand
one can eat. '>^ing. something him. 5 (often '^^ ouf) learn by
put in to fill eg a tooth. study, inquiry: ~
rm/ when a
fil-let /'filit, n [C] slice offish or train leaves. 6 provide: r/jc ~
meat without bones. vt cut in- money for something. 7 (legal)
to fillets. give as a verdict: '^ A/m innocent.
filly /'fill/ n (C) ipl -ies) female a « [C] act of finding; something
foal. found. '>^ing, (usually pi) (a)
film /film/ n 1 [C] thin covering: what is learnt as the result of in-
a ^ of oil/ice. 2 (C,U] roll of thin quiry, (b) what is decided by a
flexible material used in photo- jury, etc.
graphy. 3 [C] series of photo- fine^ /fam/ adj (-r, -st) 1 (of
graphs projected onto a screen weather) bright; clear. 2 in good
in a cinema or on television, a health. 3 enjoyable; pleasing; a
vt/i take a film (3) of. ''>^ star, ~ meal/view. 4 delicate; careful-
well-known cinema actor or ac- ly made. 5 of very small par-
tress, filmy adj (-ier, -iest) like ticles: ^powder. 6 slender;
anim(1). sharp: a ~
needlt. 7 (of metals)
f il-ter /'filt3(r)/ n [C] 1 apparatus pure. 8 understood only with
for holding back solid sub- difficulty: a ^
distinction. 9 able
stances in a liquid passed to make small distinctions: a ~
through it. 2 coloured glass taste, cut it '^, allow very little
which allows light of certain time to do something, a adv very
wavelengths to pass through. 3 well. ~art; the -^ arts, poet-
(in radio) device which separates ry, music, painting, etc. '>^iy adv
current of one frequency from (a) splendidly, (b) into small
others, a vt/i 1 (cause to) flow pieces: ~/>' cut meat.
through a filter. 2 (fig) (of traf- fine* /fain/ n [C] sum of money
fic, ideas, etc>pass or How. ''>^ (to be) paid as a penalty for
tip, cigarette end containing breaking a law. d vt punish by a
material that acts as a filter. fine.
Hence, i^^-'tipped adj fin-ery /'famari/ n [U] elegant
filth /file/ n [U] 1 disgusting dirt. dress or appearance.
2 obscenity: sex films and other fi-nesse /fi'nes/ n [U] skillful
~. filthy adj (-ier, -iest) way of dealing with a situation.
fin /fin/ n [CJ 1 part (like a wing) fin-ger /'fir)g3(r)/n [C] one of the
attached to a fish used in swim- end parts of the hand, keep
ming. 2 thing like a fin: /a//-~, one 's '^s crossed, (fig) hope
of an aircraft. that nothing will prevent suc-
f i-nal /'fami/ adj 1 coming at the cess, /ay a ^
on. hurt, not lift
end. 2 puttmg an end to argu- a '^. do nothing, a vt touch with
ment: a ~
decision, a n [C] (often the fingers, ''^^nail, nail at the
pf) last of a series: the Cup F'^, in tip of the finger, '-v/print, mark
a football competition. '>^ly adv made by a finger when pressed
(a) lastly, (b) once and for all: on a surface. ''>^tip, top of a
It's 'y^ly agreed, --s^ize vt give a finger, have sth at one's
final form to. '"^tips. know it well.
fi-nance /'famaens/ n 1 [U] the fin-ish /'finij/ vtji 1 bring or
management of (esp public) come an end. 2 make com-
to
money: an expert in ~. 2 {pf) plete. ~ off. end;kill, a n (sing
money (esp of a government or a only) 1 last part. 2 state, man-
business), n vt provide money ner, of being finished(2): wood-
for (a scheme, etc), fi'nan-cial work with a good ~. 3 shining
/-Jl/ adj. fi-nan-cially adv. fin- surface.
an-cier /fi'naEnsi3(r)/ n [C] per- f i-nite /'fainait/ adj 1 limited: ~
son skilled in finance. resources. 2 (gram) agreeing
finch /fintj/ n [C] small song- with a subject in number and
bird. person: 75' and 'was' are ~
find /famd/ vt {pt.pp found forms of 'be '.

/faund/) 1 . recover
after a fiord, fjord /'fiord/ n [C] long,
search. 2 discover: -^ a solution. narrow part of the sea, between
~ faii/f (with). fault(1 ). 3 O high cliffs.
 I fir/fit

fir 'f3:(r)' n conifer with

[C]
leaves like needles; [U] wood of
this tree. '~-cone, O cone(3).
fire^ /'fai3{r)/ n 1 [U] condition
of burning: Animals dislike ~.
on '^, burning, catch '^, begin
to burn, set sth on ^; set
to sth, cause it to begin burn-
ing.2 [C] instance of destructive
burning: forest ~5. 3 [CJ burn-
ing fuel in a grate, etc for heat-
ing, cooking, etc. 4 [U] shooting
(from guns), open/cease '>^,
start/stop shooting, under '^.
(a) being shot at. (b) (Jig) being
at the earliest opportunity. ,^
'aid, treatment given at once to
a sickor injured person. ,'>^
'class, n [U] best accommoda-
tion in a train, aircraft, etc. a
''^^-class adj. adv of, by, the
'^ best class, i-^ 'floor, {GB) floor
immediately above the ground
floor; {US) ground floor, i^v/-
'hand adj. adv (of mformation)
(obtained) directly from the
source. ''>^ name, name that
goes before one's family name.
i'>^ 'person, (gram) the pro-
nouns /. me. we. us (and the verb

criticised. 5 [U] strong emotion, forms used with them). |'>^-'rate

'-x/ alarm, apparatus for mak- adj of the best class. '>^ly adv in
ing known the outbreak of a the first place.
fire.''>-arin, gun. ''>^ brigade, first^ /fsist/' adv 1 before anyone
organized team of men who put or anything else. 2 for the first
out tires, ''"v, drill, routine to be time: when I ~
saw London.
followed when fire breaks out. ''>^born adj. n [C] eldest (child).
''>^-engine, (motor-vehicle first"* /f3:st/ n^ at '^, at the be-
with a) machine for putting out ginning. 2 [C] (in competitions)
a fire. ''>^-escape, outside place in the first class; person
staircase for leaving a burning who takes this.
building. ''>^-extinguisher, firth /f3:e/ n [C] (esp in Scotland)
portable cylinder with a sub- river estuary.
stance inside for putting out a fish fif, n {pi ^
or '^es) 1 [C]
small fire, '^guard, protective cold-blooded animal living
metal framework round a fire in wholly in water. 2 [U] fish as
a room, '-s^man, member of a food, '-^^monger, tradesman
fire brigade, '^-o^place, place for who fish, a vt/i 1 try to
sells
a fire in a room, '--s^proof adj catch 2 (Jig) try to get by in-
fish.
that does not burn. '-^^ station, direct methods: ~ for compli-
building for a fire brigade. ments. 3 pull: ^ a coin from
''^^work, device containing one's pocket, ^^.ing, catching
gunpowder, used for making a fish: ^ing-linej^ing-rod. •mer-
display at night. man n [C] {pi -men) man who
fire^ /'fai3(r)/' vtji 1 cause to be- earns a living by fishing. C>
gin burning. 2 use heat on some- angler, -^ery n [C] (pi -ies) part
thing in order to change it: ~ of the sea where fishing is car-
pottery in a kiln. 3 supply (a fur- ried on. fishy adj (-ier, -iest)
nace) with fuel. 4 excite: his ~ (a) like fish, (b) {informal)
imagination. 5 send (a bullet, causing doubt: a -w^- story.
etc) from a gun; shoot. 6 {infor- fis-sion /'fijn/ n [C,U] splitting
mat) dismiss (an employee). eg of an atom.
'firing-line, front line where fist /fist/ n [C] hand when tightly
soldiers fire at the enemy. closed.
'firing-squad, number of sol- fit' /fit/ adj (-ter, -test) 1 suit-
diers ordered to carry out a mili- able; good enough: ~ to eat. 2
tary execution. right: Do as you think 3 '^.
firm^ /f3:m/ adj (-er, -est) 1 sol- ready: laughing 'v. to burst. 4 in
id; hard. 2 not easily changed or good condition; in good health.
influenced. 3 (of a person's "v/ness n [U] (a) suitability
movements etc) steady, stable: {for), (b) the state of being
walk with '^ steps, a vt/i make or physically fit.
become firm, a adv = firmly. fit^ /fit/ n [C] 1 sudden (usually
'>^ly adv in a firm manner. short) attack of illness. 2 sudden
'>-ness/7[U] attack of hysteria, paralysis.
firm^ /f3:m/ n [C] p>ersons carry- have a '^, {informal) be greatly
ing on a business. surprised or outraged. 3 sudden
first' /faist/ adj (abbr 1st) com- outburst: a ^
of enthusiasm.
ing before all others. '>^ thing. "^ful adj occurring irregularly.
fit/flare

or as a signal, a
vt (-gg-) signal a
fit'/fi:t/ vtii (-tt-) 1 be the right vehicle to stop: ~
down a car.
shape, size: These shoes don 'i ~. ''>-pole, pole on which a fiag is
2 put on (esp clothing) to see Hown. ''-wship, warship having
that it is the correct size: have a an admiral on board.
new coal ^led. 3 put into place: flag* 'fiaeg/ vi (-gg-) 1 (of plants,
-^^a new window. 4 make (a per- etc) droop. 2 (Jig) become weak.
son, something) suitable: make flagon /'fixgsn/ n [C] large,
the punishment ->^ the crime. 5 '^ round bottle for wine, cider, etc.
in fvtfith), (cause to) be suit- fia-grant /'fieigrant/ adj openly
able; relate to: / don 't '^ in with wicked: ~ disobedience, '^ly
his friends. '>^ sb/sth out, adv
equip: ~out a ship, a n way in flair /ne3(r)/ n [C] (usually sing)
which eg a garment, fits: a tight natural ability (to do something
~. '>^ment n [C] piece of furni- well: w^for languages.
ture or equipment, -^ter n [C] flake /fieik/ n [C] small, thin,
(a) person who cuts out and fits piece: ^snow-'^s. a vi fall off in
garments, (b) workman who fiakes. flaky adj (-ier, -iest)
fits parts of an engine, etc. flamboyant /fiaem'boisnt/ adj
fit-ting /'fitir), adjnght\ suitable. 1 brightly coloured. 2 (of a per-
an[C\^ act of fitting. 2 fixture son) very energetic, showy, '^iy i

in a building. 3 furnishing. adv. flam-boy-ance /-ans/ n

five /faiv/ adj. n [C] (oQ
fifth. '>^pence /'faifpans/ n [C]
ipl'^ pieces) (coin with a) value
of 5 pence, fiver /-3(r)/, (infor-
mal) £.5 note.
f ix^ /fiks/ n [C] (pi '^es) 1 an awk-
ward situation: be in a '^. 2
(finding of a) position by the
5. O [U]
flame /fiemi/ n 1 [C,U] (portion
oO burning gas. 2 [C] (informal)
sweetheart: an old^. a v/ 1 bum
with, send out, fiames. 2 be like
fiames in colour, f lam-ing adj
fla-mingo /fia'miqgsu/ n[C] (pi
~s, ~es) long-legged, wading (

stars, etc. 3 (st) injection of a bird with pink feathers.

drug, eg heroin. flam-mable /'fiaemabl/ adj ( =
fix* /fiks/ vt/i 1 make firm; fas- inflammable) tending to burst i

ten. 2 "^ on, direct (one's atten- into fiames.

tion, etc) steadily on. 3 decide: flan /fiaen/ n [C] tart containing i

~ a date for a meeting. 4 treat fruit, etc not covered with i

(films, dyes etc) so that light pastry.

does not afTect them. 5'>^ sbup flange /fiaends/ n [C] projecting i

(with), provide for. 6 (infor- rim. eg of a wheel.

mal) put in order: one 's ~ hair. 7 flank /fiaegk/ n [C] 1 side of a hu-
(informal) repair. '>>'-ation man being or animal between i

/-'eijn/ [C] obsession. '>-'a-tive

/I the last rib and the hip. 2 right or :

/-'ativ/ n [C] substance for keep- leftside of an army, a v/ 1 be at i

ing paint, etc in position, '^tu re the fiank of. 2 go round the :

/-'t|3(r)/ n [C] (a) something fiank of (the enemy).

fixed in place, esp (pi) cup- flan-nel /'fiaenl/ n 1 [U] loosely
boards, etc. (b) (day fixed for a) woven woollen cloth. 2 (pi) flan-
sporting event, (c) (informal) nel trousers. 3 [C] small piece of
person who appears unlikely to flannel for washing the face.
leave a place. flap /flaep/ n [C] 1 (sound of a)
fizz /fiz/ vi make a hissing sound flapping blow or movement. 2
'

(as when gas escapes from a piece of material that covers an

liquid). D n [UJ this sound, fizzy opening. 3 part of the wing of an
adj (-ier, -iest). can be lifted. 4 be
aircraft that
fizzle /'fizl/ vi hiss weakly. '>^ in/get into a ^, (si) a state of
out, come to an unsatisfactory nervous excitement, d vtji (-pp-
) 1 (cause to) move up and down
end: The rebellion soon '^dout.
fjord /'fi:D:d/ O fiord. or from side to side: ~
one's
flabby /'Haebi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 arms /it's wings. 2 give a light
(of the muscles) soft. 2 (Jig) blow to: '>- the flies away. 3 (si)
weak: a ^ character, flab-bi- panic.
ness«[U] flare' /fle9(r)/ vj 1 burn with a
f lag^ /fiaeg/
n [C] piece of cloth, bright, unsteady flame. 2 up, ~
used as the symbol of a country. (a) burst into bright flame, (b)
 143 fh. •«

(Jig) (of violence) suddenly ture) showperson) as u

(a
break out. Hence, ''>^-up n. o n looking than he is. '^er, p
1 [U] naring flame. 2 [C] device son who flatters, flat-tery, in
producing a flaring light, used sincere praise.
as a signal, etc. flaunt /flomt/ vt show off: '^
f lare^ /fle3(r)/ vtii (of trousers, a one 's wealth/body.
skirt)(cause to) spread gradual- flau-tist /'flD:tist/ n [C] flute-
ly outwards, a n [C] gradual player.
widening. fla-vour(6'S = -vor) /'fleiv3(r)/
flash /flasj/ n [C] 1 sudden burst n 1 [U] sensation of taste and
of flame or light. 2 (fig) sudden smell. 2 [C] distinctive taste. 3
outburst of wit etc; sudden idea, [C] special quality, a vt give a
etc. in a ^, instantly. 3 (also flavour to. '>^ing, something
'news'>^) brief item of news 4 used to give flavour to (food,
{informal) (as an adj) showy. C> etc).
flashy. D vt/i 1 give out a sudden flaw /flD:/ n [C] something that
bright light. 2 come suddenly lessens the value of a thing.
(into the mmd). 3 send instantly: '^iess adj perfect. '>^lessly
^ news (by TV). 4 move quick- adv
ly: The train -^ed past us. f Nx /flasks/ n [U] plant cultivated
''^back, part of a film, etc that lor its fibres (used for making
shows an earlier scene, '-s^bulb, hnen). ^en adj (of hair) pale
bulb used in photography. O yellow.
flashlight(a). 'flight n (a) flea n [C] small jumping in-
/fii/

device producing a flash of light on blood.

sect that feeds
for taking a photograph in- fleck n [C] 1 small spot or
/flek/
doors, (b) small electric torch. patch. 2 small particle (of dust,
flashy adj (-ler, -iest) attrac- etc), a vt mark with flecks.
tive but rather vulgar: ~>' fled /lied/ pt,pp of i\ee.
clothes. '^Wyadv flee /fii:/ vt/i (pt.pp fled /fled/)
flask /na:sk/ n [C] 1 narrow- run or hurry away (from).
necked bottle. 2 (also 'hip-'^) fleece /ni:s/ n [C,U] woolly
flat-sided bottle for carrying covering of a sheep, a vt rob (a
spirits in the pocket. 3 = vacu- person) by trickery, fleecy adj
um flask. (-ier, -iest) like fleece.
flat' n [C] {GB) set of
/nst/ fleet /fli:t/ n [C] 1 number of
rooms on one floor of a building warships under one command-
as a residence. er; all the warships of a country.
flat^ /flaet/ adj (-ter, -test) 1 2 number of ships, aircraft,
smooth and level. 2 (lying) at buses, etc under one ownership.
full length: ~ on his back. 3 with fleet-ing /'fli:tii]/ adj lasting for
c broad level surface and little a short time: a ~
glimpse of her.
depth. 4 dull. 5 (music) below flesh /flej/ n [U] 1 soft part be-
the true pitch. C> sharp(8). 6 tween the skin and bones of ani-
absolute: a ~ refusal. 7 (of a mal bodies, one's own ^^ and
battery) unable to give electric blood, one's near relatives, in
current. 8 (of a tyre) having no the '^, in bodily form. 2 the
air in it. a adv 1 in a flat manner: body (contrasted with the mind
sing ^. 2 '>^ broke, (informal) and soul). 3 soft, juicy part of
with no money at all. 3 -^ out, fruit, fleshy adj (-ier. -iest) fat.
(a) (informal) with all one's flew /flu: /?/ off ly^.
strength: work -^ out. (b) ex- flex' /fleks/ n [C, U] (pi ~es)
hausted, a n [C] ^ flat part of (length oO flexible insulated
anything. 2 stretch of low level cord for electric current.
land, esp near water: mud ^s. 3 flex^ /fleks/ vt stretch, eg a
(music) flat note; the sign b- 4 muscle.
'

deflated tyre, (^-'footed adj flex-ible /'fleksobl/ adj 1 easily

(a) having feet with flat soles. bent without breaking. 2 (fig)
,
^ly ac/v. '>^ness/j[U] adaptable: the plan is ^.
flat-ten 'flaetn/ vt/i make or be- flexibility /I [U]

I come flat. flick n [C] 1 quick light

'
flat-ter /'flaet3(r)/ vt 1 praise too
I
much or insincerely. 2 give a
feeling of pleasure to. 3 (of a pic-
/flik
blow 2 short sudden move-
ment: with a '-^ of the wrist, a vt
strike with a flick; touch lightly.
.iicker/flotilla

'v. through, turn over (pages) fishing-line or a fishing-net. 2

quickly. low platform on wheels, as used
flicker /'nik3(r), v, 1 (of a light) in a procession.
bum or shine unsieadily. 2 {fig) float' /flaot/ vt/i^ be held on the
(of hopes, etc) appear briefly, a surface of a liquid, or up in air:
n (C] flickering movement. ships '^ing on the sea. 2 cause to
flier 'naiD(r) c> flyer Hoat. 3 {business) get (esp finan-
flight' Tiait n 1 [IJ] Hying cial) support in order to start
through the air: Man still (something): ^
a company. 4 al-
dreams of '^.2 [C] journey made low the value (of a currency) to
by air. 3 (CJ group of aircraft in vary. '>^ing adj not fixed; vari-
a country's Air Force. 4 [U] able.
movement through the air: the flock /Hok/ n [C] 1 number of
^ of an arrow. 5 [C] number of birds or animals together. 2
birds flying together. 6 [C] stairs crowd of people. 3 Christian
between two landings. ''>^ path, congregation, d vi gather
n [C] planned course of an air- together in great numbers:
craft, "wless adj (of biids) un- crowds '^ed to the cinema.
able to fly. flog /fiog/ v^ (-gg-) 1 beat
flight^ nait/ n [C,U] ,(act oQ severely, -v. a dead horse.
fleeing (from danger, etc). waste one's efforts. 2 {si) sell:
flimsy 'flimzi/ adJ (-ier, -iest) 1 I'm '^ging my car. '^ging n [C,
light and thin; easily destroyed. U] severe beating.
2 {fig) weak; a '^^ excuse, f lims- flood nAd/nfCjl (coming of a)
i\y adv great quantity of water in a
flinch /flmtj' vi move back (be- place that is usually dry: villages
cause of fear, pain). destroyed by ~. 2 great out-
fling /fill]/ vt;i {pt.pp flung burst: a '^ of tears/letters. 3
/flAi]/) 1 throw with force. 2 fiowing in of the tide, a vtii 1
move violently or angrily. 3 -^ cover or fill (as) with a Hood. 2
oneself into, work at with en- (of rain) fill (a river) to over-
thusiasm. D « [C] 1 act, move- Howing. ''>>'light, artificial
ment, of flinging. 2 lively lighting thrown in a bright
Scottish dance. 3 have a '^. beam, n vt {pt.pp -lit) light up by
have a time of great pleasure. this method. '-^ tide, rising
flint /nmt/ n 1 [C,UJ hard stone tide. O ebb.
(used to produce sparks). 2 [C] floor /nD:(r)/ n [C] 1 lower sur-
piece of hard alloy used in a face of a room. 2 number of
cigarette-lighier to produce rooms, etc on the same level in a
sparks. building: / live on the fourth ~. 3
flip flip; vtji (-pp-) move (some- take the '^. speak in a debate.
thing) by a snap of the finger D vr 1 put (a fioor) in a building.
and thumb, n n [C] quick, light 2 knock down: The champion
blow. was '^edin the first round 3 (of a
flip-pant /'flipsnt/ adjno\ show- problem, etc) puzzle; defeat.
ing proper respect, 'flip-pancy ''>^board, plank of a wooden
n [U] being flippant; [CJ flippant floor, ''v. show, cabaret, enter- i

remark. tainment.
flip-per /'fiipair)/ n [C] 1 limb of flop /flop/ vtji (-pp-) 1 move,
certain sea-animals (eg seals) fall, clumsily or helplessly: ex- ~
used in swimming. 2 similar hausted into a chair. 2 {informal)
device, of rubber, worn on the (of a book, a film) fail, a n [C] 1
feet to aid swimming. act or sound of flopping. 2 {in-
flirt n;i:t \i 1 behave as if at- formal) failure of a book. film.
tracted to someone: ~ with a etc. -^pv adj (-ier, -iest) (a)
girl. 2 {informal) think about, hanging down loosely: a -^py
but not seriously, n n [C] man hat. (b) {informal) without
or girl who flirts(l). nation strength.
/-'teijn/ n
fC.UJ. '^atious flora n [U] all the plants
/'flocra/
/-'teijos/ (ulj (fond) of flirting. ofan area or epoch.
flit flit/ vi (-tt-) fly or move floral /'flDiral/ a<Y/ of flowers.
lightly and quicklv. flor-ist 'florist/ n [C] person
float' /n9ut/«[C]"l piece of light who sells flowers.
material used to support a flo-tilla /fla'tib/ n [C] ij)l ^s)

I
 145 flounder /foetus

j
fleet of small warships. to the face; excitement: the of~
floun-der /'flaund9(r)/ vi 1 victory, a vt/i 1 (of the face) be-
make wild and usually useless come red. 2 cause (the face) to
efforts (as in water). 2 (fig) hesi- become red. 3 {fig) fill with
tate, make mistakes. pride. 4 wash with a rush of wat-
; flour /'nau3(r)/ n [U] fine powd- er. 5 (of water) flood out.

j
er,made from grain, used
! making bread, etc.
flour-ish /'flAriJ/ vtii 1 grow
in a
healthy manner; prosper. 2
wave about: He ran in. '^ing a
sword. D n IC] 1 flourishing
movement. 2 loud, exciting pas-
;' sage of music.
flout /naut/ vt treat with con-
[
tempt: '^ authority.
I flow /flau/ vi ipt. pp '>^ed) 1
'
for flus-ter /'flASt3(r)/ vt make ner-
vous or confused, a n [U] ner-
vous state.
flute /flurt/ n [C] wooden music-
al wind-instrument with holes
stopped by keys.
flut-ter /'nAt9(r)/ vr/il (of birds)
move the wings hurriedly. 2
(cause to) move about in a
quick, irregular way: '^ one's
eyelids. 3 (of the heart) beat ir-

move as a river does. 2 (of hair, regularly, o n 1 (usually sing)

'
etc) hang down loosely. 3 ->- fluttering movement. 2 (with a)
from, be the result of. d n {sing state of nervous excitement.
only) flowing movement; quan- flux flAks/ n [U] continuous
tity that flows. movement.
'

flower /'nau3(r)/ n [C] 1 that fly' /flai/ n [C] {pi flies) twc-
part of a plant that produces winged insect.
i seeds. 2 {Jig) finest part: the ^ of fly^ fldi/ 17// {pt flew /flu:/; pp
1 the nation's men. u vi produce flown /flaun/) 1 move through
• flowers. ''>«bed, small area of the air as a bird does, or in an
land in which flowers are grown. aircraft. 2 transport in aircraft.
''^pot, pot in which a plant is 3 move quickly. '^ into a rage.
grown, flow-ery adj (-ier, become suddenly angry. 4 raise
-iest) (a) having many flowers, (a flag). 5 flee from. i'>^ing
(b) (Jig) having an elaborate 'saucer, unidentified flying ob-
I
style: ^y speechiwriting. ject(abbr UFO) seen moving
I flown /flaun/ pp of f ly^. across the sky. '-^^ing-squad,
I flu /flu: n [U] {informal abbr oQ part of a police force organised
(
influenza. to catch dangerous criminals.
I
fluc-tu-ate /'flAktlueit/ vi (of I'-s^ing 'visit, short visit.
I levels, prices, etc) move up and fly^* /flai n [C] {pi flies) (usually
! down, f luc-tu-ation n [C.U] p[) flap of cloth to cover a zip-
I
flu-ent "fluiant/ adJ 1 (of a per- fastener on trousers.
son) able to speak smoothly and flyer, flier /'flai3(r)/ n [C] air-
'
easily: speak ~
English. 2 (of craft pilot.
speech, movement) coming fly. over /'flai3uv9(r)/ n [C] {US
I

I smoothly and easily. '>^ly adv. = overpass) road which crosses

'
flu-ency /-3nsi/«[U] above another road.
fluff /flAf/ n [U] soft pieces that foal /faol/ n [C] young horse.
I
come from woolly material, a vt foam /fsum/ n [U] white mass of
shake or spread out: 'v. up a pil- small air bubbles, a vi form,
low, fluffy adJ (-ier, -iest) of or send out, foam, i-^^-'rubber,
hke, covered with, flufi": a ~v spongy rubber, foamy adj (-ier,
cat. -iest)
fluid /'flu:id/ adj^ able to flow. 2 fo-cus /'fsukas/ n [C] {pi ^es or
(of ideas, etc) not fixed, a n [C, foci /'fausai/) 1 meeting-point
U] substance that may flow. of rays of light, heat, etc: out of,
flung /nAr)//7r,/7^of fling. in '^.2 point at which interests,
flurry /'flAri/ n [C] (/>/ -ies) 1 sud- etc meet: the 'v- of attention, a

den rush of wind, snow, etc. 2 or -SS-) 1 adjust (a lens,

vtii (-S-
(Jig) nervous hurry: a ~of activ- etc) to give a clear image. 2 con-
ity, a vt cause to be in a nervous centrate: ~ one's att-ention'i
hurry, etc. efforts on. f o-cal adj
flush^ /AaJ/ adj 1 level. 2 {si) fod-der /'fDd3(r)/ n [U] hay, etc
having plenty of money. for farm animals.
f lush^ /flAj/ n [C] rush of water; foe /fau; n [C] {poet) enemy.
(redness from a) rush of blood foe-tus, fe-tus /'fiitas/ n [C] {pi
fog/ for
->^es) fully developed embryo
the womb or m an egg.
fog fog n 1 [U] vapour sus-
pended m the atmosphere,
thicker than mist. 2 [CJ period of
fog. 3 (C.U] (area of) cloudiness
on a photograph, d vt (-gg-) 1
cover with, as with. fog. 2 bewil-
der 3 make (a photographic
negative) cloudy, '^v^bound adf
unable to proceed because of
fog '-^^horn, instrument used
for warning ships
''^lannp, headlamp
rr.otor-vehicle) for use in foggy
weather. '>^gy adj (-ler, -lest)
not clear because of fog.
foil^ TdiI n 1 [U] thin, flexible
metal sheet. 2 [C] person or
thing that contrasts with an-
other.
foil^ fDil n [C] light sword, for
fencing.
foiP foil v7 prevent (a person)
from carrying out plans.
fold' fsuld \i i^ bend one part
of a thing back on itself. 2 be-
come, be able to be, folded: Pap-
er ^5 easily. ^
up. come to an
end (eg of a business). 3 -s^
one's arms, cross them over
the chest, d n [C] part that is
folded, -^er n [C] holder (made
of cardboard, etc) for papers.
f old^ fsuld/ n [C] 1 enclosure for
sheep. 2 (fig) body of religious
believers.
fo-li-age 'feuliid3 n [U] all the
leaves of a tree or plant.
folk fook /? 1 people in general.
2 (pf) (informaf) relatives: the ^.s
ai home. 3 folk music, '^w-
dance. (music for a) traditional
popular dance, '-^lore, (study
oi' the) traditional beliefs, etc of
a community. ''>^
song, traditional
music song.
tol-low 'fobo 17 / 1 come. go.
after,as ^^s, as now to be stat-
ed. 2 go along (a road. etc). 3
understand: / don't -^ your
meaning. 4 engage in as a busi-
ness, trade, etc. 5 act according
to: '^ her advice. '^^ suit, c>
suitV 6 be necessarily true: // -^.v
from what you say that... 7 '-^
sth up, work at it
Hence. '~-up n [C]. -^er, (a)
supporter, (b) pursuer, -^ing
adj (a) coming next, (b) (esp as
a pronoun) the '^ing. the ones
<ibout to be mentioned, n n [C]
body of supporters.
I
in folly n (pi -les) 1 (U) fool-
'foil,
ishness. 2 [C] foolish act or idea
fond fond, adj^ be '^ of. like
be full of love for. 2 loving: a ^
embrace, -^ly adv (a) lovinglv
(b) optimistically: ~/v believe
him. '>^nessn[\j]
fondle 'fondl v/ touch lovingl>
font font n [C] basin to hold
water for baptism.
food fu:d n 1 [U] something
that can be eaten. 2 '^ for
in fog. thought, something that
(on a makes one think, ''x.^stuff,
material used as food.
fool /lu:l/ n [C] silly person
make a -w of sb, cause him to
seem like a fool, play the ~,
behave stupidly, a adj(informal)
foolish. D 17/ 1 behave like a
fool: Stop '^ing around. 2 de-
ceive, ^wery n [C,U] foolish be-
haviour. '>^hardy -ha:di adj
taking unnecessary risks. '>-'ish <
adj silly. '>^ish-ly adv. '>^ish-
ness n [U]. '>^proof adj incap-
able of failure: a ^/^rewZ/j/a/?. !
foot Tut; n (pi feet firt ) 1 part '
forming the lower end of the leg, •
beginning at the ankle on ~,
walking, be rushed off one's
feet, be extremely busy, put
one's '^ down, (informal)
protest; be firm, put one's ^
in it, (informal) say or do some-
thing wrong put one's feet
up, (informal) rest. 2 step; way
of walking. 3 lowest part: the ^
of the column. 4 measure of
length. 12 inches, d v7 '^ the
bill,pay it. '~ball n [C] inflated
leather ball used in games; [U]
game played with it. '^ball
pools, organized gambling on
the results of football matches,
music/ '-x^hills, hills lying at the foot of
^
popular a mountain, '-^hold, (a) sup-
port for the foot, eg when climb-
ing, (b) (fig) secure position.
''-^note, note at the bottom of a
page. '~path, path for the use
of persons on foot. ''>^print,
impression left on a soft surface
by a foot. '~step, step of a per-
son walking follow in sb's
'^steps, do as he did.
''^wear, shoes, etc.
further. foot-ing 'futir) n [C] 1 foot-
hold. 2 (sirg only) position in
society; relationships (with
people).
for strong form: fo:(r)/ prep
fo(r)
1 in the direction of: .set out ~
home. 2 (showing what is aimed
 147 forage /forest

at);destined '^ something great. the arm from the elbow to the
3 (showingeventual posses- wrist.
sion): Here's a letter ->- you. 4 fore-bear /? = forbear.
(showing preparation): prepare fore-cast 'fD:kG:st vi {jyt.pp -^
~ an examination. 5 (a) (show- or '^ed) say in advance; predict:
ing purpose): go -^ a walk, (b) ^ a disaster, a n [C] such a state-
(showing use): What's this tool ment: the weather ~.
~? 6 as (iQ: They left him ^ fore-court ,'fD:kD:t/ n [C] en-
dead, take sb/sth ^, mis- closed space in front of a build-
takenly think that he or it is. 7 ing.
(showing liking, ability etc): a fore-fathers /'f3:fa:d3z, n pi =
taste ^ art: a good ear ->- music. ancestors.
8 (showing suitability): good '^ fore-fin-ger /'f3:fir)g3(r) n [C]
your health. 9 considering: She 's finger next to the thumb.
~ her age. 10
tall representing: foref ront /'f3:frAnt/ n (in) the
B ~ Benjamin. 11 in favour of: '^, leading position: in the ~ of
Are you -^ or against the propo- world politics.
sal? 12 concerning: anxious -^ forego = forgo.
his safety. 13 because of: this ^ fore-gone /'forgon/ adj: a ~
reason. 14 in exchange for: / conclusion, result that can be
paid 60p ~
the book. 1 5 (show- seen from the start.
ing extent in space, time): go fore-ground /'fD:graond/ n [C]
away ~ a few days, walk ('^) 1 part of a view nearest to the
three miles. '^ ffood. goocl^(2) observer. 2 {Jig) most noticeable
for-age /'forids' n [U] food for position.
horses and cattle, d vi search {for fore-hand 'fo:haEnd; adj n [C]
food, etc). (stroke at tennis, etc) made with
for-bad, forbade /fa'baed pt the palm turned forward.
offorbiJ. fore-head 'fond. 'fD:hed n [C]
for-bear {VS = forebear) part of the face above the eyes.
/'fD:be3(r), n [C] ancestor. foreign 'foran, adj 1 of, in.
forbid /fo'bid; vt {pt forbade or from, another country. 2 '^ to.
forbad /fa'baed/, pp '^den not natural to: to her~
/fa'bidn; or ~) order
(a person) character. 3 coming from out-
not to do something, -wding adj side: a 'N. body in the eye. -v^er,
stern; threatening. person from a foreign country.
force /fors/ n 1 [Uj strength. 2 [C] fore-man /'fD:m9n; n [C] {pi
person or thing that makes great -men -man/) 1 workman in
changes: the ~.y of nature. 3 [C] authority over others. 2 chief
organized body of armed or dis- member of a jury.
ciplined men: the police ~. 4 fore-most 'foimaust adj most
[C,U] (intensity of) somethmg notable, a adv /irst and^'^, in
able to change or prevent mo- the first place.
tion: the ~ o) gravity. 5 [U] auth- for-en-sic /fo'rensik/ adj of.
ority: That law is now in ~ n vt . used in. courts of law: ^ medi-
1 compel; use force: ~ him to cine.
talk. 2 break open by using fore-run-ner /'f3:rAn3(r) n [C]
force: ~ {open) a door. 3 pro- sign of what is to follow a ~ of :

duce under stress: ^ a smile. 4 the modern motor-ear.

speed up the growth of (plants). fore-see ;fD:'si:/ vt {pt foresaw
~ f ul adJ (of a person, an argu- TD:'sa: pp ~n /fot'siin/) see in
.

ment, etc) convincing. '>-'fully advance. ^>^able adj which can

adv. forc-ible adJ done by be knownin advance.
physical force, forc-ibly adv fore-shore 'fD:jD:(r)/ n [C] part
,

for-ceps n {pi) (also a

/'Ibiseps/
pair of ~) pincers used by den-
tists and doctors.
ford /fD:d/ n [C] shallow place
where one can cross a river, a vt
cross (a ford).
fore /f3:(r)/ adj front: the legs
of a horse, o n to the '^, in or
into a position of importance.
fore-arm 'fD:ra:m/ n [C] part of
of the shore between the sea and
cultivated land.
fore-sight ,'fo:sait/ n [U] ability
to see future needs; care in pre-
paring for these.
for-est 'forist; n [C,U] (large
~ area of) land covered with trees;
the trees growing there, -v^er,
man who works in a forest, '^ry
n lU] (science oO planting and
forestall /forthcoming 148

caring for forests. (one) shape taken by a word 4

fore-stall fDi'sto:!/ vt do some
thing first and so prevent an-
other from doing it.
fore-tell /foi'tel/ vf ipt.pp fore-
told /-'tsuldO predict.
iCU] way of behaving expected
by custom: accepted '^s of be-
haviour. 5 (C) printed paper with
space to be filled in: application
'^^s. 6 [U] condition of mind or

forethought !'(o:QyAI n (U] body: be on'off ->-. 7 [U] spir-

careful plannmg for the future. its(7): in goad great ~. 8 [C]
for-ever /f3'rev3(r)/ adv always. long wooden bench. 9 [C] (GB)
fore-word 'f3:w3:d n [C] intro- class (3).
ductory remarks to a book. form' lh:ml vt!i^ give shape to;
for-feit 'f^:fit vr lose something make 2 develop: '^ good habits.
as a punishment, a n [C] some- 3 organize: They '^eda commn-
thing (to be) forfeited. tee 4 be (the material oQ: Thi^
for-gave/7r of forgive. '^.spart of a course. 5 take
forge^ iiyAzi n [C] workshop shapw: An idea '^edin his mind
where metals are heated and for-mal /'farml/ adj 1 according
shaped, d vr 1 shape by heating to custom: a ~
dinner party. 2
and hamraenng. 2 {fig) form: a (of clothes, language) used in
friendship ^d by poverty. 3 formal situations. O
informal 3
make a copy of, eg a banknote, regular in design. 4 of shape or
in order to deceive, forger, per- appearance: ~
similarity, --wity
son who forges(3). -^ry -an n /for'maebti/ n {pi ies) (a) [U] at-
(p/-ies)(a)lU]forging(3)ofa tention to rutes. (b) [C] action
document, etc. (b) [C] forged required by custom: a legal
document, etc. ^ity. '^\y adv
f orge^ f3:d3/ vi "^ ahead, make for-ma-tion /foi'meijn/ n [C, U]
steady progress. 1 making or forming. 2 struc-
for-get /fa'get/ vt'i (pt forgot ture; arrangement.
/fa'got', pp forgotten /fa'gDtn/) for-ma-tive /'fDrmativ/ adj giv-
1 fail to remember. 2 fail (to do ing shape to: a boy 's ^ years.
something): Don't -^ to post the for-mer /'fo:m3(r)/ adj 1 of an
letters. 3 stop thinking about: ~ earlier period: the ^ President. 2
a quarrel. '>^ful adj in the habit (as a pron) the first (mentioned;
of forgetting. of two. '>-'ly adv in earlier times.
for-give /fa'giV vt/i {pt forgave for-mi-dable /'formidabl at// 1
/fa'geiv/, pp ~n /fa'givnO par- causing 2 requiring great
fear.
don a sin; pardon (a person). overcome:
effort to obstacles. ~
for-giv-able adj. for-giv-ing for-mi-dably a^v
adj willing to forgive, "s^ness n for-mula /'formjub n / [C] (/)/~s,
[U] ~e /-li:,0 1 fixed form of words

for-go /fDr'gaiJ/ vr {pt forwent used regularly (eg 'How d'you

/for'went/, pp forgone /for'gon/O do?'). 2 statement of a rule, fact,
do without: ~ a party in order to etc esp one in signs or numbers:
study. chemical'^.
for-got, for-gotten O forget. for-mu-late /'fo:mjuleit/ vr ex-
fork /fD:k/ n [C] 1 implement ~ a request, for-
press exactly:
with two or more points for lift- mu-la-tion/j[C,U]
ing food to the mouth, etc. 2 for-sake Ts'seik/ vt {pt forsook
gardening tool like a fOrk(1 ). 3 /fa'suk;.- pp ~n /fs'seikpn/) give
place where a road, tree-trunk, up; desert.
etc divides; one such branch, a fort /f3:t/ n [C] building erected
vt'ii 1 lift with a fork. 2 (of a for military defence.
road, etc) divide into branches. forte /'fD:lei/ n [C] something a
3 (of persons) turn (left or right). person does well: Singing is not
4 'N^ out. {informal) pay. I'v^- my^.
lift 'truck, powered trolley forth /f3:6/ adv onwards, and
with a platform for lifting 'so '^, and so on. ,back and
goods. '>^ed ai^ branching. ''x^, to and fro (which is more

for-lorn /fa'bni/ adj {lit) un- usual).

happy. '>-lyai/v forth-com-ing /fo:6'kAnur) adj
f orm^ /fDim/ n 1 [C,U] shape; ap- 1 about to appear. 2 ready for
pearance. 2 [C,Ul kind; type: ~5 use: Wnen he asked for a loan,
of government. 3 {gram) [C,U] the money was not ~. 3 {infor-

maf) ready to be helpful.
for-ti-eth /'fo:ti3e/ adj. n [C]
(abbr 40th) (oQ one of 40 parts
or the next after 39.
for-tify /'f3:tifai/ vt {pt.pp -ied)
strengthen (a place) against at-
tack; strengthen oneself for-ti-
f i-ca-tion /-fi'keijn/ n [C.U]
fort-night /'fD:tnait/ n [C] two
weeks. '^\y adj. adv happening
every fortnight.
for-tress /'fo:trs/ n [C] fortified
place.
for-tu-nate /'fortjanat/
lucky; prosperous, 'x/ly adv
for-tune /'fD:tJu:n/ n 1 [C,U]
chance; good or bad luck, te/l
sb 's ^, say what will happen to
him. 2 [C,U] prosperity; great
sum of money, make a '>^.
make a lot of money. ''>^ teller,
person who claims to be able to
tell a person's fortune.
forty ;'fD:ti/ adj. n [C] (oO 40.
fo-rum /'forram/ n [C] {pi ^s)
place for public discussion.
for-ward /*h:wdd/ adji directed
towards the front; situated in
front; advancing: <>.' march/
planning. 2 (of plants, children)
well advanced. 3 too eager (and
often impolite): a 'v- young girl.
a n [C] attacking player in foot-
ball, etc. Dhelp or send for-
v/ 1
ward: ^ his career.
2 send; dis-
patch. 3 send a
letter, etc after a
person to a new address.
for-ward(s) /'fD:w3d(z)/
onward; to the front. 2 to the fu-
ture.
foS'Sil n [C] (part or im-
/'fosl/
print of a) prehistoric animal or
plant hardened like rock. '>^i2e
-aiz/ vr/i change into stone.
fos-ter /'fDSt3(r)/ vt 1 help the
growth and development
take (a child) into one's home
and care for it: '>^brother/
-childl-parent. C> adopt(1).
fought /fD:t/ pt.pp of fight.
foul /faul/ adj (-er, -est) 1 caus-
mg disgust; filthy. 2 wicked: a '^
murder. 3 stormy, fall '^ of. get
into trouble with, a n [C] (in
sport) something contrary to the
rules, a vtji 1 make or become
foul: ^
a stream with chemicals
2 (cause to) become entangled:
weeds ~eJ the propeller. 3 (in
sport) commit a foul against, (--v/
'
'play, (a) (sport) something
contrary to the rules, (b) violent
'
crime. '>-ly /'fauh/ adv.
foundVfaond/p/,ppoffind.
149 fortieth /frame
found^ /faund/ vt 1 start the
building of; estabhsh. 2 base on:
beliefs '^ed on facts, '^er n [C]
person who founds a school, etc.
foun-da-tion /faun'deijn/ n 1
[U] founding or establishing (of
a town, school, etc). 2 [C] some-
thing that is founded. 3 [C] fund
of money for charity, etc. 4 [C]
(often pf) base of a building. 5
[C,U] that on which an idea, etc
is based.
foun-der /'faund3(r)/ vt/i (of a
adj ship) (cause to) fill with water
and sink.
foun-dry /'faundri/ n [C] ipl-\es)
place where metal is melted and
moulded.
foun-tain /'fauntm/ n [C] 1
spring of water, esp one made
artificially. 2 (fig) source: the -^
of knowledge. ''>^-pen, pen with
ink inside the holder.
four /fD:(r)/ adj. n [C] (oO 4. on
all'^s. on the hands and knees.
'^th adj. n [C] (abbr 4th) (oO
one of 4 parts or the next after 3.
''^th-ly adv in the 4th place.
four-teen /,fD:'ti:n/ adj. n [C] (oQ
14. four-teenth adj, n [C]
(abbr 14th) (oO one of 14 parts
or the next after 13.
fowl /faul/ n [C] 1 One of the
larger birds: ^wild'^. 2 domestic
cock or hen. 3 [U] flesh of a bird
as food.
fox /foks/ n [C] wild animal of
adv 1 the dog family, with red fur and
a bushy tail. c> vixen, a vt con-
fuse.
foyer /'foiei/ n [C] large entrance
hall.
f rac-tion /'fraekjn/ n [C] 1 small
part: a '^ of a second. 2 number
that is not a whole number (eg ^,
of. 2 0-76). '^a\ adj
frac-ture /'fraektj3(r)/ n [C,U]
breaking, eg of a bone, a vtji
break; crack.
frag-ile /'fraedsail/ adj easily
broken, fra-gil-ity /fra'dybti/
n[\}]
frag-ment /'fraegmant/ n [C]
part broken oft; incomplete
part. D vj /fraeg'ment/ break into
pieces. '>^ary adj incomplete.
^a.tion/-'teifn/n[U]
fra-g ranee /'frcigrans/ n [U]
sweet smell, f ra*grant adj
frail /freil/ adj (-er, -est) weak;
fragile. '>>/ty n (a) [U] quality of
being frail, (b) [C] (p/ -ies) fault.
frame /freim/ n [C] 1 main struc-
ture of -a ship, building etc. 2
franchise /frenzy 150

border in whtch a picture or win- son 3 able to move about. 4

dow IS set. 3 structure that holds have/give sb a -^ hand, per-
the lenses of a pair ofspectacles mission to act without consult-
4 human or animal body. 5 ^^ ing others. 5 '^ from, without:
of mind, temporary state of ^ from blame. '^ of. (a) away
mind. 6 single exposure on a roll from: -»-. of her. (b) without: ^^
of film D vt 1 put together;
I of charge. 6 costing nothing. 7
build up: ~
a plan. 2 put a (of place or time) not occupied
frame(2) round. 3 (sf) make (an or engaged; (of persons) not do-
innocent person) appear guilty ing anything. 8 coming or given
of something. ''>^work, part of readily: a -^ flow of water. 9
a structure giving shape and without constraint: ~
in conver-
support. sation, a VI (pt. pp ~d) make
fran-chise Traentjaiz/ n [U] free. ,'>^-and-'easy adj infor-
(with the) the right to vote, sell a mal. '>^dom, condition of being
product. free. ''>^-for-all, dispute, etc in
Franco- ,fraer)k3u prefix which all express their views.
French ^-German. ''>>'hand ad'/ (of drawings) done
frank^ fraer)k adj (-er, -est) ex- by hand. '~hold, (legal) (hold-
pressing clearly one's thoughts ing of) land in absolute owner-
and feelings. '>^ly adv »^ness n ship. Oleasehold 'fiance
[U] -la:ns n [C] independent jour-
frank^ fraerjk v7 stamp (letters, nalist, etc who sells his services
parcels). wherever he can. n vi work this
frank-furter 'fraenkfartair)' n way. i-^^ 'speech, right to
[C] smoked sausage made of speak in public without interfer-
beef and pork. ence from the authorities. |~-
fran-tic 'fraentik a<^ wildly ex- 'trade, trade not hindered by
cited with joy. pain, anxiety, etc. customs duties. ,'>^ 'verse,
'^aWyadv without regular metre and
fra-ter-nal /fra'tsinl adj rhyme, '--^way, (US) motor-
brotherly, '^lyadv way, i'^ 'will, individuaPs
fra-ter-riity frs'tamati n {pi power of choosing his actions.
-ies) 1 [U] brotherly feeling. 2 '>^lya<iv readily.
[C] men who are joined together free-mason 'fri:meisn n [C]
by common interests. 3 (6S) so- member of an international se-
ciety of students. cret society, ''^ry n [U]
frat-er-nize 'fraetanaiz vi be- freeze fri:z vti (pt froze
come friendly (with), frat-er- /frsuz ;;?/? frozen /'frauzn) 1 be
ni'zationr7[U] so cold that water turns into ice.
fraud froid n 1 [C.U] (act oQ 2 become hard or stiff from
criminal deception. 2 [C] person cold. 3 feel very cold. 4 make
or thing that deceives, 'x^u-lent cold: frozen food. deep- O i

/-d3ul3nt/ adj acting with, ob- freeze. 5 fix prices, wages. 6 be-
tained by, fraud. come motionless, u n [C] ^
'

fraught frort adj 1 involving; period of freezing weather. 2 ,

threatening: '^ with danger. 2 strong control of prices, wages,

filled with: ~
with meaning. etc.freezer, machine for freez-
fray frei v7 1 (of cloth, rope,
; ing food, 'freezing-point,
etc) become, make, worn by temperature at which a liquid
rubbing. 2 (fig) wear out: '^ed freezes.
temper. freight /freit/ n fU] (mone>
freak 'fri:k n [C] 1 very unusual charged for) the carrying of
idea or event. 2 abnormal per- goods; goods carried, a v7 send
son, animal or plant, ^ish adj or carry (goods). '>^er, ship or
strange; unusual, freaky adj aircraft that carries cargo.
(-ler, -lest) = freakish. French /frentj' adj, n (oO
freckle 'frekl n [C] small France or the language or the
brown spot on human skin, a people of France, -s-man, man
vtii (cause to) become covered who is French, i^v, 'window,
with freckles. one that serves as both a win-
free fri: adj (-r. -st) 1 (of a per- dow and a door.
son) not controlled by another frenzy 'frenzi/ n [U] violent ex-
person, rules, etc. 2 not in pri- citement, f ren-zied adj
 151 frequency /from

fre-quency n (pi
/'friikwansi/
-ies) 1 [U] frequent occurrence.
2 [C] rate at which something
happens.
fre-quent^ /'fri:kw9nt/ adj oiitn
happening. ^v/|y adv
fre-quent^ /fn'kwent/ vt
ten to (a place).
fresco /'freskau/ n [C] {pi ^s,
'^es) picture painted on damp
plaster surfaces.
fresh /frej; adj {-ex, -est) 1 new-
ly .made, gathered, grown, etc: -^
flowers jpaint. 2 (of food) not
stale or bad; not salted, tinned
or frozen. 3 new or different: '^
news. 4 (of the weather) cool;
refreshing, -v^en vtji (a) make
or become fresh, (b) (of wind)
become stronger. ''>^man,
first-year student. ''>^-water,
not sea-water, '-v/ly adv (with a
pp) recently. '>^nessAj[U]
fret' /fret/ vt/i (-tt-) 1 (cause to)
be worried. 2 wear away by rub-
bing or biting at. a n [U] an.\ious
state, -^^ful a^' irritable. '>-'ful-
ly adv
fear. 2 {informal) unpleasant.
-wly adv (a) in an unpleasant
way. (b) {informal) very: '^ly
hot.
frigid /'frid3id/ adj 1 cold: a -^
climate. 2 unfriendly. 3 (of
go of- women) having no sexual desire.
~ly adv. '^ity /fri'd3iti/ n [U]
frill /fril/ n [C] 1 ornamental
border on a dress, etc. 2 (pt) un-
necessary adornm.ents, eg to
speech, frilly a^/
fringe /frmd3/ // [C] 1 ornamen-
tal border of loose threads, eg
on a rug. 2 edge (of a crowd,
etc). 3 hair hanging over the
forehead, a vt put on, serve as, a
fringe.
frisk /frisk' vtii 1 jump and run
about playfully, 2 pass the
hands over (a person) to search
for concealed weapons, frisky
adj {-\er, -lest) lively.
frit-ter' /'frit3(r)/ vt waste: ~
away one's money.
frit-ter^ /'frit3(rj/ n [C] piece of
fried batter with sliced fruit,
meat, in it.

fret^ /fret/ vt (-tt-) decorate friv-ol-ity /fri'vobti/ /? {pi -\es) 1

(wood) with patterns made by [U] frivolous behaviour. 2 [C]
sawing, '•-v/saw, narrow saw, frivolous act or statement.
tor cutting designs in wood. friv-ol-ous /'frivobs' adj not
'-^work n [U] patterns cut in .serious; (of persons) enjoying
wood with a fretsaw. pleasure, '^iy adv
fret^ /fret/ n [C] one of the metal fro /frso/ adv (only in) ,fo and
ridges across the neck of a guit- ^'^. backwards and forwards.
ar, banjo, etc. frock frok/ n [C] woman's
friar /'frai3(r)/ n [C] male mem- dress.
ber of a religious order. frog /frog/ // [C] small jumping
fric-tion /'fnkjn/ // 1 [U] the animal living in water and on
rubbing of one thing against an- land. ''>^man, person skilled in
other. 2 [C,U] difference of swimming under water with
opinion leading to argument. breathing apparatus.
Fri-day /'fraidi/ n sixth day of frolic /'frolik/ vi {pt.pp '^-^ked)
the week. ,Good 'F^v., the one play about in a lively way: lambs
before Easter Sunday. ^king in the fields, a n [C] out-
fridge 'fnd3/ n [C] (abbr oQ re- burst of gaiety.
frigerator. from from strong form: from/
fried /fraid/ /?/./)/) of fry. prep 1 (introducing the
friend frend' n [C] 1 person starting-point): /uw/7(^f;H77) a ^
whom one likes well. 2 helper. wall. 2 (showing the start of a
~ly adJ (-ler, -lest) acting as a period of time): ~
the first of
friend, ^li-ness n [U]. -^^ship May. 3 (showing distance, etc):
'! (a) [U] being friends (b)[C,U] ten miles ~
the coast. 4 (showing
the feeling between friends. the giver, etc): a letter my ^
frieze n [C] ornamental
/fri:z brother. 5 (showing the limit): ~
band along the top of a wall. ten to fifteen boys. 6 (showing
friq-ate /'frigst n [C] fast war- the source): quotations Shake- ^
ship. speare: made ^
grapes. 7 (show-
fright frait/ n [C,U] (instance ing separation, removal, etc):
'
oOgreat and sudden fear. released ^
prison. 8 (showing
frighten /'fraitn/ v7 fill with change): -^ bad to wor.se. 9
'
fright. ~ed adj. '>^ing adJ (showing cause): suffer star- ^
fright-ful 'fraitfi adJ 1 causing vation. 10 (showing distinction):
front /fume
know an Englishman '^
American?
front /frAnt/ n 1 (with the) fore-
most or most important side; the
^ of a building, in 'x^. aJv: go in
'^. in '^ of. prep: in -^^ o) the
house. 2 [C] (m war) part where
the fightrng is taking place. 3 [C]
road beside the sea in a town. 4
[U] (often false) appearance: put
on a brave ^ 5 [C] boundary
. ing carried out. f rus-tra-tion n
between cold and warm air. d
v/// face: lioor.s that ~ on to the
street. O also seafront. '^
door, main door of a building.
'x.age i-idy, n [C] extent of a
piece of land or a building along
its front, -^-al adj of, on, to the
front.
f ron-tier /'fiAnti3(r)/
n [C] 1 part
of a country next to another. 2
(Jig) extreme limit: the '^s of
science.
frost /frost/ n 1 [C,U) (period oQ
weather with temperature below
freezing-point. 2 [U] fiozen
coating of vapour on the
ground, plants, etc. a vtji 1
cover with frosi(2). 2 give a
roughened surface to (glass) to
make it opaque. 3 cover (a cake,
etc) with powdered sugar. ''^-
bite, injury to body tissue from
freezing. ''>^-bitten adj having
frost-bite. ''>^-bound aJy (of the
ground) made hard by
frosty adj (-ier, -iest) (a) cold
with frost, (b) ijig) unfriendly: a
'^y welcome.
froth /froG/ n [Uj mass of small
bubbles (eg on beer), a vi have,
give off, froth, frothy adj
-iest) of, like, covered with,
froth.
frown /fraun/ vi draw the eye-
brows together causing lines on
the forehead, (to express dis-
pleasure, thought, etc), 'x^ onl
upon, disapprove of. d « [C]
frowning look.
froze, frozen C> freeze.
fru>gal /'fru:gl/ adj economical;
costing little: a '^ supper.
fruit /fru:t/ n 1 [U] edible part of
a plant that contains the seeds. 2
[C] part of any plant in which
the seed is formed. 3 (Jig) (often
pt) result or reward (of labour,
etc). D vi (of trees, bushes, etc)
bear fruit, '^erer, person who
sells fruit, --wful adj (a) produc-
ing fruit, (b) (Jig) producing
good results. '>^ful-ness n [\J\.
'>^iess adj (a) without fruit.
an (b) without
(Jig) success.
'>>'less-ly adv. fruity adj (-ier,
-iest) (a)of or like fruit, (b) (in-
formal) mellow: a '^y voice.
fru-ition /fru:'ijn/ n (U) achieve-
ment of what was wanted: His
plans all came to 'v.
frustrate frA'streit/ vt prevent
(a person) from doing some-
thing; prevent (plans) from be-
[C,U]
fry /frai/ vtji (3rd pers sing pres
tense fries; pt.pp fried) cook in
boiling fat. ''>^ing-pan, shallow
pan used for frying.
fudge /fAd3/ n [U] soft sweet
made with milk, sugar, butter,
etc.
fuel /'(jural/ n lC,U] 1 material
for producing heat or energy, eg
coal, oil. 2 (Jig) something that
increases emotion, a vtji (-II-,
US also -I-) supply with or ob-
tain fuel.
fugi-tive /'fju:d33tiv/ n [C] per-
son running away from the po-
lice, etc. D adj o[d fugitive.
ful-crum /'fAlkram n [C] (pl'^s)
point on which a lever turns.
ful-fil (US also -fill) /ful'fil/ vt
(-!!-) perform a task, promise,
etc. '>^ment/j[U]
full /ful/ adj (-er, -est) 1 holding
plenty (of); completely filled: a
frost. '^^ bottle. 2 's^ of. occupied with
thinking of.3 plump: She has a
-^ figure. 4 (of clothes) having
material arranged in wide folds.
5 in '-^. without omitting any-
thing, at '^ speed, at the
(-ier, highest possible speed, to the
'>^. as much as possible: enjoy
life to the '^.6 complete: a ac- ~
count of his life. |'>^-'length adj
(a) (of a portrait) showing the
whole figure, (b) of usual
length. ,'>.''scale adj (of draw-
ings, plans, etc) of the same size,
etc as the object itself. ,'>^ 'stop,
the punctuation mark (.). come
to a ^ stop, stop completely.
''>^-time adj, adv occupying all
normal working hours, fully
adv (a) completely, (b) at least:
The job took ~>' two hours.
(fully- 'grown adj mature,
-^^ness /J [U]
fumble /'fAmbl/ vt/i use the
hands awkwardly.
fume /fju:m/ n [C] (often pi)
strong-smelling smoke or gas. a
vt/i 1 give off fumes. 2 (fig) burst
with anger.
 153 fun/fuzzy

fun (An n [U] ^ amusement; 2 wrinkle (on the face), d vr

happiness, make '^ of, ridi- make furrows in.
cule, for/in '^, for amusement. furry 'fain/ C> fur.
2 that which causes amusement. fur-ther /'f3:93(r)/ adv, adj^ (of-
'-^fair, -fair2(2). ten used (oT farther): It 's not safe
func-tion /'fAr)kJn/ n [C] 1 pur- to go any ~. 2 (not used for
pose of a person or thing. 2 for- farther) additional: informa-~
mal social event, a vi fulfill a tion. 3 ( = furthermore) also, d
function(l); operate: The lift vt help forward: ~
the cause of
doesn't ^. -^^al udj (a) designed peace, -^^ance n [U] (format)
to be used, not as decoration, advancement, ^v/tnore adv in
(b) in working order. addition, -^mostacy/' furthest.
fund fAnd, n [C] 1 supply (of fur-thest /'faidist/ adj. adv most
non-material things): a of am- ~ distant.
using stories. 2 money available fur-tive ''fsrtiv/ adj done secret-
for a purpose. 3 (pi) resources in ly, ^s-ly adv. '>^ness n [U]
the form of money, a vt provide fury n {pi -ies) 1 [U]
/'fjuari/
money in return for interest. great anger. 2 [C] outburst of
fundamental jfAnda'mentl wild feelings.
adj serving as a starting pomt; of fuse^ {ju:z/ n [C] 1 tube, etc for
great importance, a n [C] (usual- carrying a spark to explode a
ly p/) basic principle, -^^ly adv firework, bomb. 2 {US = fuze)
fu-neral /'^urnaral/ n [C] burial part of a shell that detonates the
or cremation ceremony for a explosive charge.
dead person. fuse^ fjutz/ vtii 1 melt as the re-
fun-gus 'fAggas/ n iC,U] {pi -gi sult of great heat; join as the re-
/-gai) plant without leaves, sult of melting. 2 (of an electric
growing on decaying matter, eg circuit) be broken through melt-
old wood. ing of the fuse, a n [C] short
funnel 'fAnl, n [C] 1 pipe wide at
, piece of wire which melts and
the top and narrow at the bot- breaks an electric circuit.
tom, for pouring liquids fu-sel-age '(ju:z3la:3/ n [C]
through. 2 outlet for the smoke body of an aircraft.
of a steam engine, ship, etc. a fu-sion ,'fju:3n/ n [C,U] mixing
VI i (-II-) (cause to) move (as iO or uniting of different things in-
through, a funnel. to one.
funny 'fAni adj (-ier, -iest) 1 fuss /Tas/ n [U] (with a. an) ex-
causmg laughter. 2 strange. ''^- cessive anxiety, activity, make
bone, sensitive part of the el- a '^ of, treat with great affec-
bow, fun-nilyac/v. tion. D vt/i act in a nervous or
fur f3:(r)/ n 1 [U] soft thick hair restless way. ^ily /-ih/ adv.
covering eg cats, rabbits. 2 [C] fussy adj (-ier, -iest) (a) full
(garment made from) animal of, showing, nervous excite-
skin with the fur on it. '>^ry adj ment, (b) too concerned with
(-ler. -iest) of or like fur; unimportant details, (c) (of
covered with fur. dress, style, etc) too elaborate.
furi-ous 'fjuarias/ adj very fu-tile adj ineffective;
/'fjurtail/
angry, '^ly adv useless: a ~
attempt, fu-til-ity
fur-long 'farlor); n [C] 220 yards Ai[C,U]
/fjui'tibti
(= 201 metres). fu-ture /'fju:tj3(r)/ adj coming
fur-nace 'fainis n [C] 1 en- after the present, a n [C] time,
closed fireplace for heating event, coming after the present.
buildings. 2 enclosed space for in '^. from this time onwards.
heating metals, etc. fuzz "fAZ/Aj[U] fluff (1).
fur-nish /'fsmij"/ vt supply; put fuzzy /'fAZi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 in-
furniture in. '>^ings n pi furni- distinct: The outline is very '^. 2
ture and equipment. fiuffy.
fur-ni-ture /'f3:nitj3(r)/ n [U]
movable things such as chairs,
beds, etc in a house, office, etc.
fur-rier ,'fAri9(r)/ n [C] person
who prepares or sells furs.
fur-row 'fArau/ n [C] 1 long cut
in the ground made by a plough.
 )

G/gang 154

shown to women.
gal-leon /'gaelian/ n (C) Spanish
sailing-ship (15th to 17th cen- ,

turies).
gal-lery /'gaebri/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1
room or building for the display

Gg of works of art. 2 highest seats in

a theatre. 3 raised floor inside a
hall, church, etc. 4 passage in a
mine.
G. 9 /d3i:/ (/>/G's, gs /dsirz/) the gal-ley /'gaeli/ n [C] (pi ~s) 1
seventh letter of the English al- low, flat ship, using sails and
phabet. oars. 2 ship's kitchen.
gab-ar-dine ,,g£b3'di:n/ n [Uj gal-Ion /'gaebn/ n [C] measure
cotton material (used for rain- for liquids ( == 4.5 litres).
coats). gal-lop ''gaebp/ n [C] (of a horse,
gabble /'gaebl/ v//< speak quickly etc) fastest pace with all four feet
and indistinctly, d n [U] fast, un- off the ground at each stride, a '

intelligible talk. vt i 1 (cause to) go at a gallop. 2

gab-er-dine ',g£b3'di:n n = hurry.

gabardine. gal-lows /'gaebuz/ n pi (usually
gable n [C] triangular
/'geibl/ with a sing verb) wooden frame-
part of an outside wall between work on which to put criminals
sloping roofs. to death by hanging.
gadget 'gaed3it/ n [C] (informal) ga-lore g3'b:(r), adv in plenty:
small (mechanical) device, '^ry
n [U] gadgets collectively. gamble /'gaembi/ vtji 1 play
gag ;gaeg n [C] 1 something put
'

§ames of chance for money;

over a person's mouth to take risks for the chance of mak- '

prevent him from SF>eaking. 2 ing a profit. 2 ^

sth away.
joke. D vt/i (-gg-) put a gag(1 lose by gambling, n n [C] under-
over the mouth of. taking with risk of loss and
gaggle /'gaegl/ n [C] flock (of chance of profit, gam-bler,
geese). person who gambles, gamb-
gai-ety /'gewti/ n {pi -ies) 1 [U] ling /j[U]
bemg gay. 2 (pi) festive activi- game^ /geim/ adj 1 brave. 2 wil-
ties. ling.
gaily /'geih/ adv in a gay manner. game^ /geim/ n 1 [C] form of
gain^ /gem/ n [CU] increase in play, sport, esp with rules, play
amount or power. '>^ful adjpro- the '^, (a) obey the rules, (b)
viding wealth: ~/u/ employ- (fig) be honest. 2 [C] apparatus,
ment '>^ fully adv
.
etc needed for a game, eg a
gain^ /gem/ vt/i 1 obtain (some- board and dice. 3 contest; \

thmg wanted or needed). "^ match: a '^ of football. 4 (pi) ^

time, improve one's chances by athletic contests. 5 [C] plan;

delaying something, etc. 2 make trick, ^ive the ''>^ away, ,

progress; benefit. 3 (of a watch reveal a secret trick, scheme, etc.

or clock) become fast. 4 '^ on/ 6 [U] (flesh oO animals and
upon, get closer to; go faster birds hunted for sport, 'big '^, \

than. 5 reach (esp with efTort). the larger animals (elephants,

gala /'ga:b/ n [C] festive occa- Uons). 'fair '>^, (a) what may be
sion. lawfully hunted, (b) (fig) per-
ga-lac-tic /ga'laektik/ adj of the son or institution that deserves
Galaxy. to be '-^^keeper,
criticized,
gal-axy /'gaebksi/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1 man employed breed and to j

large cluster of stars in outer protect game, eg pheasants.

space. 2 company of persons: a gam-mon /'gasman/ n [U]
~ of beautiful women. smoked or cured ham.
gale /geil n [C] 1 violent wind. 2 gan-der /'gaend9(r)/ n [C] male
noisy outburst. goose.
gal-lant /'gaebnt/ adjl brave. 2 gang /gaeq/ n [C] 1 number of"
showing special courtesy to men working together: a '^ of
women. '>-ly adv. -^^ry n [U] (a) workmen. 2 group of criminals.
bravery, (b) special courtesy C> gangster, a vi up (on). ^
 155 gangling/gauge

act together (against). to garnish.

gan-gling adj (of a
/'gaerjglig/ gar-ret /'gaerst/ n [C] room un-
person) thin and awkward.
tall, der the roof of a house.
gan-grene /'gaeggrim/ n [U] de- gar-ri-son /'gaerisn/ n [C] mili-
cay of a part of the body caused tary force stationed in a town or
by lack of blood, gan-gren- fort. D vt put a garrison in a
ous /'gaeggrinas/ adj town.
gang-ster /'gaei3st3(r)/ n [C] gar-ter /'ga:t3(r)/ n [C] (elastic)
member of a gang of armed cri- band worn round the leg to keep
minals. a stocking inplace.
gang-way /'gaeqwei/ n [C] 1 gas /gaes/ n [C] {pi ~es) 1 an>
movable bridge from a ship to substance like air. 2 [U] any gas
the land. 2 passage between used for lighting and heating. 3
rows of seats. {US) = petrol. D vt/i (-ss-) 1
gaol, jail /dseil/ n [C] public pri- poison by gas. 2 {informal) talk
son, a put in prison. '>^er,
v/ for a long time. ''>^-main, large
jailer, jailor n [C] man in pipe supplying gas. ''v/-mask,
charge of prisoners. breathing apparatus to protect
gap /gaep/ ai [C] 1 openmg in a the wearer against harmful
wall, hedge, etc.2 distance: a ~ gases. ''>^-station,(6'5^ = pet-
o/ /wo milesjten minutes. 3 pass rol station, ^-^^eous adj o(, like,
between mountains. 4 some- gas.
thing missing: -^5 w one's know- gash /gaej/ n [C] long deep cut. a
ledge. v/ make a gash in.
gape /geip/ vj 1 open the mouth gas-ket /'gaeskit/ n [C] strip of
wide. 2 open wide: a gaping hole. material used to seal a join, etc
D n [C] open-mouthed stare. to prevent gas from escaping.
garage /'gaera:3/ n [C] 1 building gaso-line (also -lene)
in which to keep a car. 2 petrol l^gxs3\\:n/n[\J]{US) = petrol.
and service station, a vt put (a gasp /ga:sp/ vt/i 1 struggle for
motor-vehicle) a garage. m breath; breathe with difficulty. 2
garbage /'ga:bid3/ n [U] {US) say in this way: ^
a reply, a n [C]
rubbish. ''^-can/7({y5) = dust- short, quick breath.
bin. gassy /'gaesi/ adj of or like gas;
garble an incom-
/'gaibl/ vr give full of gas.
plete or confused account: a ^d gas-trie /'gaestrik/a<// of the sto-
report. mach: '^ ulcers.
gar-den /'ga:dn/ n 1 [C,U] (piece gate /geit/ n [C] 1 barrier that
oO ground used for growing closes an opening in a wall,
flowers, vegetables, etc. 2 (usu- fence, etc. 2 (money paid by)
ally pi) public park, a v/ cultivate number of people who attend a
a garden, 'x/er, person who sporting event. ''>^crash vr
works in a garden. come to a party without invita-
gargle /"go:gl/ vtji wash the tion. Hence, ''>^crasher n [C].
throat with liquid (without ''>^way, (a) opening with a
swallowing), a « [C] 1 liquid gate, (b) {fig) way of achieving:
used for gargling. 2 act of gar- the '^ to success.
gling. ga-teau /'gaetau/ n [C] {pi '^x
gar-goyle stone
/'gargoil/ n [C] /-teuz/) rich, fancy cake.
drainage hole, in the form of an gather /'gaed3(r)/ vt/i 1 come or
ugly creature, for the roof of a bring together. 2 pick (fiowers,
building. etc); collect. 3 obtain gradually:
gar-ish /'gearij/ adj unpleasant- '^ information. 4 understand: /
ly coloured, '^ly adv ^ you have resigned. 5 increase:
gar-land /'garland/ n [C] circle of -^^ speed, -^ing n [C] meeting.

flowers or leaves as an orna- gauche /gaoj"/ adj socially awk-

ment. D vt decorate with a gar- ward.
land. gaudy /'go:di/ adj (-ier, -iest)
gar-lic /'ga:hk/ n [U] plant like too bright and showy, gaud-ily
an onion used in cooking. adv
i
gar-rnent/'ga:m3nt/ /I [C] article gauge {US also gage) /geid3/ n
of clothing. [C] 1 standard measure. 2 dis-
I
gar-nish /'garnij/ vt decorate, tance between railway rails. 3
esp food. D n [C] something used (instrument for measuring the)
gaunt/ gentle
thickness of wire, rainfall, etc. a
VI 1 measure accurately. 2 (Jig)
estimate.
gaunt /goint/ adJ^ (of a p>erson)
thin as from ill-health. 2 (oi' a
place) desolate. '>^ness n [U]
gauze go:z n [U] thin, material
of cotton, wire, etc like a net.
gave/geiv/;7rofgiveV
gay gei adj (-er, -est) 1 cheer-
ful. 2 suggesting happiness: ->-
colours. 3 (informal) homosexu-
al. '^^nessrtlU]. C> gaily.
gaze geiz/ n (sing only) long,
steady look, a v/ stare at.
ga-zelle /gs'zel/ n [C] small,
graceful antelope.
ga-zette ga'zet/ /i [C] 1 govern-
ment newspaper with legal not-
ices, news, etc. 2 (as part of a
title) newspaper.
gear gi3(r) n 1 [C] set of tooth-
ed wheels working together in a
machine. 2 [Cl apparatus, me-
chanism, of wheels, levers, etc:
the 'landing-'^ of an aircraft. 3
[U] equipment: 'hunting-^, o
vt/i adjust one thing to another:
purchases ^ed to needs. ''>^-
box, case enclosing the gears in
an engine. ''>^-lever/-shift/-
-stick, device for changing
gear.
geese /gi:s/f;p/of goose.
gela-tine ,d3el9'ti:n/ • (also
gela-tin /-tin/) n [U] clear, tas-
teless substance, dissolved in
water to make jelly.
geld-ing /geldiq/ n [C] castrated
horse.
gel-ig-nite /'d3elignait/ n [U]
type of explosive.
gem /dsem/ n [C] 1 jewel. 2
something highly valued.
gen-der /'d3end9(r)/ n [C]
grouping of words (nouns and
pronouns) into classes (mascu-
line, feminine and neuter).
gene /d3i:n/ n [C] biological fac-
tor controlling heredity.
gen-eal-ogy /,d3i:ni'ael3d3i/ n (pi
-ies) 1 [U] science of the deve-
lopment of plants and animals.
2 to (diagram illustrating the)
development of a plant, animal
or family. genea-logical
/,d3i:ni3'lod3ikl/ adj.
gen-eral /'d3enr3l/ adj 1 of, af-
fecting, all: of ~
interest, in '^.
usually. 2 not in detail: a ~
idea.
3 (after a title) chief:
jyostmaster-^'^. n n [C] army of-
ficer with the highest rank below
Field Marshal. ,'>^ anaes'thet-
1!
ic, one affecting the whole
body, causing sleep. ,'>- elec-
tion, one for representatives
from the whole country. by- O ,
election. ,^v/ 'knowledge, of a
wide variety of subjects. |->^
prac'titioner, (GB) doctor
who is not a specialist. ,'>^
'strike, of all trade unionists. ,
'>^ity |d3en3'rael9ti n (pi -les)
(a) [C] general rule or state-
ment, (b) [U] quality of being
general, ^'^iz-ation -ai'zeijn/w
f C.U] (statement obtained by)
generalizing, '-^^ize v7// make a
general statement covering
many particular examples. '>^ly
adv (a) usually: / ~/>' get up at >
six. (b) for the most part: The
plan was -^ly welcomed, (c) in a
general sense: ^ly speaking.
gen-er-ate /'dsenareit/ vt pro-
duce: -^ electricity, gen-er-at-
i ve /'d3en3r3tiv / adj able to pro- .
duce. gen-er-ator n [C] ma-
chine that generates (electricity,
etc).
gen-er-ation |d3en3'reijn/ n 1
[U] generating: the ^
of electric- <
ity. 2 [C] single stage in family
descent. 3 [Cj all persons born
about the same time.
gen-eric /d3i'nenk/ adj common
to a whole group, -^ally adv
gen-er-os-ity /,d3en3'rDS9ti n
(pi -ies) [U] the quality of being
generous; [C] generous act, etc.
gen-er-ous/'d3en3r3S/a(y/1 giv-
ing freely: He's ~
with his
money. 2 plentiful. '>^ly adv
gen-etic /dsi'netik/ adj of genes
or genetics, gen-etics n [U]
(with a sing verb) science dealing ,
with heredity.
ge-nial /'d3i:ni9l/ adj 1 kindly; '
sociable. 2 mild: a ~
climate.
'^\y adv.
geni-tal /'dsenitl/ adj of animal
reproductive organs, geni-tals ,
«/?/ external sex organs.
gen-ius /'d3i:ni9s/ n [C] (pi ~es) '
1 [U] exceptional capacity of the
mind. 2 [Cj person having this
capacity. 3 natural ability: have
a '^ for languages.
geno-cide /'d3en9said/ n [U] the '
killing of a race or community
by mass murder.
gent /d3ent/ n [C] (informal abbr
oO gentleman, gents, (GB in-
formal) public toilet for men.
gen-tile /'dsentail/ n [C], adj
(person) not of the Jewish race.
gentle /'d3entl/ adj (-r, -st) not
 157 gentleman /get

rough or violent. ~ness n [U] ship, etc. D v/ gesticulate.

gentle-man /'d3entlm9n/ n [C] get /get/ vtji {pt got got', pp
{pi -men /-man/) 1 man who got) 1 become: cause to be or
shows consideration for others. become: ^
wet: ~
the children
2 {dated) man of wealth and so- ready. 2 (cause to) be in a certain
cial position. 3 polite word for condition: It's time we got start-
any man. ^*^iy adj like a gentle- ed; ~that car going. 3 reach the
man. stage where one knows, feels, etc
gen-tly /'d3entli/ .ad\ in a gentle something: ^ to know someone.
manner. 4 cause to do: '^ him to under-
genu-ine /'d3enjum/ adj true; stand. 5 receive; have: I've got
real. '>^ly adv. -^ness n [U] your telegram. '>^ the sack, O
ge-nus /'d3i:n3s/ n [C] (/?/ genera sack^. ^ one's own way. O
'd3en3r3') division of animals way (4). 6 catch (an illness): 'v-

or plants within a family. measles. 7 receive as a punish-

ge-ogra-phy dsi'Dgrafi/ n [U] 1 ment: '^ si.x months, ie six
science of the earth's physical months' imprisonment. S (infor-
features, climate, products, mal) understand: / don't you. ^
population, etc. 2 location of 9 puzzle: That's got him! 10
features of an area: the of the~ has/have/had got, eg as a
house, ge-ogra-pher n [C] ex- possession or characteristic:
pert in geography, geo'gra- What ugly teeth he's got! 11
phicala^ has/have/had got to. must.
ge-ol-ogy n [U] 1
/d3i'Dl3d3i' c> have^(5). 12 (cause to) move
science of the earth's history as to or from a point: G^ to bed!
shown by its rocks, etc. 2 rock We must ^ him to a hospital. G-^
structure of a specific region. off a bus! train. '^ some-
geo'logi-cal adj. ge-ologist n where I anywhere I nowher-
[C] expert in geology. e. achieve some/any /no result.
ge-ometry d3i'Dm9tn/ n [U] 13 ^ (sth) across (to sb).
science of the properties and rel- {informal) (cause something to)
ations of lines, angles, and fi- be understood, -v^ along, man-
gures. geo'met-ric(al) adj age; make progress. '^ at sb/
ger-anium d33'remi3m/ n [C] sth. reach. ^
at sb, (a) bribe,
[pl -ws) garden plant with red. corrupt him. (b) criticize, be
pink or white fiowers. -^ting at, {informal) suggest:
geri-atrics 'idseri'aetriks/ n [U] What are you '^ting at? '^
medical care of old people. away, manage to leave; escape:
qer\-aXr'\c adj Two prisoners got away. Hence,
germ /d33:m/ n [C] 1 portion of a '"s^-axA/ay n. '^ av\/ay with
living organism capable of be- sth, achieve something without
commg a new organism. 2 (Jig) punishment: ~
away with cheat-
beginning (of an idea. etc). 3 ing. '^ back, return. '>^ one's
microbe, esp one causing dis- ^own back (on sb). have
ease. one's revenge. ^ by. survive:
Ger-man /'d33:m3n/ adj. n [C] She can't ~ by without him. '^
(oO Germany, its language and sb down, {informal) depress;
its people. make sad. "^ sth down, (a)
ger-mi-nate "d33:mmeit/ vtji swallow: ^
the medicine down.
(of seeds) (cause to) start (b) write down. -^ dovs/n to
growth, ger-mi'na-tion n [U] sth, (begin to) deal (seriously)
gerund /'d3er3nd/ n [C] the -ing with. '^ in, arrive: The train got
form of an English verb when in late. -^ sb in, call a person to
used as a noun (as in 'fond of perform a service: ~
someone in
swimming'). to repair the TV. '^ sth in. ob-
ges-ticu-late /d3i'stikjuleit/ vi tain a supply: '^ coal in for the
use movements of the hands or winter. '^ into, (a) put on: ~
arms instead of, or to accom- into one's shoes, (b) develop a
pany, speaking, ges-ticu'la- condition; acquire: into ~
tion^j[C,U] trouble/bad habits, (c) become
ges-ture /'d3estj'3(r)/ n [C] 1 interested: ~
into a book. ~
movement of the hand or head off, start. '>^ sb off, save from
to show an idea, feeling, etc. 2 punishment. ->^ off with sth,
something done to show friend- escape more severe punishment:
 geyser/give
He got off with a fine, eg instead
of imprisonment. '>^ on. make
progress. -^ on one's nerves,
nerve(2). '^on to sb. get m
touch with, eg by telephone.
on (with sb). work or live in a
sociable way. '>^ on (with
sth), continue, -w out, become
known: The news will soon
out. '^ out of (sth/doing
sth), (fig) avoid. '^ over sth,
(a) recover from, eg illness, (b)
overcome: ~over shyness. '>^
round sb, persuade somebody
to do somethmg. a^ round sth.
evade, eg a law, without com-
mitting an offence. '^ round to
doing sth. deal with it (eventu-
ally). 'N^ through, reach a per-
son: / rang you but couldn't
through. "'^ through (sth).
pass, eg an examination, -v. up.
(a) rise; IVhen do you up, ie~
from bed? (b) stand up. '^ up
to sth. (a) reach: ~
up to page
ten. (b) plan: What will they
up to next?
gey-ser /'gi:z3(r)/ n [C] 1 natural
spring^ (2) sending up a column
of hot water or steam. 2 appa-
ratus for heating water by gas in
a bathroom, etc.
ghast-ly P ga:sth / adj (-ier, -iest)
1 pale and ill. 2 causing horror:
a ~ accident. 3 (informal) very
unpleasant: a ~
dinner.
gher-kin /'gaikm/ n [C] small,
green cucumber.
ghetto /'getsu/ n [C] (pi
poor section of a town, lived in
by a minority group of people.
ghost /gsust/ n [C] spirit of a
dead person appearing to a
ing person, give up the '^. die.
not the '^ of a chance, no
chance at all. the Holy G^,
Spirit of God. 'N^^ly adj of, like, a
ghost.
gi-ant /'dsaiant/ n [C] man, ani-
mal or plant much larger than
normal. '>^ess n [C] female
giant.
gib-ber-ish /'dsibarij/ n [U] un-
intelligible talk.
gib-bon /'giban/ n [C]
armed ape.
gib-lets /'d3iblits/ Ai/j/heart, liv-
er, gizzard, etc of a goose, hen,
etc.
giddy /'gidi/ adj (-ier,
dizzy. 2 not serious: a ~ young
girl,gid-di-ness n [U]
gift /gift/ /I [C] 1 something
given. 2 natural ability: a for
I
158
languages, '^ed adj talented.
gi-gan-tic /dsai'gaentik, adj of
immense size.
giggle /'qiqI/ v/ laugh in a silly
~ way. a n [C] silly laugh.
gild /gild/ v/ cover with gold leaf
or gold paint. '>^ing n [U]
material with which things are
~ gilded.
giir /gil/ n [C] (usually pf) organ
with which a fish breathes.
gilP /d3il/ n [C] liquid measure,
(=0.1 42 litres).
gilt/gilt/«[U] = gilding.
gimmick /'gunik/ n [C] (esp of
advertisers) trick, catchword,
etc used to attract attention.
gin /d3in/ n [U] colourless alco-
holic drink.
~ gin-ger /'d3ind33(r)/ n [U] 1
(plant with a) hot-tasting root
used in cooking. 2 (as an adj)
light reddish-yellow colour: -^^
hair, avt '^ up. make more live-
ly, i-^<ale/'beer, non-
~ alcoholic drink flavoured with
ginger.
gin-ger-ly /'dsmdpli/ adv with
great care; hesitantly, d adjcau-
tious.
ging-ham /'giqsm/ n [U] printed
cotton or linen cloth.
gipsy, gypsy /'d3ipsi/ n [C] (pi
-ies) member of a wandering
race in Europe and Asia.
gi-raffe /dsi'roif/ n [C] African
animal with a very long neck
and legs.
~s) girder /'g3:d3(r)/ n [C] iron or
steel beam to support a floor,
roof, etc.
girdle /'g3:dl/ n [C] 1 belt round
liv- the waist to keep clothes in posi-
tion. 2 = corset. 3 something
that encircles, d vt encircle: a
lake ^d
with trees.
girl /g3:l/ n [C] female child;
daughter; young woman.
regular female com-
''V/f riend,
panion, 'v/ish adj for, like, a
girl.
giro /'dsaiarau/ n [U] banking
system managed by a central or-
ganization, eg the Post Office.
long- girth /gsiG/ n [C] 1 band round
the body of a horse to keep the
saddle in place. 2 measurement
round anything cyUndrical.
gist /d3ist/ n the '^, main
-iest) 1 points: Tell me the ^
of what he
said.
give^ /giv/ gave /geiv/;p/>
vtli(pt
'v.n /'givn) 1 hand over (to a per-
^ son): present: G~ him a cheque/
 159 give/glimmer

birthday present. 2 exchange: / to fight in an arena.

gave him £400 for his old car. 3 glam-our {VS also glamor)
allow, eg time; agree to: him a ^ /'glaem3(r)/ n [U] 1 beauty;
week to decide. 4 supply; pro- charm. 2 attractive feminine
vide. 5 : ~
a groan, groan; her ~ beauty, ^ous adj. ^ize /-raiz/
a ring, telephone her. 6 (in fixed vt make something more glamo-
phrases) give or take..., plus rous than it really is: Don't ^
or minus. ^
way, (a) retreat, war.
(b) fail to support: The rope glance /'gla:ns/ vt/i 1 take a
gave way. '^ way (to sth/sb), quick look. 2 '^ off, (of a
(a) allow priority to: way to G~ weapon or a blow) strike and
traffic from the right, (b) be re- bounce ofT. a n [C] quick look,
placed by: Sorrow gave way to at a ^, at once.
smiles, (c) make concessions gland /glaend/ n [C] organ that
(to): Don't ^ way
them. 7to separates substances from the
I

I
communicate: ~
an account of blood. 'v/U-lar/-jul9(r)/a<i/
! one's journey. 8 lose firmness; glare /gle9(r)/ n 1 [U] strong, un-
bend: His knees seemed to un- ^ pleasant light. 2 [C] angry or
i

I
der the weight. 9 ^n
(a) assum- fierce stare, d vt/i 1 shine bright-
ing that one has: G~n good ly. 2 stare angrily or fiercely.
'

health. I hope to go. (b) agreed glar-ing adj (a) dazzling, (b)
j
on: ar (3 -^/j r/me. 10 act as host: angry, (c) conspicuous: a glar-
'^aparty.^^ 'y^sthaway, (a) ing mistake.
(
give freely, (b) reveal: His ac- glass 'gla:s/ n 1 [U] hard, brittle
I
cent gave him away. Hence, ''^- substance (as used in windows).
\
away n [C]. ,'>^ the *game 2 [C] article made of this, eg
away, O game^(5). ~ sth drinking vessel, mirror, bar-
back (to sb): ^ sb back ometer. 3 ipl) spectacles. 4 (/?/)
sth, return it. --w in (to sb), binoculars. 5 contents of a glass:
surrender. '>^ sth off, send out, a '^ of beer, a vr fit with glass;
eg smoke, smells, etc. '>^ out, glaze. ''>^house, = green-
come to an end: His strength/ house, '"v/ware, articles made
Our supplies gave out. -^ sth of glass, glassy adj (-ier, -lest)
~
I

out. distribute: out prizes/ like glass in appearance: a -^y

leaflets. ^up, abandon the at-
tempt to eg find the answer: /
up. you'll have to tell me. '^ sb
i
up, (a) regard him as hopeless:
The doctors have ^^^n him up. (b)
(informal) stop keeping com-
pany with him/her.
sb/
oneself/ sth up, surrender:
I up one 's seat in a bus. 'V/ sth up,
slop: '>^ up smoking.
give^ /giv/ n [U] 1 quaHty of
yielding to pressure: A stone
~
I
stare.
^ glaze /gleiz/ vt;i 1 fit glass into:
'^ a house/window. 2 cover with
a glass-like surface: ~
pottery. 3
(of the eyes) become glassy, n n
[C,U] thin glassy coating, glaz-
^
ier n [C] workman who fits glass
~ into windows, etc.
gleam /gli:m/ n [C] l^Jaeajai^f
soft light. 2 {fig) brief sign of
something: a '^ of hope, a vi
send out gleams.

floor has no in it. 2 (fig) (of a glean /gUm/ vt/i gather news,
f>erson) quality of yielding. '>^ facts in small quantities.
and take, compromise. glee /gli:/ n [U] joy caused by
given /'givn/ pp of give\ ''>^n success. '>^ful adi. '>^f ully adv
name, = first name. glen /glen/ n [C] {Scot) narrow
'
gla-cial/'gleisi3l/a(^oficeorthe valley.
Ice Age. glib con-
/glib/ adj (-bar, -best)
gla-cier /'glaesi3(r)/ n [C] mass of fident and fluent, but not sin-
ice moving slowly along a valley. cere: a ~
answer. '^\y adv.
I
glad /glaed/ adj (-der, -dest) 1 '>^ness/j[U]
pleased. 2 causing joy: '^ news. glide /glaid/ vi 1 move along
^den vt make glad, -o^ly adv smoothly. 2 (of aircraft) fiy
willingly: / will '>^ly help you. without the power of engines, d
'^ness;j[U] n [C] gliding movement, glider,
glade /gleid/ n [C] open space in aircraft without an engine.
,
a forest. glid-ing n [U] sport of flying in
gladi-ator /'glaEdieit9(r)/ n [C] gliders.
(in ancient Rome) man trained glim-mer /'glim9(r)/ v; send out
glimps«/go \(

a weak, unsteady light, a n [C] 1 Hushed (as after exercise). 3

faint, unsteady light. 2 (Jig) faint show strong colours, a n (sing )
sign: a '^ of hope. bright light: the ~
of sunset. *'^-
glirr.pse /glimps/ n [C] 1 quick, worm, insect which gives out a
imperfect view: catch a -^ of the green light. '>^ing adj (a) buring
secret papers. 2 short look (at), a without fiame. (b) enthusiastic:
vt have a glimpse of. describe in '^ing terms, 'kingly
glint /glint/ vi gleam, d n [C] adv
gleam or flash. glu-cose /'glurksus/ n [U] sugar
glis-ten /'glisn/ vi (esp of wet obtained from grapes.
surfaces) sparkle. glue /glu:/ n [U] adhesive sub-
glit-ter /'glit3(r)/ vi shine bright- stance used for joining things, a
ly with flashes of light: ~/>i^ vt (pt.pp ~d; gluing) 1 stick
jewels, a n [U] brilliant light. with glue. 2 put closely: eyes ~c^
'x^ing adj brilliant; attractive. to a keyhole.
gloat /gbut/ vi 'x, (over), look glum /gUm/ adj (-mer, -mest)
at with selfish delight: over ~ gloomy; sad. '»^ly adv.
one's victory, ^x^ing-ly adv glut /glAt/ vt (-tt-) 1 supply too
glo-bal /'gbubl/ adj 1 world- much to: -^^ the market with but-
wide: '^ war. 2 of the whole of a ter. 2 fill to excess, d n [C] supply
group of items, etc. in excess of demand.
globe /gbub/ « [C] 1 object glut-ton /'gUtn/ n [C] person
shaped like a ball. 2 (with r/if) who eats too much, 'x^ous adj
the Earth. very greedy, glut-tony n [U]
gloom /glu:m/ n [C] 1 darkness. practice of eating too much.
2 sadness and despair, gloomy gnarled /na:ld/ adj (of tree
adj (-ier, -lest) (a) dark, (b) trunks) twisted and rough.
depressed. '>^ily adv gnash /naej/ vtji grind (the teeth)
glor-if y /'gbinfai/ vt {pt.pp -ied) together.
1 worship (God). 2 give glory to gnat /'naet/ n [C] small two-
(a hero). 3 make (a person or winged fiy that bites.
thing) seem more impressive: gnaw /no:/ vtji 1 bite steadily at.
His cottage is only a glorified 2 torment: '^^edby hunger.
barn. glori-fi-cation gnome /naum/ n [C] (in tales)
,/-fi'keiJn//j[U] small goblin living under the
glori-ous /'glornas/ adj 1 mag- ground.
nificent. 2 possessing or giving go^ /gau/ vi (3rd pers. pres tense
glory: a ~victory. '^\y adv goes, pt went, pp gone) 1 move
glory /'glD:ri/ n [U] 1 fame and from one point to another and
honour. 2 adoration offered to away from the speaker, etc: ^
God. 3 quality of being magni- shopping/for a walk/to the cine-
ficent: the ^ of a sunset, d vi ma: ~ home. 2 (a) be placed:
(pt.pp -ied) -^^ in, take great The piano '>^es in the corner, (b)
pride in. be contained in: My clothes
gloss^ iglosj n 1 [U] smooth, won't ~
into this suitcase. 3 '

bright surface. 2 (fig) deceptive reach, extend: This road '^es to

appearance, a vt '^ over 1 give London. -^^ (very) far. (a) last:
a bright surface to. 2 cover up A pound doesn 't far now. (b) ~
(an error, etc). ''>^ paint; paint (of a person) succeed. '^ too '

which leaves a glossy surface. far. go beyond acceptable :

glossy adj (-ier, -iest) smooth limits. 4 (a) pass into or from:
and shiny. ~ from bad to worse to sleep. j'-^

gloss^ /glos/ n [C] explanation (b) attend: ~ to school, attend

of a word in a text, a vt Write school in order to learn. 5 be-
glosses on. come: ^
blind/mad, etc. -x^ bad,
gloss-ary /'glDS3ri//j [C](p/-ies) c> bad^ (5) 6 be moving, work-
.

1 collectionof glosses. 2 list and ing, etc: This clock doesn't ~. 7

explanations of special vocabu- be in a specific state: -^ hungry. 8 ;

lary. (showing progress): How's

glove /glAv/ n [C] covering for everything ^ing (= progress-'
the hand. ing)? ^ slow, (of workers) •

glow /gbu/ vt 1 heat or light work slowly as a protest. 9 'w. -|

without fiame: The hot metal (to sb) for. be sold (to a per-
'>^ed red. 2 (Jig) be warm or son) for. 10 be given up, lost;
|

fail: My sight is '^ing.
oneself '^,relax,
oneself, etc. 11 '^ it alone, act
by oneself, without support. 1
have a certain wording, tune:
How does the song '^? 1 3 begin
an activity: One, two. three. '^I
14 Ae '^ing to do sth, (a) in-
tend; plan: We're '^ing to spend
our holidays in Wales next year.
(b) be probable: It's ^ing to
rain, (c) about to: I'm '^ing to
be twenty next month. 15 '^^
about, move from place to
place, 'v. about sth. begin to
do: ^
about a job. ^
after sb/
sth, try to win or obtain. '>^
against sb, (a) oppose, (b)
have an unsatisfactory out-
come: The war is ^ing against
them, -s^ ahead, proceed; conti-
nue. Hence, '^-N^-ahead n per-
mission to proceed: get the ~-
ahead. -^ along, proceed. '>^
along with sb, (a) accom-
pany, (b) agree with: The ma-
nager '^es along with your idea.
'^ at sb/sth, (a) attack, (b)
deal with something energetical-
ly. '>^ away, leave. '^ back,
(a) (b) extend back-
return,
wards in space or time: Our fam-
ily-^es back 300 years, ^v. back
on, fail to keep, eg a promise:
back on your word. "^ by, pass:
as time ^es by. '^ by/under
the name of, be called, -w
dow/n, (a) (of a ship, etc) sink.
(b) (of the sun, moon, etc) set.
(c) (of food) be swallowed, (d)
(of the sea, wind, etc) become
calm, (e) (of prices) go lower, -w-
down (in sth), be written or
recorded: His name will ->-
down with sb,
in history, 'v.
be approved: His suggestion
went down very well, -v^ down
with sth, fall ill with. for ^ have a '^ (at sth). make an
sb, (a) fetch, (b) attack. '>- in,
(a) enter, (b) (of the sun, moon,
etc) be obscured by clouds. '^ in
for sth, (a) enter (a competi-
tion), (b) have an interest in: '^
in for golf, --w into sth, (a) ent-
er: ~ into the Army, (b) occupy
oneself with: 'v. into (the) details.
(c) (allow oneself to) pass into
(a certain state): ~into fits of
laughter. -^^ off, (a) explode; be
fired, (b) = go bad. O
bad^B).
(c) (of events) proceed: The
concert went off well, 'v./ off
sb/sth, lose interest in. --^
(a) (of time) pass, (b) behave.
161 go/goal
let esp badly, (c) happen: What's
enjoy •^ing on here? '^ on about
sth, lalk continually about. -^
on (at sb), criticize; scold. -^
on to sth I to do sth, do or say
next. '^ on (with sth/doing
sth), continue. ^
out, (a)
leave, (b) go to parties, etc: We
don't ~out much nowadays, (c)
be extinguished: The fire went
out. (d) become unfashionable.
'^ out with sb, (informal) be
regularly in a person's company.
'^ over sth, examine the de-
tails of. '^ round, (a) be
enough for everyone: There
aren 't enough apples to round. ~
(b) reach one's destination by a
longer route, -s^ round (to a
place), \isii: We're '^ing round
to see Bob. -^^ round the
bend, (informal) become very
angry, mad, etc. '^ through,
be concluded: The deal did not '^^
through. ^
through sth, (a)
discuss in detail, (b) search: -^
through his pockets, (c) suffer,
(d) spend (money). '^
through with sth, complete
to/towards sth, contri-
it. 'y^
bute to: This money will --s^ to-
wards the new hospital, -v/ un-
der, (a) sink, (b) (fig) fail. -v.
~ up, (a) rise, (b) be erected, (c)
be destroyed by explosion or
fire. '^ up sth, climb it. '>^
with sb/sth, (a) accompany,
(b) match: These curtains ~
well with your rugs. -^ without
(sth), endure the lack of: '^
without food for four days. '>^
without saying, be under-
stood without actually being
down stated.
go^ /gau/ n [C] (pi goes /gauz/)
He full of '^.
(informal) energy: 's
be on the '^, be very busy.
attempt.
go-between 'gsu bitwi:n/ n [C]
/
person who takes messages be-
tween two persons who cannot
meet.
goad /gaud/ n [C] 1 pointed stick
for urging cattle on. 2 (fig)
something urging a person to
action, a vt urge; incite.
goal /gaul/ n [C] 1 (in football)
posts between which the ball is
kicked in order to score; point(s)
made by doing this. 2 (fig) ob-
ject of efforts or ambition.
on, ''>^keeper, player whose duty
is to keep the ball out of the
goat/goodwill 162

goal. gold, (b) precious; excellent.

goat g3ut; n [C] small horned the |'>^en 'rule, any important
animal. O
kid^l ) get one's rule of conduct.
^, annoy one. golf golf/ « [U] game played
gobble^ /'gobl; v/// '^ (up), eat with a small, hard ball, driven
quickly and greedily. with 'golf-clubs into a series of
gobble^ 'gobl vi. n [C] (make 9 or 18 holes on a 'golf-
the) sound of a male turkey. course.
gob-let 'goblit n [C] drinking gon-dola /'gondab/ n [C] long,
vessel with a stem and no han- flat-bottomed boat used in Ven-
dle. ice, gon-do-lier /|gDnd9'lia(r)
gob-lin 'yoblm; n [C] ugly evil n [Cfman who propels a gon-
spirit. dola.
god god n [C] 1 being gone gon /?pofgoV
worshipped as having power gong goq/ n [C] large metal disc
over nature and control over hu- giving a resonant note when
man affairs. 2 G'>^, the Supreme struck. D \t strike a gong.
Being, creator of the universe. 3 good^ /god adj (better, best) 1
person greatly adored or ad- having the right or desired qual-
mired, -^^ess n [C] female god. ities: a ~
cook. 2 beneficial:
''^child, '-^daughter, Milk is 'v. for children. 3 effi-
''N-son, person for whom a god- cient; competent: -^ at mathem-
parent acts as sponsor at bap- atics. 4 pleasing; agreeable: ~
tism, ''^father, ''>^mother, news, be a '^ thing, be some-
''>-'parent, person who under- thing one approves of.
that
takes, when a child is baptized, have a '^ time, enjoy oneself.
to take an active interest in its 5 kind: He was ~
enough to help
welfare. ''>^fearing a^// sincere- us. 6 thorough: a -v, scolding. 8
ly religious. ''>^for-saken adj strong: >^ eyesight. 9 reliable: a
(of places) dismal, '-^^send, a car with ~
brakes, 'v. for. (a) to
great (and unexpected) help in be trusted for (the amount stat-
time of need, ^less a^y wicked; ed): Mycredit is ^
for £500. (b)
not having belief in God. ^»^like valid: tickets ^for three months.
adj like a god in some quality. 10'well behaved. 11 virtuous: a
'>-ly adj (-ier, -iest) deeply reli- ~ girl. 1 2 (in forms of greeting
gious, ^v/li-ness n [U] and farewell): G^ morning
goggle 'gogl vi roll the eyes afternoon. 13 considerable: a ~
about; stare at (in surprise). deal of money. 14 not less than:
goggles 'goglz/ n /?/ glasses to for a ~
hour, make
^. prosper.
protect the eyes from the wind, ''>^-for-nothing adj, n [C]
dust, etc. worthless (person). i-^-
go-ing /'gauu]/ n 1 [U] speed of 'looking adj beautiful; hand-
working or travelling: 50 miles some. |^»^-'natured adj kind.
an hour is good ~. 2 ^comings 'sense, ability to act wisely.
,'>^

and '-^s, {lit or fig) arrivals and i'>^-'tempered adj not easily ir-
departures, a adj the ^
rate, ritated.
the current price, a --^ con- good^ /gud/ n [U] 1 that which is
cern, profitable business. good. 2 for '^ (and all), per-
go-kart 'gau ka:t/ n [C] very manently; finally. 3 good per-
small racing-car. sons. 4 ipt) movable property;
gold /gauld/ n [U] 1 precious yel- merchandise: metal -^s. 5 (pi)
low metal. 2 money in large things carried by rail, etc (con-
sums. 3 (fig) precious things or trasted with passengers): a '~5
qualities: a heart of-^. 4 (also as train.
an adj) colour of the metal, yel- good-bye /igud'bai/ int. n [C]
low. ''>^finch, bright-coloured (saying oQ farewell.
songbird. ''>^f ish, small red fish good-ness /'gudnis/ n [U] 1
kept in bowls or ponds. ,'>^- quality of being good. 2 strength
'leaf, gold beaten into thin or essence: the ~
of fruit juice. 3
sheets. ''>-mine, (a) place (in exclamations) used instead
where gold is mined, (b) (Jig) of God!: For '^'sake! Thank ~.'
source of wealth. ''>^smith, goods gudz/ nplO good^.
worker who makes articles of good-will /,gud'wil/ n [U] 1
gold, '-•^en adj (a) of gold or like friendly feeling. 2 good relation-

ship of a business with its cus-
tomers.
goose /gu:s/ n {pi geese /gi:s/) 1
[C] water bird larger than a
duck; female of this. C> gander.
2 [U] its flesh as food.
goose-berry /'guzbari/ n [C] {pi
-ies) (bush with a) green, hairy
berry.
gore /gD:(r)/ v^ pierce,
with horns.
gorge /gD:d3/ n [C] 1
opening between mountains. 2
throat. D 17// eat greedily.
gorg-eous /'go:d33s/ adj^ mag-
nificent; very beautiful. 2 {infor-
mal) giving pleasure:
present. '>^ly adv
gor-illa /gs'rib/ n [C] {pi ~s)
man-sized, tree-climbing Afri-
can ape.
gorse /gD:s/ n [U] shrub with
sharp thorns and yellow flow-
ers.
gory /'gorri/ adj (-ier,
covered with blood.
gosh /goj/ int {si) exclamation of
surprise.
gos-ling /'gozlir)/ n [C]
goose.
gos-pel /'gospl/ n 1 the G'-«^,
one of the first four books of the
New Testament in the Bible. 2
[C] thing that may be believed
with confidence.
gos-sip /'gosip/ n 1 [C,U] talk
about the affairs of other
people. 2 [U] writing in news-
papers about social events: a
column. 3 [C] person who is fond
of gossip(1 ). a v/ (-pp-) talk or
write gossip.
got/jr,/7/7of get. C> also have^^.
gouge /gaud3/ n [C] tool with a
sharp semicircular edge for cut-
ting grooves in wood, a vr 1 cut
with a gouge. 2 push out: his
eyes out.
gou-lash /'gu:laej/ n [C,U] stew
of seasoned steak and vege-
tables.
gourd /guad/ n [C] 1 (hard-
skinned fruit oO kinds of climb-
ing plant. 2 bottle or bowl made
from the dried skin of this fruit.
gour-met /'guamei/ n [C] expert
ingood food, wines, etc.
gov-ern /'gAvn/ vtji 1 rule,
trol the affairs of (a country,
city, etc). 2 control: '^ one's
temper. 3 influence: '-^ed by the
opin ions of others.
gov-ern-ess /'gAvsnis/ n [C]
woman employed to teach
163 goose/graduate
young children in a family.
govern-ment /'gAvanmant/ n 1
[U] (method oOgoverning: de-
mocratic '^. 2 [C] persons
governing a State, '^al /-'mentl/
adj
gov-ernor /'gAV3n3(r)/ n [C] 1
person who governs a province
or colony or (US) a State. 2
wound, member of the governing body
of an institution (eg a school).
narrow gown /gaun/ n [C] 1 long, in-
door garment: a ^dressing-^. 2
woman's formal dress. 3 robe
worn by members of a univer-
judges, etc.
sity,
a ~ grab graeb, vt!i (-bb-) take hold
of roughly or eagerly, a ^ [C] 1
sudden act of seizing: make a ~
for. 2 mechanical device for tak-
ing up and holding something.
grace /greis/ n 1 [U] beauty, ele-
gance, esp in structure or move-
ment. 2 [U] goodwill, give sb a
-iest) ivee/r 's. etc ^, allow him an
extra week, etc (eg to pay). 3 do
sth with a good/bad '^, do
it willingly/reluctantly. 4 short
young prayer of thanks before or after
a meal. 5 [U] God's mercy and
favour towards mankind, n vt
give beauty or dignity to: a din-
ner '^d by the presence of the
Queen. -v/ful adj having
grace(1 ,3). '^f ully adv
gra-cious /'greijss/ adj
pleasant, kind; merciful, -^ly
adv. '>^nessn[U]
~ grade /greid/ n [C] 1 position on
a scale, etc: a high ~ of intel-
ligence. 2 the mark given for
work in school, make the '>^.
{informal) reach a good stan-
dard. 3 {US) = gradient, a vt
arrange in order in grades.
gradi-ent /'greidiant/ n [C] de-
^ gree of slope.
grad-ual /'graed3U3l/ adj 1 tak-
ing place slowly, by degrees. 2
(of a slope) not steep. '>^ly
/-d3uli/ a Jv slowly.
grad-uate^ /'graed3U3t/ n [C]
{GB) person who holds a univer-
sity degree.
grad-uate^ /'graed3ueit/ vt/i 1
mark with degrees for measur-
ing. 2 place in order. 3 success-
con- fully complete an academic
course, gradu'ation n [C,U]
(a) graduating, (b) ceremony
at which degrees are conferred,
(c) mark showing a measure-
ment: graduations on a ther-
mometer.
graffiti /gratify 1(

graf-fiti /graTiiti/ n pi drawing, form into grains, j-^d 'sugar,

words written on a wall. sugar in the form of small
graft /gra:fi n [C] 1 shoot from crystals.
a tree, fixed in another tree to gran-ule /'grsnju:!/ n [C] small
form a new growth. 2 (in sur- grain.
gery) piece of skin, bone, etc grape /greip/ n [C] green or pur-
transplanted to another (part of ple berry, used for making wine.
the same) body, a vt/i put a graft ''>^vine n [C] (a) kind of vine on
in or on. which grapes grow, (b) unoffi-
grain /grcm n 1 [U] seed of eg cial means by which news
wheat or rice. 2 [C] single seed of travels, eg in an ofTice.
such a plant. 3 [C] tiny, hard grape-fruit /'greipfru:t/ n [C] (pi
piece: 'v.5 of sand. 4 (Jig) small ^ or ~s) (usually yellow) fruit
amount: not a '^ of truth. 5 [C] like a largeorange.
natural pattern of the fibre in graph n [C] diagram con-
/graef/
wood, etc. be/go against the sisting of lines showing the
-v^, (fig) be undesirable. variation of two quantities. '->-'
gram graem O gramme. paper, paper with small
gram-mar ;'graEm3(r) n [U] squares of equal size.
study of, rules for, the use of graphic /^grxhk/ adj ^ of visual
words. '>^ian /gra'mearian/ n [C] symbols (eg lettering, draw-
expert in grammar, gram- ings). 2 (of descriptions) giving a
mati-cal /grs'mxtikl/ adj of, clear image; vivid, a n (pi) letter-
conforming to, the rules of ing, drawings, etc. '>^ally /-kh'
grammar. adv (a) by writing or diagrams,
gramme grsm/ (also gram) n (b) vividly: '\^ally described.
[C] metric unit of weight. graph-ite /'graefait/ n [U] soft,
gramo-phone 'graemafaun/ n black substance used in pencils.
[C] (dated) = record-player. grapple /'graepl/ vi 1 struggle
gran-ary /'graenari/ n [C] (pl-\es) with at close quarters. 2 (fig) try
storehouse for grain. to deal with (a problem, etc).
grand /graend adj (-er, -est) 1 grasp /gra:sp/ vtji 1 seize firmly
of greatest importance: the -^^ fi- with the hand(s). 2 understand.
nale. 2 magnificent: living in '^^ 3 -^ at. accept eagerlv: at an ~
style. 3 proud: a ~
manner /air. 4 opportunity, u n [CJ (usually
(informal) enjoyable: We had a sing) firm grip; understanding.
'^ time. 5 full: the ~
total, a n [C] grass /gra:s/ n 1 [U] kinds of
(informal) 1 grand piano. 2 common, wild, green plant. 2
thousand pounds or dollars. |'>^ [C] (pi ~es) any species of this
pi'ano, large piano, '^stand, plant. 3 [U] pasture: put cattle
rows of seats for spectators at out to ~. i-^-'roots n pi (often
races, etc. '>^ly adv as an adj) ordinary people.
grand- prefix one generation grassy adj (-ier, -iest) covered
more remote. ''>^-child/- with grass.
daughter/-son, daughter/son grass-hopper /'gra:shDp9(r)/ n
of one's son or daughter. [C] jumping insect which makes
''>^-father/mother, father- a chirping noise.
/'mother of one's father or grate^ /greit/ n [C] (metal frame
mother. in a) fireplace.
gran-deur /'graend33(r)/ n [U] grate^ /greit/ vtji 1 rub into
magnificence. small pieces against a rough sur-
gran-di-ose /'graendiaos/ adj face; rub small pieces off: ~
planned on a very large scale. cheese. 2 make a harsh noise by
gran-ite /'graenit/ n [U] hard, rubbing. 3 (fig) '>^{on) have an
grey, stone. irritating effect: His voice '^s on
grant /gra:nt/ vr 1 consent to my nerves, grater, device for
give: 'A- a favour. 2 agree: He 's grating food, etc. grat-ing adj
nice. I'll ~ you that, take sth grate-ful /'greitfi/ adj feeling or
for '>^ed, accept it as certain showing thanks. '>^ly adv
without discussion, a n [C] grat-if y /'graetifai/ vr (pt.pp -ied)
something granted, eg money. 1 give satisfaction to. 2 give
granu-lar /'graenjul9(r)/ adj of what is desired to: ~
curiosity.
or like grains. '^ing adj pleasing, grati-fi-
granu-late /'graenjuleit/ vt/i ca-tion /-fi'keiJn/VilCU]

grat-ing /'greitiq/ n [C] frame-
work of bars placed across an
opening, eg a window.
grati-tude /'graetitju:d/ n [U] be-
ing grateful; thanks.
gra-tu-itous /gra'tjuiitas/ adj 1
given, done, without payment. 2
without reason: a '^ insult, -s^ly
adv
gra-tu-ity /gra'tjucati/ n [C] (pi
-ies) 1 gift (of money) to a retir-
ing employee. 2 tip (for service).
grave^ /greiv/ adj (-r, -st) seri-
ous: a'>- situation 'N^ly adv
grave^ /greiv/ n [C] hole dug in
the ground for a dead body.
*'>^stone, stone over a grave.
''x/yard cemetery.
gravel /'graevl/ n [U] small
stones with coarse sand, as used
for paths, o vt (-II-, US also -I-)
cover with gravel.
gravi-tate /'graeviteit/ vi move
or be attracted towards, gravi-
ta-tion /-'teijn/ n [U] (a) pro-
cess of gravitating, (b) grav-
ity(l).
grav-ity /'graevati/ n [U] 1 force
which attracts objects towards
the centre of the earth. 2 weight:
centre of'^. 3 seriousness: the '^
of the situation.
gravy /'greivi/ n [U] juice which
comes from meat while
cooking. ''>^-boat, vessel
which gravy is served.
gray /grei/ adj, n O
grey.
graze^ /greiz/ vt/i 1 (of cattle,
sheep, etc) eat grass. 2 put
(cattle, etc) in fields to graze.
graze^ /greiz/ vt/i scrape lightly;
rub the skin from, n n [C] place
where the skin is grazed.
grease /gri:s/ n [U] 1 animal fat,
esp when soft. 2 any thick, oily
substance, d vt put or rub grease
on or in. '>^ sb's palm, bribe
him. greasy adj (-ier, -iest)
covered with grease, greas-ily
adv
great /greit/ adj {-ex. -est) 1 of
large size, quantity or degree: a
'V. friend: a '>^ work of art. 2 of
remarkable ability or character:
'^ men. 3 important: a ~ occa-
sion.4 (informal) (for emphasis):
Lxiok at that ~
big yacht! 5
(showing large quantity, etc): a
~ deal: a ^
number. 6 {informal)
splendid: a ~
party. G'>^ 'Bri-
tain, England, Wales and Scot-
land, the G'^ War, that of
1914—18. -^-ly adv much; very.
~nessn[U]
165 grating /grief
great- prefix showing
/greit/
parent of: f'^-^grandfother, one's
mother's or father's grandfath-
er.
greed /gri:d/ n [U] strong desire
for more food, wealth, etc.
greedy adj (-ier, -iest). '>^ily
adv
Greek /gri:k/ n member of the
Greek race; the Greek language.
be '^ to sb, be beyond his un-
derstanding. D adj of Greece, its
people, or language.
green^ /grim/ adj (-er, -est) 1 of
the colour of growing grass. 2
(of fruit) not yet ripe; (of wood)
not yet dry enough for use. 3(a)
inexperienced, (b) easily de-
ceived. 4 (of the complexion)
sickly; pale '^ with envy.
jealous. ''^ belt, area of
countryside round a city, 'x*
fingers, {informal) skill in gar-
dening, '^gage /-geids/,
greenish-yellow kind of plum.
''>^grocer, shopkeeper selling
vegetables and fruit, ''^house,
glass building, used for growing
plants.
green^ /gri:n/ n 1 [C,U] green
colour. 2 {p[) green vegetables. 3
area of land with growing grass.
(a) as public land: the village '^
it is (b) for the game of bowls, (c)
in surrounding a hole on a golf
course.
greenery /'grirnari/ n [U] green
leaves and plants.
greet /gri:t/ vt 1 welcome. 2 {for-
mal) (of sights and sounds) meet
the eyes and ears, -x^ing, words
or action used on seeing, writing
to a person: 'Good morning' and
Dear Sir are '^ings.
'
greg-ari'Ous /gri'geanas/ adj 1
living in groups. 2 liking the
company of others.
gre-nade /gri'neid/ ;; [C] small
bomb thrown by hand.
grew / gru:/ pt of grow.
grey (also) gray) adj (-er, -est)
of black mixed with white, a n
grey colour, a vt/i make or be-
come grey. ''>^matter, (a) the
brain, (b) intellect.
grey-hound /'greihund/ n [CJ
slender dog, able to run fast.
grid) /grid/ n [C] 1 system of
overhead cables, for distributing
electric current. 2 network of
squares on maps. 3 grating: a
'cattle ~, to prevent cattle from
leaving a field, etc.
grief /gri:f/ n 1 [C] something
 .

grievance/ground \(

causing grief. 3 bring sbl and endurance, n v7 (-tt-)

come to -v., cause to suffer spread grit on: -^ the roads in
misfortune. winter. -<- one's teeth, keep
griev-ance "gri:vns/ n [C] real the jaws tight together; (Jig)
or imagined cause for com- show courage. '>^ty adj (-ier,
plaint. -iest)
grieve /grirv/ vtji cause grief to; groan make a deep
/graon/ v///l
feel grief. sound of pain or distress. 2 (of
grill n [C] 1 = grating;
/gril/ things) make
a noise like that of
grille. 2 meat, etc cooked direct- groaning. 3 express with groan-
ly over or under great heat, a vtli ing. D /I fc] deep sound of groan-
1 cook under or over great heat. ing.
2 {Jig) expose oneself to great grocer /'gr3us3(r)/ n [C] shop-
heat. 3 (eg of the police) ques- keeper who sells food and
tion relentlessly. household goods, grocery, n
grille /gril/ n [C] parallel bars {pi -ies) (a) [U] grocer's trade,
across an open space, eg at the (b) (pi) things sold by a grocer.
counter of a post office. groggy 'grogi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
grim /grim; adj (-mer, -mest) unsteady; weak (through illness,
stern; severe: a ~
strueglelsmile. etc).
^ly adv. '>>/ness n [U] groin /groin/ n [C] 1 part of the
gri-mace /gn'meis/ n [C] twisted body where the legs join. 2 curv-
expression of the face, a v/' make ed edge where two arches meet
grimaces. (inarooQ.
grime /graim/ n [U] dirt, esp on groom /gru:m/ n [C] 1 person in
the surface of something, d vt charge of horses. 2 = bride-
make dirty with grime, grimy groom, o vt ^ feed and look
adj {-\er -es\)
.
after (horses). 2 (in the pp) (of
grin grin/ vtji (-nn-) 1 smile p>ersons): well ~e<i, •looking
broadly so as to show the teeth. clean and smart. 3 {informal)
^ and bear endure pain,
it. prepare a person (for a career,
disappointment without com- etc).
plaining. 2 express by grinning: groove /gru:v/ n [C] 1 long, hol-
~ approval, d n [C] act of grin- low channel in the surface of
ning. hard material. 2 way of living
grind /gramd/ vt/i{pt,pp ground that has become a habit, get
/graund/) 1 crush to powder: ~ into! be stuck in a -v/, have a
corn into flour. 2 (Jig) oppress: fixed routine, a vt make grooves
people ground {down) by poverty. in: a '^d shelf
3 polish or sharpen by rubbing grope /graup/ vt/i feel about, as
on a hard surface: ~
a knife. 4 in the dark.
rub harshly together: one's ~ gross^ / grsus i n[C] {pi '^) 144.
teeth. S '^ to a halt, (of a ve- gross^ /grsus/ adj 1 vulgar;
hicle) stop noisily, d /i 1 [C] act, rude. 2 clearly seen: ->^ injustice.
noise of grinding. 2 [U] {infor- 3 (of vegetation) luxuriant. 4 (of
mal) long, monotonous task. persons) extremely fat. 5 (oppo-
--^^er n [C] thing or person that site of net) total: his ~
income, a
grinds. '>^stone n [C] round vt earn as a total amount: ~//ve
stone, used for sharpening tools. million pounds, '^ly adv.
grip /grip/ vtji (-pp-) 1 seize ->^ness/iIU]
firmly. 2 hold the attention of. a gro-tesque /grau'tesk/ adj 1
n [C] 1 act, manner, or power of very ugly; strange. 2 (in art) with
gripping: have a good -^ ( = un- comically distorted figures, n n
derstanding) of a problem. [C] grotesque person, animal or
come I get to '^s with, begin design. '>-lya^v
to deal with (a problem). 2 (in a grotto /'grotau/ n {pi ^es or
machine, etc) part that grips. 3 'v.s)cave.
small bag for a traveller. ground^ /graund/ n 1 {sing with
gris-ly /'grizh/ adj causing horr- the) solid surface of the earth.
or: a 'v-mur tier. get off the ^, (a) (of an air-
gristle /'grisl/ n [U] tough tissue craft) rise into the air. (b) (Jig)
in meat. (of a project) make a start. 2 [U]
grit /gnt/ n [U] 1 tiny, hard bits area or distance on the earth's
of stone, sand, etc. 2 courage surface, cover (much, etc)
 ^ ground/guardian

^, (a) travel a great distance, manner, n n [C] low threatening

(b) (fig) (of a lecture, inquiry,
etc) deal with a variety of sub-
jects, gain '^, make progress.
give /lose '^, fail to keep one's
position, holdI stand I keep
one's '^r not yield,
'^. subject on which persons
agree. 3 [U] soil. 4 [C] area of
land for a particular use: a foot-
ball ~. 5 ipt) land, gardens,
round a building: The Palace
~5. 6 ipl) solid matter at the bot-
I
sound: a ~ of anger.
grown /graun/ppof grow.
growth /grauG/ All [U] growing;
development. 2 [U] cultivation;
act of growing something. 3 [C]
common something growing: a new of ~
beard. 4 [C] diseased formation
in the body, eg a cancer.
grub^ IgvAhJ n 1 [C] larva of an
insect. 2 [U] (5/) food.
grub^ IgTAh/ vt/i (-bb-) '^
(about), turn over the soil, esp

I
tom of a liquid: ^coffee-^s. 7 (pi to get something.
I or [U]) reason(s): '^s jar divorce. grubby /'grAbi/ adj (-ier, -lest)
[ i'^ 'floor, the floor of a build- dirty.
;! ing level with the ground. grudge /grAds/ vt be unwilling
'-^^sheet, waterproof sheet to give or allow: / -^ paying for
spread on the ground. ''>^work,
j
water, n n [C] feeling of ill-will,
(usually fig) preliminary work. resentment, grudg-ingly ac/v
I

I'X/less adj without good grue-some /'grursam/ adj horr-

reason: a ^less accusation. ible, repulsive, -^^ly adv
ground^ /graund/ vt/i 1 (of a gruff /grAf/ adj rough and un-
ship) (cause to) touch the sea friendly, '^[y adv
bottom. 2 force (an aircraft) to grumble /'grAnibl/ vi 1 com-
stay on the ground. 3 give basic 2 make a low, growling
plain.
training in. '>^ing, basic train- sound. D n [C] complaint.
ing. grumpy /'grAmpi/ adj (-ier,
ground^ /graund/ pt.pp of -iest) bad-tempered, grump-
grind. ily adv. grumpi-ness n [U]
group /gru:p/ n [C] number of grunt /grAnt/ vt/i 1 (esp of pigs)
persons or things together, a vt/i make a low, rough sound. 2 (of
form into a group or groups. persons) make a similar sound.
grouse^ /graus/ n [C] {pi '^) D « [C] low, rough sound.
(sorts oO wild bird shot for sport guar-an-tee /igaeran'ti:/ n [C] 1
and food. promise that certain conditions
grouse^ /graus/ vi {informal) will be fulfilled. 2 undertaking
complain; grumble, a n [C] com- to be responsible for eg payment
plaint. of a debt by another. 3 {legal =
grove /grauv/ n [C] small wood. guarantor) person who gives
grovel /'grovl/ vi (-II-; US also such an undertaking. 4 some-
-I-)1 crawl, in fear, (as iO beg- thing offered, as security for a
ging for mercy. 2 {fig) behave guarantee(1,2). a vt 1 give a
without self-respect, --s^ler, per- guaranteed ,2,3) for. 2 {infor-
I
son who grovels. mal) promise: ~
satisfaction..
'
grow /grau/ vt/i {pt grew /gru:/; guaran-tor /,gaer3n'tD:(r)/ n C>
PP •^n /graun/) 1 develop; in- guarantee(3).
crease in size. '^ out of. (a) be- guard /ga:d/ n 1 [U] state of
come too big for. (b) become alertness against attack: on '^. 2
too old for: -^ out of playing with [C] soldier(s) keeping guard. 3
toys, (c) have as a source: His {GB) official in charge of a rail-
troubles grew out of his bad temp- way train. 4 [C] soldiers with the
er. '^ up, (a) (of persons, ani- duty of protecting or escorting a
mals), become mature, (b) de- person: the •^ of honour. 5 per-
velop: A warmfriendship grew son in charge of prisoners. 6 (esp
up between them. 2 become: ~ in compounds) (part oO an ar-
older. 3 cause or allow to grow: ticledesigned to prevent injury:
-v, roses. 4 '>^ on, become more a ^mud^, over the wheel of a
attractive to: The new house will bicycle, etc. a vt/i 1 protect. 2
->-on you. 'grown-up, adult. watch over (a person) to prevent
growl /graul/ vr//1 (of animals, escape. 3 use care to prevent: -^
thunder) make a low, threaten- against disease, -^^ed adj (of
ing sound: The dog •^ed at the statements, etc) cautious.
burglars. 2 say in a growling guard'ian /'ga-.dian/ n [C] per-
guerrilla/gutter
son responsible for the care of a
child, ^ship position of a guar-
dian.
guerrilla, guerilla gs'rib/ n
[C] (pi ~s) man engaged in a
guerrilla war. -^ 'war, fighting
by small groups of civilians.
guess ges/ vtii form an opinion
based on beliefs, not on definite
knowledge, a n [C] opinion
formed by guessing. ''>^work,
(result oQ guessing.
guest gest n [C] person paying
a visit to another's house or a
hotel, 'chouse, boarding-
house.
guid-ance 'gaidns/ n [U] 1 act
of guiding. 2 advice.
guide gaid n [C] 1 person who
shows others the way: a tourist
~. 2 something that influences
(behaviour, etc): Experience is
my ~). 3 (also ''>^book) book
with information about a place.
4 book of information: a '^ to
growing roses, a vt act as guide
to. ,^»^d 'missile, rocket which
can be controlled by electronic
devices.
guild gild/ n [C] society
craftsmen or businessmen.
guile 'gail n [U] deceit.
guillotine ,gib'ti:n/ n [C] 1
machine for beheading (crimi-
nals) 2 machine for cutting the
edges off sheets of paper, etc. d
v7 use a guillotine on.
guilt gilt, n [U] feeling of shame
for having done wrong; respon-
sibility for wrong-doing. '>^ily
adv. guilty adj (-ier, -lest) (a)
having done wrong, (b) feeling
guilt.
guinea ;'gim/ n [C] (abbr gns)
(dated) the sum of twenty-one
shillings.
guinea-pig 'gim pig/ n [C] 1
short-eared animal like a big rat,
often used in experiments. 2 per-
son used in experiments.
guitar gi'ta:(r)' n [C] stringed
musical instrument, plucked
with the fingers. '>^ist n [C]
gulf lg\[(i n 1 part of the sea al-
most surrounded by land: The
G~ of Mexico. 2 deep, wide
hole.3 (fig) division (between
opinions, etc).
guir /gAl/ n [C] (kind oO
long-winged seabird.
gull^ /gAl v7 cheat: ~
a fool out
of his money, ^wible adj easily
deceived.
guMet /'gAht/ n [C] throat.
168
gulp /g\lpl vtfi 1 swallow (food
or drink) quickly. 2 hold back
if swallowing): -<^ hack tears.
(as
D n [C] act of gulping; amount
gulped.
gum^ /gAm/ n [C] flesh round the
teeth.
gum^ g\ml n 1 [U] sticky sub-
stance obtained from some
trees.2 [U] gum prepared for
chewing: ^chewing-'^ 3 up a
'^-tree. (si) in difTiculties. a v/
(-mm-) stick with gum; spread
gum on. ''>^ boots, high rubber
boots. '>^my adj (-ier, -lest)
sticky.
gun /gAn n [C] firearm that
sends a bullet from a metal tube.
go great '^s. make great pro-
gress, stick to one's '^s. con-
tinue to defend one's opinions, d
v7 ^
sb (down), shoot with a
gun. ''>^boat, small warship
carrying heavy guns. ''>w--
carriage, wheeled support of a
big gun. ''^ dog, dog trained to
retrieve killed birds, ''^man,
man who uses a gun to rob or
kill, '--^^powder, explosive
of powder, '^w-running, smug-
gling of firearms. ''>^smith,
person who makes and repairs
small firearms. '>-ner n [C\ (a)
(in the army) officer or man in
the artillery, (b) (in the navy)
officer in charge of a battery of
guns. '>^nery, skill in firing
large guns.
gurgle 'gargl/ n [C,U] bubbling
sound of flowing water, d vi
make this sound.
gush gAj, vi 1 flow out sudden-
ly: blood '^ing from a wound. 2
talk with great enthusiasm, g n
[C] sudden outburst, '-^ing adj
gust /gASt n [C] 1 sudden rush ,
of wind. 2 outburst of feel-
(fig)
ing, gusty adj (-ier, -lest)
stormy.
gut /gAt/ n [C] 1 (pi)bowels.
hate sb's ^s, (si) hate him in-
tensely. 2(informal) courage
(pi)
and determination. 3 [U] strong
cord made from the intestines of
animals. C> catgut. 4 (pi) (infor-
mal) important parts of some-
thing: the ~5 of -an engine, a vt
(-tt-) 1 take the guts(1 ) out of
large, (a fish, etc). 2 destroy the inside
of: a house '^tedbyfire.
gut-ter /'gAt9(r)' n\C] 1 channel
under the edge of a roof, or at
the side of a road, to carry aw a\
rainwater. 2 (fig) streets, esp of a
 169 guy/half

poor district: born in the'^. do hard and uninteresting work

guy' /gai/ n [C] rope used to keep as a writer.
eg a tent secured. hack-neyed /'haeknird/ adj (esp
guy^ /gai/ n [C] 1 figure of a man, of sayings) meaningless because
dressed in old clothes (eg as repeated too often.
burned on 5 Nov in Britain.) 2 had /haed pt.pp of have.
/

{st) man. had-dock /'hsedak/ n [C] {pi ^)

guzzle /'gAzl/ vtji {informal) eat seafish, like the cod, used for
or drink greedily. food.
gym /d3im/ n [C] (si) (short for) haem-or-rhage /'hemaridj/n =
gymnasium, gymnastics. ''>^- hemorrhage.
shoes, = plimsolls. hag ,^aeg/ n [C] witch; ugly old
gym-khana /dsim'karna/ n [C] woman.
(pi 'v.s) public competition, esp hag-gard /'haegad/ adj (of a per-
with horses. son) looking exhausted.
gym-nasium /dsim'neiziam/ n hag-gis /'haegis/ n [C,U] Scottish
[C] {pi ~s) hall with apparatus dish of parts of a sheep, mixed
for gymnastics. with oatmeal, and cooked in a
gym-nast /'dsimnaest/ n [C] ex- sheep's stomach.
pert in gymnastics. haggle /'hasgl/ vi '^ (over/
gym-nas-tic /dsim'naestik/ adj about), argue about (a price).
of bodily training, gym-nas- hair /heil/ n 1 [U] frozen drops
ties n pi exercises for physical of rain. 2 something coming in
training. great numbers and force: a^^ of
gynae-col-ogy {US =gyne-) blows, u vtji 1 (of hail) come
/igami'koladsi/ n [U] science of down. 2 (of blows, etc) come,
the diseases of women and preg- send, down. ''>^stone, small
nancies, gynae-colo-gist n [C] piece of hail. ''>^storm, storm
expert in gynaecology. with a fall of hail.
gypsy /'d3ipsi/rt[C] = gipsy. haiP /heil/ v/// greet; call out to
(to attract attention).
hair 'he9(r)/ n 1 [U] thread-Hke
growths on the skin of animals,
esp on the human head, /et
one's '-^^ down, {fig) relax
after being ma/te
formal,

Hh one's
one with
''>^ stand on end. fill
fear. 2 [C] single thread
of hair, split '^s. make unim-
portant distinctions. ''>^('s)-
H. h /eitj/ {pi H's, h's /'eitjiz/), breadth, very small distance.
the eighth letter of the English ''>^-do, {informal) style of a
alphabet. woman's hair. ''>^dresser, per-
hab-er-dasher /'haEb9daej9(r)/ n son who cuts and styles hair. C>
[C] shopkeeper who sells cloth- barber, '^s^line, (a) area where
ing, pins, cotton, etc. hab-er- the roots of hair join the
dash-ery n [U] haberdasher's forehead, (b) width of a hair: a
trade or goods. ^line fracture, '^^^pin, bent pin
habit /'hasbit/ n 1 [C.U] person's for keeping the hair in place.
usual practice or behaviour. (--N^pin 'bend, sharp bend on a
fa/// get into bad'^s. acquire road, '-^^-raising a J/ terrifying.
them, get out of a '^. aban- hairy adj (-ier, -iest) of or like,
don it. 2 [C] garment worn by covered with, hair.
members of a religious order. hale /heil/ adj (only in) 'v^ and
hab-it-able /'hasbitabl' adj fit to hearty, strong and healthy.
be lived in. half /ha:f/ n {pi halves /harvz/)
ha*bit-ual ha'bitjoal/af^'l usu- adj.adv 1 one of two equal parts.
al. 2 acting by habit: an liar. ~ go fta/ves (with sb). share
'^ly -tjuoli adv as a habit. equally. 2 (as in adv) partly: 'v.
hack' /haek; vtji cut roughly. cooked, '^-'dead, {informal) ex-
''>^saw, one for cutting hausted. ,'>--'baked adj {infor-
through metal mal) foolish: a '^-bakcd idea.
hack' /haek/ n [C] 1 horse that '^-breed, person, animal, with
may be hired. 2 person paid to parents of different races, spe-
hall/hand
cies. ''^-caste, person with
parents of difTerent races. ,'^-
'hearted af^ done with little en-
thusiasm, i-^^-'mast, at '>^-
mast. (of a flag) in the position,
near the middle of a mast, to in-
dicate mourning. |'>^-'vway adv
to or at half the distance. ,^^-
'witted udj havmg low intel-
ligence. Hence, ''>^-vwit n [C]
hall /hD:I/ n [C] 1 (building with
a) large room for meetings, con-
certs, etc. 2 large room for
meals. 3 building for university
students: a '^ of residence. 4 (in
England) large country house 5
room at the entrance of a build-
ing. '-»^mark n [C] (a) mark of
the standard of gold and silver,
(b) indication of quality, a vt
stamp a hallmark on.
haMe-lu-jah /,haeli'lu:J3/ n [C],
/>?/ praise to God.
hallo /ha'bu/ int. n [C] cry to at-
tract attention; greeting.
Hal-low-e'en /,hael3o'i:n/
Oct, eve of All Saints' Day.
halluci-na-tion /h3,lu:si'neijn/
n [C,U] (instance oQ seeming to
see something not actually
present.
halo /"heibu/ n [C] {pi ~es, or
-^^s) 1 circle of light round the
sun or moon. 2 (in paintings)
circle of light above the heads of
sacred figures.
halt' /hDilt/ n [C] 1 call a -^
(to), (a) order a short stop on a
journey, (b) (Jig) order an end.
2 stop or pause, a vtii 1 stop
marching. 2 bring to an end.
halt^ /hotlt/ vi hesitate: a '^ing
voice. '>^ing-lya</v
hal-ter /'ho:lt3{r)/ n [C] strap put
round a horse's head (for lead-
ing or fastening the horse).
halve /ha:v/ vt 1 divide into two
equal parts. 2 reduce by one
half: ~ your speed.
halves /ha:v/ n pi of half.
ham /haem/ n 1 [C] upper part of
a pig's leg, salted or smoked; [U]
this as meat. 2 [C] {sf) poor ac-
tor. 3 [C] amateur radio opera-
tor. D vtii (-mm-) {informal) act
(a role) in an exaggerated way.
,'>^-'f isted ac/y clumsy.
ham-burger /'haemb3:g3(r),' n
IC] 1 fried, flat cake of minced
meat. 2 bread roll filled
this.
ham-let /'haemlit/ n [C] small vil-
lage.
ham-mer /'h«Em3(r)/ n [C]
170
with a heavy metal head used for
driving in nails, etc. 2 (in a
piano, gun, etc) striking part, a
vtji 1 strike (as iQ with a ham-
mer. 2 {fig) work hard: away ~
at a problem. 3 {fig) force: '>^ an
idea into his head. 4 {informal)
heavily defeat (a person).
ham-mock 'haemak/ n [C] bed
of cloth and ropes suspended
from posts.
ham-per' /'haemp3<r), n [C] bas-
ket for carrying food.
ham-per^ /'hasmp3(r)/ vt prevent
free movement: '\^ed by his
broken leg.
ham-ster /'haemst3(r)/ n [C] ani-
mal like a large rat, kept as a pet.
hand' /haend/ n [C] 1 part of the
human arm beyond the wrist.
at/ to '>-', near, by '^. (a) with-
out the use of machinery, (b)
personally: deliver a letter by 'v..
in ~, (a) ready for use: have
money in '^. (b) receiving atten-
n 31 tion: the work is in '^. '^ in 'v-,
(a) holding hands, (b) in
cooperation, in the -s^s of, be-
ing looked after by. off/on
one's '^s, free from/being
one's responsibility, on ^, av-
ailable, out of ~, out of con-
trol, give/ lend a '^, help do
something, have/give sb a
free ^. C>free(4). have
one's '^s full, be very busy.
have /get the upper '^,
have/get an advantage over.
live from "^ to mouth, spend
all one's money as soon as it is
earned, wash one's of. ^s
refuse to be involved any longer.
2 {pf) possession; responsibility.
change 'v.s, pass to another
owner. 3 play into sb's '^s.
give him the advantage. 4 try
one's '^^ at. attempt some-
thing. 5 an old -w at, person
with long experience. 6 work-
man; member of a ship's crew. 7
pointer on the dial of a watch or
clock: the hour ^. S on the
fOne '^...the ^other '>^. (indi-
cating contrasted points of view,
etc). 9 {sing only) handwriting: a
legible ->-. 10 (in card-games)
(number of) cards dealt to a
player. 11 [C] unit of measure-
ment of a horse. 1 2 {informal)
with applause by clapping: give him a
big '^. '^bag, woman's bag for
money, keys, etc. '^brake,
brake m a motor- vehicle, used
1 tool when it is stationary, ''v-cuff s n
 171 hand/harbour

[C] metal rings joined by a chain, '>^nian, person clever at doing

fastened round a prisoner's small repairs, etc. hand-ily adv
wrists. D put handcuffs on.
vi hang^ haeq/ n get the of ^
-^^ful, (a) as much as can be sth. see how something works.
held in one hand, (b) small hang^ /haer), vt/i {pt.pp hung
number: a '^ful of people, (c) hM]/ or, for 2 below, 'x.ed) 1
{informal) f>erson or animal dif- support, be supported, from
ficult to control. ,'-w-'picked above. 2 (pt.pp ~ed) put to
adj carefully selected, ''^^writ- death by hanging with a rope
ing, (person's style oO writing around the neck. 3 wallpap-
: ~
by hand. er, attach it to a wall with paste.
hand^ /haend/ v7 pass (to a per- 4 leave, eg meat, hanging until
son); help with the hand(s): //'v- ready to eat. 5 '^ about/
me that knife please. '^ sth (a)round. stand doing nothing
down (to sb), pass by tradi- definite. ^
back, show unwill-
tion, etc. '^ sth on (to sb), ingness to act. '^ on. (a) hold
give to another. '^ sth out, dis- tight, (b) (informal) wait. 'v.
tribute. -«^ sth over (to sb). up. put down a telephone
transfer, give it. ''>^out, (a) receiver, be hung up. (infor-
of charge,
leaflet distributed free mal) be frustrated, inhibited.
(b) something given free of '>^man, executioner who hangs
charge, eg money. '^ sb over. criminals. ''>^over, unpleasant
deliver a person to the authori- after-effects of drinking alcohol.
ties. ''^-up, (feehng oO frustration,
handi-cap /'haendikaep/ n [C] 1 worry etc.
(competition with a) disadvan- han-gar /'h£Er)9(r)' n [C] building
tage given to a competitor to for keeping aircraft.
make the chances of success hang-er 'hasr|3(r) n [C] device
more equal. 2 something that on which something is hung: a
hinders or weakens. 3 physical ^coat-^. |'>^-'on, (;7/~s-on) per-
disability, a vt (-pp-) give or be son who forces his company on
a handicap to. others in the hope of advantage.
ha ndi -craft ; 'haend ikra:ft/ n [C] han-ker /'haegk3(r)/ vi --^ for/
craft needing skill with the after, have a strong desire.
hands, eg pottery. '>^\ng n[C]
handi-work /'haendiw3:k7 n 1 hanky /'hasr)ki/ n [C] (pi -\es) (in-
[C.U] work done by hand. 2 [C] formal) = handkerchief.
something done: This is your '^. hap-haz-ard /haep'haezad/ adj,
hand-ker-chief /'haerjkatjif/ n adv without planning or organi-
[C] square piece of cotton, etc zation.
for blowing the nose into. hap-pen /'haepsn/ vi 1 take
handle 'haendl/ n [C] part of a place: What ~5 now? 2 chance: /
tool, cup, door, etc by which it is ^ed to meet him. 3 ^^ on sth.
held, f/y off the ^, (informal) find by chance. '>^ing, (a) (of-
get into a rage, a v? 1 touch with, ten pi) event, (b) (si) spon-
take up in, the hands: Wash your taneous entertainment.
hands before you '^ food. 2 deal happy /'haepi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
with: ~a situation. 3 treat: fortunate; feeling or expressing
roughly '^d. '-^bar, (often pi) pleasure, etc. 2 pleased: / shall
bar with a handle at each end, be ~ to accept your invitation. 3
for steering a bicycle, etc. (of language, conduct) well suit-
handler, person who trains eg ed to the situation. |'>^-go-
a police dog. 'lucky adj carefree, hap-pily
hand-some /'haensam/ adj 1 of adv. happiness n [U]
fine appearance; good-looking. har-angue /hs'raer)/ n [C] long,
2 (of gifts, behaviour) generous. angry speech, a vt/i make such a
~ly adv in a generous manner: sf)eech(to).
-^lypaid. har-ass /'haeras/ vt 1 trouble:
handy /'haendi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 ^ed byproblems. 2 make
(of persons) clever with the repeated attacks on: the ~
hands. 2 (of things) easily used. enemy forces. '>^nrient n [U]
come in ^, be useful. 3 (of har-bour(L':V = -bor)/'hu:bo(r)/
things, places) available for use: n [C] 1 place of shelter for ships.
Always keep a first-aid kit ->.. 2 (fig) any place of safety, a vt/i
hard /hasp 1'

1 give shelter to. 2 hold in the ing harm (to), 'x.less adj (a)
mind: ~ evil thoughts. not doing harm (to), (b) in-
hard' /ha:d/ adj (-er, -est) 1 nocent.
firm; not yielding to the touch: har-mon-ica /hai'monika/ n [C ]

as '>^ as rock. 2 difficult; a '^ e.K- (yj/^s) mouth-organ.

am. 3 causing unhappiness or harmon-ize /'hacmanaiz/ vtii 1
pain, learn sth the <>^ way. bring into harmony. 2 (in music)
by sudenng. etc. 4 severe: a '^ sing or play an instrument in
life I winter. 5 (of the body) hav- harmony.
ing hard muscles. 6 done, doing har-mony /'haimani/ n (pl-\es) 1
(something), with much effort: a [U] agreement (of feeling, opin-
'^ worker. 7 (of sounds): The let- ions, etc). 2 [C,U] (example of)
ter g ' is ->- in gun and
'
soft in pleasing combination of related
gin'. 8 '>^ and fast (rules, etc). things: ~ 3 [C,U]
of colour.
that cannot be altered, -v. of pleasing combination of musical
hearing, rather deaf. ''>^back, notes. harmoni-ous
book bound in a hard cover. /ha:'m3uni3s/ adj
''-onboard, material like harness /'harms/ n [U] 1 straps,
plywood. ,->- 'cash, coins and etc by which a horse is fastened
notes, not a cheque ,->>' 'cur- to what It pulls. 2 arrangement
rency, one that can be freely of straps, etc for fastening some-
exchanged. ,^ 'drugs, those thing to the body, eg a para-
which lead to addiction, eg he- chute, a vt^ put a harness on (a
roin. ,'>^ 'facts, reliable facts. horse). 2 use (a river, etc) to pro-
I'xz-'headed adj not sentimen- duce (esp electric) power.
tal. I'x.-'hearted adj lacking in harp /ha:p/ n [C] upright musical
sympathy. |'>^ 'luck, worse for- instrument with vertical strings
tune than is deserved. ,'>^ played with the fingers, a vi 1
'shoulder, hard surface at the play the harp. 2'^ on sth, (Jig)
side of a motorway. ''>-vware, talk repeatedly about. '>-ist,
(a) metal goods for domestic person who plays the harp.
use, eg pans, locks, (b) (comput- har-poon /,ha:'pu:n, n [C] spear
ers) mechanical equipment. c> on a rope, for catching large
software. ''>^wood, heavy sea-animals, a vt catch with a
wood, eg oak, teak. harpoon.
hard^ /ha:d/ adv 1 with great harp-si-chord n
/'haipsikard/
energy: try ~. 2 heavily: raining [C] musical instrument like a
'^. 3 with difilculty: my '~- piano.
earned money, be '^ up, be har-row /'haerau/ n [C] heavy
short of money. 4 so as to be frame with teeth for breaking up
hard ( 1 ) '^-boiled eggs. 5 im-
: ground after ploughing, d vt 1
mediately: follow 'y^ after use a harrow. 2 (Jig) cause dis-
someone. tress to: o ~ ing journey.
harden /'ha:dn/ vt/i make or be- harsh adj (-er, -est) 1
/ha:J"/
come hard, strong, etc. rough and
disagreeable. 2
hard-ly /'ha:dh/a£/v1 only just: / severe: a ~
punishment, 'x/ly
can ~walk. 2 not at all: You can adv.'>^t\essn\\}]
'^ expect me to lend you money har-vest /'haivist n [C] 1
again. 3 almost no, not: -^ ever. (season for) gathering in of food
hard-ship /'ha:djip/ n 1 [C, U] crops; quantity obtained: a good
(cause oO severe suffering. wheat '^. 2 (Jig) result of action:
hardy /'ha;di/ adj (-ier, -iest) reap the '^ of one's work, a vt
able to endure hardship, suffer- gather a crop.
ing, hardi-ness n [U] has/haez/ c> have\
hare /he3(r)/ n [C] fast-running hash /haej/ vt chop (meat) into
animal with long ears, larger small pieces, u n^ [U] (dish of)
than a rabbit, a \i run fast. ''>^- cooked chopped meat. 2 make
brained adj foolish. a '^ of sth, (fig) do it badly.
hark ;ha:k/ vi 1 (informal) listen hash-ish, hasheesh 'haeji:j'
to. 2 -^ back (to), refer to n[\]] = cannabis.
something done earlier. hasn't /'haeznt = has not. O
harm /ha:m/ n [U] damage; in- haveV
jury, out oif '>^'s ^way, safe, a hasp /haesp/ n [C] metal fasten-
vt cause harm to. '^ful at^ caus- ing for a door.

haste /heist/ n [U] hurry: speed.
hasten /'heisn/ vtji 1 act with
speed. 2 say quickly: I '^ to add
that your child is safe.
hasty /'heisti/ adj (-ier, -iest)
made or done too quickly: a '^
decision, hast-ily adv
hat /haet/ n [C] covering for the
head, take one's '^ off to,
(Jig) express admiration for.
hatch /haet J/ n [C] 1 (movable
^
covering over an) opening in a
floor (eg on a ship). 2 opening in
a wall between two rooms.
hatch^ /hcetj", vtii 1 (cause to)
break out (of an egg): The chick-
ens are '^ing. 2 prepare (a plan,
etc).
hatchet 'hictjit/ n [C] small axe.
bury the ^. stop quarrelling.
hatch-way /'haetjwei/
hatchV
hate have a great dis-
/heit/ vt 1
like of or for. 2 regret: / '^ to
trouble you. a n [U] extreme dis-
like. '>^ful adj causing hatred.
'^ixiWy ad\
hatred n [U] hate.
/'heitrid/
haughty /'hD:ti/ adj (-ier, -iest)
arrogant; too proud, haught-
ily adv. haughtiness n [U]
haul /ho:l/ vtji pull (with effort).
/7 [C] 1 act of hauling. 2 dis-
tance along which something is
hauled. 3 amount gained, esp of
fish in a net. '^^age n [U] trans-
port (of goods), '^ier n [C] per-
son or firm that transports
goods by road.
haunch /hDrntJ/ n [C] part of the
body between the ribs and the
thighs.
haunt /hoint/ vt 1 visit habitual-
ly. 2 (esp of ghosts) appear
repeatedly in. 3 return to ihe
mind repeatedly: '^ed hy fear, d
n [C] place frequently visited.
have^ iu.sual form hov: strong
form haevy au.x verb {3rd person
sing has pt.pp had ) 1 (to form
; go '^wire, (of eg a plan) be-
the perfect tenses): / '^i I've fin-
ished. He has He's gone. 2
(meanmg if): Had / ( = If
known,... C> if(1 ).
have' /haev vt (the negative
interrogative with or without
'do': in informal style often re-
placed by have got) 1 (as an al-
ternative to the verb 'be'): / no
doubt = There is no doubt in
( reddish-brown colour, a adj
my mind) that... 2 possess: He's
(got) a house. Has she (got) Dots
she '^ blue eyes? Are her eyes
blue? How many children
3 haste /hazy
they.^ 3 (informal) (often with
got) hold in the mind: youH^
(got) any idea where he lives^ 4
allow: / won '~ such conduct. 5
't
(expressing obligation or neces-
sity): You ^n t (got) to go to
school today. 6 suffer from: '^ a
cold. 7 (not with got) give birth
io.'^ a baby.
have^ verb (always used in the
negative and interrogative with
do') 1 take; eat; obtain: H'hat
shall we ^
for dinner? 2 take: ~
a swimiwalk. 3 experience: a ~
good holiday, let sb '-s^ it. (si)
shoot, punish, etc him. 4 cause
(a person to do something): ~
your shoes repaired. O
get (2). 5
suffer. He had his house burgled.
6 trick: You've been had. 7 say:
n O Rumour has it ( = There is a ru-
mour) that... 8 -^ sth back,
have it returned. '^ sb on, (in-
formal) play a trick on him. c> 6
above. -^ sth on, (a) be wear-
ing, (b) be busy: I've a lot on this
week. '^ sth out, cause to be
taken out: ->- a tooth out. •^ it
out with sb, settle a dispute
by argument. '^ sb up, (infor-
mal) cause him to appear before
a magistrate, etc: Hi' was had up
for murder.
ha-ven /'heivn/ n [C] (fig) place
of safety.
hav-er-sack ''hievasiek n [C]
canvas bag carried on the back.
havoc /'hasvak/ n [U] widespread
damage.
hawk ho:k/ n [C] 1 strong bird
of prey. 2 person who favours
the use of military force. C>
dove(2).
hay /hei n [U] grass cut and
dried for use as animal food. ''>^
fever, irritation of the nose and
throat, caused by pollen (dust).
''^^stack, large pile of hay firm-
ly packed, '--^^wire (informal)
come badly disorganized.
haz-ard /'haezod/ n [C] risk;
I had) danger, d vt 1 expose to danger.
2 try to make: ~
a guess, -^ous
and adj risky.
haze /heiz/ n [U] 1 thin mist. 2
{fig) mental confusion.
hazel /'heizl/ n 1 [C] bush with
~ edible nuts. 2 [U] (esp of eyes)
reddish-brown.
hazy /'heizi adj (-ier, -iest) 1
misty. 2 {fig) vague: a -^ memory
-^ of.haz-ily adv. haziness n [U]
H-bomb /heart 174

H-bomb 'citj bom/ n [C] in front of him and cause to turn

hydrogen bomb. back. 4 move in the direction in-
he hi: pron 1 male person or dicated; '^ south.
animal previously referred to: head-ing /'hedir)/ n [C] words
Where's your brother? H'^^'s in printed at the top of a section or
Paris. 2 (as a prefix) male: a '~- page.
goat. head-long /'hedlor)/ adv. adj 1
head^ /hed n [C] 1 part of the with the head first: /a// '^. 2 hur-
body which contains the eyes, ried(ly): rush ~
into a decision.
nose, mouth and brain. 2 side of head-strong /'hedstroq/ac^/ ob-
a coin on which the head of a stinate.
ruler appears. O tail(3)./>eli/l- heady /'hedi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
a/»/e to make i'^ or ^tail of (of alcoholic drink) having a
sth. be unable to understand it. quick effect. 2 (fig) (eg of suc-
3 person: ltcosts£1.50a'^.^(pl cess) exciting.
'N,) one animal: 50 ~
of cattle. 5 heal /hi:l/ vt|i^ (esp of wounds;
intellect; imagination: an idea (cause to) become healthy. 2
out of his own ~. 6 natural (jig) end: ~
a quarrel.
talent: a good ~
for business. 7 health /helB/ n [U] 1 condition
something like a head: The ~ of ofthe body or mind. 2 (esp) free-
a pinihammer. 8 top: at the ~ of dom from illness.
the page. 9 upper end: the ^ of a healthy /helGi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
bed. 10 ruler; chief: ~5 of having good health. 2 likely to
government. ^^ front, at the ^ of produce good health: a cli- ~
the queue. 1 2 pressure: a good ~ mate. 3 showing good health: a
of steam. 13 bite sb's off. ^ ~ appetite. '^W^ adv
scold him angrily, to acome heap /hi:p/ n [C] 1 pile, mass of
'^' (Jig) reach a crisis, to go things, material. 2 (informal)
one's '^, (a) (of liquor) intoxi- plenty: ~5 of books! time. v^ 1
cate, (b) excite. I'v. over put in a heap. 2 load: --^ a plate
^heels, (a) headlong: fall ~ with food.
over /ief/5. (b) (Jig) deeply: --c hear /hi3(r)/ v/// (pt.pp 'v/d
over heels in love, keep one's /hard/) 1 become aware of
'>^, keep calm in a crisis. (sound, etc) with the ears. 2 be
laugh /scream one's '>-' off. told: / ~ he's leaving. '^ from
laugh/scream loudly, lose sb. receive a letter, news, etc. -v.
one's become confused or
-w, of sb/sth. know about: I've
excited, put our I your, etc never heard of you. 3 pay atten-
-vs together, consult to- tion to: You'd better what they~
gether. >^ache
n [C,U] (a) have to say. -^ sb out. listen to
pain in the head, (b) (informal) the end. not -^ of sth. refuse
problem, '^x^^lamp, powerful to allow. 4 (of a judge in a law
lamp fixed to the front of a court) try (a case). ,H'>^! 'H'>^!
motor-vehicle, etc. '-^^light, expression ot agreement.
= headlamp, 'o^hne, news- hear-ing /'hiarir)/ n 1 [U] ability
paper heading, j'v/'master/ to hear, be hard of '^. deaf. 2
'mistress, principal master/ [U] distance within which one
mistress of a school. ''>^-on adj, can hear:He 's out of^. 3 [C] op-
adv (of collisions) with the front portunity of being heard (esp in
parts (of vehicles) meeting. self-defence). 4 [C] (legal) trial
''V/phones, receivers fitting of a case. ''>^-aid, device to im-
over the head (for radio, etc). prove hearing.
,/^'quarters n (sing or pf) place hearsay /'hiasei/ n [U] rumour.
from which (eg police) opera- hearse /hars/ n [C] vehicle for
tions are controlled, ''xz-rest, carrying a coffin at a funeral.
something that supports the heart /ha:t/ n [C] 1 that part of
head, ''v.room, = clear- the body which pumps blood. 2
ance(2). '^stone, stone at the centre ofthe emotions, esp love.
head of a grave. ''>.'way, pro- from (the bottom of) one 's
gress: make 'y^way. ^, sincerely, break a per-
head^ /hed/ vt/i 1 be at the top son's '>-'. make him very sad.

of: ^ a list/company. 2 strike flearn/know sth) by y.

with the head (eg the ball in from memory, lose '^. be dis-
football). 3 '^ sth/sb off, get couraged, take ~ (from).
 175 hearten/heir

gain courage (from), take sth etc: ~ rain: asmoker. '^ go-
->-

to '^. be much affected by it. 3 ing, difficult or boring task or

central part. 4 heart-shaped journey. 3 (of persons) slow in
thing, esp on playing-cards. speech or thought: -^h/Y/i wine.
'/N^ache, deep sorrow, '--w at- 4 (of writing or painting) dull. 5
tack, sudden, often fatal, irre- (of bodily states) inactive, a adv
gular working of the heart. heavily, heav-ily: Guilt hung '>^
'-x/beat, movement of the on him. adv. heavi-ness n [U]
heart, '^break, overwhelming He-brew /'hirbru:, n [C] 1 lan-
sorrow. '^-v^broken, over- guage of the ancient Hebrews. 2
whelmed by sorrow, '-^^felt adj fanguage of the people of Israel.
sincere, ^s^less a J/ without pity. a adj of the Hebrew language or
'^less-lyac/v people.
hearten /'ha:tn/ \t give courage heckle /'hekl/ vt interrupt and
to. ask questions at a meeting.
hearth /haiG/ n [C] 1 (floor of a) heckler n [C] person who heck-
fireplace. 2 [jig) the home. les.
heart-ily /'ha:tili/ adv 1 with hec-tare /'hekta:(r) n measure
goodwill, courage or appetite. 2 of area (10000 sq metres).
stx^-.'^sickojit. hec-tic 'hektik adj full of ex-
,

hearty /'ha:ti/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 citement and without rest. Lead
sincere: a '^ welcome. 2 strong. 3 a ~ life.
(of meals, appetites) big. he'd /hi:d, = he had: he would.
heat^ /hi:t/ n 1 [U] degree of hot- hedge /hed3/ n [C] 1 row of tall
ness. 2 [U] (Jig) intense feeling. 3 plants forming a boundary. 2
\C] single race in a competition. (fig) means of defence against
4 [U] be on ^, (of female mam- possible loss: a ~
against infla-
mals) in a period of sexual ex- tion, a vtji 1 put a hedge or (fig)
citement, '^v/wave, long period barrier round. 2 avoid giving a
of unusually hot weather. direct answer to a question.
heat^ /hi:t/ vt/i 1 make or be- ''>^row, row of bushes forming
come hot. 2 (fig) become excit- a hedge.
ed, '^ed adj angry: a '^ed argu- hedge-hog /'hedshog/ n [C]
ment, 'v/er, device for supplying small animal covered with
warmth to a room, or for heat- spines.
ing water. heed hi:d/ vt pay attention to. a
heath /hi:0/ n 1 [C] area of was- n [U] attention: take of. ~
teland, esp if covered with hear ;hi:l n [C] 1 back part of
heather. 2 [C,U] heather. the human foot; back part of a
hea-then /'hi:dn/ n 1 [C] believer sock shoe. atl(up)on sb's
in a religion other than the chief ^(s). close behind him. down
world religions. 2 [C] uncivilized at ^, (of a person) untidy and
person. poor, head over -^s, C>
heather /'hed3(r)/ n [U] plant head^(13). come to '^, (a)
with small light-purple or white (of a dog) come, walk, close
flowers. behind its master, (b) (fig) obey
heave /lii:v/ vtii (pt,pp -^d or 4 without question, take to
hove /hauv/) 1 raise or drag one's "ws, run away, turn on
(something heavy). 2 utter: -^ a one's '>^, turn sharply round. 2
sigh. 3 throw (something (sf) worthless person, a vt put a
heavy). 4 '>^ to. bring (a ship) to heel on. ,well-''>^ed adjisf) very
a stop. an[C] act of heaving. rich.
heaven /'hevn n [C] 1 home of heel^ /hi:l vti -^ over, (of a
God and the saints. 2 (usually ship) (cause to) lean to one side.
H'x/) God. 3 (as an exclama- hef-ty /'hefti, adj (-ier, -iest) (in-
tion): Good H-^s! 4 place, state, formal) big. strong.
of supreme happiness. 5 (often heifer /'hefo(r),' n [C] young cow
from,
pi) the sky. '>-ly adj (a) of, height hait n [C] 1 measure-
like, heaven, (b) {informal) very ment from bottom to top 2 high
pleasing. ,'>^ly 'body, sun, place. 3 grc.aesi degree: the -^ of
moon, planet, etc. a storm. 4 altitude, -^en vt i
heavy /'hevi adj (-ier, -lest) 1 make or become high(er) or
having (esp great) weight. 2 oi great(er): my fears ^ened.
more than usual si^e, amount. heir e3(r) « [C] person with the
held/ heretic

legal right to receive a title, any bird ''>^-pecked adj (infor-

property, etc when the owner mal) (of a man) ruled by his wife.
dies, -^ess n (C] female heir. hence hens ad\ 1 from here;
^loom n [C] something hand- from now. 2 for this reason.
ed down in a family for several I'-w'forth, |'>-'forward, adv
generations. from now on.
held 'held /7/,/7/7ofhold^. hench-man /'hentjman/ n [C]
heli-cop-ter 'helikDpt3(r)/ « [C] (pi -men) faithful supporter.
kind of aircraft with horizontal henna /'hena/ n [U] (plant pro-
revolving blades ducing) reddish-brown dye.
he-lium /'hirliam/ /; [U] light, col- her /h3(r) strong form: h3:(r)/
ourless gas used in balloons and personal pron (object form of
airships. she): Give ~
the hook, d adj be-
hell /hel' n (C] 1 (in some reli- longing to her: That's ''^ hat.
gions) place of punishment after hers possessive pron belonging
death. 2 place, condition, of to her: Is that ~.v.^
great suffering or misery. 3 (in- her-ald /'herald/ n [C] 1 person
formal) (to express anger, or to (formerly) making public an-
intensify): What the -^ do you nouncements. 2 person or thing
wani"^ for the ->- of it. for no foretelling the coming of a per-
particular reason, like '^. very son or thing, d vt proclaim the
much, fast, etc: run like ~. approach of.
'X/ishai// horrible. her-aldry /'heraldri/ n [U]
he'll /hi:l/ = he mil; he shall. science dealing with the coats of
hello /he'bu/m/ = hallo. armscfoldfainilies.
helm helm' n [C] handle or herb /haib/ n [C] 1 small, soft,
wheel for moving the rudder of a flowering plant. 2 plant whose
boat, at the '^, in control. leaves or seeds are used in medi-
helmsman, man at the helm. cine or for flavouring food, eg
hel-met ,'helmit n [C] protec- sage, mint. '>^al adj of (esp)
tive covering for the head. medicinal herbs, '^al-ist i>er-
help /help/ vt/i 1 do part of the son who grows or sells herbs.
work of another person; make it her-baceous /har'beijas/ adj
easier for (a person) tc do some- (of plants) having soft stems.
thing. -^ ^out, give help (esp in a herd /haid' m [C] 1 number of
crisis).2 serve with food, drink, animals, esp cattle, together. 2
etc: H'^ yourself to coffee. 3 (used in compounds) keeper of a
avoid; prevent: She couldn't '^ herd: a kow-^. a vtji (cause to)
crying, a /? 1 [U] act of helping. 2 gather (as) into a herd, herds-
person or thing that helps. 3[{j] man, keeper of a herd.
remedy: There 's no '^for it. 4 [C] here hi:a(r)/ adv 1 in, at, to, this
woman paid to do housework. place: Come ~. / live ~. 2 at this
C> home help. '>-er, person point (in a series of events): H'>^
who helps. '>^ful at^ giving help. the speaker paused. 3 ,'%' and
^fulness n [U]. --^^less adj ^there. in various places.
(a) not receiving help, (b) de- neither ,^ or there, ^
(infor-
pendent on others. '>^less-lv mal) irrelevant, -^-a'bouts adv
adv. --s^ing, portion of food. near here, --s^'after adv. n [U] (in
hem /hem/ n [C] border of cloth, the) future: the life after death.
when turned and sewn down, a -^'with adv with
,
this (letter,
17 (-mm-) 1 make a hem on. 2 -^ etc).
in. enclose; surround. ''>^line, hered-itary hi'reditri/ adj
lower edge of a skirt or dress. passed on from one generation
hemi-sphere /'hemisfi3(r)/ n [C] to following generations.
1 half a sphere. 2 half the earth. her-ed-ity hi'redati n [U] 1 ab-
hemorrhage (also haem-) ility to pass characteristics on to
/'hemsnds, n [C,U] (med) great children, etc. 2 [C] characteris-
flow of blood. tics, etc pas.sed on.
hemp /hemp n [U] 1 (kinds ot) her-esy "herosi // [C.\J] (pi -ies)
plant used for making rope and (holding of a) beliel contrary to
cloth.2 (also Indian '^) narcotic what isgeneially accented.
from such plants, eg cannabis. her-etic 'herotik n [C] person
hen hen n [C] 1 adult female guilty of heresy. '>^al 'hi'retikl/
chicken. O
cockV 2 female of adj
 177 heritage /high

heri-tage /'hentids/ n [C] some- where wild animals, birds, etc

thing that which is inherited. may be observed. ''>^-out/
hermit /'h3:mit/ n [C] person away, (informal) hiding-place.
hving in isolation from others. hid-ing n be in/go into hid-
'v^age n [C] home of a hermit. ing, hide oneself, come out of
hernia /'hamia/ ;i [U,C] break in hiding, show oneself.
the wall of the abdomen letting 'hiding-place, place where a
part of the bowel through. person or thing is hidden.
hero /'hiarau/ n [C] (pi ~es) 1 hide^ /haid/ n [C] 1 animaPs
man respected for bravery or skin. 2 (informal) human skin.
noble qualities. 2 principal man hid-ing n [C] beating.
in a poem, story, etc. ''>^ism hid-eous /'hidias/ adj very ugly;
/'herauizam/ n [U] courage. '>^ic hon\b\e. '^ly adv
/hi'rsuik/ adj (a) of, like, a hero, hi-er-archy /'haiaraiki/ n [C] (pi
(b) (of language) grand, '^ics n -ies) organization with grades of
pi (a) grand talk or sentiments, authority.
(b) bravery; brave actions. '>^i- hi-fi /'hai |fai/ adj (abbr oQ high
cally /-ikh/ flt/v fidelity.
heroin /'heraum/ n [U] drug high^ /hai/ adj (-er, -est) 1 ex-
prepared from morphine. tending far upwards: How -v is
heroine /'heraum/ n [C] female Mt Everest? ,'>^ and ^dry,
hero. stranded; without help. 2 im-
heron /'heran/ n [C] long-legged portant: a ~
official. 3 (of
water-bird. sounds) shrill; sharp. 4 extreme;
her-ring /'herir)/ n [C] (pi '^) sea- great: ~ prices; in '^^ spirits. 5 '>^

fish used for food, '^^^bone adj. time, time when something
n [U] V-shaped pattern. ,red ^'^, should be done at once: It's ^
O red. time you started. 6 noble: ->-
hers/h3:z/ c> her. ideals. 7 (of food) bad. 8 (infor-
her-self /ha'self strong form: mal) under the influence of alco-
ha:-/ pron 1 (reflexive): She hurt hol, drugs. ''>^brow n. adj (per-
'^. (all) by ^, (a) alone, (b) son) with superior intellectual
without help. 2 (used for em- tastes. ,'>^-'class adj first-class.
phasis): She told me 3 She's
'-^. ^H'>^ Court, supreme court of
not quite ^
today, not in her nor- justice. ,'>^-fi'delity adj (abbr
mal state of health. hi-fi) (of records, tapes and
he's/hi:z/ = he is. he has. equipment) reproducing sound
hesi-tant /'hezitant/ adj tending of a high quality, a az [Cj equip-
to hesitate. ment producing this sound. ''>^-
hesi-tate /'heziteit/ vi show un- grade adj of superior quality.
certainty or unwillingness in I'o^-'handed adj using power
speech or action, hesi-ta-tion without consideration for
/-'teij3n/^i[C,U] others. ''>^land (pi) any moun-
het-ero-gen-eous /(hetsrs- tainous parts of a country, ''x/
'd3i:ni3s/ adj made up of differ- life, fashionable and luxurious
ent kinds. C> homogeneous. style of living. '<>./light, (a)
het-ero-sex-uai /jhetara- (usQally pf) area on a photo-
'seksjual/ adj attracted to the graph, picture, etc which shows
opposite sex. reflected light; reflection of
hey-day /'hei dei/ n {sing only) light, (b) (fig) most outstanding
time of greatest prosperity part: the ~
of our holiday, a vt
hi-ber-nate /'haibaneit/ vi (of give prominence to. |'>^-

some animals) pass the winter in 'minded adj having high ideals.
a state like sleep. hi-ber=na- ,'>.'- 'powered adj (a) having
tionAi[U] great power, (b) (of persons)
hic-cup, hic-cough /'hikAp/ vt. energetic. ''>^-rise adj (of tall
n [C] (have a) sudden stopping buildings) with many storeys.
of the breath with a sound like a i'>^ 'seas n pi (with the) seas be-
cough. yond territorial waters. ,'^
hid, hidden O
hideV so'ciety, the upper classes.
hide^ /haid/ vtii {pt hid /hid/, pp ,/>.,-ispirited adj bold; lively.
hidden /'hidn/ or hid) put or ''>-' spot, outstanding feature,
keep out of sight, a n [C] {US event, etc. ''-v. street, main
= blind) concealed place from street of a town, (--w 'tea, (GB)
 .

1'
high /hitch

early evening meal, ''^way, (Jig) central principle on which

mam public road ''>>'Wav- something depends, a vtji 1 at-
man, (formerly) man who tach with a hinge. 2 -v. onf
robbed travellers on highways. upon, (fig) depend on: Success
high' /hai/ adv in or to a high de- -^s on our armies.
gree, run ->-, (of the feelings) be hint /hint/ n [C] indirect sugges-
very excited. tion, a vi/i 1 give a hint. 2 'n^ at,
high^ /hai/ n high level: /rom (on) refer indirectly to.
-»-,from Heaven. hip /hip/ n [C] part where a per-
high-ly /'haili/ adv in or to a high son's leg is joined to the trunk.
degree: '^ paid, think '^ of sb. hippo /'hipau/ n [C] (pi ~s) (in-
have a high opinion of him. formal dbhr of) hippopotamus.
high-ness 'hainis/ n 1 [U] (op- hippopotamus /ihipa-
posite of lowness) state of being 'potamas/ n [C] (pi ~es or -mi
high. 2 [C] title of royal persons: /-mai/) large, African river ani-
Hisi Her Royal H^. mal with a thick skin.
hi-jack /'haid3£k/ vt take con- hire /'hai3(r)/ vt obtain or allow
trol of (eg an aircraft) by force. 2 the use or services of in return
steal goods from, eg a lorry, by for payment: ~
a car. a n [U]
stopping it. '^er n [C] (money paid for) hiring. ,'>--
hike /haik/ vi. n [C] {informal) 'purchase, (abbr HP) con-
(go for a) long walk in the tract to pay for something by in-
country. O
hitch-hike stalments.
hil-ari-ous /hi'leanas/ adj caus- his /hiz/ adj, pron belonging to
ing, full of, great laughter. '>-ly him: ~ hand. A friend of '^.
ad\. hil-ar-ity /hi'laerati/ r\ [U] hiss make the sound
/his/ vtii 1
noisy happiness. 2 show disapproval by mak-
/s/.

hill /hil/ n [C] 1 mass of high
land, lower than a mountain. 2
slope, eg on a road. 3 heap of
earth: ^ant'^s. ''^side, side of a
hill. ''>-top, summit of a hill.
hilly adj (-ier, -iest) having
many hills.
hilt /hilt/ n [C] handle of a sword.
(up) to the ->-, completely: We
support you to the ~ his-tory /'histri/ n (pi -ies) 1 [U]
him /him/ personal pron (object
form of Ae): Give ^
the money.
him-self /him'self/ pron 1
lexive):He cut '^. (all) by '^.
ing this sound,a n [C] hissing
sound.
his-torian /hi'stDirian/ n [C]
writer of, expert in, history.
his-toric /hi'storik/ adj impor-
tant in history: a(n) '^ victory.
his-tori-cal /hi'storikl/ adj hav-
ing to do with history: '^
novels /studies, -^ly adv
study of past events. 2 [C] des-
cription of past events. 3 [C]
(ref- events connected with a person
or thing: his medical'^ natural ,

(a) alone, (b) without help. 2 ''v/, study of all objects in na-

(used for emphasis): Did you see ture.

the manager '^7 3 He's not quite hit /hit/ vt/i (pt.pp ~) (-tt-) 1 give
'^ today, not in his normal state a blow to; come against (some-
ofhealth. thing) with force: He '^ me with
hind^ /haind/ adj 'dt the back: the a stick. The car -^ a tree. '^ the
'>^ legs of a horse. c> fore. ,nail on the ^head. say or d5
''>^most adj farthest back. uxactly the right thing. -^ it ^off
''>^sight n [U] wisdom about an (with sb I together), get on
event after it has happened. well. 2'^sb hard, cause him tc
hind' /haind/ n [C] female deer. suffer: People were ~ hard by the
hin-der /'hind3(r)/ vt obstruct. higher taxes. 3 find; reach: -^ the
hin-d ranee /'hindrans/ n [C] right path. 4 -x^ out (against),
person or thing that hinders. (fig) attack strongly. 5 '^ on/
Hindu /(hin'du:/ n [C] person upon, find by chance, a /i [C] 1
whose religion is Hinduism, d blow. 2 great success: His new
adj of the Hindus. '>^ism play is a ~. ''x/ parade, list of
/(hmdurizam/ n [UJ religion, esp top selling popular records.
of India, involving a belief in hitch /hit}/ vt/i 1 -x; up. pull up
reincarnation and a caste with a quick movement. 2 fasten
system. to a hook, etc. 3 (informal) =
hinge /hinds/ " tC] 1 joint on hitch-hike, d w [C] 1 sudden pull
which a lid, door or gate turns. 2 or push. 2 kind of knot. 3 tem-
 9 hitch-hike/ hole

porary difficulty. where cargo isstored.

hitch-hike /'hitjhaik/ vi get a hold=' /h3uld/ vtji (pt.pp held
free ride (in a car, lorry, etc). /held/) 1 keep the hand(s). etc.
in
'N/hiker, person who hitch- '>^ the line, keep a telephone
hikes. connection. 2 one's ^
hive /haiv/ n [C] 1 box for bees to tongue, be quiet. There is no
live in; the bees living in a hive. 2 '^ing (sb). It is impossible to
(fig) place full of busy people: '^ restrain (him). 3 keep in a speci-
of activity, a vi'v off (from), fied position: H'^ your head up!
(Jig) become a separate body; 4 maintain a grip of the car ~5
make independent. the road well. 5 support: That
hoard /'hD:d/ n [C] carefully branch won 't ~
you. 6 be able to
guarded store of money, etc. d contain: This box will '^ all my
vtji ^
(up), save and store. books. 7 keep the interest of ~
hoard-ing pho:dii}/ n [C] fence of an audience. 8 consider: ^
boards, frequently used for ad- oneself responsible. 9 defend. -^
vertisements. one's ground! own, not give
hoarse /ho:s/ adj {-r, -st) (of the way. 10 own: -<- shares. 11 have
voice) rough and harsh. ~Iv the position of ~
office. 1 2 con-
adv.'^nessrtiV] duct: -^ a meeting. 13 remain
hoax /hauks/ n [C] trick intended unbroken, unchanged, etc: The
to deceive, a vt deceive in this defences held. c> 5 above. 1 4 ^^
way. sth against sb. a*llow some-
hobble /'hobl/ vt/i 1 walk as thing to influence one's opinions
when lame. 2 tie two legs of a unfavourably, -v back, hesi-
horse to prevent it from going tate. '^ sb/sth back, (a) res-
far away, a n [C] limping way of train; control: ~
back a crowd.
walking. (b) keep secret, --w sb/sth
hobby /'hobl/ n [C] {pi -ies) oc- dov\/n, (a) keep in a low posi-
cupation for one's leisure time. tion, (b) keep down: '^ prices
hob-nail /'hobneil/ n [C] short down. '>- a job down, {infor-
nail with a heavy head used for mal) keep it. -^ in, restrain (eg
the soles of boots. '>^ed adj feelings). ^ off, (a) (cause to)
hockey /'hoki/ n [U] game remain at a distance: off the ~
played with sticks and a ball on enemy, (b) delay action. '^ on,
afield. (a) stand firm, (b) (imperative)
'ice ^^, game played on ice by stop, -w on to, (a) not let go.
two teams with sticks and a rub- (b) keep ownership of '>^ sth
ber disc. on, keep in position: a shelf held
hod /hod/ n [C] box with a long on by screws. '^ out, (a) '>- out
handle for carrying bricks. (against), not give way. (b)
hoe /hau/ n [U] tool with long last: Our food held out. '^ out
handle for loosening soil, etc. a for, refuse to compromise: -^
vt/i(j)t.pp ~d) work with a hoe. out for higher wages. '-^ sth
hog /hog/ n [C] 1 castrated male over, postpone it. '>^ to sth,
pig. 2 (fig) greedy or dirty per- (a) remain loyal (b) keep to:
to.
son, go the whole '^. do '^ to a westerly course. '^ sb to
something thoroughly, a vt sth, make him keep, eg a pro-
(-gg-) take greedily and selfish- mise. '^ sb/sth up, (a) sup-
ly. '^gisha^/ port, (b) delay, (c) rob: -^ up a
Hog-ma-nay /'hogmanei/ n bank. Hence, 'hold-up n [C]
(Scot) New Year's Eve. robbery.
hogs-head /'hogzhed n [C] large hold-all /'hauld o:l/ n [C] port-
barrel for beer. able travelling bag
hoist /hoist/ vt lift with ropes or hold-ing /'hauldiq/ n [C] land or
a kind of elevator, a n [C] 1 ap- the owning of land.
paratus for lifting great weights. hold-up /'hauld Ap/ n O
2 {informal) push up. hold='(14).
hold^ /hauld/ n 1 [C,U] act. hole /haul/ n [C] 1 opening in a
power, of holding. 2 [C] some- solid body, pick '^s in, find
thing used for holding on to. C> fault with. 2 be in a '^, {infor-
foothold. 3 (in wrestling) (kinds mal) in an awkward situation. 3
oO grip. animal's burrow. 4 (fig) small,
- hold^ /hauld/ n [C] part of a ship miserable room, house, d vt/i
holiday / honou rable 18

make ahole in or throueh. killing of a human being. 2 [C]

holi-day /'hDladei/ n [C] 1 day of person who kills a human being.
rest from work.C> bank ^ 2 (of- homi-cidal /-'sa.idl; aJ/
ten pf) period of rest from work. hom-ing /'haumir)/ adj^ (oQ the
on having a holiday.
'>-'. ''>^- instinct to fmd one's way home
maker, person on holidav. 2 (of missiles) fitted with elec-
holi-ness /'haohms/ n 1 [U] be- tronic devices that guide them to
mg holy. 2 His/Your H'x., title a target.
of the Pope. ho-mogene-ous /,hdum3-
hol-low /'holdu/ adj 1 with 'djirnias/ a Jy (formed of parts) of
empty space inside. 2 (of the same kmd. O hete-
sounds) as if coming from some- rogeneous.
thing hollow. 3 (fig) false: -^ homo-nym /'homanim/ n [C]
words /laughter. 4 sunken: ~ word with the same form and
cheeks, o n [C] wide, shallow sound as another but different
hole, a vt make a hollow in: ~ in meaning, eg bow.
out a tree to make a boat. homo-sex-ual /ihaums'sekjual
holly 'hoU/ n [U] evergreen fl<^ sexually attracted to persons
shrub with spiny leaves and red of one's own sex. a n \C]
berries. homosexual person. '>-ity
holo-caust /'holakDist/ n [C] /-'sbti/ n [U]
large-scale destruction. hon-est /'onist/ adj 1 not telling
hol-ster "h3ulst3(r)/ n [C] leath- lies or stealing. 2 showing, re-
er case for a pistol. sulting from, an honest person:
holy /'heuli/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 of an '^face. '>-ly adv. -^y n [U]
God; associated with religion. 2 honey /'hAni/ n 1 [U] sweet sub-
devoted to religion. stance made by bees. 2 [C] (pi
horn-age /'homids/ n [U] expres- ~s) (informal) sweetheart.
sion of respect. ''>-comb /-kaum/ n [C,U] (con-
home^ /liaum/ adv 1 at, in or to tamer with) wax structure made
one's home: go 's. from school. 2 by bees for honey and eggs, q vt
to the point aimed at: his arrow fill with holes, tunnels, etc
flew '^. bring sth/come '^^ to ^vsuckle n [U] climbing shrub
sb, (cause a person to) realize with sweet-smelUng flowers.
(something). honey-moon /'hAmmu:n/ n [C]
home^ /haum/ n [C] 1 place 1 holiday taken by a newly mar-
where one lives, at '>", in the ried couple. 2 (fig) period of har-
house, make oneselfIbel mony at the start of an under-
feel at '>^. at ease. 2 institution: taking, etc. D vi go on a honey-
a children's I old persons' '^. 3 moon.
family life. 4 place where an ani- honk /honk/ n [C] sound made
mal or plant is native, a vt (of by a wild goose or an old motor
missiles, aircraft) be guided to (a horn, a v intake a honk.
target). |'>^-'grown adj (of hon-or-ary /'onaran/ adj 1
food, etc) produced in one's (abbr = Hon) (of a position)
country, (--v 'help, woman unpaid. 2 (of a degree, rank)
trained to do domestic work. given as an honour.
''N-'land, native land. |'>^-'made honour (US = honor) Pon^ir)
a^^made at home. 'H'>- Office, n 1 [U] great respect; high public
government department con- regard. 2 [U] reputation for
trolling local government, po- good behaviour, truthfulness,
lice, etc. ''^sick adj ssid because etc: a man of ~. 3 Your/His
away from home. Hence, H'v^, title of some judges. 4
''x^sickness n [U]. |'>^ 'truth, (with a, an) person or thing
true but unpleasant fact. bringing credit: You are an '^ to
''>^work, work which a pupil the school. 5 (pi) marks of re-
does at home, -^^ward o^^' going spect, etc; titles. 7 (pt) (in univer-
towards home, awards adv sities) (place in the) top division
towards home. of marks in examinations, a vr 1
home-ly /'haumli/ adj (-ier, feel honour for; confer honour
-iest) 1simple and plain. 2 caus- on: I feel '^ed to meet you. 2 ac-
ing one lo feel at home: a at- ~ cept and pay when due: '^^ a che-
mosphere, home-li-ness n [U] que.
homi-cide /'homisaid/ n 1 [U] hon-our-able /'onsrsbl/ adj 1

possessing "or snowing, honour.
2 (shortened to Hon) title given
to judges, some peers, hon-
ourably a</v
hood /hud/ n [C] 1 covering
a bag for the head and neck. 2
anything like a hood in shape or
use. 3 (US) = bonnet(2). a vt
(chiefly in pp) cover with, or as
with, a hood.
hoof ,/hu:f/ n [C] (pi ^s or
hooves /hu:vz/) homy part of
the foot of a horse, ox or deer.
hook /huk/ n [C] 1 bent piece of
metal etc for catching, or hang-
ing something on. 2 (boxing)
short blow with the elbow bent.
D vtji 1 fasten, hold with a hook.
2 make into the form of a hook:
'v.one's finger. 3 (golf) hit the
ball in a curve. '>^ed adj hook-
shaped, ^ed (on), (si) addict-
ed to (drugs, etc).
hoo-li-gan /'hu:hg3n/ n [C]
violent, destructive young per-
son. '>^ism n [U]
hoop /hu:p/ n [C] circular band
of wood or metal, a vt bind (a
barrel, etc) with hoops.
hoo-ray /hur'rei/ = hurrah.
hoot /hu:t/ n [CJ 1 cry of an owl.
2 sound of a motor-car horn,
foghorn, etc. 3 cry of disappro-
val, not care a '>^/two '^s,
(5/)not care at all. n vt/_i make a
hoot (at). '>^er, (a) siren, etc.
(b) motor-car horn.
hooves /hu:vz/ n pi of hoof.
hop' /hop/ n [C] climbing plant
used to flavour beer, etc.
hop^ /hop/ vt/i (-PP-) 1 (of per-
sons) jump on one foot; (of
birds, animals) jump with all
feet together. 2 --»- over (to),
make a quick journey, --n^ it, (in-
formal) go away, n /i [C] 1 the
action of hopping. 2 short jump.
3 one stage in a long-distance
flight.
hope /haup/ n 1 [C,U] feeling of
desire, confidence: There is no
that they are alive, hold out
some/no/littfe ^ (of sth),
give some/no encouragement.
(be) beyond /past '^, with-
out chance of success, recovery,
etc. raise sb's 'ws, encourage
him to expect better fortune, etc.
2 [C] person, thing, on which
hope is based, n vtji expect and
desire: / ~ you win. '>^ful adj
(a) having hope, (b) giving
hope, -^^fully adv. ^«^less adj
feeling, giving, no hope.
181 hood /horse
''wless-lya^v
hop-per /'hDp9(r)/ n [C] 1 large
funnel through which giain
passes. 2 any hopping insect.
like horde /hD:d/ n [C] 1 wandering
tribe (of nomads). 2 great num-
ber: ~5 offootball fans.
horizon /ha'raizn/ n [C] 1 line at
which the earth or sea and sky
seem to meet. 2 (Jig) limit of
one's knowledge, etc. '>-tal
/ihori'zontl/ adj flat or level. O
vertical. --^^tallyac/v
hor-mone 'hDimaun/ n [C]
(kinds oO substance that passes
into the blood and stimulates
the activity of a bodily organ.
horn /hDin/ n 1 [C] hard, curved
growth on the heads of cattle,
etc. 2 [U] substance this is made
of. 3 [C] article made from this
substance. 4 [C] kind of musical
wind instrument. 5 device for
making warning sounds: a
Jog-^. horny adj (-ier, -iest)
made of, Uke, horn.
ho r- net /'homit/ n [C] large
wasp.
hor-oscope /'horasksup/ n [C]
diagram of positions of planets
at a certain time, for forecasting
future events; such a forecast.
horrible /'horabl/ adj^ causing
horror. 2 (informal) unpleasant:
What a '•^ party! hor-rilsly adv
hor-rid /'horid/ adj 1 terrible. 2
(informal) unpleasant. '>^ly adv
hor-rific /ha'rifik/ adj (informal)
horrifying.
horrify /'horifai/ vt (pt.pp -ied)
fill with horror: horrified by his
death.
hor-ror /'hDr3(r)/ n [C,U] (some-
thing that causes a) feeling of ex-
treme fear or dislike, ''x*
story/film, in which the
subject is intended to cause
horror. ''>^-struck adj (of per-
sons) filled with horror.
hors d'oeuvres /p: 'daivra/ n pi
^ dish of food served at the begin-
ning of a meal.
horse /hois n 1 [C] four-legged
animal used to carry loads, for
riding, etc. be I get on one's
high '^, insist on being treated
with respect, (straight) from
the f'^'s mouth, (of informa-
*
tion) from a first-hand source. 2
[C] frame on which something is
supported: a clothes-'^ for dry- ,
ing clothes, '-^back n (only in)
on '^back, on a horse.
''>^power, (abbr hp) unit for
horticulture/housing IS

measuring the power of an en- go quickly, '-^^head, perso-

gine, etc. '~shoe, U-shaped nlacting on impulse. Hente.
metal shoe for a horse. ,
'^-'headed adj. '--^-house,
horti-cul-ture /'ho:tikAhj3(r), heated glass building, for grow-
n [U] (art oQ growing flowers, ing plants. ''>^ line, direct line of
fruit and vegetables, hor- communication between heads
ti'culturalac^ of governments. i'^-
hose^ /hsuz/ n [C,U] (length of) 'tempered adj easily angered.
flexible tubing for carrying wat- ,'>^ 'water, (informal) trouble:
er.D vi water (a garden, etc), be I get into -^ water. ~ly adv (a)
wash (a car, etc) with a hose. passionately, (b) closely: ^/i
''>^pipe, length of hose. pursued.
hose^ /hauz/ n [U] stockings and ho-tel /hsu'tel/ n [C] building
socks. where (meals and) rooms are
ho-sier /'h3uzi3(r)/ n [C] shop- provided for travellers, --wier n
keeper who sells socks, under- [C] person who manages a hotel
wear, etc. ho-siery n [U] goods hound /haund/ n [C] (kinds o'i)
sold by a hosier. dog used for hunting and racmg.
hos-pit-able /ha'spltabl/ adjgw- D v/ persecute; pursue: '^ed hy
ing hospitality, hos-pit-ably the newspapers.
adv hour /au3(r)/ « [C] 1 60 minutes.
hos-pi-tal /'hospitl/ n [C] place 2 time of day: at all -^j-. 3 (pi)
where people are treated for ill- fixed periods of time: working
ness or injuries. ^s. 4 particular point in time: m
hos-pi-tal-ity /ihospi'taebti/ n the ~ of danger. ''>^ hand, small
[U] friendly welcoming and en- hand on a clock or watch, point-
tertainment of guests. ing to the hour. ~ly adj, adv (a)
host^ /hsust/ n [C] great number: every hour, (b) at any hour: We
a whole ~
offriends. expect news '^ly. (c) by the
host^ /haust/ n [C] 1 person who \\o\XT:paid'^ly.
entertains guests. 2 hotel- house^ /haus/ n [C] (pi ~s
keeper. Z'hauziz/) 1 building made for
hos-tage /'hostids/ n [C] person people to live in. C> home*(1 ) 2
taken by the enemy as a guaran- building with some particular
tee that demands will be satis- purpose: a ^hen-^. 3 (building
fied. used by an) assembly: the H^s
hos-tel /'hostl/ n [C] building of Parliament. 4 important fam-
with rooms provided for ily. 5 audience in a theatre: a full

'youth '>^, one for

students, etc. '^. bring the '^ down, win
young people on walking or very great applause, on the ^,
cycling holidays. (of drinks) at the expense of the
host-ess /'haustis/ n woman inn, firm, '-abound adj having
who entertains guests; wife of to stay at home. ''>^breaker,
one's host. O
air hostess. burglar. ''>^hold, all persons
hos-tile /'hostail adj 1 of an living in a house. ''>-holder, l

enemy. 2 unfriendly. 'V/ly adv person occupying a house.

hos-til-ity /ho'stibti/ n (pi -ies) ''>^keeper, woman employed
1 [U] unfriendly feeling. 2 (pi) to look after a household.
(acts oO war. '--v^keeping, (a) management
hot /hot/ adj (-ter, -test) 1 hav- of a house, (b) money for this.
ing great heat. 2 producing a ''>^master, teacher in charge of
burning sensation to the taste: a school boarding-house.
~ spices. 3 intense; violent: a ~ '<-^proud adj very concerned ,

temper. 4 (as an adv) recently: with the care of one's home. I

newspapers --^ off the press. 5 fol- ''>^wife, woman who manages ,

lowing closely: 'v, on his trail, a the home, brings up the family,
vt/i (-tt-) ^ (sth) up, (infor- etc. '^work, work done in a
mal) make or become hotter or house, cleaning, etc. O home-
(fig) more exciting, ("w 'air, work
meaningless talk. ,'>^-'blooded house^ /hauz/ vt provide a
passionate. ^'^ dog, sausage
ac// home, room for.
served in a bread roll, '-^foot hous-ing /'hauzig/ n 1 [U] ac-
adv in great haste: follow the commodation in houses, etc. 2
enemy '^foot. u vi '>yfoot (it). [C] solid cover to protect a ma-
 J hove/hunger

chine. ''>^ estate, area of hu-man /'hju:m3n/ adj^ of man

houses planned and built or mankind. 2 having qualities
together. (eg kindness) that distinguish
hove /h3ov/p/,/7/7 of heave. man: The manager is quite -v.
hovel /'hovl/ n [C] small, wret- really, a n [C] human being. ^'^
ched house or hut. 'rights, right to have freedom
hover /'hDV3(r)/ vi 1 (of birds) of thought and expression,
remain in the air in one place. 2 liberty, etc. '>^ly adv (esp) by hu-
(of p)ersons) wait about. 3 (Jig) man means: do everything '^ly
remain near: ~
between life and possible to help.
death, '-^./craft, craft that hu-mane /hju:'mein/ adj caring
travefs on a cushion of air. about the feelings of another.
how /hau/ adv 1 in what way: '>^lv adv.
//~ does this machine work? 2 to hu-man-ity /hjur'maenati/ n [U]
what extent: H'^ old are you? 1 the human race. 2 quality of
//~ kind you are. 3 in what state being humane.
of health: H'^ are you? H'^ do humble /'hAmbl/ adj (-r, -st) 1
you do? (greeting when per- having a modest opinion of
sons are formally introduced.) oneself. 2 low in rank; unimpor-
H'^ about.... Would you like tant. 3 (of things) poor in ap-
to...: H'\^ about coming for a pearance: a -^ house, a vt make
walk? humble, hum-bly adv
how-ever /hau'ev3(r)/ adv in hum-drum /'hAmdrAm/ adj duW;
whatever way or degree: //~ boring.
hard I try. I cannot win. a conj hu-mid /'hjurmid/ adj {esp of air)
nevertheless. damp, '^ity /-'miditi/ n [U] de-
howl /haul/ n [C] 1 long, loud gree of moisture (in the air).
cry (eg of a wolf). 2 long cry of hu-mili-ate /hju:'milieit/ vt
pain, or scorn, etc. 3 noise of a cause to feel ashamed or foolish.
strong wind, a v/// make such hu-mili'ation n [C,U]
noises (at). hu-mil-ity /hju:'mil9ti/ n [U]
hub /hAb/ n [C] 1 central part of a humble state (of mind);
wheel. 2 (Jig) central point of ac- modesty.
tivity. hu-morist /'hjuimarist/ n [C]
hub-bub /'hAbAb/ n [U] confused humorous talker or writer.
noise. hu-monous /'hjurmaras/ adj
huddle /'hAdl/ vtji 1 crowd funny; amusing, -^ly adv
together. 2'^ up against, curl hu-mour (US =hu-mor)
up against (eg to be warm) n n /'hju:m3(r)/ n [U] (ability to
[C] number of things or persons cause or feel) amusement: a
crowded together. sense of '^^. a vt make (a person)
hue' /hju:/ n [C] (shade oQ col- happy by doing what he wants.
our. hump /hAmp/ n [C] round lump,
hue^ n [C] '^ and cry,
/hju:/ eg on a camel's back, a vM
warning as when a criminal is make hump-shaped. 2 {infor-
being pursued. mal) carry on the back.
huff /JiAf/ n be in/get into a hunch /hAntJ/ n [C] have a '^
^. be/become bad-tempered. that, have an idea that, a vt
{si)
hug /hAg/ vt (-gg-) 1 put the form a hump: -^ one's shoulders.
arms round tightly, esp to show ''-w-back, (person having a)
love. 2 -^ the shore, keep back with a hump. Hence, ''>^-
close to it. D Ai [C] tight embrace. backed adj
huge /hju:d3 adj very great. '>^ly hun-dred /'hAndrad/ adj. n [C]
adv very much. (oO 100. ''^weight, (abbr
hulk /hAlk/ n aeCa old ship no cwt) {GB) twentieth of one ton.
longer in use. 2 big, clumsy per- hun-dredth /'hAndradO/ adj. n
son or object. '>^ing ati/ clumsy. [C] (abbr 100th) (oQ one of a
hull /hAl/ n [C] body of a ship, hundred parts or the next after
hullo /,hA'bu/mr = hallo. 99.
hum /hAm/ vtii (-mm-) 1 make a hung /hAi)//?f,/>/?of hang^.
sound like that of bees. 2 sing hun-ger /'hAgg3(r)/ n 1 fU] need,
with closed lips. 3 be in a state of desire for food. 2 (fig) any
activity: a factory ^ming with strong desire, a vi 1 feel hunger.
activity, a n [C] humming noise. 2 have a strong desire. ''>^-
hungry /hypothesis li

strike, refusal lo take food as a bits.

protest. hya-cinth "haiasinG/ n [C] plant
hun-gry adj (-ier, -iest)
/'hArjgri growing from a bulb with white,
feeling, showing, causing, hung- pink or blue flowers.
er, hun-grily a</v hy-aena /hai'iina/ O hyena.
hunk n [C] thick piece cut
/hAijk./ hy-drant 'haidrant/ n [C] pipe in
off something: a of bread.~ a street connected to a water
hunt hAnt, vt/i 1 go after (wild supply.
animals) for food or sport. 2 ~ hy-drau-lic /hai'droilik/ adj
do^n. look for and find, 's^ worked by the pressure of a
for. try to find, d n 1 {sing with fluid, esp water.
the. a or an) act of hunting; hydro-elec-tric /,haidr3ui-
search. 2 group of persons who 'lektrik/ adj of electricity pro-
hunt foxes '^er, person who duced by water-power, hy-
hunts. dro-foil /'haidrafDil/ n [C] boat
hurdle 'h3:dl n [C] 1 light frame with fins which raise the hull out
to be jumped over in a race. 2 of the water.
(Jig) difficulty to be overcome, a hy-dro-gen /'haidradsan/ n [U]
vt take part in a hurdle-race. gas that combines with oxygen
hurl /hail vt throw with force, d to form water (symbol H). ''>.'
n[C] violent throw. bomb, bomb with a force much
hurly-burly /'h3:h b3:li/ n [U] greater than an atomic bomb.
noisy confusion. hy-ena, hy-aena /Tiai'ima/ n [C]
hur-rah hu'ra:/ int (expressing wild animal with a(laughingcry.
joy, approval, etc). hy-giene /'haid3i:n/ n[\J] clean-
hur-ri-cane /'hArikan/ n [C] liness, hy'gienicflc^ of hygiene;
violent windstorm, ''n^ lamp, free from disease, hy-gieni-
lamp with the fiame protected cally adv
from the wind. hymn /him/ n [C] song of praise
hurry /'hAri n [U] eager haste, in
' to God. D vt praise in hymns.
a '^. impatient; acting quickly. hy-per-market 'haip3ma:kit/ /i

D vtji (pt.pp -ied) (cause to) IC] very large supermarket.

move or do something (too) hy-phen /'haifn/ n [C] the mark
quickly. '>^ up! Be quick!, hur- (-) used to join two words, or be-
ried adj done, etc in a hurry tween syllables, a v/ join (words)
hurried-ly ac/v with a hyphen. '>-ate /-eit/ vt =
hurt li3:t, vtii {pt.pp 'v.) 1 cause hvphen.
pain to; damage. 2 affect a p)er- hypno-sis /hip'nausis/ n [C] (pi
son's feelings badly. 3 have a -ses /-si:z/) (artificially pro-
bad effect (on); // won't ~ to duced) state like deep sleep in
wait. D n [U] harm. '>^f ul adj which a p>erson's acts may be
hurtle /'h3:tl/ vi fall or move controlled by another person.
violently: Rocks ^d down the hyp-notic hip'notik/ adj.
mountain. hyp-not-ism /'hipnatizam/ n
hus-band /'hAzbsnd, n [C] man [U] (production of) hypnosis.
to whom a woman is married. hyp-not-ist n [C]. hyp-not-
hush /hAj, vtii make or become ize /-aiz/ vt produce hypnosis in
quiet. '>^ sth up. keep it secret. (a person).
D»2[U] silence. hy-poc-risy /hi'pokrosi/ n [C,U]
husk [C] dry outer
/hAsk/ n (p/ -ies) (instance of) falsely
covering of seeds, a v/ remove making oneself appear to be
husks from. good.
husky adj (-ier, -iest)
/'hAski/ hyp-ocrite /'hipakrit/ n [C] per-
(of a voice) hoarse, a « [C] (/)/ son guilty of hypocrisy, hy-
-ies) thick-\-.Mted dog used by po'criti-cal a<//.
Eskimos, huskily a<^v hy-po-der-mic /,haip3'd3:nuk/
hustle /'hAsl, vt,i 1 push rough- adj (of drugs, etc) injected
ly. 2 (make a person) act quick- beneath the skin.
'

ly. D n {sing only) quick and hy-pot-en-use ;|hai'pDt3nju:z/n

energetic activity. [C] side of a right-angled tri-
hut /hAt,' n [C] 1 small, roughly- angle opposite the right angle.
made house. 2 temporary hy-poth-esis /,hai'pD03sis n[C]
wooden buldine {p! -ses ;
-si:z ) starting-point for
hutch ,hAtJ, n [C] cage for rab- reasoning. hypotheti-cal

/,haip3'9etikl/a<i;
hys-teria /hi'stiana/ n [U] 1 ner-
vous excitement, with outbursts
of uncontrollable emotion. 2
uncontrolled excitement, hys-
teri-cai /hi'sterikl/ adj. hys-
ter-ics n pi attack(s) of
hysteria.
li
1^ i the ninth
/ai/ (pi I's i's /aiz/) 1
letter of the English alphabet. 2
Roman numeral 1 calat^'
personal pron (used by a
I* /ai/
speaker or writer to refer to him-
selO-
ice /ais/ n 1 [U] frozen water. 2
[C] frozen sweet of various
kinds, a vt/i 1 make very cold. 2
cover with ice. 3 cover (a cake)
with icing. O
icing. '1^^ Age,
time when much of the earth
was covered with glaciers.
''^berg, mass of ice moving in
the sea. ,'x/-'cream n [C,U]
(portion oO creamy mixture,
flavoured and frozen. ''>^ hock-
ey, C> hockey. ''>^rink, indoor
skating-rink with a floor of ice.
''^^skate, thin metal runner on
a boot for skating on ice. a vi
skate on ice.
icicle /'aisikl/ n [C] pointed piece
of ice formed by the freezing of
dripping water.
icing /'aisuj/ n [U] mixture of
sugar, flavouring, etc for cover-
ing cake(s).
icy /'aisi/ adj (-ier, -lest) 1 very
cold. 2 covered with ice. 3 (fig)
unfriendly: an '^ stare, icily adv
I'd /aid/ = IhadoT I would.
idea /ai'dia/ n [C] 1 thought. 2
plan: He 'sfull of new '>^s. 3 opin-
ion. 4 feeling that something
probable: / have an '^ that she
will be late.
ideal /ai'didl/ adj 1 perfect: The
weather was ^. 2 existing only in
the imagination: an '^ world, a n
[C] idea, example, looked on as
perfect, ^ist, person who pur-
sues ideals. '>''listic adj.
ideal-ize /ai'dislaiz/ v^ think of
as perfect, ideai-i'zation n [U]
ident-icai /ai'dentikl/ adj 1 the
185 hysteria/ if
same. 2 exactly alike: -^ twins.
'v/ly adv
ident-ify /ai'dentifai/ vt (pt.pp
-led) 1 say, prove, who or what a
person or thing is: Can you '^ the
man who attacked you? 2 '>^
with, treat (something) as iden-
tical (with another). ~
oneself
^ith. be associated with.
identi-fi-ca-tion /-fi'keijn/ n
(a) [U] act of identifying, (b)
[Cj proof of who a person is, eg a
passport.
ident-ity /ai'dentati/ n (pi -ies) 1
[U] state of being identical. 2
[C,U] who a person is; what
something is: prove one 's '^.
ideol-ogy /,aidi'Dl3d3i/ n (pi
-ies) [C] (political) ideas of a
person, group, etc. ideo'logi-
idi-ocy /'idiasi/ n (pi -ies) 1 [U]
extreme stupidity. 2 [C] stupid
act, remark, etc.
id-iom /'idiam/ n [C] succession
of words whose meaning is not
obvious through knowledge of
the individual words, eg give up,
be all ears, '^^atic /-'maetik/ adj
idio-syn-crasy /,idi3'sii)kr3si/ n
[C] (pi -ies) way of behaving pe-
culiar to a person, idio-
syn'cratic adj
id-iot n [C] 1 mentally
/'idiat/
subnormal person. 2 (informal)
fool. '^\c /(idi'otik/ adj very stu-
pid.
idle /'aidl/ adj (-x. -st) 1 doing no
work. 2 (of time) not spent in
doing something. 3 (of persons)
lazy. 4 useless: '^ gossip, u vt/i 1
'>^ (away), spend (time) doing
nothing. 2 (of a car engine) run
slowly in neutral gear, idly adv
idol /'aidl/ n [C] 1 image in wood,
stone, etc of a god. 2 person or
thing greatly loved, -^^ize
/'aidalaaz/ vt worship as an idol.
idyl-lie /I'dilik/ adj simple and
delightful.
if /if/con/1 on the condition that:
/'>- you ask him, he will help you.
is I'-^ I asked him for a loan, would
he agree? I'^ they had started
earlier, they would have arrived
in time. 2 when: /'v you mix yel-
low and blue you get green. 3 ad-
mitting that: Even -^^ he did say
that, he.... 4 (even) '^, al-
though: I'll do it. even ^
// takes
me day. 5 whether: Do you
all
know '^ Mr Smith is at home? 6
as '^. as it would be if. 7 '>^
only, (expressing a wish): I'^
igloo /immense 1!

only he had arrived in lime! illustrate /'ibstreit/ vr 1 ex-

ig-loo 'iqlu: n [C] (;?/ ~s) Eski- plain by using examples, pic-
mo's hut made of blocks of tures, etc. 2 supply a book, etc
snow. with pictures, etc. il-lus-tra-tor
ig-nite /ig'nait vr'; set on Hre. /-t3(r)/, person who illustrates
ig-ni-tion /ig'nijn/ n 1 [U] ignit- books, etc. il-lus'tra-tion n (a)
ing. 2 [C] (in a petrol engine) [U] illustrating, (b) [C] some-
electrical mechanism for ignit- thing that illustrates, il-lus-
ing the gases. tra-tive /'ilastrativ, adj serving
ig-nor-ance /'ignarans/ n [U] to explain: illustrative example.
lack of knowledge. il-lus-tri-ous /I'lAStrias/ a<^ fam-
ig-nor-ant 'ignarant/ adj 1 (of ous. '>^lya^v
persons) knowing little or no- I'm /aim/ = /am. be O
thing.2 rude; impolite: --^ con- im-age /'imid3/ n [C] 1 copy of
^^l^adv
duct, something, esp made in wood,
ig-nore /ig'nD:(r)/ vt take no not- stone, etc. 2 close likeness: He's
ice of. the ~ of his brother. 3 idea held
I'll /2n\/ = I will or /shall. by the public, eg of a politician,
adj 1 sick fa///be taken
ill /il/ product. 4 reflection seen in a
'^, become ill. 2 bad: ~
health. mirror. 'v^ry/ifU]
ani [U] evil: (/o^. 2 [C] misfor- im-agin-ary /I'maedsinari/ adj
tune. D fli^v imperfectly, y'^ at unreal.
*ease. embarrassed; uncom- im-ag-ine /I'maedsin/ vr 1 form a
fortable. ,'>^-ad'vised adj un- picture of in the mind: life on ~
wise. adj
,'>^-'bred badly another planet. 2 think of as
brought up. i^^-'feeling, ang- probable: 1 '^ he arrived today.
er, jealousy, etc. I'v.-'natured im-agin-able /-sbl/ adj that
adj bad-tempered, .'^-'treat vt can be imagined, im-agin-
treat badly. |'>--'treatment n ation /-'neijn/ n [C,U] (a)
[U] bad behaviour towards a power of the mind to imagine,
person /animal, etc. ,'>^ 'will, (b) what is imagined, im-agin-
unkind feeling. ative /-3tiv/ adj of, having,
iMegal /I'liigl/ adj not legal. '>-ly imagination.
adv. ^ity /.ili'gaebti/^ [C,U] im-bal-ance /iim'baebns/ n [C]
il-leg-ible /I'ledsabl/ o^; difficult absence of balance or equality.
or impossible to read. im-be-cile /'mib9si:l/ adj. n [C]
il-legit-imate /(ili'djitmiat/ adj mentally weak or stupid person.
1 contrary to law. 2 bom
of par- imi-tate /'imiteit/ vr 1 take as an
ents not married to each other. example: ~
one's father. 2 copy
'^lyadv the behaviour, voice, etc of. 3 be
iMicit /I'lisit/ adj unlawful. '>-ly like: wood painted to 'v- marble.
adv imi-ta-tor /-t3(r)/ n [C].
iMit-erate /I'htarat/ adj. n [CJ imi'ta-tion n (a) [U] imitating,
(person) unable to read or write. (b) [C] something made like
illiteracy /-rssi/ n [U] something else, (c) (as an adj)
ill-ness /'ilnis/ n 1 [U] state of not real: imitation jewels, infii-
being ill. 2 ICJ specific kind of 'v,. tat-ive /'unitativ/ adj following
il-logi-cal /i'lixi3ikl/ adj con- the example of.
trary to logic; not sensible. '>^ly im-macu'late /I'mxkjubt/ adj
adv. '^ity /-'kaebti/ n [C,U] pure; faultless. '>^ly adv
il-lumi-nate /i'iu:nimeit/ vt 1 im-ma-terial /jmia'tianal/ adj 1
give hght to. 2 decorate with unimportant: His future is '^ to
lights, il-lumi-nat-ing at^ (esp) me. 2 not having physical sub-
giving a good explanation: a/i il- stance: Man 5 soul is ^.
luminating explanation. il- im-ma-ture /,mi3'tju9(r)/ adj
lumi'na-tion n (a) [U] light- not yet fully developed. Im-
ing, (b) bright lights for a ma'tur-ityn[U]
special occasion. im-medi-ate /I'mirdiat/ adj 1
il-lu-sion /I'lu^n/ n 1 [C] (the nearest: my ~
neighbours. 2 oc-
seeing of) something that does curring, done, at once: -^ action.
not really exist; false idea. 2 [U] '^\y adv (a) at once, (b) close-
being deceived; deception this ly: follow '^ly behind, a conj as
way. il-lu-sory /i'lu:s3ri/ac^' de- soon as: go '^ly he arrives.
ceptive. im-mense /I'mans/ adj very
 187 immerse/ impish

large. '>^ly adv very much: enjoy im-pa-tience /im'peijns, n [U]

it ~/v . immen-sity /-ati/ n lack of patience, im-pa-tient
[C,Ul adj. im-pa-tient-ly ac^v
im-merse vfl put under
i'm3:s im-peach im'pi:tj" vt^ question
the surface of (liquid). 2 be a person's character. 2 accuse of
'^ed finjm be involved deeply a crime against the state.
(in): ^d in one's work, im'mer- Im-pec-cable im'pekabl/ adj
sion heater, electric heater (in (formal) faultless.
a water tank). im-pede im'pi:d vt get in the
im-mi-grant 'imigrant n [C] way of
person who immigrates. impediment im'pedimant n
im-mi-grate 'imigrelt v/ come [C] 1 physical defect esp in
as a settler (into another sfjeech. 2 obstacle.
country), im-mi'gra-tion /-Jn impenetrable im'penitrabl
/j[CUl adj that cannot be penetrated.
im-mi-nent /'immsnt adj (of im-pera-tive im'perativ' adj 1
events) likely to happen soon. urgent; essential. 2 not to be dis-
'N^ly adv obeyed. 3 (gram) form of a verb
im-mo-bile /I'maubail/ adj not expressing commands, eg Go
able to move: motionless, im- away! '>^\y adv
mo-bii-ity iima'bilati/ n [U] be- im-per-fect im'paifikt/ adj not
ing immobile, im-mo-bi-hze perfect, imperfectly adv.
/I'msubslaiz vt make immobile. im-perfection -'fekjan/ n
immobil-i'zation n [U] (a) [U] state of being imperfect.
im-moral I'moral adj nol mor- (b)[C] fault.
n [C.U]
al; evil. ->>/ity /-'raebti, im-per-ial im'pisrial adj of an
im-mor-tal adj^ living
I'mDirtl empire or its ruler(s). ^^ly adv.
for ever. 2 never forgotten, a n '-<wism n [U] policy of extending
[C] immortal being. '>^ity a country's empire and influ-
/-'taebti/ n [U]. '>-ize /-aiz/ vt ence. '>^ist adj of, like, imperial-
give endless life or fame to: ism, a n [C] supporter of im-
'y^ized in a novel perialism.
im-mune I'mjurn' adj -^ im-per-sonal |im'p3:s3nl adj^
(from), free, protected (from not influenced by personal feel-
disease, punishment, etc), im- ing; not referring to any parti-
mun-ity n [U] (a) safety, (b) cular person. 2 having no exis-
exemption (from taxation, etc). tence as a person: '^forces.
im-mu-nize /'imjunaiz/ vt make im-per-son-ate im'p3:s3neit / 17
,

immune (against), im-mu-niz- act the part of; pretend to be:-^

ation /-'zeijn n [C,U] the Prime Minister. im>per-
imp /imp n [C] 1 little devil. 2 so'nation/j[C,U]
(informal) mischievous child. im-per-tinent /im'psitmant/
im-pact 'impaekt n 1 [C] coUi- adj 1 not showing proper re-
sion. 2 [U] force of one object spject. im-per-tinence /-nans/
striking another. 3 strong influ- n[C,V]
ence: the ~
of the war I his speech. im-per-vi-ous im'psrvias/ adj^
a vt /im'paekt/ pack firmly (of materials) not allowing (wat-
together. er, etc) to pass through. 2 -^ to,
im-pair /im'pe3(r)/ vt damage; (fig) not influenced by (de-
weaken: ~
one's health, mands, requests, etc).
'^ment n[\J] im-petu-ous /im'petjuas/ adj
im-pale im'peil/ vt pierce acting quickly but without
through: '^d on a spear. thinking. im-petu-os-ity
im-par-tial /im'paijl/ adj just; /-'DS3tl/«[C,U]
fair: A judge must be '^. '^ity im-pe-tus /'impitas/ n (pi -es) 1
-Jii'sbti n [U] [UJ force with which a body
im-pass*able /im'parssbl adj moves. 2 [C] stimulus: an '^ to
(of roads, etc) impossible to greater sales.
travel through or on. im-pinge 'im'pind3/ vi '>^

im-pas-sioned im'paejnd/ adj (up)on, (format) use too much

full of deep feeling: an appeal.^ of: '^ on a person's time.
im-pass-ive /mi'paesiv/ adj -^mentnlU]
showing no sign of feeling. '>^ly imp-ish /'impij/ a^of or like an
adv imp. 'V/ly adv
 .

implant / intpudent 18

implant im'pla:nt/ vi put ideas, not practical.

feelings, etc (in). im-preg-nable /im'pregnabl/
imple-ment^ /'impbmsnt/ n [C] adj that cannot be entered by at-
tool or instrument. tack: an ~
/or/
im-ple-ment^ /'impbment/ vt impregnate /'impregneit/ vt 1
carry out, eg an undertaking; --^ make pregnant. 2 saturate: cloth
my ideas, nation /-'teijan/ n '>^d with perfume
[U] im-press /im'pres/ vt 1 press
im-pli-cate /'unphkeit/ vi show (one thing on another); make (a
that (a person) is involved (in a mark, etc) by doing this. 2 have
crime, etc). a strong influence on: His
im-pli-ca-tion /,impli'keijn/ n 1 honesty ^ed me.
[U] implicating (in a crime). 2 im-pres-sion /im'prejn/ n 1 [C]
[C] something implied or sug- mark made by pressing. 2 (CJ
gested. (product oQ one printing opera-
im-pli-cit /im'pUsit/ adj (formaf) tion: the first 'v- of a book. 3 [C,
1 implied though not plainly U] effect produced on the mind
expressed. 2 unquestioning; or feelings, be under the -^
complete: -^ trust. '^\y ad\ that, have a vague idea, that.
im-plore /mi'pb:(r)/ vt request '>^ism /-izam/ n[\J] method of
earnestly: / ~
you not to kill him. painting giving the general ef-
im-plor-ing-ly ad\ fect without detail.
im-piy /ma'plai/ vt (pt.pp -ied) 1 im-pres-sion-able /mi'prejd-
make a suggestion (that): Did he nabl/ influenced.
fl^y easily
~ that you were guilty. 2 involve im-pres-sive /mi'presiv/ adj
as necessary. causing admiration; an 'v< per-
im-po-lite /imapa'lait/ adi not formance. 'N.'ly adv
polite. '>^ly adv. 'v.ness n [U] im-print /mi'prmt/ vt print; pro-
im-port /mi'po:t/ vt bring in duce an effect: memories '^edon
from a foreign country, a n his brain, a n /'mipnnt/ [C] 1 that
/'import/ 1 [CJ (often pf) goods which is imprinted. 2 publisher's
imported. 2 [U] act of importing name at the beginning of a
goods. '>^a-tion /-'teijn/ n [C,U] book.
im-port-ance /mi'po:tns/ n [U] im-prison /im'pnzn/ vt put in a
being important. prison. '>^mentw [U]
im-port-ant /mi'po:tnt/ adj 1 of im-prob-able /mi'probsbl/ adj
great effect or value: an -s^ deci- not likely to be true or to hap-
sion. 2 (of a person) having pen, im-prob-abiy adv. ,im-
authority, "^^lya^iv prob.a'bility/?[C,U]
im-pose /mi'pauz/ vt/i 1 place a im-promptu /im'promptju:/
tax, duty, etc on. 2 force (some- adj, adv without preparation: an
thing) on others: '^ one's ideas ^speech.
on. 3 '>^ (up)on sb, take ad- im-proper /mi'prDp3(r)/ adj 1
vantage of. im*pos-ing adj not suited for the purpose, situa-
large; impressive, im-pos-ing- tion, etc: '>^ behaviour /dress. 2
X^adv incorrect: -^ use of a word. 3 in-
im-po-si-tion /,imp3'zijn/ n 1 decent: make ^
suggestions.
[U] the act of imposing: the of ~ -^ly adv
taxes. 2 [C] something imposed, im-pro ve /mi'pru:v/ vt/i make or
eg a tax: 3 act of taking advan- become better. '>^ment n (a)
tage: It's an '^ asking me to help [U] improving, (b) [C] some-
you. thing which adds to beauty, use-
im-poss-ible /mi'posdbl/ adj 1 fulness, etc.
not possible. 2 that cannot be im-pro-vise /'mipravaiz/ vt/i 1
endured: an ^ situation, im- compose music, verse, while
possi'bility /t [C,U] playing, reciting, etc. 2 make or
im«po-tent /'onpstsnt/ adj 1 do something quickly, using f"
lacking power or strength (to do whatever is available: '^ a meal.
something). 2 (of men) incap- im-pro-vis-ation /-'zeijn/ n
able of sexual intercourse, im- [C,U]
po-tence /-tans/ n [U]. '>^ly adv im-pu-dence /'mipjuddns/ n [U]
im-pound /un'paund/ vt take (act oO being impudent.
possession of by law. im-pu-dent /'impjudant/ adj
im-prac-ti-cal /mi'praektikl/ adj shamelessly rude. '>^ly adv
 189
im-pulse /'unpAls/ n 1 [C] push;
sudden force: an electrical ^. 2
[C,U] sudden desire to act: act
ori'^.
im-pul-sive /im'pAlsiv/ adj^ (of
persons) acting on impulse. 2 (of
a force) tending to impel, -x/ly
adv. <>^ness n [U]
im-pun-ity /mi'pjumati/ n [U]
(esp) w/f/» 'v., without risk of
injury or punishment.
im-pure /im'pju3(r)/ adj not
pure, im-purity n [C,U]
in^/m/ a</v (contrasted with our)
^ be '^. (a) at home: /5 your
father '^7 (b) arrive: Is the train
~? (c) (of crops) harvested, (d)
(of fruit, etc) in season, (e) in
fashion: Long skirts are ^
this
year, (f ) in office: The Labour
Party is'^.be^'y^ on, (informal)
participate in. 2 -^^ for. likely to
experience (something un-
pleasant), have it '^ for sb.
want revenge on him.
in' /m/ prep ^ (of place; c> at): -^
Africa. 2 (of direction): -v. this
direction. 3 (of motion) into: He
put it ^
his pocket. 4 (of time): ~
1970/ the morning. c> at(2). c>
on^(2). 5 (of time) within the
space of: -^ a few days. 6 (of in-
clusion): a man ^ his thirties. 7
for each: 25p -^ the pound. 8 (of
dress, etc): dressed'^ white. 9 (of
physical surroundings, etc): -^
the rain. 1 (of a condition): -^ a
hurry: ^ love. 11 (by means of)',
speak 'V. English; pay '^ cash. 1
(of degree or extent): ^ large
quantities, 'v, 'a//, as the total.
13 (of occupation, etc): He's ~ ancestors, stocks, etc.
the army. 14 -^ f/iaf, since; be-
cause: The chemical is dangerous
~ that it can kill, 's^ itself, con-
sidered apart from other things.
in^ /m/ n (only in) the 'X/s and
outs, the full details.
in-abil-ity /,m3'bil9ti/ n [U] lack
ofskill or power.
in-ac-cess-ible /,m3k'ses3bl/
adj {formal) not accessible.
in-ac-cur-acy /I'nskjurdsi/ n 1
[U] being inaccurate. 2 [C] {pi
-ies)inaccurate statement, etc.
in*ac-curate /I'naekjurat/ adj
not accurate, '^^ly adv.
in-ad-equate /m'aedikwat/ adj
not adequate. '>^ly adv.
in-admiss-ible /,m3d'misdbl/
adj that cannot be allowed: -v,
evidence.
in-ad-ver-tent /,m3d'v3:t3nt/
adj {formal) 1 not paying proper
impu Ise / incendiary
attention. 2 (of actions) done
thoughtlessly. '>^ly a^v
in-alien-able /m'eilidnsbl/ adj
{formal) (of rights, etc) that can-
not be taken away.
in-ane /I'nem/a^" silly, -^ly a^v
in-ani-mate /m'snunst/ adj not
living: a statue is '^.
in-ap-pli-cable /m'sphksbl/ adj
^ (to), not appUcable.
in-ap*pro-pri-ate /,md'pr3u-
pnat/ adj not appropriate.
in-apt /m'aept/ adj not relevant:
'>^ remarks.
in-ar-ticulate /,ma:'tikjubt/ adj
1 (of speech) not clear or fluent.
2 not jointed: an '^ body.
in-as-much as /,mdz'mAtJ 9z/
adv since; because.
in-aud-ible /m'Didsbl/ adj that
cannot be heard, in-audi'bil-
ityn[U]
in-aug-ural /i'n3:gjur3l/a^'of or
for an inauguration: an ^
speech.
in-aug-ur-ate /I'norgjureit/ vt 1
introduce a new official, etc at a
special ceremony. 2 open an ex-
hibition, etc. 3 (formal) be the
beginning of: ^ a new age of
space travel, in-aug-u'r-ation n
[C,U]
in-board /,m'bo:d/ adj within the
hull of a ship: an -^ motor.
in-born /,m'b3:n/ adj (of a qual-
ity) possessed (by a person or
animal) at birth.
in-bred /,m'bred/ adpt-iobom. 2
having ancestors closely related.
in-breed-ing /|m'bri:dii)/ n [U]
breeding from closely related
in-cal-cu-lable /m'kaelkjubbl/
adj too great to be calculated.
in-ca-pable /m'keipabl/ adj not
capable.
in-ca-paci-tate /,mk3'p£siteit/
vr make unfit (for work, etc).
in-ca-pac-ity n [U] inability.
in-car-cer-ate /m'karsdreit/ vt
(formal) imprison, in-car-ce'r-
ation n [U]
in-car-nate /m'kamat/ adj 1 in
human form: the Devil -^. 2 (of
an ideal, etc) appearing in hu-
man form, in-car-na-tion
/-'nei^n/ n the l'>^, the taking of
bodily form by Jesus.
in-cen-di-ary /m'sendian/ n [C]
(pi -ies), adj 1 (person) setting
fire to property unlawfully. 2
(person) tending to cause
violence: an ~ speech. 3 (bomb)
causing fire.
incense/ incorrect

incense^ 'insens/ n [U] (smoke in-co-her-ent iinkau'hiarani

ol a) substance givipg a sweet udj not understandable, 'v/ly
smell v^hen burning. adv. incoherence/j(U]
in-cense' in'sens i7 make in-come 'ink.\m n [C] money
angr\ received during a given period
in-cen-tive m'sentjv n [CMJ] (as salary, etc). ''>^-tax, tax on
that w hich encourages a person. income.
in-cessant m'sesnt/ adj conti- in-com-ing 'inkAmir) af// com-
nual, not stoppmg: his -v, com- ing in: ~ mail. O outgoing.
plaint \. '>^ly ad\ in-com-par-able in'komprdbl/
in-cest 'insestn [U] sexual m- ^/<//vMthout equal.
tercourse betweenclose rela- incompatible /,mk3m-
tions. -^uous m'sestjoas, aJy 'pitobl adj opposed in charact-
inch mlj n [C] 1 measure of er incompati'bility n[U]
length, 2 5 centimetres. 2 small in-com-pe-tent in'kompitant/
amount: wilhin an '^- of death, c in-com-
adj not skilful enough,
vt /moveslov^ly. petence«[lj]
incidence 'insiddns/ n [C] incom-plete ,ink3m'pli:t adj
number of times, way in which, not complete. '>-ly adv
something occurs. incomprehensible
in-ci-dent 'insidant/ n [C] 1 /|in,kDmpri'hens3bl adj {formal)
event, occurence. 2 separate that cannot be understood, in-
piece of action in a play or comprehension -Jn/ n [U]
poem. '>-al -'dentl, adj (a) ac- failure to understand.
compan>ing but not forming a inconceivable ,mk3n-
necessary part, (b) small and 'sKVDbl adj 1 that cannot be
unimportant; '^al expenses. imagined. 2 (informal) difficult
'>-'ally adv by chance; by the to believe.
way. inconclusive ,mk3n'klu:siv/
in-cin-er-ate in'sinareit, >/ udj (of evidence, etc) not giving
burn to ashes, in-cin-e'r-ation proof. '-^\yf adv
n [Li], in-cin-er-ator n [C] fur- in-con-gru-ous in'kor)gru3s/
nace, etc for burning rubbish, adj out of place: Lions would be
etc. ~ in the Arctic, incon-gru-ity
in-cipi-ent in'sipiant adj in an -'gru:3ti « [C,U]
early stage. inconsiderate iinkan-
in-cise in'saiz v7 make a cut in. 'sidsrat/ adj (of a person)
in*ci-sion ,in'si3n, n (a) [U] thoughtless, -^ly adv
cutting (into something), (b) [C] in-con-sist-ent iinkan'sistant/
cut, eg in surgery, in-cis-ive adj adj contradictory; likely to
(a) sharp. 2 (of remarks) reach- change; Their stories are ~. '^ly
ing the point in question; incisive adv. inconsist-ency /-tsnsi/
criiisism. in-cis-ive-ly a<iv n[C,U]
in-cisor m'saizair), n [C] any inconspicuous /,mk3n-
one of the front cutting teeth. 'spikju3S/ adj not striking or ob-
in-cite in'sait \t provoke; -^ a vious. '^\y/ adv
not. '>^ment n [C,U] in-conti-nent in'kontmant/
inclina-tion jmkh'neijn/ n 1 adj 1 lacking self-control. 2 un-
[C] bending; slope. 2 [C,U] de- able to control excretion, in-
sire; have no ~la leave. continence -nsns/ n [U]
in>cline^ /m'klam/ vtii 1 (cause in-con-ven-ience /,ink9n-
to) lean, slope. 2 bend (the head, 'vi:ni3ns/ n [C,U] (cause or in-
etc) forward. 3 (usually passive) stance oO discomfort or trouble.
(cause to) have a tendency; He's a vt cause inconvenience to.
'^d to be lazy. in-convenient /imkan-
in-cline^ /'mklam/ n [C] slope. 'vi:ni3nl/ a^ causing discomfort
in-clude /in'klu:d/ vt have as a or trouble. '>^\y adv
part of the whole: ~ John in the in-cor-por-ate m'korpareit/ vtji
team, in-clu-sion /-3n/ n [U] his 1 unite in one: ~
all our ideas in
'

inclusion in the team, in-clus- one plan. 2 (legal) form into a <

ive /-siv, adj including, in- corporation(2). in-cor-po'r-

clus-ive-ly <2c/v ation«[U]
in-cog-nito ',mkDg'ni:t3u/ adj. in-correct imka'rekt/ adj not
adv with an assumed name. correct. '>^ly adv. ness n [U]
 191
incor-ri-gible /|m'kDrid33bl/
adj (of a person) that cannot be
corrected.
in-crease^ /'inkri:s/ n 1 [U] in-
creasing. 2 [C] amount by which
something increases.
in-crease^ /m'kri:s/ vtji make or
become greater in size, number,
etc.increasing-ly adv more
and more: Travel is ^ly expen-
sive.
in-cred-ible /m'kredabl/ adj 1
that cannot be believed. 2 {infor-
mal) very surprising, in-cred-
ibly adv. ,incredi'bil-ity n [U]
in-cre-ment /'mknmant/ n [C,
U] increase in value or money.
in-crimi-nate /m'krimmeit/ vt
show that (a person) is guilty of
doing wrong.
in-cu-bate /'mkjubeit/ v?// hatch
(eggs) by keeping them warm.
incu'ba-tion n\\]]. in-cu-ba-
tor /-t3(r)/ n [C] (a) apparatus
for hatching eggs by artificial
warmth, (b) apparatus for
keeping weak babies alive.
in-cum-bent /m'kAmbant/ adj
be '^ (up)on sb. (forrpal) be a
duty. D n [C] person holding an
ofTice.
in-cur /m'k3:(r)/ vt (-rr-) bring
on oneself: -^^ heavy debts.
in-cur-able /m'kjuarsbl/a^^' that
cannot be cured, d n [C] person
who is incurable, in-cur-ably
adv
in-cur-sion /m'k3:j"n/ n [C] sud-
den invasion.
in-debted /m'detid/ adj owing
money or gratitude.
in-de-cent /m'diisnt/ adj (of be-
haviour, etc) not decent(2); ob-
scene. '>^ly adv. in-de-cency
-snsi/rj[C,U]
in-de-cision /|mdi'si3n/ n [U]
the state of being unable to de-
cide.
in-de-cis-ive /,mdi'saisiv/ adj
not decisive. '>^ly adv
in-deed /m'di:d/ adv 1 really: He
is ^ a great man. 2 (used to in-
tensify): very good '^. 3 (to show
interest, surprise, etc): Oh, ~.''
in-de-fens-ible /imdi'fensabl/
adj that cannot be defended or
justified.
in-defi-nite /m'defmat/ adj 1
vague: an 'v- outline. 2 having no
precise limit: an '^ period of
time, the '>^ article, the word a
or an. '^\y adv: The meeting was
postponed '^ly.
in-del-ible /m'debbl/ adj that
incorrigible/ indigestion
cannot be rubbed out. in-del-
iblya^v
in-dem-nify /m'demnifai/ vt
{pt.pp -led) 1 {legal, comm)
make safe: -^
a person against
loss. 2 pay (a person) back.
in-dem-nity /m'demnati/ n {pi
-ies) [U] security against da-
mage or loss; compensation for
loss.
in-dent /m'dent/ vtji start (a line
of writing) farther from the mar-
gin than the others, '^^a-tion
/-'teijsn/ n (a) [U] indenting,
(b) [C] recess in a coastline;
space at the beginning of a line.
in-de-pen-dent /,mdi'pend3nt/
adj 1 not dependent on (other
persons or things). 2 not need-
ing to work for a living. 3 self-
governing: -^ nations, in-de-
pen-dence /-dans/ n [U]. 'x.ly
adv
indescribable /,mdi'skrai-
babi/ adj that cannot be des-
cribed.
inde-struct-ible /,mdi-
'strAktabl/ adj that cannot be
destroyed.
in-dex /'mdeks/ n [C] {pi -^es or
indices /'mdisi:z/) 1 something
that points to or indicates: price
~. 2 list of names, subjects, etc
in ABC order, at the end of a
book, etc. D vt make an in-
dex(2). '-v. finger, the fore-
finger.
In-dian /'mdian/ n [C] adj\ (na-
tive) of India. 2 (one) of the ori-
ginal inhabitants of America.
in-di-cate /'mdikeit/ vt point to;
make known, in-di'ca-tion n
(a) [U] indicating, (b) [C] sign.
in-dica-tive /m'dikativ/ adj
giving indications, in-di-ca-tor
n [C] person, thing, that points
out or gives information: a
'traffic-^, (on a motor-vehicle)
showing a change of direction.
in-di-ces/'mdisi:z//)/of index.
in-dict /m'dait/ vt {legal) accuse
(a person) of a crime, '^able adj
for which one can be indicted: an
'^able offence. '>^ment n [C,U]
in-dif-fer-ent /m'difrant/ adj 1
having no interest. 2 not good:
an ^
meal. '>^ly adv. in-dif-fer-
ence /-frans/ n [\J]
in-digen-ous /m'didsmas/ adj
native to: the '^ peoples of Afri-
ca.
in-di-ges-tion /imdi'dsestjan/ n
[U] (pain from) difficulty in
digesting food.
indignant/ inexcusable 192

in-dignant /in'digndnt/ adj in-dulge /m'dAlds/ vtji 1 give

angry, csp at injustice, etc. 'x^ly way to and satisfy (desires, etc):
adv. in-dig-nation /-'ncijn/ n ~ one's children. 2 '^ in. allow
lU] oneself the pleasure of. in-dul-
in-dig-nity /in'dignati/ n (pl-ies) gent /-ant/ adj tending to in-
[C,U] treatment causing loss of dulge, in-dul-gence n (a) [U]
respect, humiliation. mdulging. (b) [C] something in
in-di-rect /,indi'rekt/ adj 1 not which a person indulges.
direct: go by an -^ route. 2 (of in-dus-trial /m'dAStnsl/ adj of
taxes) paid in the form of higher industries. '>^ estate, area of
prices for taxed goods. ,'>- land for factories. '>-ism /-isam/
'speech, {gram) speech as it is n [U] social system in which
reported, eg He said he would large-scale industries have an
come, for He said 7 will come'. important part. 'V/ist n [C] own-
'X/ly adv er of a large-scale industry.
in-dis-creet /,mdi'skri:t/ adj not in-dus-tri-ous /m'dAstrias/ adj
cautious or careful, '^ly adv. hard-working.
in-dis-cre-tion /,mdi'skrejn/ n in-dus-try /'mdastri/ n (pi -ies) 1
(b) [U] indiscreet conduct, (b) [U] quality of being hard-
[C] indiscreet remark or act. working. 2 [C,U] (branch oQ
in-dis-crimi-nate /,mdi- trade or manufacture: the coalj
'skrmunst/ adj making no dis- steel '^.
tinction between things; ~ in-ebri-ate /i'ni:brieit/ vt make
praise I killing, 's.^ly adv drunk, a /i'ni:bri3t/ n [C], adj
in-dis-pens-able /,mdi'spen- (person who is habitually)
sabl/ oi^ absolutely essential. drunk.
in-disposed /,mdi'sp3uzd/ adj in-ed-ible /m'edibl/ adj not suit-
(format) 1 unwell. 2 unwilling: able to be eaten.
'>^ to help. in-ef-fec-tive /,ini'fektiv/ adj
in-dis-put-able /,mdi'spju:t3bl/ not producing the effect(s) de-
a^ that cannot be disputed. sired, 'x.ly adv. '>^ness n [U]
in-dis-tin-guish-abie /,mdi- in-ef'fec-tual /,mi'fektju3l/ adj
'stiijgwijabl/ adj that cannot be without effect; unable to get
distinguished: ~ from his things done: an '^ manager.
brother. in-ef-fi-cient /,mi'fijnt/ a^ 1 (of
in-di-vid-ual /,mdi'vid3U3l/ adj persons) wasting time, energy,
specially for, characteristic of, a etc. 2 (of machines, etc) waste-
single person, etc. a n [C] any ful. 'N^ly adv. in-ef-fi-ciency
one human being. '>^ly adv sep- /-Jnsi/n[U]
arately. '>^ity /-'aebti/ n (pi -ies) in-eli-gible /m'elid33bl/ adj not
(a) [U] the characteristics that suitable or qualified, in-eli-
distinguish an individual, (b) gi'bil-ity/i[U]
[C] separate existence. in-ept /I'nept/ adj not suitable:
in-doc-tri-nate /m'doktrmeit/ an 'V- comment. -^Iw adv. -vi-

vt fill the mind of (a person) tude/-titju:d//i[C,U]

(with ideas), in'doc-tri'na- in-equal-ity /,mi'kwol3ti/ n (pi
tion n [U] -ies) [C,U] lack of equaUty; be-
in-do-lent /'mdabnt/ adj (for- ing uneven.
mal) lazy, in-dol-ence /-bns/ n in-ert /I'nart/ adj 1 without
[U] power to move or act: ~
matter.
in-door /,m'd3:(r)/ at^'done, situ- 2 not chemically active: ~
gases.
ated, inside a building. 3 slow (in mind or body).
in-doors /,m'dD:z/ adv in or into in-er-tia /i'n3:j3/ n [Uj 1 state of
a building. being inert (3). 2 property of
in-duce /m'dju:s/ vt influence; matter by which it remains in the
cause: 'v someone to stay. same state of rest or motion.
'N/ment n [C,U] that which en- in-es-cap-able /,mi'skeip3bl/
courages: a pay rise as an 's^ment adj unavoidable.
to stay. in-evi-table /m'evitdbl/ adj 1
in-duc-tion /m'dAkJn/ n [U] that cannot be avoided. 2 (infor-
method of reasoning which ob- mat) famihar and expecteid: the
tains general laws from particul- tourist with his ~ camera.
ar facts. [> deduction, in-duc- evi-ta'bil-ity/i[U]
tive adj in-ex-cus-able /,mik'skju:zdbl/<

I

adj that cannot be excused:
behaviour I rudeness.
in-ex'pen*sive /,inik'spensiv/
adj not expensive. '>^ly adv
in-ex-pe-ri-ence /,inik'spi3-
rians/ n [U] lack of experience.
in-ex-piic-able /,inik'splikdbl/
adj that cannot be explained.
in-fal-lible /m'faebbl/ adj 1 in-
capable of making mistakes. 2
never failing: an -^ method, in-
falli'bility/i[U]
in-fa-mous /'mfsmss/ adj
wicked; disgraceful: an mur-
derer, in-famy n {pi -ies) (a)
[U] being infamous, (b) [C] in-
famous act.
in-fancy /'rafansi/ n [U] 1 state
of being, period when one is, an
infant. 2 early stage of develop-
ment: Space travel is in its ^.
in-fant /'mfant/ n [C]
child.
in-fan-tile /Unfsntail/
characteristic of infants.
in-fan-try /'mfsntri/ n [U] foot-
soldiers.
in-fatu-ate /m'faetjueit/ vt be
-wc/ with /by sb, be filled with
foolish love for. in-fatu'ation
n [C,U]
in-fect /m'fekt/ vt 1 affect with
disease. 2 (fig) influence feel-
ings, ideas, in-fec-tion
etc.
-Jn/ n (a) [U] infecting with dis-
ease: danger from 'y^ion. con-
tagion, (b) [C] infectious dis-
ease. '>^ious adj (a) causing in-
fection, disease. C> contagious.
(b) (fig) quickly influencing
others: ^ious laughter
in-fer /m'f3:(r)/ vt (-rr-) reach an
opinion (from facts),
"mf3r3ns/«[C,U]
in-ferior /m'fi9ri3(r)/ adj low-
(er) in importance, quality, etc.
a n [C] person who is low(er) (in
rank, ability, etc). '>^ity /-'orati/
in-fer-nal /m'fa-.nl/ adj of hell;
terrible.
in-f erno /m'famau/ n [C] {pi r^s)
hell; scene of horror.
in-fertile /im'fartail/ adjnoX fer-
tile: ^ land.
in-fest /m'fest/ vt (of rats, in-
sects, etc) be present in large
numbers.
in-fi-del /'mfidal/ n [C] person
with no belief in an accepted re-
ligion.
in-fi-del-ity /.mfi'debti/ n [C,U]
{pi -ties) (formal act oO dislo-
yalty.
193 inexpensive /influence
in-f ight-ing /'mfaitiij/ n [U] (w-
formal) competition between
colleagues or rivals.
in-fil-trate /'mfiltreit/ vt/i^ pass
through secretly: ^
the enemy
lines. 2 (of ideas) pass into
people's minds, in-fil'tra-tion
«[U]
in-fi-nite /'mfmat/ adj endless;
that cannot be measured. '>-ly
adv
in-fini-tive /m'finativ/ adj. n [C]
{gram) (in English) form of a
~ verb without person or tense
used with or without to, eg 'let
him go '; 'allow him to go '.
in-f in-ity /m'fmati/ n [U] infinite
space, time.
in-firm /,m'f3:m/ adj {lit) 1
physically weak (esp through
age). 2 mentally or morally
young weak. '^\ty n [C,U] (pZ-ties)
in-firm-ary /m'farmari/ n [C] {pi
adj -ies) hospital.
in-flame /m'fieim/ vt/i 1 make
sore; irritate: '^d eyes. 2 excite;
make angry.
in-flam-mable /m'flaemsbl/ adj
1 easily set on fire. 2 {fig) easily
excited.
in-f lam-ma-tion /imfia'meifn/ n
[C,U] infiamed condition, part
of the body.
in-flam-ma-tory /m'flaemstri/
adj 1 tending to inflame: re- ^
O marks. 2 of, producing, inflam-
mation.
in-f late /m'fleit/
vt 1 fill (with air
or gas); (cause to) swell. 2 {fin-
ance) increase the amount of
money in circulation. c> deflate.
in-f la-tion /-Jn/ n [U] (esp) (rise
'^ence in prices caused by the) expan-
sion of the supply of money, etc.
in-f lec-tion /m'flekjn/ n 1 [C,U]
change in the form of a word to
show grammatical change. 2 [U]
rise and fall of the voice in
speaking.
in-flex-ible /m'fleksabl/ adj 1
that cannot be bent or turned. 2
{fig) refusing to change, in-
f lex-ibly a</v. in-flexi'bil-ity ai
[U]
in-flex-ion /m'flekjn/ n = in-
flection.
in-f lict /m'flikt/ vt 1 cause to suf-
fer:-^.^ punishment on him. 2 im-
pose: '^ one's presence on. in-
flic-tion/-Jn/w[C,U]
in-f low /'mflau/ n [C,U] flowing
in: the -^ of refugees.
in-flu-ence /'mfluans/ n 1 [U]
(use of the) power to affect a
 .

influential / inland

person's character or actions. 2 ing as a necessary part of: ^

[C] person, fact, etc that exer- qualities in a design.
cisessuch power. He's a bad ~ in-herit /m'herit/ vt/i 1 receive
on me. 3 [Xi] action of natural property, a title, etc as heir. 2
forces. 4 [U] power due to receive (qualities, etc) from an-
wealth, etc. a vf exert an influ- cestors, ^ance /-tans/ n [U] (a)
ence on. inheriting, (b) [C] what is in-
in-flu-en-tial /iinHu'enJI/ adj herited.
having innuence(4) '>^ly adv
. in-hibit /in'hibit/ vt hinder, res-
in-f lu-enza /,influ'enz3/ n [U] in- train, in-hi-bi-tion /-'bijn/ n
fectious disease with fever and {C,U] reluctance to do what one
catarrh. really wants.
in-f lux /'infUks/ n (pi -^es) 1 [U] in-hos-pi-table /iinho'spitsbl/
flowing in. 2 [C] arrival in large adj not hospitable: an ~
climate.
quantities: an ~of tourists. in-hu-man /,m'hju:mdn/ adj
in-form /in'foan/ vt/i 1 give cruel; without feeling. '>^ity
knowledge to. 2 bring evidence /-'maenati/ n [C,U] cruelty.
(against a person) (to the po- in-hu-mane /,mhju:'mein/ adj
lice). 'N^ant n [C] person who not humane; cruel, -^ly adv
gives information, '^er n [C] in-itial /I'niJ"!/ adj of or at the be-

person who informs ( 2 ) ginning. D n [C] esp (pi) first let-

in-for-mal /,m'fD:ml/ adj nol for- ters of a person's names, d vt
mal(1,2). '>^ly adv. '>^ity (-II-; US also -I-) sign with one's

/-'mael3ti/n[C,U] initials, 'v.ly adv at the begin-

in-for-ma-tion /,mf3'meijn/ n ning.
[U] 1 informing. 2 knowledge in-iti-ate /I'nijieit/ vt 1 set (a
given. scheme, working. 2 intro-
etc)
in-for-ma-tive /in'foimativ/ adj duce a person (to membership of
giving information. '>^ly adv a group, etc). 3 give a person
in-fre-quent /m'friikwant/ adj elementary instruction. in-
not frequent. '>^ly adv. in-fre- iti'ationnM
quency/i[U] in-iti-at-ive /I'nijativ/ n 1 [U]
ih-f ringe /m'frmds/ vt/i 1 break first step: take the ~
in a discus-
(a rule, etc). 2 go beyond what is sion. 2 [U] willingness to act
right: ^ on his rights. '>^mBnt n without consulting others.
[C,U] act /do sth on one 's own '^,
in-furi-ate /m'fjuarieit/ vt make without an order from others.
angry. have/take the '^. (be in the
in-fuse /in'fjuiz/ vt/i (formal) 1 position to) make the first move.
fill (a person with): 'v. courage in- in-ject /in'dsekt/ vt 1 force a
to soldiers. 2 pour (hot) liquid drug, etc (into somethiftg) with a
on (tea leaves, etc) to extract the syringe. 2 (Jig: informal) fill: ~
taste, smell, in-fu-sion /-yi/ n new life into the team, in-jec-
[C,U] (liquid made by) infusing. tion/-Jn/«[C,U]
in-geni-ous /m'dsirnias/ adj 1 in-junc-tion /in'd3AgkJn/ n [C]
very clever and skilful. 2 (of court order.
things) skilfully made, 'x/ly adv. in-jure /'ind33(r)/ vt hurt; da-
in-gen'uity /,md3i'nju:3ti//j [U] mage, in-jured adj wounded;
in-got /'iijgat/ n [C] bar of metal offended, d n the '>^d, people
(esp gold and silver). hurt.
in*grained /,m'gremd/ adj (of in-jury /'indssri/ n (pi -ies) 1 [U]
habits, etc) firmly fixed. harm; damage. 2 IC] place (in
in-grati-tude /m'graetitju:d/ n the body) that is hurt; act that
[U] lack of gratitude. hurts.
in*gredi-ent /m'grirdiant/ n [C] in-jus-tice /,m'd3AStis/ n [U]
one of the parts of a mixture. lack of justice; [C] unjust act,
in-habit /m'haebit/ vt hve in. etc.
'x/able /-abl/ adj. '>^ant, person ink /iqk/ n [U] (kinds of) col-
living in a place. oured liquid used for writing
in-hale /m'heil/ vt/i breathe into and printing, inky adj (-ier,
the lungs, in-haler, device for -iest) black
producing a vapour to make ink-ling /'irjklirj/ n [C] vague
breathing easier. idea.
in-her-ent /m'hiarant/ adj exist- in-land /'inland/ adj^ situated in

the interior of a country. 2 car-
ried on within a rountry:
trade, a adv /in'laend/ in
wards the interior. 'Rev- ,!'>.'
enue, government department
that collects taxes.
in-laws /'mb:z/ n pi {informal)
relatives by marriage.
in-let /'mlet/ n [C] strip of water
extending into the land; small
bay.
in-mate /'mmeit/ n [C] person
living in a. prison or other
tution.
inn /m/ n [C] public house pro-
viding lodgings, food.
keeper, person who keeps an
inn.
in-nards /'madz/ n pi {informal)
1 stomach and bowels. 2 any
inner parts: the ~ of a car.
in-nate /I'neii/ adj (of a quality,
etc) possessed from birth, 'v.ly
adv
in-ner /'m3(r)/ a<^(of the) inside.
in-ning /'inir)/ n [C] 1 {baseball)
division of a game in which each
team bats. 2 {cricket) {pi) time
during which a player or team is
batting.
in-no-cent /'inasnt/ adj 1 {legal)
not guilty. 2 harmless: '^ fun. 3
knowing nothing of evil: '^^ chil-
dren. 4 foolishly trusting, a n [C]
innocent person, in-no-cence
l-sns/n[\J].'^\yadv
in-nocu-ous /I'nokjuas/ adj
causing no harm.
in-no-vate /'maveit/ vi introduce
new things, in-no-va-tor per-
son who innovates. in>no'va-
tion/i[C,U]
in-nu-endo /iinju'endau/ n [C]
{pi '^es) indirect reference (usu-
ally unfavourable).
in-numer-able /I'njurmarabl/
adj too many to count.
in-ocu-late /I'nokjuleit/ vt inject
eg a vaccine into (a person or
animal). in-ocu*la-tion n (C,U]
in-of-fen-sive /,m9'fensiv/ adj
not giving offence; not rude.
in-op-portune /im'opatjum/
adj not suitable or convenient:
an '\^ moment. '>^ly adv
in-organic /,mo:'gaEnik/ adj not
having a living physical struc-
ture: Rocks are -^ materials.
in-put /'input/ n [C] sth put in,
eg power, information to a com-
puter.
in-quest /'mkwest/ n [C] ofTicial
inquiry, esp concerning a sud-
den death.
in-laws /inside
in-quire /m'kwai3(r)/ vt/i 1 ask
~ to be told. 2 ask for information
or to- (about). '>^ after sb, ask about
(his health). '^ into, investi-
gate, in-quir-ing adj always
asking for information: an in-
quiring mind.
in-auiry /m'kwaisri/ n {pi -ies) 1
[U] inquiring, on '^. when one
has asked. 2 [C] question; inves-
tigation.
in-qui-si-tion /,mkwi'zijn/ n
insti- [C,U] thorough search or inves-
tigation.
in-quisi-tive /m'kwizativ/ adj
^'^- fond of inquiring into other
people's affairs. '^Xy adv
in-road /'inrsud/ n [C] 1 sudden
attack (into a country, etc). 2
{Jig) something that gradually
uses: make ~.s into one 's money.
in-sane /m'sem/ adj^ mad. 2 (in-
formal) senseless(1 ). '>^ly adv.
in-san-ity /m'sainati/ n [U]
madness.
in-scribe /m'skraib/ vt write
(words in or on), in-scrip-tion
/m'sknpjn/ n [C] (esp) words cut
on a stone, etc.
in-sect /'msekt/ n [C] sorts of
small animal, eg fly, wasp, hav-
ing six legs. '%^1-cide
/m'sektisaid/ n \C,\J] chemical
used for killing insects.
in-se-cure /,insi'kju3(r)/ adj 1
not safe; not to be relied on. 2
lacking confidence, 's^ly adv.
in-se-cur-ityAi[U]
in-sen-sible /m'sensabl/ adj 1
unconscious. 2 unaware (oO: ~
to the danger, in-sen-si'bil-ity
n[U]
in-sen-si-tive /m'sensativ/ adj
not sensitive. '>-'ly adv. in-sen-
si'tiv-ityM(U]
in-sep-ar-able /m'seprabl/ adj
that cannot be separated: '>^
friends.
in-sert /m'sart/ vt put, fit {in. in-
to, etc): ~
a key in a lock, d n
/'ms3:t/ [C] something inserted
(eg in book), in-ser-tion
a
/m's3:Jn/«[C,U]
in-set /'mset/ n [C] 1 small map,
diagram, etc within the border
of eg a larger map. 2 piece of
material let into a dress, d vt
/m'set/putin.
in -shore /'mjD:(r)/ adj. adv close
to the shore.
in-side /m'said/rt[C]1 inner sur-
face; part(s) within. ,^ 'oi/f,
(a) with the inner side out. (b)
thoroughly: know sth ~ out. 2
insidious/ instrument
{informal) (often pi) stomach
and bowels, a adj /'insaud/ on,
in. from the inside, d ad\A on or
m the mside. 2 {GB si) in prison.
a prep on the mner side of: come
~ the house.
in-sidious m'sid:9S/ adj doing
harm secretly, -^ly adv
in-sight 'msait n [C,U] (in-
stance oO understanding: ~5 in-
to his character.
in-sig-nia m'signia n pi symbol
of authority or honour.
in-sig-nifi-cant ,insig'mfik3nt
adj having Utile value or impor-
tance. '^\y adv. insignifi-
cance n [U]
in-sin-cere ,insm'si3(r) adj not
sincere '^\yadv. insin-cerity
-'sersti /j[U]
insinu-ate /m'smjueit/ vt
make a way for (oneself/
something) carefully. 2 suggest
indirectly, in-sinu'ation n [C,
U]
in-sipid in'sipid, adj 1 without
taste or flavour. 2 (Jig) >vithout
interest; dull. '>^ly adv
in-sist in'sist vtii -s^ (on/
that).^ order strongly: I '^ that
you come with me. 2 declare
firmly: He -^s that he is innocent.
-^ent a^ demanding attention.
'^encen[lj]
in-so-lent 'msabnt adj very
rude, in-so-lence n [U]
in-sol-uble in'soljubl adj^ (of
substances) that cannot be dis-
solved. 2 (of problems, etc) that
cannot be solved.
in-sol-vent /m'solvant/ n [C], adj
(person) unable to pay debts.
in-sol-vencyn[U]
in-som-nia /m'somnia/ n [U]
inabiUty to sleep, in-som-niac
/-maek/, person suffering from
insomnia.
in-spect /m'spekt/ vt examine
carefully, in-spec-tion /-Jn/ n
[C,U]. -^or n [C] (a) official
who inspects, eg schools, (b)
(GB) police officer, above a
sergeant.
in-spi-ra-tion /imsps'reijn/ n 1
[U] influence(s) producing crea-
tive activity. 2 [C] person or
thing that inspires. 3 [C] (infor-
mal) good idea. 4 [U] divine
guidance.
in-spire /m'spai3(r)/ vt 1 put
thoughts into: -^ confidence/
success in her. 2 fill with creative
power.
in-sta-bil-ity /,mst3'bil9ti/ n [U]
lack of stability.
in-stall (US also -stal) /m'sto:l
vt 1 place (a person) in a new
post. 2 place (apparatus) in pos-
ition. 3 settle in a place. '>^a-
tion ,inst3'leiJn/n(C,U]
in-stal-ment (US also -stall)
'in'st3:lm3nt/ n [C] 1 part of
something presented over a
pjcriod of time: a TV programme
in 10 -^5 2 regular payment.
in-stance exam-
'instans/ n [C]
ple; fact, etc supporting a gener-
al truth, for -v., by way of exam-
ple. D vt give as an example.
in-stant^ /'instant/ a<^1 happen-
ing at once. 2 (of food) that can
be prepared quickly. '>^ly adv at
once.
in-stant^ /'mstant/ n [C] 1 pre-
1 cise point of time. 2 moment: I'll
he there in an ~. '^^aneous
/-'temias/ adv
in-stead /in'sted/a^yv as an alter-
native, 's^ of. in place of: drink
tea '^ of coffee. '
in-step /'mstep/ n [C] upper sur-
face of the foot. ;
in-sti-gate /'mstigeit/ vt incite,
urge to do: -^ a riot, in-sti-ga-
tor person who instigates, in-
sti'ga-tion/i[U]
in-stil /m'stil/ vt (-II-) put (ideas,
etc) into a person's mind: '^
loyalty in troops.
in-stinct /'mstiqkt/ n [C,U]
natural tendency to behave in a
certain way. '^ive /m'stmktiv/
adj based on instinct: an '\^ive
reaction. '>^ive-ly adv
in-sti-tute^ /'mstitju:t/ n [C] or-
ganization for a special purpose. ,
in-sti-tute^ /'mstitju:t/ vt 1 start
an inquiry, rule, etc. 2 appoint i
(a vicar, etc).
in-sti-tu-tion /insti'tju:Jn/ n 1 '
[U] instituting: the ~
of rules/
customs. 2 [Cjestablished law or
practice. 3 [C] (building of an) '
organization with a charitable I
purpose. '>-al adj
in-struct /m'strAkt/ vt 1 teach. 2
give directions to. 3 inform.
^ive adj. '^or person who
teaches; trainer. '>^ress /-tns/, '
woman who teaches or trains. '
in-struc-tion /m'strAkJn/ n 1 ,
[U] instructing. 2 (pi) directions;
orders. '
in'Stru-ment /'mstrumsnt/ n
[C] 1 implement, apparatus. 2 |
apparatus for producing music-
al sounds, '^al /-^Toenll/ adj (a)
serving as a means; causing: You
 197 insubordinate/tnterest

were ^al in his promotion, (b) of reasoning power, a n [C] intel-

or for a musical instrument. lectual p>erson. '>^ually adv
'^al-ist, player of a musical in- in-tel-li-gence /m'telid33ns/ n
strument. [U] 1 mental ability. 2 news; in-
in-sub-or-di-nate /,msd'b3:- formation. 3 government de-
dinst/ adj disobedient, in-sub- partment that collects informa-
ordi'na-tion n [C,U] tion on enemies, in-tel-li-gent
in>suf-fer-able /,m'sAfrdbl/ adj adj. in-tel-li-gent'ly a</v
unbearable. in-tel-li-gible /m'telid33bl/ adj
in-suf-fi-cient /imss'fijnt/ adj that can be understood.
not sufficient. '>^ly adv. in-suf- in-tend /in'tend/ vr have as a
f i-ciency n [U] purpose: / ^
ro leave now.
in-su-lar /'msjul9(r)/ adj 1 of an in-tense /m'tens/ adj^ (of quali-
island. 2 narrow-minded. '>^ity ties) extreme. 2 (of persons)
/-'Iaer3ti//7[U] highly emotional. '>^ly adv
in-su-late /'msjuleit/ vt 1 cover in-ten-sify /m'tensifai/ vt/i
(something) to prevent passage ipt.pp -ied) make or become
of heat, electricity: ^d wires. 2 more intense.
separate: children ^d from in-ten-sity /m'tensati/ n [U]
harm, in-su-la-tor n [C] sub- state of being intense; strength
stance, device, for insulating. (of feeling, etc).
in'Su'la-tion n [U] insulating; in-ten-sive /m'tensiv/ adj deep
materials used for this. and thorough: an ^
search. '>^ly
in-sult /m'sAlt/ vt speak or act in adv
a way that hurts a person's feel- in-tent' Im^itnXj adj^ (of looks)
ings. D n /'msAlt/ [C,U] remark earnest. 2 (of persons) serious;
or action that insults. '>^ing adj determined, --^ly adv
in-sur-ance /m'Juarans/ n 1 [U] intent^ /m'tent/ n [U] intention:
(promise, by a company, to pro- shoot with '^ to kill, to ^all -^s
vide) payment in case of loss, and ^purposes, in all essential
sickness, death, etc in return for points.
regular payments. 2 [U] pay- in-ten-tion /m'tenjn/ n [C,U]
ment made to or by such a com- aim; purpose: His ^
was to learn
pany. 3 [C] any safeguard English, -^al /-Janl/ adj done on
against loss, failure, etc. purpose, '^al'lyadv
iii'Sure /m'J"u9(r)/ vt make a con- in-ter /m't3:(r)/ vr (-rr-) (formal)
tract that promises to pay a sum bury.
of money in case of accident, in-ter-act /imtar'askt/ vi act on
loss, death, etc. each other: These chemicals '^
m-sur-gent /m's3:d33nt/ adj when mixed, in-ter-ac-tion
rebellious, d n [C] rebel soldier. /-Jn/n[C,U].
in-sur-rec-tion /,ms3'rekjn/ n in-ter-cept /imta'sept/ vt stop (a
[C,U] rebellion. person or thing) between the
in-tact /im'taekt/ adj un- starting-point and destination.
damaged; complete. in-tercep-tion /-Jn/ n [U].
in-take /'inteik/ n 1 [C] place in-ter-change /|mt3'tjemd3/ vt
where water, gas, etc is taken in- 1 (of two persons, etc) give and
to a pipe, etc. 2 [C,U] quantity receive (goods, ideas, etc). 2 put
(of water, food, etc) taken in. (each of two things) in the
in-te-ger /'mtid33(r)/ n [C] whole other's place, n n [C] act of inter-
number. changing. '>^able adj
in-te-gral /'mtigral/ adj^ neces- in-ter-con-ti-nen-tal /,mt3-
sary for completeness: an ~
part ikonti'nentl/ adj concerning,
of the machine. 2 whole. '>^ly adv moving between, continents: '^
in-te-grate /'mtigreit/ vtji 1 missiles.
combine (parts) into a whole. 2 in-ter-course /'mtakors/ n [U]
join with other groups or conversation, dealings, between
race(s). in-te'gra-tion n [U] p>er$ons, nations, etc. (sexual)
in-teg-rity /m'tegrati/ n [U] '>^ C> sexual.
honesty; good character. in-ter-est /'mtrast/ n 1 [U]
in-tel-lect /'mtalekt/ n 1 [U] curiosity: take /lose ~
in. 2 [U]
power of the mind to reason. quaUty that causes concern or
~ual /-'lektjual/ adj (a) of the curiosity: an idea of '^ to us. 3
intellect, (b) having good [C] something with which one
interfere/ intimate
concerns oneself: His great '^ is
football. 4 [C] (often pi) advan-
tage: // is in your ->^(j) to work
hard. 5 [C] share in something:
have an -^ m a company. 6 [U]
money paid for the use of
money: rate of '^. 7 (often pi)
group of persons engaged m the
same trade, etc: ^business ~5. in
the '^(s) of. for the benefit of
D vt cause (a person) to give his
attention to: He is -^ed in ship-
ping. '>^ed adj (a) having an in-
terest(4) in. (b) showing in-
terest (1 ). ^v.ing adj causing in-
terest (1).
in-ter-fere ,mt3'fi3(r)/ v/ 1 con-
cern oneself with (other person's
affairs) without invitation. 2
touch; try to damage: -<- with a
machine. 3 hinder; obstruct, in-
ter-f er-ence /-rsns/ n [U]
in-terim /'intarim/ adj as an in-
stalment: an ~
payment! report.
in-ter-ior /in'ti3ri3(r)/ adj 1 in-
side; of the inside. 2 inland. 3
domestic (contrasted with
foreign), a « [C] 1 the inside. 2
inland areas.
in-ter-ject /,mt3'd3ekt/ vt put in
suddenly (a remark, etc) (in a
conversation), inter-jec-tion
/-Jn/ n [C] word or phrase used
as an exclamation.
in-ter-lock /,inta'lDk/ vtji lock
or join together.
in-ter-lude /'intalurd/ n [C] inter-
val between two events or parts
ofa play, etc.
in-ter-medi-ary /,mt3'mi:di3ri/
n [C] ipl -ies). adj (person or
thing) acting as a link between
(persons and groups).
in-ter-medi-ate /jinta'miidiat/
adj, n [C] (something) coming
between in time, space, degree,
etc: an '^ course, between
elementary and advanced, 'x/ly
adv
in-termis-sion /,mt3'mijn/ n in-tes-tate /m'testeit/ adj not
[C] pause; interval (in a play,
etc).
in-ter-mit-tent /,mt3'mitnt/ adj
stopping at intervals: 'v- rain.
'^\y adv
in-tern /m'tarn/ vt confine to a
special building,camp, etc (in
wartime). '>^ment n [U]
in-ter-nal /in'tarnl/ adj^ of or in
the inside: ^
injuries, to the
body. 2 domestic: ->- trade, 'v/ly
adv
in-ter-na>tional /,mtd'nxjn3l/
adj. n [C] (something) existing.
carried on, between nations.
in-ter-pose /,int3'pdoz/ vtji 1
make an interruption. 2 me-
diate: '^ between two arguing
people.
in-ter-pret /in'ta.pnt/ vtji 1 ex-
plain the meaning of. 2 consider
to be the meaning of: '^ his
silence as an expression of guilt.
3 act as interpreter, 'v^er, ptx-
son who immediately translates
words spoken in another lan-
guage, '^a-tion /-'teijn/n (C,U]
in-terro-gate /in'terageit/ vt
question thoroughly, in-ter-
ro'ga-tion n [C,U]. in-ter-ro-
ga-tor, person who interro-
gates.
interrogative /iinta'rogativ/
adj 1 having the form of a ques-
tion.2 (gram) used in questions:
-^ pronouns [adverbs, eg 'who',
'why'. D n [C] interrogative word
or construction.
in-ter-rupt /,int3'rApt/ vt/i 1
break the continuity of: -^ a
journey. 2 break in on (a person
speaking, etc), in-terrup-tion
/-Jn/n(C,U]
in-ter-sect /,mt3'sekt/ vt/i 1 di-
vide by cutting across. 2 (of
lines) cross each other, in-ter-
sec-tion /-Jn/ n [C,U] crossing
(of two lines, roads, etc).
in-ter-val /'intavl/ n [C] 1 time
between two events. 2 space be-
tween (two objects).
in-ter-vene /,mt3'vi:n/ vi 1 (of
events) come between (others) in
time. 2 (of persons) interfere (to
stop something). 3 (of time)
come or be between: the inter-
vening time before his death, in-
ter-ven-tion /-'venjn/ n [C,U]
in-ter-view /'mtavju:/ n [C] 1
meeting for discussion. 2 meet-
ing with a person applying for a
job, etc. D vt have an interview
with.
having made a will: die '^.
in-tes-tine /m'testm/ n [C] (usu-
ally pt) lower part of the food ca-
nal, in-tes-ti-nal/in'testml/ac//
in-ti-macy /'mtmiasi/ n (pi -ies)
1 [U] the state of being intimate.
2 (p/) kisses, etc.
in-ti-mate^ Pmtimst/ adj ^ close:
^ friends. 2 private and perso-
nal: ~ details of his life. 3 result-
ing from close study: -^ know-
ledge offlowers. '>^ly adv
in-ti-mate' /'mtmieit/ vt make
known; suggest, in-ti'ma-tion
 199 intimidate /invest

n[C,U] without invitation, in-truder,

in*timi-date /m'timideit/ vt
frighten by threatening violence.
in-timi'da-tion n [U]
into /'inta strong form: 'intu:/
prep 1 towards the inside: Come
*%. the house. 2 (showing change
of condition, result): burst
tears. 3 against: crash ~
a tree. 4
(maths): 5 '^25 equals 5.
in-tol-er-able /in'tobrabi/
that cannot be tolerated,
tol-erably a</v
in-tol-er-ant /m'tobrsnt/ adj
not tolerant, in-tol-er-ance
/-r9ns/«[U]
in>ton-ation /,int3'neijn/ n [U]
( the rise and fall of the voice in
speaking.
in-toxi-cate /m'toksikeit/ vt 1
(of alcoholic drink) cause to lose
'
person or thing that intrudes.
in-tru-sion /-311/ n [C,U].
in-tu-ition /imtju'ifn/ n 1 [U]
(ability to) understand some-
thing without conscious
thought. 2 [C] knowledge
^ gained by this ability, in'tu-
\tiye adj. in'tu-itive'ly a^v
in-un-date /'msndeit/ vt 1 flood.
adj 2 (fig) (esp passive) be over-
in- whelmed: '^d with letters, in-
un'dationn[C,U]
in-vade /m'veid/ vt 1 enter (a
country) with armed forces in
order to attack. 2 (fig) crowd in-
to:fans '^d the football pitch.
in-va-sion /-'n/n [C,U].
in-valid^ /m'vaelid/ adj not valid:
an '>^ excuse/passport, ^v/ate vt
make invalid. '>^a-tion

self-control. 2 (Jig) excite great- /-•deij9n/n[C,U]

ly, in-toxi'ca-tion n [U]
in-tran-si-tive /m'trasnsitiv/ adj
i
{gram) (of verbs) used without a
i direct object, 'v.ly ad\
\ in-trepid /in'trepid/ adj {formal)
1 fearless. '>^ly adv
in-tri-cacy /'intrikasi/ n [C,U]
I
{pi -ies) (instance oO being in-
i tricate: the ~~ of a watch.
in-tri-cate /'intnkat/ a^compli-
I
in-va-lid^ /'mv3li:d/ adj 1 weak
or disabled through illness or in-
jury. 2 suitable for invalid per-
sons: an ^
car. o n [C] invalid
person, n vt (esp of soldiers) re-
move from active service as an
invalid.
in-valu-able /m'vaeljubl/ adj of
value too high to be measured.
in-vari-able /m'vearisbl/ adj un-

j
cated; with many parts, details. changeable: an ^
temperature.
I '^ly adv in-vari-ably adv usually: He's
j
in-trigue /m'tri:g/ v/// 1 make invariably late.
t
and carry out plots. 2 interest; in-vec-tive /m'vektiv/ n [U] abu-
imake (a person) curious, d n sive language.
/'mtri:g/ 1 [U] secret plotting. 2 in-vent /m'vent/ vr 1 create or
[C]plot. design (something). 2 think of
^
in-trin-sic /m'trmsik/
adj (of '^ an excuse. '>^or, person who
value, quality) belonging natu- invents things, in-ven-tion
i

rally. '>-allyat/v /-Jn/ M (a) [U] inventing. (b)[C]

I in-tro-duce /imtra'djurs/ vt 1 something invented. '>^ive adj
*
bring in: ~
a Bill before Parlia- imaginative.
ment. 2 '^ (into), bring (sth) in- in-ven-tory /'mvantn/ n [C] (pi
3 make (persons) known
to use. -ies) detailed list.

by name (to one another). in-vert /m'v3:t/ vt put upside

in-tro-duc-tion /imtra'dAkJn/ n
1 [U] introducing. 2 [C] intro-
ducing of persons to one an-
other. 3 [C] opening explanation
of a letter, speech, book. 4 [C]
elementary textbook.
in-tro-duc-tory /,mtr3'dAkt9ri/
adj serving to introduce: re-
marks.
in«tro-vert /,mtr3'v3:t/ vt turn
(one's mind) inward on itself a
down or in the opposite order or
position. '>^ed com-
mas, = quotation marks (""
or in-version /-Jn/ n [C, U]
").
in-vert-ebrate /m'v3:tibr9t/ adj.
n [C] (animal) not having a
backbone.
~ in-vest /m'vest/ vt/i 1 '^ (in),
put (money in): ^^ ina new com-
pany. 2 '^ in, (informal) buy. 3
->- (with), .give (authority) to:

n person who is
/'ratr3V3:t/ [C] 1 ~ power in the President.
more interested in his own ^ment n (a) [U] investing
thoughts than in things outside money, (b) [C] money invested;
himself 2 (informal) quiet, anti- that in which money is invested.
social person. O extrovert. -^or, person who invests
in-trude /m'tru:d/ vt/i enter money.
investigate/ irreverent
in-ves-ti-gate /in'vestigeit/
inquire into; make a careful
study of; ~
a murder, in-ves-
ti'ga-tion n [C,U]. investi-
ga-tor. person who investi-
gates.
in-ves-ti-ture /in'vesiitj'3(r)/
[C] ceremony of investing a
son {with a rank, power, etc).
in-vigi-late /m'vid^ileit/ vi
watch over students during ex-
aminations invigi'lation
[U]. in-vigi-la-tor, person
invigilates.
in-vig-or-ate /m'vigareit/ vt give
strength, energy to.
in-vin-cible /'m'vmsabl/ adj too
strong to be defeated, in-vin-
cibly adv
in-viol-ate /,m'vai3bt/ adj not
violated, pure.
in-vis-ible /m'vizdbdl/ adj that
cannot be seen, invisi'bil-ity n
[U]. in-vis-ibly a<yv
in-vite /m'vait/ vt 1 ask (a person
to do something, come some-
where,etc). 2 ask for: offers. ~
invit-ing adj tempting, in-vit-
ing-ly aJv.
in-vi-ta-tion /,mvi'teijn/ n 1 [U]
inviting: admission by '^^ only. 2
[C] request to come somewhere,
etc: an '^ to a party.
in-vo-ca-tion /,mv3u'keij'n/ n
[U] invoking; [C] prayer or ap-
peal that mvokes.
in-voice /'mvois/ vr, n [C] (make
a) Ust of goods sold, with the
price(s) charged.
in<voke /m'vauk/ vt 1 call on
God, the law, etc for help. 2 re-
quest earnestly. 3 summon
magic).
in-vol-un-tary /m'vobntn/ adj
done without intention: an ->-
movement. in-voi-un-tar-ily
adv
in-volve /m'volv/ vt 1 cause (a
person or thing) to take part. 2
have as a necessary result, in-
volved adj complicated,
'x.ment /I [C,U]
in-vul-nerable /m'vAlnrsbl/ adj
that cannot be wounded.
in-ward /'mwad/ adj 1 inner: a
man's ~nature. 2 turned to-
wards the inside: an curve.^
'>^ly adv in the mind or spirit.
in-ward(s) adv (a) towards
the inside, (b) into the mind or
soul.
iod-ine /'aiadirn/ n [U] chemical
substance used as an antiseptic.
ion /'aian/ n [C] electrically
200
vt charged particle. '>^ize /-aiz/ vt
convert into ions.
irate /ai'reit/ at^angry. '>^ly adv
iri-descent /,iri'desnt/ adj (for-
mal) changmg colour as light
falls from different directions.
n iris /'aiaris/ n [C] 1 coloured part
per- round the pupil of the eye. 2
kinds of flowering plant.
irk /3:k/ vt annoy. '>^some adj
iron^ /'aian/ n 1 [U] commonest
n of all metallic elements (symbol
who Fe). 2 [C] flat-bottomed imple-
ment heated and used for mak-
ing clothes smoothe. 3 (pf)
chains for the ankles and wrists
of a prisoner. ,'>^ 'curtain,
frontier(s) dividing USSR and
allied countries from other
countries. ''>^monger, dealer
in metal goods. ''>^mongery,
business of an ironmonger.
iron' /'aian/ vt/i smooth cloth
with an iron. -^ out, (a) re-
move by ironing, (b) (Jig) re-
move (difTiculties, etc). ''>^ing-
board, board on which to iron
clothes, etc.
ironic /ai'ronik/ (also '>^al) adj
of, expressing, irony, ^ally adv
irony /'aiarani/ n (pi -ies) 1 [U]
saying something which gives
the opposite meaning of what is
intended. 2 [C] event, situation,
etc which is the opposite of what
is expected.
ir-ra-tional /I'raejanl/ adj 1 not
being able to reason. 2 illogical:
an ^fear of water. '>^ly adv
ir-regu-lar /Vregjul3(r)/ adj 1
contrary to rules, to what is nor-
(by mal. 2 uneven: an ~surface. 3
(gram) (of words) not having the
usual forms, '^ly adv. '>^ity i
/-'lsr3ti//j[C,U]
ir-rel-evant /I'rebvant/ adj not i
relevant.
ir-rep'ar-able/i'rep3r3bl/a^(of
a loss, injury, etc) that cannot be
put right.
ir-re-place-able /,in'pleiS3bl/
adj (of a loss) that cannot be re-
placed.
ir-re-sist-ible /,iri'zist3bl/ adj .
too strong, deli^tful, etc to be I
resisted.
ir-re-spec-tive /,iri'spektiv/ adj
-^ (of), not taking into ac-
count: ~
of the danger.
ir-re-spon-sible /,in'spons3bl/
adj without a proper sense of re-
sponsibiUty. ir-re-spon-si'bil-
ity-«[U]
ir-rev-er-ent /I'revarant/ adj
 201 irrevocable/jack-knife

showing no respect for sacred ritation: an '-^y shirt.

things. '>^lv adv. ir-rev-er- item /'aitam/ n [C] 1 single article
ence n [U] in a etc. 2 detail (of news).
list,

irrevo>cable /I'revskdbl/ adj fi- 'x/ize vt give, write, every detail

nal and unalterable: my ->- deci- of.
sion. i-tin-er-ant /ai'tmarant/ adj (for-
irri'gate /'irigeit/ vt supply mal) travelling from place to
(land) with water, ir-ri'ga-tion place: '^ musicians.
n[\J] i-tin-er-ary /ai'tmarari/ n [C] (pi
irri-table /'iritabl/ a<^ easily an- -ies) details of a journey.
noyed, ir-ri-ta'bil-ity n [U] it'll /'itl/ = it will.
irri-tate /'iriteit/ vt 1 make an- it's /its/ = it is; it has.
noyed. 2 cause discomfort to its /its/ adj oriV. ^ tail.

(part of the body), irri'ta-tion itself /it'self/ prowl (reflex): The

/i[C,U] dog stretched '^. by ^y^, (a) au-
is /iz/ O be. tomatically, (b) alone. 2 (used
IS'lam /'izla:m/ /i religion pro- for emphasis): I saw the jewel '^.
claimed by the Prophet Muham- I've/aiv/ = I have.
mad; all Muslims. '>^ic adj ivory /'aivari/ adj. n [U] 1 (of the)
is-land /'aibnd/ n [C] 1 piece of white substance forming the
land surrounded by water. 2 tusks of elephants. 2 (oO its col-
something like an island: a traf- our.
fic '^, in the middle of a road, for ivy /'aivi/ n [U] climbing ever-
pedestrians. green plant with dark, shiny
isle /ail/ n [C] island. leaves.
isn't c> be.
iso-late keep apart
/'aisaleit/ vt
from others, iso'la-tion n [U]
isos-celes /ai'sDS3li:z/ adj (of a
triangle) having two sides equal.
issue /'iju:/ vtji 1 distribute for
weapons.
2 publish
use: ->>.

(books, etc). 3 put stamps,

banknotes, etc into circulation.
Jj
a n^ [C,U] publication: two -^5
of a newspaper. 2 [C] question J,
j /d33i/ (pi J's, j's Idztu-D the
for discussion. 3 [C] result. 4 [U] tenth letter of the English al-
(/e^a/) children. phabet.
isth-mus /'ismas/ n {pi '^^es) jab /d3aeb/ vtji (-bb-) push with
stripof land joining two larger force (ar. into, out), a n [C] 1 sud-
bodies of land. den blow. 2 (informal) injection.
pron (pi they /dei/, them
it /it/ jab-ber /'d3aeb9(r)/ vtii talk ex-
/6em/) 1 (used of objects, ani- citedly. D /I [U] chatter.
mals but not p)ersons): Where's Jack /d3aek/ n [C] 1 device for
my book?— Have you seen '^7 2 raising heavy weights, esp
(used to refer to a group of motor-vehicles. 2 (playing-
words which follows): Is -^ diffi- cards) card between 10 and the
cult to learn Cfiinese? 3 (used to queen, the ,
Union '
J'>^, flag of
identify a person or thing): the United Kingdom, a vt lift
Who's that?'—'I'>^'s the post- with a jack (^)•.'>^upa car.
man. 4 (used as a subject with
'
jackal /'d5£k3:l/ n [C] wild ani-
/~ is raining. 5 (used to
be, etc): mal like a dog.
emphasize one part of a sen- jack -ass /'ds^kaes/ n [C] 1 male
tence): /-^ was work that ex- ass. 2 foolish person.
haustedhim. jacket /'d32ekit/ n [C] 1 short
italic /I'taelik/ adj (of printed let- coat with sleeves. 2 outer cover-
ters) sloping: This is 'x, type, a n ing round a tank, pipe, etc. 3
ipl) italic letters. skin (of a baked potato). 4 (also
itch n [C] 1 feeUng of irrita-
/It J/ ^dust ~) loose paper cover of a
tion on the skin, causing a desire book.
to scratch. 2 restless desire: the jack-knife /'dsaek naif/ n [C]
->- to travel, a vi 1 have an large pocket-knife with a fold-
itch(1 ). 2 have a strong desire. ing blade, a vj (esp of an articu-
itchy adj (-ier, -iest) causing ir- lated lorry) bend in the middle.
jackpot /jewel 202

jackpot 'djaekpot n [C] largest
money prize to be won m
vari-
ous games.
jade/dseid adj. n[\J]{o(ai) hand,
usually green precious stone.
jaded 'd3eidid adj very lired.
jag-ged 'dsaegid/ adj with
rough, uneven edges.
jag-uar 'd3xgju3(r) n [C] large,
wild cat of South America.
jail d3eil O gaol.
janfi^ dsaem, n [U] fruit boiled
with sugar until it is thick. ''^-
jar/-pot, jar for jam.
jam' d3aem^ vi i (-mm-) 1 crush
between two surfaces: '^ one's
finger in a door. 2 (of parts of a
machine, etc) (cause to) become
fixed; stick. 3 push (things)
together lightly: -^ clothes into a
case. 4 interfere with a radio
broadcast a « [C] 1 number of
things crowded together
preventing movement: Uraffic-
~. 2 (sf) difTicult situation: be
in; gel into a '^.
jangle 'd3£r|gl/ vi/i (cause to)
give out a harsh metallic noise, d
n [U] harsh metallic noise.
jani-tor 'd3aEnit3(r)/ n [C] care-
one in which the teeth are set
jay /d3ei/ n [C] noisy bird with
brightly coloured feathers.
jazz /d3aez/ n [U] popular music
played by Negro groups in
first
Southern USA. avt^ play or ar-
range in the style of jazz. 2 ~
WP/ {fig) hven up. jazzy adj
{informal) (a) of or
(-ler, -iest)
hke jazz, (b) bright: a '^zy tie.
jeal-ous /'d3el9s/ adj 1 feeling
envy of a rival: a ~
husband. 2 ^
(of sb/sth), feeling unhappi-
ness because of the better for-
tune, etc of others. 3 taking
watchful care {of): -v. of one's
rights, iealously adv. iea\-
ousy n[C,\J] {pi -\es)
jeans jdy.nzi n pi informal de-
nim trousers.
jeep /d3i:p/ n [C] small, military
motor-vehicle.
jeer ,d3i3(r) vti make fun of. a n
[C] jeering remark. '^\ng-\y adv
jelly 'd3eli n {pi -ies) 1 [U] soft
food made from gelatine, fruit
juiceand sugar. 2 [C,U] (portion
oO fruit jelly. 3 [U] substance
Uke jelly, a vtii {pt.pp -ied)
(cause to) become like jelly. ''>^-

taker. f ish, kinds offish like jelly.

Jan-uary 'd3aenju3n n the first jeop-ard-ize /'d3ep3daiz/ put vt
month of the year. in danger, jeop-ardy n [U]
jar' ;d3ae(r)/ n [C] tall vessel with danger: The success of our plan is
a wide mouth; its contents. injeopardy.
jaH /d3a:(r)/ vt/i (-rr-) 1 strike jerk /d53:k/ n [C] sudden move-
with a harsh unpleasant sound. ment or stop, a vt/i move with a
2 '^ (on), have an unpleasant jerk, jerky adj (-ier, -iest)
effect: His singing really ~5 my jer-sey /'d33:zi/ n {pi ~s) [C]
nerves. 3 send a shock through close-fitting knitted woollen
(the body): ~
one's elbow, a n garment.
[C] 1 harsh sound or vibration. jest /d3est/ n [C] joke, in '>^, as a ^

2 shock. '>^ring a<i/ causing dis- joke, n vi make jokes, 'v-er n [C]
harmony. (in olden times) a man employed i

jargon /'d3Q:g3n/ n [U] lan- to amuse the court.

guage full of special words: med- jet' /d3et/ n [C] 1 stream of gas, '

ical/^. liquid or flame, forced out of a

jaun-dice /'dprndis/ n [U] dis- small opening: -^ engine. 2 nar-
ease, marked by yellowness of row opening from which a jet
the skin, n vt (usually passive) 1 comes. 3 = jet plane, a vt/i (- ,

affect with jaundice. 2 (fig) be tt-) 1 come in a jet. 2 travel by jet

suspicious, bitter: a '>^d opinion. plane. plane/aircraft, one
''>^

jaunt /d3o:nt/ n [C] short journey operated by jet engines, '-x/ set,
for pleasure, a vi make such a wealthy persons who often >

journey, jaunty adj (-ier, iest) travel in jet aircraft. I

feeling cheerful. '>^ilv adv jet^ /d3et/ adj. n [U] (made of a) \

jav-elin /'d3aevlm/ n [C] Ught hard, black mineral. ,'^ 'black, ^

spear for throwing. deep, glossy black. .

jaw /dp:/ n [C] 1 lower/upper jet-ti-son /'dsetisn/ vt 1 throw

'>^, bone structures containing (goods) overboard to Ughten a
the teeth. 2 {pi) {sing) lower part ship. 2 abandon.
'

of the face. 3 {fig) something like jetty /'dseti/ n [C] {pi -ies) small
jaws: the •^s of a vice/ death, a vi pier.
talk for a long time. ''>^bone. jewel /'d3u:3l/ n \C] 1 precious
 203 jiffy /judge

stone, eg adiamond. 2 artificial which joins two things: ^5 on a

diamond. 3 (fig) highly valued pipe. 2 place where eg bones, are
person or thing, a vt{-\\-, US-\-) joined together. 3 large piece of
adorn with jewels. 'X/ler, trader meat. 4 {si} place for meeting,
in jewels. '>^ry, '>^lery n [U] drinking, etc. 5 {si) cigarette
i jewels. containing a drug.
1 jiffy /'d3ifi/ n [C] [pi -ies) (m/or- joist /d33ist/ n [C] wood or steel
ma/) moment. //I a '>^, soon. beam supporting a floor or ceil-
jig /d3ig' n [C] (music for a) ing.
quick, lively dance, a vtji (-gg-) joke /d39uk/ n [C] something
1 dance a jig. 2 move up and said or done to cause amuse-
down in a quick, jerky way. ment, pfay a '^ on sb. cause
jig-saw /'dsigso:/ n [C] (also ''v- him to be the victim of a joke, n
puzzle) picture on cardboard or vi make jokes, jok-ing-ly adv in
wood and cut in irregularly a joking manner.
shaped pieces to be fitted joker /'d33uk3(r)/ n [C] 1 person
'
together again. who makes jokes. 2 extra
'
jilt /d3ilt/vr send away (a lover). playing-card.
jingle /'dsiqgl/ n [C] 1 metallic jolly /'d3Dli/ adj (-ier, -iest)
clinking sound (as of coins or happy, a adv {informal) very: '>^
small bells). 2 rhyme or phrase good!
designed to attract the atten- jolt /d33ult/ vtji give a jerk to;
tion: advertising '^s. a v/// (cause move along by jerks, a /itC] sud-
I to) make a light, ringing sound. den bump.
1
jinx /d3ir)ks/ n [C] {si) person or jostle /'d3Dsl/ vtii push roughly:
i
thing that brings bad luck. '^edin a crowded train.
I

job /d3Db/ n [Cj 1 piece of work. jot /d3Dt/ vt (-tt-) -^ sth down.
make a good ^ of sth. do it make a written note of ''x.ter,
well, yodd-^'^ man. one who notebook.
does small jobs. 2 {informal) em- jour-nal /'d33:nl/ n [C] 1 news-
1 ployment. 3 a good '^. a fortu- paper; periodical. 2 daily record
I
nate state of affairs. of events, etc. '^ism /-izam/
I jockey /'dsoki/ n [C] {pi ~s) work of writing for newspapers.
professional rider in horse- '^%stn{C]
races. C> disc jockey, d vtji push jour-ney /'dsarni/ n [C] {pi ~s)
oneself into a good
position. (distance travelled in) going to a
I jog /d3Dg/ vtji (-gg-) 1 give a place, a vi travel: ~ across Afri-
I
slight push to. '>- sb's me- ca.
'
mory. make him remember jov-ial /'d39uvi3l/ adj {formal)
something. 2 '^ alonglon, merry. '>-ly adv. '>^ity /-'aebti/ n
make slow, patient progress. 3 [C,U]
I run slowly, a « [C] 1 slight push. jowl /d3aul/ n [C] lower part of
I 2 slow run. the face.
*
joggle /'dsogl/ vtji shake, move joy /dpi/ n 1 [U] great happiness.
i
by repeated jerks, a n [C] slight 2 [C] something that gives joy.
I
shake. '>^ful adj filled with, causing,
join /dpin/ vtji 1 connect (two joy. '>>'Ous /'dpias/ adj full of
points, things). forces '^ joy. '>^ous-\y adv
(with), work together. 2 come ju-bi-lant /'d3u:bil3nt/ at// trium-
together: The two roads -^ here. phant. '>^ly adv. ju-bi'la-tion n
3 become a member of: -^ a club. IC,U] (instance oQ expressing
4 come and meet: Please '^ us triumph.
for a drink, d n [C] place where ju-bi-lee /'d3u:bili:/ n [C] celebra-
two things are joined. tion of a special anniversary.
joiner /'dpin3(r)/ n [C] work- 'diamond '>-, 60th anniver-
man who makes the woodwork sary, 'golden '^, 50th anniver-
of buildings, etc. join-ery, sary, 'silver 'v/, 25th anniver-
work of a joiner. sary.
joint^ /dpint/ adj done by, be- judge /d3Ad3/ n [C] 1 public of-
longing to, two or more persons: ficer with authority to decide
~ responsibility. '^ account, cases in a law court. 2 person
bank account in the name of who decides in a contest, dis-
more than one person. 'V/ly adv pute, etc. 3 person able to give
joint* /dpint/ n [C] 1 thing opinions on merits: a good ~of
judgement/jut 204

character, a vt/i (pres part judg- turn.

ing) 1 act as a judge( 1 ) 2 give a . jumper /'d3Amp3(r)/ n [C] 1
decision (in a competition, etc). knitted pullover. 2 person, ani-
3 estimate. mal or insect, that jumps.
judge-ment (/^ga/ judg-ment) jumpy /'d3Ampi/ adj (-ier, -iestj
^'d3Ad3m3nt/ n 1 [U] judging. 2 excited and nervous.
[CJdecision of a judge or court. junc-tion 'd3Ar)kJn/ n [C] place
3 (U) good sense. 4 iC.U] opin- where roads, railway lines, wires
ion: in my ^. 'J'>- Day, the meet.
,Day of 'J'N^, day when
the junc-ture /'d3Ar)ktj3(r)/ n [C]
God will judgemen.all {formal) at this '^. at this time
jU'di-cial d3u:'dijl/ adj of or by June /d3u:n/ n the sixth month
a court; of a judge or of judge- of the year.
ment. '^\yadv jungle /'dsAqgl/ n [C] (land
ju-dici-ary /d3u:'dij3n/ n [C] {pi covered with) thickly growing
-ies) the judges and system of vegetation.
law courts in a country. jun-ior /'d3u:ni3(r)/ n [C], adj
ju-di-cious d3u:'dij3s/ adj (Jor- (person) younger, lower in rank,
mal) having good sense; wise. than another.
'>^ly adv junk^ /d3Ar)k/ n [U] old, discard-
judo ,'d3u:d3u/ n [U] Japanese ed things of no value.
art of wrestling. junk^ /d3Ai)k/ n [C] Chinese
jug /djAg/ n [C] 1 deep vessel sailing-vessel.
with a handle and lip. 2 the con- junkie /'d3Ar)ki/ n [C] {si) drug
tents of such a vessel: a o/ ~ addict.
milk. junta /'d3Ant3/ n [C] {pi ~s)
jug-ger-naut /'dsAganort/ n [C] group of army officers who seize
1 (Jig) force or object that power.
crushes everything it meets. 2 ju-ris-dic-tion idsuaris'dikjn
{informal) huge long-distance n(U] legal authority.
lorry. juror /'d3U3r3(r)/ n [C] member
juggle /'d3Agl/ vtji 1 to do tricks ofajury.
with the hands (with balls, etc). jury /'dsuari/ n [C] {pi -ies)
2 play tricks (with facts, figures, twelve F>ersons who give a deci-
etc) to deceive: '^ the accounts. sion {a verdict) in a law-court
jug-gler, person who juggles. '>^man, = juror.
juice /d3u:s/ n [C,U] fluid part of just^ /d3ASt/ adj 1 fair: a ~ deci-
fruits, vegetables and meat. sion. 2 well deserved. '>^ly adv
juicy adj (-ler, -iest) containing just* /d3ASt/ adv 1 a short time
much juice. juici*ness n [U] ago: I've ~
had dinner. 2 exactly:
juke-box /'d3u:k boks/ n [C] It's '^ two o'clock. 3 -^^ as, (a)
coin-operated record-player. exactly as: Leave it ~
as you find ,

July /d3u:'lai/ n the seventh it. (b) when: He arrived '^ as I

month of the year. did. 4 at this very moment: '

jumble /'d3\mbl/ vtji (up). ^ We're ~

leaving. 5 barely: We
mix in a confused way. d n [C] {only) ~
caught the train. 6 (used '

confused mixture. ''>^-sale, sale to call attention): J'^ a moment,

of second-hand articles. please. 7 only: He's '^ an ordi-
jumbo /'d3Amb3o/ adj unusually nary man.
large: -^jets. jus-tice y'd3AStis/ n 1 [U] the
jump^ /d3Amp/ n [C] 1 act of quality of being right and fair. 2
jumping; sudden movement. 2 [U] the law and its administra-
sudden rise: a ^
in prices. 3 ob- tion. 3 [C] judge of the Supreme
stacle to be jumped over. Courts: the Lord Chief J'^. , J^ -

jump^ /djAmp/ vtji 1 move of the 'Peace, magistrate. '

quickly (upwards) by a push of juS'tif y /'d3AStifai/ vr {pt.pp -ied)

the legs: ~
up in the air. 2 pass 1 show that something is right
over in this way: ~
{over) a wall. or reasonable. 2 be a good
3 rise suddenly: prices '^ed. 4 reason for. jus-ti'fi-able adj.
{sf)attack; ambush. 5 's^ at. ac- jus*ti'fi>ably adv with good
cept eagerly. -^ to cone fu- reason: justifiably proud, ius-
sions, reach them hastily. 6 '>^ ti-f i-ca-tion /-ft'keijn/ n [UJ
the queue, {fig) obtain some- jut /d3At/ vi (-tt-) -v. out. stand
thing without waiting one's out from.
 205 jute /ketchup

jute /d3u:t/ n [U] fibre used for offered in payment. 7 provide

making rope, etc. what is needed for: '^ a family. 8
ju-ven-ile /'d3u:v3nail/ n [C] have on sale. 9 -s^ house, do
young person, d adj of, suitable the housework, cooking, etc. c>
for, juveniles, j-^ de'lin- housekeeper. 10 own or man-
quency, law-breaking by age: ^ a shop. 11 make entries
young people. in: ~ a diary. C> bookkeeper.
1 2 continue: /^~ straight on. 1
'^ going, not stop; not give up.
14 (of food) remain in good
condition. 15 -^ af sth. conti-
nue to work at it. '^ away
(from), avoid, 'v. sb down.

Kk control him. '-^ in with sb. re-

main on good terms with. '>^
off, remain at a distance. '^ on
(doing sth), continue. '^ sth
K, k /kei/ (pi K's, k's /keiz/) the on, continue to wear. sb on, ^
11th letter of the English al- continue to employ him. '^ on
phabet. at sb, worry with repeated
ka-leido-scope /ks'laidaskaup/ complaints, etc. -^ out (of), re-
n [C] 1 tube containing mirrors main outside. '^ sb/sth out
and small pieces of coloured (of), prevent from entering. '^
glass, turned to produce chang- to sth, (a) do what one has
ing patterns. 2 (fig) changing agreed to do. (b) limit oneself
pattern of bright scenes, ka- to: -v. (o the subject. '^
leido-scopic /-'skopik/ adj (onefSe/f) to one^self, avoid
kan-ga-roo /ikaegga'ru:/ n [C] meeting people. '>^ up (with).
Austrahan animal that jumps go at the same speed SiS. '^ sb
along on its large back legs. up, prevent a person from going
karat /'ksrst/ = carat. to bed. ^
sth up, (a) prevent
ka-rate /'ka'ratti/ n [U] Japanese from sinking or getting low: 'v-
method of unarmed combat. prices up. (b) continue: '^ up cm
kayak /'kaiaek/ n [C] canvas- attack, (c) maintain in proper
covered canoe. condition: ^upa
large house. '^
ke-bab n [C] small
/ka'baeb/ it up, continue without slowing
pieces of meat, roasted on metal down.
sticks. keep^ /ki:p/ n 1 [U] (food needed
keel /ki:l/ n [C] steel structure on for) support: / pay for his '^. 2
which the framework of a ship is [C] tower of a fortress, etc. 3 for
built up. on an even '^, '>-'S, (si) permanently.
steady, a vtji -^ over, capsize; keeper n [C] person
/'ki:p3(r)/
(of persons) collapse. responsible for: zoo-'^^.goal'^.
keen /ki:n/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of keep-ing /'ki:pir)/ n [U] 1 care:
edges) sharp. 2 (fig) piercing: a the 'V. of bees, in safe '>^, being
'^ wind. 3 (of interest, etc) kept carefully. 2 agreement: in
strong. 4 sensitive: a -v. sense of -^ with his promises.
smell. 5 (of persons) eager. '>^ keep-sake /'kirpseik/ n [C]
on. (informal) enthusiastic something kept in memory of
about. '>-ly adv. '>^ness n [U] the giver.
keep^ /ki:p/ vt/i (pt.pp kept keg /keg/ n [C] small barrel.
/kept/) 1 (cause to) remain in a ken-nel /'kenl/ n [C] 1 hut to
state or position: '>- (them) quiet. shelter a dog. 2 (pf) place where
^ an eye on. (informal) watch dogs are cared for. a vt/i (-II-)
over closely. "^ sth in mind. keep in a kennel.
remember it. 2 prevent: ^ him kept /kept/ O keepV
from leaving. 3 '>^ sth (back) kerb (also curb) /ksrb/ n [C]
from, (a) not let others know, stone edge of a pavement.
(b) withhold. ^ sth to kernel /'karnl/ n [C] 1 inner part
oneself, refuse to share. -^ a of a nut or seed. 2 (fig) central
secret. c> secret. 4 fulfil: 'v- a part of a subject.
promise. 5 guard: ~ goal. C* kes-trei /'kestral/ n [C] kind of
goalkeeper. 6 continue to have: small hawk.
AC'v. the change, ie from money ketch-up /'ketjsp/ n [U] sauce
kettle/ kink 2(

made from tomato juice. oO kilogram,

kettle /'ketl n [C] metal vessel kilo-gram (me) /'kilsgraem/ n
with a spout, for boilmg water. [C] 1000 grammes.
kettle-drum 'ketldr/vm n [C] kilo-metre (US = -meter)
drum shaped like a hemisphere. 'kibmi:t3(r), n [C] 1000 metres.
key' /ki:/ n [C] 1 metal instru- kilt kilt/ n [C] tartan skirt, worn
ment to open and close a lock. 2 by men in the Scottish High-
(Jig) something that provides an lands.
answer (to a problem). 3 set of kim-ono /ki'maunau/ n [C] (pi
answers to exercises. 4 lever or -^s) long, flowing, Japanese
button of a typewriter, piano, gown.
etc. 5 (music) scale of related kin km n pi family; relations.
notes. 6 (fig) tone of thought or next of'>^. nearest relation(s).
expression: a low--^ speech. 7 (as kind' kamd/ adj (-er, -est)
an adf) controlling; essential: a thoughtful, friendly. ,'>^-

~ position industry. ''>.'board, 'hearted adj with a kind na-

rowof keys(4). ture. '>-ly adv (a) in a kind man-
key^ /ki:/ vt «>- up. (fig) stimu- ner, (b) easily: He doesn't take
late; make ready (to do some- '^ly to being cheated, ^s^ness n
thing). (a) [U] kind nature, (b) [C]
keystone /'kirst^un/ n [C] 1 kind act.
stone at the top of an arch. 2 kind* kamd/ n [C] 1 race, natu-
i/ig) central principle on which ral group, of animals, plants,
everything depends. etc: man'^. 2 sort or variety, a '>^
khaki 'ka:ki « [U]. (military
at// of. .. (used when there is uncer-
.

uniform of a) dull yellowish- tainty): / had a '^ of suspicion

brown. that he was cheating. 3 in 'v., (a)
kick /kik vti 1 hit with the foot.
1 (of payment) m
goods not in
^ the bucket, (sf) die. 2 (of a money, (b) (fig) the samem
gun) jerk when fired. 3 '>^ manner.
against /at. protest. -^^ off. kin-der-gar-ten /'kmdsga.tn/ n
(in football) start the game. [C] school for very young chil-
Hence. ''>^-off n [C]. '^ up a dren.
fuss /row. etc.
(informal) kindle 'kmdl/ vt/i 1 (cause to)
cause a disturbance, a n [C] 1 act catch fire. 2 arouse; excite
of kicking. 2 (informal) thrill: (hope, interest).
take drugs for '\.s. kin-dred /'kmdnd/ n (sing only)
kid^ /kid/ n 1 [C] young goat. 2 [U] relationship by birth, a adj^
[U] leather made from skin of related. 2 a ^
spirit, person
this. 3 (^A child. one sympathetic.
feels is
kid* kid vt (-dd-) (si) deceive; kin-etic adj of, pro-
'ki'netik/
pretend. duced by. motion: energy. ~
kid-nap 'kidnaep v7 (-pp-) steal king kii] n [C] 1 male sovereign
(a child) (to obtain a ransom). ruler. 2 person of great influ-
"^per, person who kidnaps. ence: an ^oil ~. 3 principal piece
kid-ney 'kidni n [C] (pi -^s) or- in chess. 4 (playing-cards) card
gan in the abdomen that separ- with a picture of a king. 5 most
ates urine from the blood; kid- prominent member of a group,
ney of sheep, cattle, etc as food. etc: the ~
of beasts, the lion.
,'>^ 'bean, (plant with a) ''>^pin, (a) vertical bolt used as
kidney-shaped bean. a pivot, (b) (fig) essential per-
kill/kil/ v/;/1 put to death. 2 des- son or thing, '-x^ size adj extra
troy: ~our hopes of i\ inning. 3 large: '^ size cigarettes.
overwhelm: -^ her with kindness. king-dom 'kiijdam n [C] 1
a n (sing only) act of killing, ani- country ruled by a king or a
mals killed, esp in hunting. queen. 2 the spiritual reign of
''x-joy, person who stops others God. 3 one of the three divisions
enjoying themselves, '^er, per- of the natural world: the
son who. that which, kills. animal! vegetable mineral '^s.
make a '^ing. make a large, the U,nited 'K~, Great Bri-
quick profit. tain and Northern Ireland.
kiln /'kiln/ n [C] oven for burn- kink kiqk n [C] 1 twist in a
ing, baking or drying. length of wire, etc. 2 (Jig) some-
kilo /'ki:bu/ n [C] (pi ~s) (abbr thing abnormal in a person's
 207 kiosk/ knot

way of thinking, a vt/i form a cutting edge of a knife, on a '\^-

kink, kinky adj (ier, -iest) (in- edge. (of an important result,
formal) perverted. etc) extremely uncertain.
kiosk /'ki:Dsk/ n [C] 1 stall for knight /nait/ n [C] 1 {hist) sol-
the sale of newspapers, etc. 2 dier of noble birth. 2 {modern
small booth for a public tele- use) man on whom
a title is
phone. conferred. {Note: The title Sir is
kip-per /'kip3(r)/ n [C] salted used before his Christian name).
herring, dried or smoked. 3 chess piece, a vr make (a per-
kiss /kis/ vt/i touch with the hps son) a knight(2). ''>^hood n
to show affection or as a greet- [C,U] rank of a knight.
ing, a n [C] touch given with the knit /nit/ vt/i {pt.pp'^Xed or kr\\X)
lips. |'>^ of ^life. mouth-to- (-tt-) 1 make (an article of cloth-
mouth way of restoring breath- ing, etc) by looping wool, etc on
ing. long needles. 2 unite closely: a
kit /kit/ n 1 equipment (esp closely-'>^ group of men. ^x/ting,
clothing) of a soldier or travell- (a) action of a person who
er. 2 [C] equipment needed by a knits, (b) material being knit-
workman, sportsman, etc. a vt ted, ''owting-needle, long
(-tt-) '>^ out I up (with sth). slender rod, used to knit.
provide with a kit. knives /naivz/ n pi of knife.
kit-chen /'kitjm/ n [C] room in knob /nob/ n [CJ 1 round handle
which meals are cooked, -v/ctte of a door, drawer, etc. 2 {infor-
/-'net/ n [C] tiny kitchen. mal) control, eg of a radio, etc. 3
kite /kait/ n [C] 1 bird of the round swelling or mass: a -^ of
hawk family. 2 framework butter. '>^bly ad] (-ier, -iest)
covered with paper, made to fly having knobs(3).
in the wind. knock^ /nok/ n [C] 1 (sharp
kith /kiG/ n (only in) i-^^ and sound of a) blow. 2 {st) criticism;
*kin. friends and relations. financial loss. '>^er, metal dev-
kit-ten n [C] young cat.
/'kitn/ ice on a hinge for knocking on a
kiwi n [C] New Zealand
/'ki:wi:/ door.
bird with undeveloped wings. knock^ /nok/ vt/i 1 strike; hit: -^
klep-to-mania /,klept9'memi3/ him over. 2 (of a petrol engine)
n [U] irresistible wish to steal. make a tapping noise. 3 {sP) criti-
klep-to-maniac /-niaek/, per- cize. 4 ^
sth back, (si) drink it
son with kleptomania. (quickly). >>-' sb down, strike
knack /naek/ n [C] skill in doing to the ground. ^^ sth down,
something. (a) demolish, (b) lower (a
knap-sack /'naepsaek/ n [C] price). '^ off (vi/ork), stop
small bag strapped to the back. work. "^ sth off. (a) deduct: ~
knead /ni:d/ vt 1 make (flour £2 off the price, (b) {si) steal. '^
and water) into dough by work- sb out, (someone) hard
strike
ing with the hands. 2 massage enough to make him uncon-
(muscles). scious. '>^ sb up, {GB informal)
knee /ni:/ n [C] joint between the waken him by knocking at his
thigh and the lower leg. bring door, etc. '^ sth up, put
sb to his '^s. force him to sub- together quickly: -^ up a meal.
mit, ''^cap, flat bone at the ("vz-'kneed adj having knees
front of the knee. that touch when walking, 'x/
kneel /ni:l/ vj {pt,pp knelt /nelt/) out adj. n [C] (a) (abbr KO)
go down on the knees. (blow) that knocks a boxer out.
knell /nel/ n [U] sound of a bell, (b) (in a competition) round for
esp for a death. eliminating weaker competitors.
knelt /nelt/ C> kneel. (c) impressive (person or
knew /nju:/ C> know. thing).
knickers /'nikaz/ n pi = pan- knot /not/ n [C] 1 joint in string
ties. or rope formed by tying. 2 {fig)
knick-knack /'mk naek/ n [C] something that joms: the mar-
small ornament. riage '\y. 3 hard lump in wood

knife n [C] {pi knives

/naif/ where a branch grew out. 4
/naivz/) sharp blade with a han- measure of speed for ships, one
dle, used for cutting, a vr stab (a nautical mile per hour. 5 small
person) with a knife. ''>^-edge. group of persons, d vt/i (-tt-)
know /lady
make a knot in; tie with knots.
-wty adj (-ier, -iest) full of
knots(1,3) a '^ty problem.
difficult to solve.
knoM/ nao vtU (pt knew /nju:/,
pp ~n naun ) 1 have in the
mind. 2 be acquainted with (a
person). 3 have personal ex-
perience of: They 's. poverty. 4
be able to recognize: /'// '^ him
when I see him. 's- the ropes,
have practical experience of
something. 5 '>^ about/of.
have information concerning.
''>^-how, practical ability
gained by experience.
know-ing /'nauir)/ at// cunning;
having sharp wits, etc. o^ing-ly
adv (a) intentionally, (b) m a
knowing way.
knowl-edge /'nolids/ n [U] 1
understanding. 2 range of infor-
mation: human -<-. '>^able /-abl
adj having much knowledge.
knuckle /'nAkl/ n [C] bone at a
finger-joint, a v/ '>^ down to.
(of a task, etc) begin to work
hard at.
ko-aia /ksu'aib/ n [C] Australian
tree-climbing mammal, like
small bear.
LI
L. I the 1 2th
/el/ (pi L's I's /elz/) 1
letter of the English alphabet. 2
the Roman numeral 50.
lab /laeb/ n [C] (informal) (abbr
oQ laboratory.
label /'leibl/ /i [C] 1 piece of pap-
er, etc fixed to something de-
scribing what it is, where it is to
go, etc. 2 word(s) describing a
person or thing: the ~
of thief, a
vt (-II-, US-\-) 1 put a label on. 2
give a label (2) to.
la-bor /'leib3(r)/ n (US) = lab-
our.
iab-ora-tory /la'boratn/ n [C] (p/
-ies) room for scientific experi-
ments, etc.
la-bori-ous /la'boinas/ adj 1 (of
work, etc) requiring great effort.
2 showing signs of great effort: a
'^ style. '^ly adv
labour (US = la-bor) /'Ieib9(r)/
n 1 [U] work. 2 [C] piece of
2
work. 3 [U] workers as a class. 4
[U] process of childbirth: a
woman in ->-. a vt/i^ work hard.
2 move, breathe, with difficulty.
3 '>^ under, suffer because of
>- under a disadvantage. 4 deal
with at great length: to '\^ a
point. ,hard ''x,, hard physical
work (done by criminals). 'L'>^
Party, British poUtical party,
representing socialist opinion
'^er, man who performs heavy,
unskilled work.
lab-yr-inth /'laebannG/ n [C] 1
network of winding paths, etc
which it IS difficult to get
through. 2 (fig) any sinxjlar con-
fused state.
lace /leis/ n 1 [U] network of fine
thread, used as ornament, 2 [C]
cord for fastening shoes, etc. n
vt|i^ fasten with laces (2). 2 put
(a lace) (through holes). 3 -^
with, strengthen (a drink)
(with alcohol).
lac-er-ate /'laessreit/ vt (formal)
tear (the flesh), lac-e'r-ation n
[C,U]
lack /laek/ vtji 1 not have
a (enough oQ. 2 be '^ing. not be
available, a n [U] want, shor-
tage: ~ of money.
lac-quer /'laek3(r)/ n [C,U] 1
(sorts oO varnish. 2 liquid spray
to keep the hair in place, a vt
coat with lacquer.
la-crosse /b'kros/ n [U] out-
door ball game, played by two
teams with rackets.
lacy /'leisi/ adj (-ier, -iest) of or
likelace(l).
lad /laed/ n [C] (informal) boy;
young man.
lad-der /'laed3(r)/ n [C] 1 two
lengths of wood with crosspieces
(rungs), used for climbing up. 2
fault in a lady's stocking. 3
scale: the ~
o/ 5uccej5. a vi (of
tights, stockings, etc) develop
ladders,
laden /'leidn/ o^/ loaded (with).
ladle /'leidl/ n [C] large, deep,
spoon for serving liquids, n vr 1
serve with a ladle. 2 '>^ oof, (fig)
distribute: ~
out prizes.
lady /'leidi/ n [C] (/>/ -dies) 1
woman belonging to the upper
classes.2 woman who has good
manners. 3 polite word for any
woman. 4 (as an adj) female: a ->.-
doctor. 5 L'^, title (in GB) of the
wives and daughters of some
nobles. Our 'L'>-, the Virgin
Mary, ''x/bird, red flying beetle

with black spots, '-^like, be-
having as a lady ( 1 ,2 )
Iag\ /laeg/ vi (-gg-) go too slow:
'>^ behind, a n [C] interval be-
tween two events: a time '^.
lag^ /laeg/ vt (-gg-) wrap (water-
pipes, etc) with insulating
material, ^ging, material used
for this.
la-ger /'la:g3(r)/ n [C,U] (glass
of) light beer.
la-goon /la'gum/ n [C] (usually
shallow) lake separated from
the sea by a sandbank or reef
laid /\eid/ pt.pp of lay'.
lain /\em/ pp of We'.
lair /Ie3{r)/ n [C] home of a wild
animal.
laity /'leiati/ n [C] (sing with the)
all laymen.
lake n [C] large area of
/leik/
water enclosed by land.
lamb /laem/ n 1 [C] young of the
sheep; [U] its flesh as food. 2 [C]
innocent, weak person, /ike a
's^.without resistance, d vi give
birth to lambs.
lame /leim/ adj (-r, -st) 1 not
able to walk normally. 2 (of an
excuse, etc) unconvincing, a vt
make lame. '>^ duck, business
organization in financial diffi-
culties. '>^iy adv. ^^ness n [U]
la-ment /b'ment/ vtji express
great sorrow, a n [C] song or
poem expressing grief, ^abie
/'laemantabl/ adj regrettable;
very poor, '^ably adv. '-v^a-tion
/-'teiJn/Ai[C,U]
lami-nated /'lasmmeitid/ adj
made up of thin layers of
material.
lamp /laemp/ n [C] 1 apparatus
for giving light. 2 apparatus for
heating, '--^^-post, tall post for a
street light. ''>^shade, cover
placed round or over a lamp.
lance^ /la:ns/ n [C] weapon with
a long wooden shaft and a
pointed steel head used by a
horseman. i^xz-'corporai,
lowest grade of non-
commissioned ofTicer in
army.
lance^ /lams/ vt cut open with a
lancet.
lan-cet /'lamsit/ n [C] knife used
by surgeons.
land' /laend/ n 1 [U] solid part of
the earth's surface. 2 [U] ground
used for farming, etc: work on
the ~. 3 [U] (sometimes p[)
property in the form of land. 4
[C] country (the usual word).
209 lag/li
woman who lets others
''>^lady,
her property for money.
live in
'blocked, adj (of a country)
surrounded by other countries.
''>-iord, (a) man who lets
others live in his property for
money, (b) owner, manager, of
a public house. ''>^mark, (a)
object, etc easily seen by travell-
ers, (b) (Jig) important event,
discovery, etc. ''-v/owner, own-
er of land(3). '-^slide, sliding
down of earth, rock, etc from
the side ofa cliff, etc.
land^ /laend/ vtji 1 come, put, on
land (from a ship, aircraft, etc).
'^ on one's feet. (Jig) be
lucky. 2 ^ in. get into (difficul-
ties, etc). '>^ up. {informal) find
oneself: '^ up in jail. 3 obtain: 'x.
a good job. -^ed adj owning
land.
land-ing /'laendiq/ n [C] 1 act of
coming or bringing (an aircraft,
etc) to land: a crash-'^. 2 area at
the top of a flight of stairs. ''^-
craft, ship that brings soldiers,
vehicles, etc ashore. ''>^-gear,
undercarriage and wheels of an
aircraft. ''>^-stage, platform
where passengers and goods
from ships are landed.
land-scape /'laendskeip/ n 1 [C]
(pictureoO inland scenery. 2 [U]
branch of art dealing with this.
lane /lem/ n [C] 1 narrow
country road. 2 narrow street. 3
marked division of a road, run-
ning track, etc: a three-'^^ motor-
way. 4 route regularly used by
ships or aircraft.
lan-guage /'laBr)gwid3/ n 1 [U]
human communication of
knowledge, ideas, etc using a
system of sound symbols. 2 iC]
form of this: the English '^. 3 [U]
words, phrases, etc used by a
profession: the -^ of computers.
4 (fig) expression of feehngs, etc:
the '^ of love. ''X/ laboratory,
place where languages are
taught using tape-recorders, etc.
the lan-guid /'laeqgwid/ adj having
no energy. '>^iya<iv
lan-guish /'laerigwij/ vt lose
health and strength: '>- in jail.
lank /laeqk/ adj 1 (of hair)
straight and limp. 2 (of persons)
tall and lean.
lanky /'laeqki/ adj (-ier, -iest) tall
and thin (and unattractive).
Ian-tern /'laentan/ n [C] case for a
light from a candle or flame.
lap' /laep/n [C] one complete
lap /latter
journey round a track, d \t
(-PP-) overtake another compe-
titor who IS a lap behind.
lap' /lacp n [C] part of the body
from the waist to the knees,
when silling: sitting with
baby on her '^.
lap^ laep/ vi'i (-pp-) 1 -<w. up,
drink by taking up with the
tongue. 2 -^ up. (Jig) lake
eagerly: '>^ up praise. 3 (of water)
move with a sound like lapping.
a n [C] act, sound, of lapping:
the '^ of waves.
la-pel /b'pel' n [C] part of the
front of a coat folded back and
joined to the collar.
lapse 'laps n [C] 1 (small) error
in behaviour, memory, etc. 2 (of
time) interval. 3 (legal) ending
of a right, etc. a v; 1 '^ from/
into, change (from good ways
into bad ways). 2 (of time) pass.
3 (legal) (of rights) be lost.
lar-ceny 'laisani/ n (pi -ies) [C,
U] theft; stealing.
larch lortj, n 1 [C] deciduous
tree with small cones. 2 [U] its
wood.
lard /la.d, n [U] fat of pigs used in
cooking. D vt put lard on.
lar-der 'lQ:d3(r)/ n [C] room,
cupboard, for storing food.
large /la:d3 adj (-r, -st) of great
size, a n (only in) at ^, (a) free,
(b) in general: the people at '^ d
adv by and '^. O
by^(2). ''>^-
scale adj (a) extensive: ^-scale
changes, (b) drawn to a large
scale, ^wly adv to a great extent.
'->^ness«[U]
lark^ /la:k/ n [C] (kinds oQ small
songbird.
lark'/la:k/>i[C]bitoffun. a v/'>^
about, play; have fun.
larva /'larva/ n [C] (pi 'x.e /-vi:/)
insect in the first stage of its de-
velopment.
lar-yn-gi-tis /|laerm'd3aitis/ n
[U] inflammation of the larynx.
lar-ynx /'laerir)ks/ n [C] upper
part of the windpipe.
las-civ-ious /la'sivias/ adj (for-
mal) feeling, showing, sexual de-
sire.
laser /'lei23(r)/ n [C] device for
concentrating light waves into
an intense beam.
lash^ /laej/ n [C] 1 flexible part of
a whip; blow given with a lash. 2
= eyelash.
lash^ /laeJ/ v//i 1 whip; strike
violently. 2 -x/ out (against I
at), attack violently (with blows
210
or words) 3 fasten tightly (with
rope. etc).
lash-ing /'laejiq/ n 1 [C] rope
used for fastening. 2 (C] whip-
ping. 3 (pi) (informal) plenty: ~?
the of cream.
lass /lacs/ n [C] (informal) girl.
lasso /lae'su:/ n [C] (pi '>-s, ~esj
looped rope used for catching
horses and cattle, a vt catch with
a lasso.
last^ 'la:st/ adj. adv 1 (contrasted
with first: O
late) (coming)
after all others: the ~
Sunday in
June have the -^ word, O
word (2). 2 (contrasted with
ne.xi) coming immediately be-
fore the present: -^ night. 3 only
remaining: our -<- hope, a n the
^, that which comes at the end
at (long) '^, after (much) de-
lay. '>^lya^v finally.
last' /la:st/ vi go on; be enough
(for), ^ing a^//' continuing for a
longtime.
latch n [C] small bar for
/IstJ/
fastening a door or gate, d vt 1 1
fasten with a latch. 2 -^ on
(to), (informal) understand.
late /leit/ adj (-r. -st), adv O
last\ latter. 1 (contrasted with
early) after the right or usual
time: The train is '^. 2 far on in
time: in the ~
afternoon. 3
recent(ly): the ~5/ news. 4 form-
. er (and still living): the prime ^
minister. 5 former (and now
dead): her '\^ husband. 6 of '>^.
recently, 's^ly adv recently.
latent /'leitnt/ adj present but
not yet active or developed: ~
talent! energy.
lat-eral /'laetsral/ adjoU at, from.
to, the side(s).
lathe /leid/ n [C] machine for
turning pieces of wood or metal
while they are being shaf)ed, etc.
lather /'Ia:d3{r)/ n [U] white
froth from soap and water, d vt i
make foam (on).
Latin /'laetm/ adj. n (of the) lan-
guage of ancient Rome.
lati-tude /'Istitjurd/ n 1 [C] dis-
tance north or south of the
equator measured in degrees. 2
(pi) geographical regions. 3 [U]
freedom of action or opinion.
la-trine /b'trirn/ n [C] (in eg
camps) temp>orary toilet.
lat-ter /'laeL3(r)/ adj 1 towards
the end: the '-v. part of his life. 2
the '>^, the second of two things
or persons mentioned form- O
er. ''>^-day a<^' modem, '^^ly adr
 211 lattice/lazy

recently. '^^fuWy adv. -^lessat^y not con-

lat-tice /'laetis/ n [C] framework, forming to the law. 'v.less-
of crossed (wooden) strips. nessn[U]
laugh /la:f/ vt/i make sounds lawn^ /b:n/ n [C] area of grass
showing amusement, contempt, cut short. ''>.z-niower, machine
etc. ^ at, be amused by. (b) for cutting grass. ,^ 'tennis,
make fun of. n n [C] sound, act, tennis played on a grass court.
of laughing, have the fast '^, lawn^ /lD:n/ n [U] kind of fine
win after an earlier defeat. linen.
'^^able /-9bl/ adj ridiculous. law-yer /'b:J3(r)/ n [C] person
'x^ably adv. '>^ter n [U] laugh- who practises law.
ing. lax /lacks/ adj not taking care; not
launch^ /b:ntj/ vt/i 1 set (a ship) A? [C.U]
strict. 'v.ity
afloat; send (a rocket) into the laxa-tive /'laeksativ/ n [C], adj
air. 2 set in motion; begin: ~ an (medicine) causing the bowels to
attack/a new business. 3 'n.- empty.
(out) into, make or start (on): lay^ /lei/ adj 1 of, for. persons
'>^ into an argument, a n [Cj act who are not priests. laity. 2 O
of launching (a ship or space- non-professional, '-^^man, lay
craft), ''-s^ing-pad, base from person.
which spacecraft, etc are laun- lay^' /lei/ vt/i {pt.pp laid /leid/) 1
ched. put on a surface: ~ a book on the
launch^ /b:ntj/ n [C] large table. 2 '>- the blame (for
motor-boat. sth) on sb, say that he is re-
laun-der /'b:nd3(r)/ vt wash sponsible. '^ sb to rest, bury
and press (clothes). him. 3 -^^ sth bare, reveal: ~
laun-der-ette /,b:n'dret/ n [C] bare one's feelings, be laid
place with coin-operated low. be ill in bed. oneself ^
washing-machines. open to sth, expose oneself to
laun-dry /'b:ndri/ n {pi -ies) 1 lay waste, des-
criticism, etc.
i [C] place where clothes, etc are troy. 4 ~' dust with water.
settle:
laundered. 2 the '>-', clothes (to 5 place or arrange (ready for
[
be) laundered. use, etc): ~ the table. 6 produce
, laurel /'loral/ n [C] evergreen (an egg). 7 -^ sth aside, (a)
shrub with shiny leaves, look save (money), (b) put down: ~
to one's '^s. be prepared for a book aside. '^ down
one's
strong competition, rest on life, sacrifice it. '^ into sb. (a)
one's '^s. be content with assault, (b) criticize. '^ off. {in-
present achievements. formal) stop: ~
off for a week;
lava /'la:v3/ n [U] liquid flowing L'^ off insulting him! 'v. sb off.
,
from a volcano. dismiss (from work) temporari-
I lava-tory /'laevstri/ n [C] {pi -ies) ly. Hence, '-^-off n [C]. sth ^
! toilet. on. (a) supply services to a
lav-en-der /'laevmd3(r)/ n adj, building, (b) (/>?/orma/) provide
[U] (of the) plant with purple (food, transport, etc), ^n^ sth
scented flowers; (oQ its colour out. (a) spread out. (b) ar-
or perfume. range well. Hence, ''>--out n [C]
iav-ish /'laevij/ adj 1 generous. 2 arrangement: the '^-out of the
given in great amounts: ^ factory, be laid up. forced to
praise, d v/give generously. '>^ly stay in bed.
adv lay-about /'leiabaut/ n [C] {sf)
law l\y.l n 1 [C] rule made by person who avoids work.
authority. 2 the '^, the whole lay-by /'leibai/ n [C] area at the
body of laws: study ~; obey the side of a road where vehicles
'^. Jay down
the ''>^, say what may park.
must be done. 3 [U] i-^ and layer /'Iei3(r)/ n [C] thickness of
*order. respect for laws. 4 (also material on a surface.
'^ of nature or natural '>^) lay-man c> lay'.
scientific rule: the ~ of gravity. laze /leiz/ vt/i be lazy; do no-
^vz-abiding adj obeying the thing.
law(2). ''>^ court, court of jus- lazy /'leizi/ adj (-ier, -lest) unwil-
tice, 'o^suit, case in a law court. ling to work; doing little work;
'>^ful adj (a) allowed by law. causmg inactivity. C> idle. '->.'-

(b) (of offspring) legitimate. bones, lazy person, lazi-ly

lead /leave 212

adv. lazi-nessn[U] '^. D Vt/i 1 (allow to) pass

lead' /led/ n 1 [U] soft, heavy through a leak. 2 (of secrets, etcj
metal (symbol Pb); its colour, (cause to) become known
dull blue-grey. 2 [U] (stick of) ''v/age n (C,U] process of leak-
graphite as used in a pencil. 3 [C] ing; amount that leaks, leaky
lump of lead(1) on a line for adj (-ier, -iest)
measuring the depth of the sea. lean' /li:n/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of
o^en adj (a) made of lead, (b) persons and animals) thin; (of
having the colour of lead, (c) meat) containing little fat. 2 not
dull and heavy. productive: a ~
harvest, a n [U]
lead^ /li:d/ n 1 {sing with the or a, meat with Uttie fat. o^ness n
an) action of guiding; direction. [U]
2 (with the) front place in a race; lean' /li:n/ vt/i (pt.pp ~ed or ~t
(with a. an) distance by which /lent/) 1 be or put in a sloping
one leads: a '^ of JO metres. 3 [C] position: Do not ~ out of the
cord or chain for leading a dog. window. 2 '>^ (up)on sth. rest
4 electric wire or cable. in a sloping position for sup-
lead' /li:d/ vt/i (pt.pp led /led/) 1 port. 3 cause to rest against: ~
guide, esp by going in front. '^ the ladder against the wall. 4 'v.

the way (to), go first. 2 guide towards, have a tendency. 5

(a person, etc) by the hand, etc: -^ (up)on sb. depend. '>^ing n
~ a blind man. ^v. sb astray, [C] tendency: He has socialist
(Jig) encourage him to do '\^ings.
wrong. 3 act as chief; direct: a ~ leap (pt.pp '>^ed or '>^t
/li:p/ vt/i
team of scientists. 4 go first: '^ /lept/) = jump (the usual word).
the race. 5 influence: ~
him to -^ at, (fig) seize: -^^ at an offer, a
believe that.... 6 be a way to: n [C] sudden upward or forward
Where does this road '>^? 1 (fig) movement. ''x/-f rog n [U] game
have as a result: The plan led to in which players jump over
confusion. '^^ up to, be a prepa- others' bent backs, d vt (-gg-)
ration for. 8 pass (one's life, etc): jump over in this way. ''>.' year,
'v, a miserable existence, '^er n in which February has 29 days.
[C] (a) person who leads, (b) learn /lam/ vt/i (pt.pp ~t /larnt/,
leading article (in a newspaper). -^ed) 1 gain knowledge of or
'>^er-ship, being a leader; qual- skill in: ~
French/how to swim.
ities of a leader. '>^ing a^^most ^ sth by heart. C> heart (2).
important. |^<wing 'article, (in 2 be informed: / ~ you're leav-
a newspaper) one giving edi- ing us. '^ed havine
/'brnid/ adj
torial opinion, ^'^m^ 'ques- much knowledge. '>^ing n [UJ
tion, one suggesting the answer (knowledge gained by) study.
hoped for. lease /li:s/ n[C] contract for the
leaf /li:f/ n [C] (pi leaves /li:vz/) 1 use of land or a building in re-
part of a plant (usually green turn for payment (rent), a ,new
and flat) growing from the side '^ of *life. new energy or desire
of a stem. 2 single sheet of paper to live. D vt give, take, posses-
forming two pages of a book. sion of (land, etc), by lease.
turn over a f/tew "'v^, (fig) i^hold n [U], a^y(land) held on
make a new and better start. 3 lease. C> freehold, ''v.holder,
hinged flap, etc of a table. 4 [U] person who has a lease.
very thin sheet of metah gold'^. leash/li:J/n[C] = lead'(3).
leaiy adj (-\er. -\esx) least /li:st/ adj. n [U] (contrasted
leaf-let /'li:flit/ n [C] printed with most: O
less, little) smal-
sheetofpaj)er. lest in size, amount, etc. at 'v,
league /li:g/ n [C] 1 agreement not less than: at '^ five pounds, u
made between groups or nations adv to the smallest extent.
for their common welfare, in '^ leather /'le69(r)/ n [U] material
with, connected with (to do from animal skins, used for
wrong). 2 group of sports clubs making shoes, etc. leath-ery
or teams: the Football L^. a vt/i fl^ like leather.
form into a league. leave' /li:v/ vt/i (pt.pp left /left/)
leak /li:k/ n [C] 1 hole through 1 go away from: home. '^~
which a Uquid, gas, etc escapes; for. go away to: He left for
liquid that escapes. 2 (fig) in- Rome. 2 fail to do something;
stance of leaking (2): a security forget: / left my books on the

table. 'V' sb/sth
forget to bring or take. 3 allow
to remain in a certain condition:
Who left that window open? '>^
sb/sth alone, not interfere
with. -N^ off. stop: '^^ off work
for a while. '^ sth/sb out. om-
it. 4 (cause to) remain: Three
from seven ^sfour. 5 hand over
(responsibility, etc): -«- some-
body in charge. 6 give by a will.
leave^ /li:v/ /i 1 [U] permission;
authority, esp to be absent, on
»•', absent with permission. 2 [C]
period of such absence. 3 take
(one's) '>^ (of sb). {formal)
say goodbye.
leaves /li:vz/ p/ of leaf
lec-tern /'lektan/ n [C] tall, slop-
ing desk for reading.
iec-ture /'lektj9(r)/ n [C] talk for
the purpose of teaching, a v///
give a lecture (course). 2 scold;
reprimand, lec-turer, college
or university teacher, '^ship,
position as a lecturer.
ted /led//?/.;?/) of lead'.
ledge /leds/ n [C] narrow
coming out from a wall,
etc.
ledger /'led33(r)/ n [C]
which a business firm's accounts
are kept.
lee n [C,U] (place giving)
/li:/
protection against wind, d adj
on the side away from the wind.
leech /li:tj/ n [C] 1 small blood-
sucking worm. 2 {fig) person
who makes profit out of others.
leek n [C] vegetable like a
/li:k/
large onion.
leer /li3(r)/ n [U] look that sug-
gests evil desire, a vj look with a
leer.
leftV'.p/' of leave.
left^ /left/ adj 1 (contrasted with
right) of the side of the body
which is towards the west when
a person faces north. 2 {politics)
having radical or socialist views.
adv to, on, the left side, a n [U]
1 the left side or direction. 2 the
L'x,, {politics) C> the L'^
(Wing) below. ^'^ 'hand adjoi,
on, the left side. ,'>^-'handed
adj (of a person) using the left
hand with more skill than the
right, the L-^ (Wing),
or socialist party or parties.
''V/ist n [C], adj (supporter) of
socialism or radicalism.
leg /leg/ n [C] 1 part of an ani-
mal's or a person's body used
for walking, pull sb 's '^. de-
213 leave/ lend
behind, ceive him for fun. not have a
1'%^ to ^stand on. have nothing
to support one's opinion, etc.
stretch one's '^s. go for a
walk. 2 support of a chair, table,
etc.on its last '^s. weak and
likely to collapse. 3 one section
ofajoumey.
ieg-acy /'legasi/ n [C] {pi -ies) 1
money, etc received at the death
of another person. 2 {Jig) some-
thing remaining; result: Famine
was the •^ of the war.
legal /'li:gl/ adj connected with,
authorized by, the law. ^'^
'tender, form of money which
must be accepted as payment.
-^ly ad\. '>^ity /lir'gaebti/ n [C,
U] state of being legal.
legal-ize /'lirgslaiz/ w make
legal: "w drugs, legal 'iz-at ion
/-'zeijn/ n [U]
leg -at ion /li'geijn/ n [C] (offices,
etc, of a) diplomat, with his
staff, representing his govern-
ment in a foreign country.
leg-end /'ledsand/ n 1 [C] story
shelf handed down from the past. 2
cliff, [U] literature of such stories. 3
[C] explanatory words on a
book in map, a picture, etc. '>^ary adj
famous, known only, in legends.
leg-ible /'ledsabl/ adj (of hand-
writing) that can be read easily.
leg-ibly ad\. legi'bil-ity n [U]
legion /'lirdsan/ n [C] 1 division
in the armies of ancient Rome. 2
any great number. 'N./ary n [C]
{pi -ies), adj (member) of a le-
gion(1)-.
legis-late /'led3isleit/ vi make
laws, legis'la-tion n [U].
legis-lat-ive /'led3isbtiv adj of,
having the purpose of, making
laws: a ^ assembly.
legis-la-tor /'Ied3isleit3(r)/ n [C]
member of a legislative body.
legis-la-ture /'Ied3isleitj9(r)/ n
[C] assembly which makes laws.
le-git-imate /h'd3itim3t/ adj 1
lawful. 2 bom of persons mar-
ried to one another. '>^ly adv.
Ie-git*imacy n [U]
lei-sure /'le33(r) n [U] free time.
'^i'ly adv without hurrying, d adj
unhurried: a^y^^ly walk.
lemon /'leman/ n [C] (tree with a)
radical pale yellow fruit with bitter
juice; [U] colour of this fruit.
'>^ade /-'neid/ n [C,U] drink
made from lemons, sugar and
soda water.
lend /lend/ vt {pt,pp lent /lent/) 1
give (a person) the use of (some-
length /level 214

thing) for a short lime: meL~ passage from the Bible read m
£5, Peter 2 contribute: music church.
thai ~j gaiety to the party. 3 -w lest /lest/ conj {dated) (be afraid,
itself to. be suitable for. anxious) that: afraid'^ he arrive
length leijG/ n [C] 1 measure- late.
ment from end to end (in space let /let/ vtji {pt.pp 'N.) (-tt-) 1 al-
or time), at '^, (a) at last, (b) low (to): We ~ him leave. '^
for a long time; in great detail: oneseff go, no longer hold
speak at {great) ->-. 2 measure- back one's feelings etc. -^ sb
ment of a particular thing: The know, inform him. 2 (used in
horse won by a '^. 3 extreme ac- imperatives): L~ s go! 3 give the
tion: go to any -^s to win A
piece use of (buildings, land) in return
of cloth, etc: a 'dress '^. -^en vtii for money: -^ one's house. "^
make or become longer. sth down, make (clorhesj
''X'Wise /-waiz/, ''>^ways longer. '^ sb dovk^n, {Jig) dis-
/-weiz/ adv. adj in the direction appoint. Hence, ''>^-down n [C]
from end to end. lengthy adj disappointment. ^
sb in for.
(-ier, -lest) (of speech, writing) involve in difTiculty, hard work,
very long. etc. '>^ sb into! in on, allow to
leni-ent 'lirniant/ adj noi severe share (a secret). -^^ sb off. not
(esp in punishing people). '>^ly punish (^severely). Hence, '^-
adv. ieni-ency nlU] off n [CJ. '^ sth off, explode:
lens /lenz n [C] {pi ~es) 1 piece ^ off a bomb. ^
'on (that),
of glass with one or both sides {informal) reveal a secret: Don 'i

curved, for use in spectacles, '^ on that you know. '^ up, be-
cameras etc. 2 part of the eye come less strong, etc: The ram
used to focus light. began to ~
up. Hence, '-^-up, n
lent /lent /pr.p/? of lend. [C,V] {informal).
Lent /lent/ n (in Christian Chur- lethal "li:91 aJ/ causing death.
ches) period of fasting before leth-argy 'leGadsi, « [U] (state
Easter. oO being tired, uninterested
len-til "lentl/ n [C] kind of bean leth-ar-gic /li'6a:d3ik/ adj
plant; edible seed of this. let's lets = let us. \eV{2). O
leop-ard /'lepad n [C] animal of let-ter "let3(r) n [C] 1 character
'

the cat family with dark spots. or sign representing a sound. 2

-^ess -'des n [C] female written message, etc sent by one
leopard. person to another. 3 {pi) litera-
leper 'Iep3(r)/ n [C] person suf- ture and learning: a man of ^s.
fering from leprosy. ''>^-box, (a) hole in a door for
lep-rosy "leprasi/ n fU] skin dis- letters, (b) box (in the street) in
ease that can cause the loss of which letters are posted. '>^ing n
fingers and toes, lep-rous [U] letters (1 ) esp with reference
/'lepras/ adfof. having, leprosy. to their style and size.
les-bian 'lezbian/ n [C] ho- let-tuce /'letis, n [C,U] garden
mosexual woman. plant with crisp green leaves
lesion /'li:3n/ n [C] (med) wound. used in salads.
less /les/ adj (contrasted with Ieu-ke*mia /lu:'ki:mi3/ n [U] dis-
more) not so much: ~
butter, a ease in which there are too man>
adv 1 not so much: £a/ ~
and white blood-cells.
sleep more. 2 not so: Tom is '^ leveP /'levl/ adj 1 having a hori-

clever than me. 3 none the '^. zontal surface. 2 equal: draw ~
all the same: Though he cannot with them, do one's best, ^
go out. he is none the ~
busy, a n do everything possible. ,~
[U] smaller quantity, time, etc: 'crossing, place where a road
in 'v than an hour, d prep minus. and a railway cross on the same
£50 a week ~
£10 for the rent. level. ,'>^-'headed. a^sensible.
les-sen /'lesn/ vt/i make or be- leveP /'levl/ n 1 [C] line or sur-
come less. face parallel with the horizon. 2
les-ser /'les3(r)/ adj smaller: position; rank; rate: of pay ~
choose the -^ evil. output. 3 on the '^. {informal)
les-son n [C] 1 something
/'lesn/ honest(ly).
to be learnt or taught; period of leveP /'levl/ vtji (-II-, US -I-) 1
time given to teaching. 2 warn- make or become level. '>^ offI
ing: His death was a '^ to us. 3 out. {fig) stop rising: The
 215 lever /life

plane/price '^led off. 2 make liberates, lib-e'r-ation n [U]. C>

(things, persons) equal in status, lib.

etc. 3 aim (a weapon, criticism, lib-erty 'libati/ n (pi -ies) 1 [U]

at).4 -w with sb. {informal) be state of being free, at '^. free. 2
honest. [C,U] (unasked for) familiarity:
lever /'li:v3(r)/ n [C] 1 bar used to Don 't take liberties with a young
Uft something. 2 (fig) means by woman.
which influence may be exerted. li-brary 'laibrari/ n [C] (pi -ies)
,

D vt move with a lever: ^

it into (room or building for a) collec-
position. '>^age n [U] action of, tionof books, films, etc. ii-
power gained by, using a lever. brar-ian /lai'brearian/ n [C] per-
levy /'levi/ vtji {pt.pp -ied) im- son in charge of a library.
pose; collect by authority: -^ a lice /lais/ n;?/ of louse.
tax. a n [C] {pi -les) act, amount, ii-cence (US = li-cense)
of levying. /'laisns/ n 1 [C,U] (written state-
lewd /lu:d/ adj indecent; ob- ment giving) permission from an
scene: '^ jokes, '^ly adv authority to do something. 2 [U]
lexi-cal /'leksikl/ adJ of the vo- wrong use of freedom, 'off-'v.,
cabulary of a language, 's^ly adv (place) for the sale of liquor to
lexi-cogra-phy /ileksi'kografi be taken away.
n [U] writing of a dictionary. li-cense (also ii-cence) /'laisns/
lexi-cogra-pher n [C] person vt give a licence to. li-cen-see
who writes a dictionary. /(laisan'si:/ n [C] person holding
lia-bil-ity ilaia'bibti/ n (pi -ies) 1 a licence (esp to sell alcohol).
[U] the state of bemg liable. 2 lick hk; vtji 1 pass the tongue
(pt) money that must be paid. 3 over or under: The dog ^ed its
[C] (informat) handicap: Those paw. 2 (esp of waves, flames)
machines are a ^
not an asset. touch lightly. 3 (informal) over-
liable 'laiabi; adj ^ responsible come; defeat, a n [C] act of lick-
according to law: ^
for debts. 2 ing with the tongue.
be ^
to sth. be subject to. 3 licor-ice /'likdris n = liquorice.
be '^ to do sth, have a ten- lid /lid/ n [C] 1 cover for a con-
dency to. 2 = eyelid.
tainer: the ^teapot '^.
li-aison /li'eizn/ n [U] co- '^d: pres part ly-
lie^ /lai/ vi (pt.pp
operation between two separ- ing), n [C] (make a) statement
ated parts of an army, a commit- that one knows to be untrue.
tee, etc. lie^ /lai/ vi (pt lay /lei/; pp lain
liar /'lai9(r)/ n [C] person who /lem/; pres part lying) 1 be flat
tells a lie. on a horizontal surface. ^
^in.
lib /lib/ n (informal abbr for) stay in bed after one's usual
liberation. ,women's ''>^, time. Hence, i^^^z-'in n. ^w lo^.
movement for equal rights for (informal) O
low^l ) 2 be situ-
women and men. ated: The town ~5 on the coast. 3
li-bel /'laibl/ n [C,U] (the pub- remain in a certain state: money
lishing of a) printed statement lying idle. 4 extend: The valley
that damages a person's reputa- lay before us. seelfind out
tion, a vt (-II-, US -I-) publish a how the ^land '^s. (fig) learn
Ubel against. '>^lous (US = how matters stand. 5 be found:
-belous) adj The trouble ~5 in the engine, d n
lib-eral /'hbaral/ adj 1 generous: (sing only) the way something
a ^
supply. 2 having a mind free lies, the 'v, of the land, (a)
from prejudice. 3 (of education) the natural features of an area,
giving a wide general know- (b) (Jig) the state of affairs.
ledge. 4 L'x/, of the British poHt- lieu /lu:/ n (only in) in '^ (of),
ical party with this name, a n [C] instead (oO-
1 person in favour of progress. 2 lieu-ten-ant /leftenant/ n [C] 1
L'x/, member of the Liberal junior officer in the Army/
party. 'L-^ Party, (GB) politic- Navy. 2 deputy.
al party representing moderate life /laif/ n (pi lives /laivz/) 1 [U]
democratic views. -^ism condition that distinguishes ani-
/-izam/ n [U] liberal views, ^^^ize mals and plants from rock, etc.
vt make liberal. 2 [U] living things: Is there -^ on
lib-er-ate /'hbareit/ vt set free. Mars? 3 [U] state of existence as
lib-er-ator n [C] person who a human being: L^ is difficult
lift/like

for the poor, come to 'v., recov- tant:a ^

attack of flu. make ~
er consciousness. 4 [C] person: of, treat as if of little impor
many were lost, take sb's
lives tance. a adv without much lug-
'^. kill him. Not on your ->-/ gage: travel '^. ,'>^-'headed adj
{informal) Definitely not! 5 [C] (a) unable to think clearly, (b)
period between birth and death: not sensible; foolish. |~-
all my '^. 6 [U] business, social 'hearted adj cheerful
activities, etc: There is not much o^weight n (Cf, adj (a) (per-
~ here, true to ^. (of a story, son, animal, thing) light in
etc) giving a true description of weight, (b) (informal) person of
life. 7 [U] way of living: town ~ little importance. '>^ly adv (espj
8 [C] biography. 9 [U] energy: get off '^/y, (informal) avoid
full of ^. 10 [C] period during severe punishment, ^^ness n
which something is useful: the ~ [U]
of a ship. ''V'belt, belt to keep a light^ /lait/ n (opposite of dark-
person afioat in water, '^x^boat, ness) 1 [U] that which makes
boat built to help persons in things visible: sun'^; day^. in a
danger at sea. ''v/buoy, device good/bad '^. (fig) so as to
to keep a person afloat in water. make a good/bad impression:
'-^ cycle, difTerent stages of de- describe him in a good ^. 2 [C]
velopment: the '^ cycle of a frog. something that gives light, eg a
'<>i'guard, expert swimmer on lamp. 3 [C] source of a flame:
duty at dangerous places where Can you give me a ~, please}" 4
people swim, ''^-jacket, one [U] brightness in the eyes. 5
that can be inflated to keep a come/bring sth to ~,
person afloat in water, 'o^like become/cause something to be
adj looking like the person rep- known, shed/throw ^ on.
resented: a '^like painting. provide information on. in the
''x.line, (a) rope used for sav- '^ of, considering: in the of ~
ing life, (b) (fig) anything on this news. 6 [C] way in wh:ch
which one's life depends. something appears: see things in
''X/long adj lasting throughout a new '^. 7 part of a painting
life, '-^time, duration of a per- shown as lighted up. high-O
son's '>^less adj (a) never
life. light.''>'house, tower contain-
having had life, (b) dead, (c) ing a strong Ught for warning
not lively. '>^less-ly adv ships at sea. ''>- year, the dis-
lift /lift/ vt/i 1 raise to a higher tance travelled by light in one
level. -^ off. (of a spacecraft) year.
rise from the launching-site. light* /lait/ vt/i (pt.pp lit /lit/) 1
Hence, '^-off n. 2 make loud- cause to bum or to give out
er: '^ (up) one's voice. 3 make 2 provide lights(2): a road
light.
more hopeful, cheerful, etc: The litby electricity. 3 cause to
news '^ed her spirits. 4 (of become bright: The fire lit up
clouds, fog, etc) pass away. 5 the whole district. 4 ->- up,
end (a ban, blockade), d /i [C] 1 (a) switch on (electric) light,
act of lifting, give sb a 'v., offer etc. (b) (informal) begin to
a free ride in a motor-vehicle. 2 smoke*(2). 5-^ up (with),(o{
(US = elevator) moving cage a person's face) (cause to)
for taking people up or down to become bright.
another floor. lighten' /'laitn/ vtji reduce the
liga-ment /'hgamant/ n [C] band weight of.
of strong tissues that holds lighten^ /'laitn/ vtji make or be-
bones together. come (more) bright.
light' /lait/ adj (-er, -est) (oppo- lighter /'lait3(r)/ n [C] device for
site of ^ar/c)1 (ofa place) bright; lighting cigarettes.
not dark: a '>- room. 2 pale- light-ning /'laitniq/ n [U] flash
coloured: (--^ -*blue. of bright light produced by elec-
light^ /lait/ adj (-er, -est) 1 not tricity in the sky. ''^-rod/
heavy. 2 gentle: a ~
touch. 3 (of -conductor, metal rod on top
beer, wines) not very strong; (of of a building to prevent damage
meals) small in quantity. 4 (of by lightning.
sleep) not deep. 5 (of books, lik-able, like-able /'laiksbl/ adj
music) not serious; for amuse- of a kind that is liked.
ment. 6 not serious or impor- like' /laik/a^^' similar. c> alike, a

conj as: She looks ^
her mother
(does), a n [C] similar person or
thing: Music, painting andthe^.
a prep 1 resembling: What is he
.'^.' 2 fee/ '-»^, be in a suitable
mood for: She felt -^ crying.
took '^, appear possible: It
looks ~
rain. 3 characteristic of:
just '^ a woman. 4 in the manner
of: He drinks ~
a fish. 5 --w ^any-
thing, (si) as hard, fast, etc as
possible, i-^-'minded adj hav-
ing the same tastes, aims, etc.
like^ /laik/ vtji 1 be fond of; have
a taste for: Do you '^ fish? 2 (in
negative sentences) be unwilling:
y didn't ^to disturb you. 3
wouldI should'^, (of a wish):
She would '^ a cup of tea. 4 pref-
er; wish: How do you ^
your tea?
a n (pi) (only in) (--^-s and 'dis-
likes, things one prefers or
hates.
like-li-hood /'laiklihud/ n [U]
probabihty.
like-ly /'laikh/ adj (-ier, -lest)
that seems reasonable or prob-
able. D adv most/ very '^, pro-
bably.
liken /'laikan/ vf -c. sth to sth.
compare; show the similarity of.
like-ness /'laiknis/ n 1 [C,U]
similarity. 2 [C] copy, picture.
like-wise /'laikwaiz/ adv in the
same or a similar way. a conj
also.
lik-ing n [U] fondness.
/'laikir)/
have a '^ for. be fond of; like.
to one's '^, as one likes it.
li-lae /'laibk/ n 1 [C] shrub with
sweet-smelling pale purple or
white blossom. 2 [U] pale purple
colour.
lilt /lilt/ n [C] (lively tune with a)
strong rhythm, d vtji have a lilt:
a 'y^ing voice j tune.
(kinds oO
lily /'hh/ n [C] {pi -ies)
flowering plant growing from a
bulb, (--s^-'white adjpnxt white.
limb /lim/ n [C] 1 leg, arm or
wing. 2 bough (of a tree).
lim-ber /'bmb9(r)/ vtji -^
(oneself) up, exercise one's
muscles, before a race.
limbo /'limbau/ n [U] state of un-
certainty, in ^, {informal) put
to one side: The plan is in '\. until
I decide what to do.
lime^ /laim/ n [U] white sub-
stance used in making cement.
in the 'flight, receiving great
publicity, '^v.stone, (kinds of)
rock containing lime.
lime^ /laim/ n [C] (also linden)
like/line
tree with sweet-smelling yellow
blossoms.
lime^ /laim/ n [C] (tree with)
round juicy fruit like a lemon.
lim-er-ick /'limsrik'' n [C] humo-
rous poem of five lines.
limit^ /'hmit/ n [C] line or point
that may not be passed, within
'>^s, up to a certain point: you
are free to spend money, within
'^^5. D vt put a limit to; be the
limit of. -^^ed pp small; restrict-
ed. ,o^a-tion /-'teijn/ n (a) [U]
limiting, (b) [C] condition, fact
that limits; disability.
limou-sine 'limazitn/ n [C] car
with the driver' separated from
the passengers by a partition.
limp^ !\ivc\pl adjnoi stiff or firm.
-^^ly adv. '^ness n [U]
limp^ /hmp/ vt walk lamely, n /;
[U] lame walk.
iim-pet /'limpit/ n [C] small
shellfish that fastens itself tight-
ly to rocks.
linch-pin /'lintjpm/ n [C] 1 iron
pin passed through the end of an
axle to keep the wheel in posi-
tion. 2 {fig) person who keeps an
organization, etc together.
lin-den /'lindan/ n O lime^.
line^ /lam/ n [C] 1 length of
thread, rope or wire: ^telephone
~5. 2 [C] long, narrow mark
made on a surface. 3 [U] the use
of lines(2) in art, etc: a '~ draw-
ing. 4 furrow or wrinkle: the '^s
on his face. 5 (/?/) contour; out-
line. 6 row of persons or things.
in -^ for. next in order for.
stand in '^. form a queue. 7
boundary, draw the (at), ^
O draw^(7). 8 railway: The
London to Oxford ^. 9 trans-
port service: an ^air^. 10 direc-
tion; course: ~5 of communica-
tion, in/out of '^ (with), in
agreement/disagreement (with).
toe the ^, {fig) O
toe v. 11
series of persons, esp of the same
family: the royal ~. 12 row of
words on a page, drop sb a '^,
{informal) write a short letter to
somebody. 13 series of connect-
ed military defence posts, etc.
line^ /lam/ vt|i^ mark with lines.
2 ^ up. (cause to) be in a line.
c> line-up below. 3 be placed in
a line: a road '^d with trees.
line^ /lam/ vt 1 add a layer of
material to the inside of (bags,
articles of clothing): fur-^d
gloves. 2 {fig) fill (one's pocket,
stomach, etc). ct> lining.
linear/ literate 218

iin-ear /'iini3(r)/ adj 1 of or in method of understanding

lines. 2 of length: ~ measure- speech from lip movements
ment. Hence, ''x^-read vt. ''>>^stick,
linen /'linin/ made of
n (U) cloth (stick oO cosmetic material for
flax; articles made from this colouring the lips.
cloth. liquefy ,'likwifai/ vt/i {pt.pp
liner /'lam3(r)/ n [C] ship or air- -led) make or become liquid.
craft carrying passengers. li-queur /li'kjuD(r)/ n [C,U]
lines-man 'lainzman n [C] (in (kinds oQ strong-flavoured al-
sport) person who says whether coholic drink.
the ball goes out of play across liquid /'likwid/ n [C.U] sub-
oneofthelmes. stance like water that flows free-
line-up 'lam Ap/ n [C] way in ly. D adJ^ in the form of a liquid
which persons (eg a football 2 clear and looking wet: '^ eyes.
team), etc are arranged or allied. 3 (of sounds) clear; pure. 4 (in fi-
lin-ger 'lir)g3(r)/ \i be slow in nance) easily sold: assets. ~
going away; stay near a place. liqui-date /'likwideit vt/i 1 pay
'>>'ing adj long; prolonged: a (a debt). 2 bring (an unsuccess-
'^ing illness, ^^iy adv ful company) to an end. 3 (infor-
linge-rie 'iaensari:/ n [U] mal) kill, liqui'da-tion n [U].
women's underwear. liqui-da-tor, official who liqui-
lin-guist 'lir)gwist/ n [C] 1 per- dates(2).
son skilled in foreign languages. liquor 'lik3(r)/ n [C,U] (kind of)
2 person who makes a study of alcoholic drink.
language(s). '>-'tic /-'gwistik liquorice (US = licor-ice)
adj of (the study oO languages. /'likaris/ n [U] (plant producing !

'>^ics n [U] the study of lan- a) black substance used in medi-

guage. cine and in sweets. •

lini-nnent /'Imimant/ n [C,U]
(kind oQ liquid for rubbing on
stiff parts of the body.
lin-ing /'lamir)/ n 1 [C,U] (layer
oQ material added to the inside
of something: afur'^.
link /Ur)k/ n [Cj 1 one ring of a
chain. 2fastenerfor thecufTof a
shirt: ^cuff-^s. 3 person or thing
that connects two others, d vt/i
join with a link.
lino /'lamau/ n [U] (abbr for) li-
noleum.
lin-oleum /li'nauham/ n [U]
lisp /lisp/ vt/i use the sound /9;
for /s/ and /z/; say in a lisping
manner, a n [C] lisping way of
speaking.
list^ /list/ n [C] number of names
(of persons, things, etc) written
down in order, a vt make a list
of; put on a list.
list^ /list/ vi (esp of a ship) lean
over to one side, a n [C] listing
position (of a ship).
lis-ten /'lisn/ vi 1 try to hear; pay
attention: ^
to a friend's story.
'^ in (to), listen to a radio pro- i

strong floor-covering of canvas gramme. 2 take (a person's) ad-

treated with cork and oil. vice. ''>^er/7[C]
'

lin-seed /'linsid/ n [U] seed of list-less /'Ustlis/ adj too tired to ,

flax which produces oil. show interest, -x^ly adv. '>^ness

lint /lint/ n [U] soft, cotton n[V]
material used for dressing lit /lit/^/./?/? of light*.
wounds. liter /'li:t9(r) rt (t/5) = litre.

lion /'laian/ n [C] large, strong lit-er-acy /'litarasi/ n [U] ability '

animal of the cat family found in to read and write.

Africa, the '>-' s share, the lar- lit-eral /'litaral/ adj 1 corre-
gest part. '>^ess /-nis/ n [C] fe- sponding exactly to the original:
male lion. '>^ize /-aiz/ vt treat (a a ~ translation. 2 taking words I

person) as important. in their usual sense: meaning ~ '

lip /lip/ n [C] 1 one of the fleshy of a word. '>-ly /'litrali/ adv (a)
edges of the mouth, give /pay word for word: translate '^ly.
*'->^-servfce to sth, make in- (b) (informal) without exagger-
sincere promises, etc. keep a ation.
stiff upper '^, show no sign of lit-er-ary /'litaran/ adj of lit-
fear, etc. tick /smack one's erature or authors.
'v.s, show (anticipation oQ en- lit-er-ate 'litarat/ adj 1 able to
joyment. 2 edge of a hollow ves- read and write. 2 cultured; well
sel or opening, ''^^-reading. educated, d n [C] literate person.
 219 literature/loan

lit-era-ture /'litratJaCr)/ n [U] 1 forgotten. ->- up

books, etc valued as works of
art. 2 all the writings of a
country or a period; books deal-
ing with a special subject: Eng-
lish ^. 3 [U] printed material
giving information, eg bro-
chures.
lithe /laid/ adj (of a person, etc)
bending or turning easily.
lit-mus /'litmos/ n [U] blue sub-
stance that is turned red by acid.
litre {US = liter) /'li:t3(r)/ n [C]
measure of liquids (= about 1|
pints).
lit-ter^ /'ht3(r)/ n 1[U] bits of
paper, bottles, etc left lying
about. 2 [C] all the newly born
young ones of an animal, a vt/i
make untidy with litter (1 ). ''-w-
basket/-bin, bin/basket for
litter(l).
litteH /'lit3(r)/ n [C] bed for
carrying a sick or wounded
son.
little' /'htl/ {t> less and
adj
least) 1 small: the -v. finger. 2
not important: a few ^ prob-
lems.3 short (in time, distance,
stature).4 young. 5 not much: /
have very 'v. !ime for reading. 6
(with a) a small quantity of: He
knows a ~
French, a adv 1 (C>
less, least) not much: He
known, a '^, rather: a '^ afraid.
2 not at all: L^ does he
that ....
little^ /'htl/ n [U] (O less, least)
1 only a small amount: You have
done very ~
for us. '^ by '>^.
gradually. 2 (with a) something:
~
He knows a of everything.
liv-able /'hvabl/ adj tolerable; fit
to live in. >^-
live' /laiv/ adj 1 having life. 2
burning or glowing: '^ coals;
not used: a ^^ match: charged
with electricity: a ^
rail. 3 (of a
broadcast) not recorded in ad-
to sth. equal
(something already done): ->- up
to one's reputation, 'v. with
sth. accept and endure it. 7 en-
joy life. '^ it up. have great fun.
live-li-hood /'laivlihud/ n [C]
means of living.
live-fy /'laivli/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
full of life and spirit. 2 (of col-
our) bright, live-li-ness n [U]
liven /'laivn/ vt/i make or be-
~
come lively: up a party.
liver /'liv9(r)/ n 1 [C] large organ
in the body which cleans the
blood. 2 [U] animal's liver as
food.
lives /laivz//?/ of life.
live-stock /'laivstok/ n [U] (esp)
farm animals.
livid /'livid/ a<//'1 of the colour of
lead, blue-grey. 2 (of a person)
furiously angry, -^^ly adv
liv-ing' /'liviij/ adj 1 alive.
per- within I in -s^ memory, within
the memory of people now alive.
2 strong; active: a faith, a n ~
the '>^, those now alive.
liv-ing^ /'hviij/ n 1 [C] means of
keeping alive, of earning what is
needed for life: earn a good'^. 2
[U] manner of life: a poor stbn-
dard of '^. ''>^-room, room for
general use such as relaxing.
is ~ liz-ard /'lizad/ n [C] small, four-
legged reptile.
know Ilatna /'la:m3/ n [C] S American
animal with a thick woolly coat.
load' /bud/ n [C] 1 that which is
carried or supported, '^s of.
(informal) a large amount: -^5 of
money/bottles. 2 (fig) weight of
care, responsibility, etc. take a
-x/ off sb 's mind, relieve him
of anxiety, 3 amount of
etc.
work that a motor, engine, etc is
required to do.
load^ /bud/ vt/i^ put a load in or
on: ~
a van/ship, -v^ (sth) up.
with goods, materials, etc. 2
fill

vance. 4 full of energy, impor- put a cartridge or shell into (a

tance, etc^ ^
issue. gun). 3 put a film into (a came-
live^ IXwTvtji 1 be alive (the more ra), a '>^ed question, one in-
usual words). 2 remain alive: tended to trap a person.
The doctors don't think she will loaf /buf/ n [C] (pi loaves
~. 'v^ through, experience and /buvz/) 1 mass of cooked bread.
survive: ~
through the war. 3 ''^ 2 [C,U] (quantity oQ food
on. (a) have as food; (b) de- shaped and cooked: meat ~. 3
pend on for support, etc. 4 make (5/) head, use one's '>^. think
one's home: Where do you '^? '^ intelligently.
together, (a) live in the same loaf^ /buf/ vtji '>^ about, spend
house, (b) live as if married. 5 time idly. '>^er, person who
spend, pass: He '^da happy life. loafs.
6 '^ sth down, live in such a loan /bun/ n [C] 1 something
way that (past scandal, etc) is lent, esp money. 2 [U] lending, a
loath /log 21

.i(jorma[) = lend. with a lock. '>^ sb in. prevent

loath, loth buG adj -^ to do him leaving a room by lockmj:
sth. unvvilling. the door. ~
sb out. keep hin.
loathe bud vi feel disgust for; outside by locking the door O
dislike, loath-ing, n [\J] dis- ~-out below '^ sth/sb up.
gust loath-some adj disgust- (a) make safe by locking it/him
ing. in. (b) shut up a house, etc b>
loaves buvz p/of ioafV locking all the doors, (c) (infor-
lob /lob, Mil (-bb-) strike or send mal) put (a person) in prison,
(a ball) in a high arc. a n [C] ball etc. 2 (cause to) become fixed. 3
that is lobbed. join together: -^ed in battle
lobby 'lobi, n [C] (pi -les) 1 fighting hard, '-xz-out, refusal
entrance-hall, corridor. 2 (of a of employers to allow workmen
parliament) group of people to enter their place o( work dur-
who try to influence members: ingadispute. C> strike^(1 ).
the farming ^. a vi i (try to) in- locker 'lDk3(r) n [C] small cup-
fluence the members of a law- board for storing clothes, stores,
making body, '-^^ist person etc.
who lobbies. locket /'lokit/ n [C] small case
lobe bub n [C] lower rounded for a portrait, a lock of hair, etc,
part of the ear. worn round the neck.
lob-ster 'lDbst3<r)/ n 1 [C] shell- locomotion ibuka'maujn/ n
fish with eight legs and two [UJ moving, ability to move,
claws. 2 [U] Its flesh as food. from place to place.
lo-cal /'bukl; adj^ of a place or locomotive ibuka'mautiv
district: ->^ elections. 2 affecting adj o{. having, causing, locomo-
a part, not the whole: a -^ tion, a n [C] railway engine.
anaesthetic, d i [C] 1 inhabi- lo-cust .'bukast; n [C] winged
tant(s) of a particular district. 2 insect which fiies in great
(informal) local public house. ,'>^ swarms and destroys crops.
'government, administration lodge^ lDd3, n [C] 1 small house,
of the local afTairs of a district, esp at the entrance to the
-wly a(/v grounds of a large house. 2
lo-cal'ity bu'kaebti/ n (pi -ies) country house for temporary
[C] district; place. \\s>Q. a ^skiing '^.
lo-cal-ize 'laukalaiz/ v7 confine lodge^ lods/ vtji 1 give (a per-
to particular area: ->- a disease. son) a room to sleep in. 2 live as
locali'zation n [U] a paying guest. 3 '^ in. (cause
lo-cate bu'keit v7 1 discover to) enter and become fixed: The
the locality of. 2 establish in a bullet '^d in his head. 4 put
place: '>^ the new offices in Paris. (money, etc) in for safety. 5
lo-ca-tion ,-Jn n (a) [U] locat- make a statement, etc) officially:
ing, (b) [C] position, (c) on lo- -- a complaint, lodger, person
cation, (making a cinema film) lodging(2) in ahoube. i

in natural surroundings, not in a lodg-ing 'lodsii], n [C] (usually

studio. /5/)room(s) rented to live in. '

loch /lok, n [C] (Scot) 1 narrow loft loft n [C] 1 place used for
arm of the sea: L~ Ness. 2 lake. storing things under a roof. 2 ^

lock^ lok n [C] portion of hair gallery in a church or hall.

that naturally hangs together. lofty 'loftr adj (-ier, -iest) 1 of <

lock^ /lok n [C] 1 appliance by great height. 2 (of thoughts, etc)

which a door may be fastened. 2 noble. 3 proud, loft-ily adv.
mechanism by which a gun is log^ log n [C] length of a tree-
fired, i-v,, ^stock and ^barrel. trunk that has fallen or been cut >

completely. 3 enclosed section down. J

of a canal or river, for raising or log^ /log/ n [C] 1 device to i

lowering boats. 4 [U] amount measure a ship's speed. 2 =

that a steering wheel can be
turned, j-^-'gate, gate on a
lock (3). ''^jaw, form of dis-
ease (tetanus) that causes the
jaws to be locked together.
''^smith, maker of locks.
lock' /lok/ v/// 1 fasten a door
log-book(a). a vt (-gg-) enter
(facts) in alog-book. ''>^-book,
(a) record of events during a
ship's voyage, (b) any record of
performance, eg of a car.
log^* log/ n [C] (abbr oH lo-
garithm.

log-arithm /'logariGam/ n [C]
one of a series of numbers set
out in tables which make it pos-
sible to work out problems in
multiplication and division.
log-ger-heads /'logshedz/ n (an) great desire, ^-s^ing-ly adv
(only in) at -^^ disagreeing or
quarrelling.
logic /'lDd3ik/ n [U] 1 science,
method, of reasoning. 2 (per-
son's) ability to reason. '>^al
/-kl/ adj (a) in accordance with
logic, (b) able to reason correct-
ly. '>-'a I lya</v.
loin /bm/ n 1 ipl) the lower part
of the body between the waist
and the legs. 2 [C] joint of meat
which includes the loins. ''^-
cloth, piece of cloth covering
the loins.
vtji go slowly
loi-ter /'bit3(r)/
somewhere; stand about.
loll /1d1/ V//I rest or stand in a lazy
way.
loMi-pop /'lolipop/ n [C] large
sweet or frozen fruit juice
stick.
lone /bun/ ac//' solitary.
lone-ly /'launli/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
(sad because one is) without
companions, friendship. 2 (of
places) not often visited, lone-
li-ness/j[U].
lone-some /'bunsam/ adj
lonely(1 ).
long^ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of
/loi);
extent in space) measuring much
from end to end: How ^
is the
River Nile'^ 2 (of duration): a
flight, ie several hours, in the
''>^ run,
Orun^(4). in the -^
term, looking ahead for a long
time. Hence, ''^-term adj.
''>^hand, ordinary handwrit-
ing. ,^-play(ing) 'record,
(abbr LP) disc playing many
tunes, songs. ''>^-range adj of
long periods, distances: a ^-
range rocket/forecast. ^'^
'sighted adj (a) able to see a
great distance, (b) (fig) having
imagination or foresight, j-^-
'standing at/y of long duration:
a '^-standing agreement. ''>^
wave, (radio) wave of 1000
metres or over. ,^-'winded adj
(fig) boring; tedious.
long^ /lor)/ adv 1 for a long time.
as/ so '^ as, on condition that.
2 at a distant time: -^ ago. 3 (of
duration) throughout: all day
^. 4 no/any/ntuch ^-^er,
after no,not much time. ''^-
suffering adj patient and un-
221 logarithm/ loom
complaining.
long^ /lor)/ ai (sing only) long
time, before '>^. soon.
long* /log/ vi wish (for) very
much, '-s^ing adj. n [C,U] (of)
longi-tude /'lDnd3itju:d/ n [C]
'
distance east or west (measured
in degrees) from a meridian ( 1 )
long-ways /'lorjweiz/, long-
wise /'loqwaiz/ adv = length-
ways.
look^ /luk/ n [C] 1 act of looking.
take a -o^ at. examine (briefly).
2 appearance: / don 't like the ~
of him. 3 (p[) person's (attrac-
tive) appearance: her good 's^s.
look^ /luk/ vtii 1 use one's sight;
try to see: ~ (up) at the ceiling. 2
seem to be: '^ sad. (not) '^
oneself, (not) appear healthy.
^^ one's best, appear most at-
tractive. L'^ here! (to call at-
tention). '>^ well, (a) (of p>er-
sons) appear healthy, (b) be at-
on a tractive: Does this hat '^ well on
me? 3 '>^ like I as if, seem prob-
able: // ~5 like rain. 4 pay atten-
tion: L'^ where you're going! 5
'y about (for sth), be in
search of. '^ after sb/sth,
take care of. -s^ at sth, exam-
ine: Doctor, will you -^ at my
= ankle?. '^ back (on sth), (fig)
think about something in the
past. 'v. down on sb, consider
oneself superior to. -s^ for sb/
sth, search for. ^v. forw/ard to
^ sth, expect something (usually
with pleasure). '^ in (on sb).
make a short visit, -v into sth,
investigate. ->^ on sb as, con-
sider as. -^ on to, (of a room,
etc) overlook. ^ out (for sb/
sth). be on the watch for.
Hence, ''>^-out, n (a) (sing
only) state of being watchful,
(b) [C] pjerson on guard. '>^
over sth. inspect. ->- round.
(a) examine before deciding.
(b) turn the head (to see). '^
round sth. (go and) visit, --w to
sb for sth I to do sth. rely on.
'>^ up. (a) raise the eyes, (b)
improve in prosperity. -^^ sth
up. search for (a word in a dic-
tionary, etc). -^ sb up. visit. '>^
up to sb. admire.
loom^ /lurm/ n [C] machine for
weaving cloth.
loom^ /lu:m/ vi 1 appear: A fig-
ure '^^ed up out of the mist in a
threatening way. 2 '>^ large.
(fig) appear important to.

loop/ lovable 222
loop n [C] 1 (shape pro-
/lu:p/
duced by a) curve crossing itself
2 string, wire, etc in such a
shape. D v7//makea loop.
loop-hole 'lu.-phaul, n [C] (fig)
way of escape from (legal) res-
triction: ~5 in the law.
loose /lu:s/ adj (-r, -st) 1 not
held, fastened or contained in
something, break/get 'x.. es-
cape from being held or locked
in. 2 (of clothes) not tight. 3
moving more freely than is usu-
al: a '^ looth. come/work '^,
(of a fastening, etc) become inse-
cure. 4 (of talk, behaviour, etc)
not controlled. 5 not compact:
~ soil. 6 careless, inaccurate: ~ (of), a great amount (oQ 3
passing of the ball, (eg in foot-
ball). 7 immoral: a ~ woman.
'>^lv loosen /'lu:sn/
adv. vtji
make or become loose.
loot /lu:t n [U] goods taken
away unlawfully, eg by soldiers
in time of war. n vtji carry off
loot from.
lop /lop/ v7 (-PP-) cut (branches,
etc from a tree).,
lop-sided /,1dp 'saidid/ at// with
one side lower than the other.
lord /b:d/ n [C] 1 supreme male
ruler. 2 L^, God; Christ: The
L'^'s Prayer. 3 (used in excla-
mations of surprise, etc): Good
L^! 3 nobleman. 4 in official
titles: L^ Mayor, the House ,
of 'L'>^s, (GB) upper division of
Parliament, '^ly adj (-ier, -lest)
(a) arrogant, (b) like, suitable
for, a lord, ^ship n (a) [U]
rule, authority (over), (b) His/
Your L'>^ship, (used when
speaking to a lord).
lorry /'Ion/ n [C] (pi -ies) (US =
truck) strong motor-vehicle,
used for carrying goods.
lose /lu:2/ vt/i(pt.pp lost /lost/) 1
no longer have; have taken away
from one by misfortune, death,
etc: ^ one's money. '^ one's
balance, fall over. 'v. one's
temper, become angry. 2 be
lost. disappear; die. '>^
oneself in sth, become deeply
interested in it so that one is un-
aware of other things. 3 be un-
able to find. '^ one's place.
(ina book, etc) be unable to find
the page, etc where one stopped
reading. -^ sight of sth. (a)
fail to take account of: '^ sight of
the problems, (b) no longer be
able to see. 4 cause (a person)
the loss of: This will '>^ you your
.
job. 5 fail to win: -^ a game, a
lost cause, one that has al-
ready been defeated. 6 (of a
watch or clock) go too slowly. '^
out. be unsuccessful.
loss /Ids/ n 1 [U] act or fact of
losing: '^ of life in war. 2 [U]
failure to keep: a of power. 3~
[U] failure to win or obtain: the
~ of a game. 4 [C] that which is
lost. 5 (be) at a '^ he uncertain
what to do, say, etc: at a '\. for
words.
lost j\ Dst/ pt.pn of lose.
lot' /lot/ n [C] (informal) 1 the
'V', the whole number or quan-
tity 2a'^ (of): '-^s (and '^s)
very much: a ~
better.
lot^ lot/ n [C] 1 (one of several
objects used in) the making of a
decision by chance, draw least
'^s. decide something, eg by
taking pieces of marked paper
from a box. 2 [C] person's des-
tiny. 3 item (to be) sold at an
auction sale. 4 collection of ob-
jects of the same kind: a new ^
of coats. 5 plot of land.
loth /13U0/ fli// O loath.
lo-tion /'bujn/ n [C,U] (kind of)
liquid medicine for use on the
skin.
lot-tery /'lotsn/ n [C] (pi -ies)
competition to give prizes to
holders of tickets bought b\
them and selected from a box.
lo-tus /'butss/ n [C] (pi -^es)
(kinds oOwaterlily.
loud /laud/ adj (-er, -est) 1 not
quiet; easily heard. 2 (of behavi-
our; of colours) noisy; bright, a
adv in a loud manner. ,'>^-
'speaker, (also speaker) elec-
trical apparatus that converts
electric impulses into sounds.
'V/ly adv. '^ness n [U]
lounge /launds/ vi sit, stand
about, in a lazy way. a « [C] 1 act
of lounging. 2 comfortable
sitting-room. 3 best bar in a
public house, ''v.-suit, man's
suit.
louse /laus/ n [C] (pi lice /lais/)
(kinds oO small insect living on
the bodies of animals and hu-
man beings.
lousy /'lauzi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
infested with lice. 2 (informal)
bad: What a '^^ meal!
lout /laut/ n [C] clumsy, ill-
mannered man. ''>^ish adj
lov-able /'Uvabl/ adj deserving,
inspiring love.
 223 love/lump

love /Iav/ n 1 [U] warm, kind loyal connection (to a family,

feeling; fondness: a mother's ~ company,etc).
for her children. There's no '^ loz-enge /'lDzmd3/ n [C] 1
lost between them. They diamond-shaped figure. 2 sweet
dislike each other, for the '^ containing medicine.
of. for the sake 'of. 2 [U] sexual iu-bri-cant /'lu:brik3nt/ n [U]
passion, be I fall in -v. (with substance that lubricates.
sb). have/begin to have love lu-bri-cate /'lurbnkeit/ vr 1 put
and desire (for), make -^ (to oil or grease into (machine
sb). have sexual intercourse. 3 parts). 2 {Jig) do something that
loved person. 4 (in games) no makes action, etc easier, lu-
score. ''>^-affair,relationship bri'ca-tionrt[U]
between people in love, (now a lu-cid /'lursid/ adj^ clear; easy to
sexual relationship), '-o^sick adj understand. 2 mentally sound.
suffering because of (unreturn- '>^ly adv. --s^ity /lur'siditi/ n [U]
ed) love, n vr 1 have strong af- luck /Uk/ n [U] fortune (good or
fection for: '>^ one's wife. 2 wor- bad); something considered to
ship: ~
God. 3 like very much: come by chance. Bad '^l (used
'^ ice-cream. to show sympathy). Good L'^f
love-ly /'IavIi/ adj 1 beautiful. 2 (used to encourage, etc), lucky
(informal) pleasant: a '^ holiday. adj (-ier, -iest) having, bringing,
3 lovable: a '^ person, love-li- resulting from, good luck. '>^ily
ness^?[U] ut/v fortunately.
lover /'lAV9(r)/ n person
[C] 1 lu-cra-tive /'lurkrativ/ a<// profit-
who is fond of (something): a ~ able.
of music. 2 person having a lu-di-crous /'lurdikras/ adj ridi-
love-affair. culous, absurd. '>-ly adv
lov-ing /'Iavii)/ adj feeUng love. lug /Ug/ vt (-gg-) drag with
'X/ly adv much effort.
low' /bu/ adj (-er, -est) 1 not ex- lug-gage /'Ugids/ n [U] {US =
tending far upwards; not high: baggage) bags etc and their
'^ hills, lie '^. {informal) keep contents taken on a journey.
hidden (and wait). 2 below the ''>--van, carriage for luggage on
usual level: '^ pressure. 3 (of a train.
sounds) not loud; not high in luke-warm /,lu:k'wD:m/ adj 1
pitch. 4 of inferior social class. 5 (of liquids, etc) neither very
feel '-^, depressed. 6 have a '>- warm nor cold. 2 {fig) not en-
opinion ofsb/sth. think very thusiastic.
little etc. 7 (of
of him, his work, lull /1a1/ vt/i make or become
a supply) be/run '>^. be calm: ^ a baby to sleep, a n [C]
become nearly exhausted. ''>^- interval of calm.
down adj {informal) disho- lull-aby "lAbbai/ n [C] {pi -ies)
nourable, a n get I give sb the song to make a baby go to sleep.
'^-down. {informal) the true lum-bago /lAm'beigau/ n [U]
facts. 'key(ed), adj {fig) in a
,'>^ muscular pain in the lower back.
quiet manner. '>^ness n\\}\ lum-ber' /'lAmb3(r)/ n [U] 1
low^ /bu/ adv (-er, -est) in or to roughly prepared wood. 2 un-
a low position; in a low manner. wanted old furniture, a vt -^
low^ /lau/ n [C] low level: shares with, {informal) leave (some-
reached new '^^s yesterday. thing unwanted) to somebody:
low* /bu/ n [U] sound made by Don 't ^
me with your mother to-
cows. D vMof cows) make this person who fells
night. ''>^jack,
sound. saws or transports lumber.
trees,
lower' /'bu9(r)/ vtji 1 let or lum-beH /'lAmb3(r)/ vi move in a
bring down: ~ a flag. 2 make or heavy, clumsy way.
become less high: ^ the rent. 3 lu-mi-nous /'lu:min9s/ adj giv-
'V. oneself, degrade; disgrace ing out light, lu-min-os-ity
oneself. /-'nDS3ti/«[U]
low-ly /'bull/ adj (-ier, -iest) lump /lAmp/ n [C] 1 hard, shape-
humble, low-li-ness n [U] less mass: a '>^ of coal, a j-^
loyal /'bisl/ adj true and faithful ^sum, one payment instead of a
{to). ''>-ist, person who loyal
is number of separate sums. 2
to his ruler, --^^ly adv. -^^ty n {pi swelling, d vM '>^ together,

-ies) (a) [U] bemg loyal, (b) {pD put together. 2 form into lumps.
lumpy/mad 224

lumpy adj (-ler, -iest). harp.

lunacy 'lu.nasi n[U] madness. lyric /'link/ adj 1 of, composed
lunar 'lu:n3(r)/ai//ofthemoon. for, singing. 2 expressing strong
lu-na-tic /Mumstik/ n [C] menial feelings: ~
poetry. nn[C\^ lyric
patient, d adj mad; extremely poem. 2 (pf) words of a song.
foolish. '-^ asylum, (dated) '^al adj (a) = lyric, (b) full of
mental hospital. emotion. ^allya</v
lunch UntJ/ n meal taken in
[C]
the middle of the day. d vili eat/
provide lunch.
lunch-eon /'Untjan/ n (formal)
= lunch,
lung n [C] either of the two
'Iai]

breathing organs in the chest.

lunge Unds n [C], vi [C] (make
a) sudden forward movement.
lurch^ /l3:ij/ n (only in) leave
sb in the '^, leave him when he
is in difficulty.
lurch^ /l3:tj/ n [C] sudden
ment to one side, a vi move
along with a lurch.
lure luo(r), n[C]1 bait to attract
animals. 2 (Jig) something that
attracts, a vt tempt: ~^ away
from work by a woman.
lurid "luand/ adj 1 highly col-
oured, esp suggesting flame. 2
(fig) unpleasant: ~ details of his
murder.
lurk /l3:k vi keep out of view,
ing in wait.
luscious /'UJas adj rich and
sweet in taste and smell.
lush , IaJ"/ adj (esp of vegetation)
growing luxuriantly.
lust /lASt/ n [C,U] great
esp sexual desire (for), o vi '>^
for /after, have lust for. '>^ful
adj. lusty adj.
lustre (US = lus-ter)/'lASt3(r)/
n [U] 1 brightness, esp of a
smooth surface. 2 (fig) distinc-
tion. lus-trousa<^'
lute /lu:t/ n [C] stringed musical
instrument.
lux-ur-iant /lAg'suarisnt/ adj 1
abundant: ~
plants. 2 (of style)
richly ornamented. '^ly adv.
lux-uriance /-risns/
lux-ur-ious /lAg'3U3ri3s/ adj
very comfortable, 'v/ly adv
lux-ury /'lAkJari/ n (pl-\es) 1 [U]
great comfort and pleasure: a
life o/~. 2 something not es-
[C]
sential but which gives pleasure,
esp something expensive.
lynch lintj v.' put to death by
hanging without a lawful trial.
lynch-pin /'hntjpm/ n = linch-
pin.
lynx liqks/ n [C] short-tailed
wild animal of the cat family.
lyre /'lai9(r)/ n [C] old kind of
Mm
M, m /em/ (pi M's, m's /emz/) 1
the 13th letter of the Enghsh al-
move- phabet. 2 the Roman numeral
lOCX).
ma /ma:/ n [C] short for mamma,
mother,
mac /maek/ n (abbr for) mackin-
tosh.
ma-cabre /m3'ka:br3/ adj caus-
ing horror or fear.
maca-roni /,maek3'r9uni/ n [U]
flour paste made in the form of
hollow tubes cooked by boiling.
ly- mace^ /meis/ n [C] 1 large, heavy
club, used in the Middle Ages. 2
ceremonial staff.
mace^ /meis/ n [U] dried cover-
ing of nutmegs, used as spice.
ma-chete /ma'tjeti/ n [C] broad,
desire, heavy knife.
ma-chine /ma'Jitn/ n [C] device
with parts working together to
apply power, d vt make (some-
thing) with a machine, '^-gun,
gun that fires continuously
when the trigger is pressed. '^
tool, mechanically operated
tool, ma-chin-ist, person who
works a machine.
ma-chin-ery /ma'Jiinan/ n (pi
-ies) [U] 1 moving parts of a ma-
chine;machines collectively. 2
n [U] methods, organization: the of ^
government.
mack-erel /'maekral/ n [C] (pl^)
small sea-fish with blue-green
stripes.
mack-in-tosh /'maekmtoj/ n [C]
(GB) rainproof coat.
mad /msed/ adj (-der, -dest) 1
mentally ill. drive/ send sb -v.,
cause him to be mad. 2 (infor-
mal) very excited. 3 (informal)
angry. '<^man/woman, per-
son who is mad ( 1 ) . '>^ly adv (a)
in amad manner: rush about 's^ly
(b) (informal) extremely: ^/v in
 225 madam / majesty
love,-^^ness n [U] larger (as with a lens). 2 exagger-
madam /'msedam/ n 1 respectful ate: ~ the dangers, '-"v^ing-
form of address to a woman eg glass, lens for making objects
by a shop-assistant. 2 (used in appear larger, mag-ni-fi-ca-
formal letters): Dear M'^. tion /-fi'keijn/ n [U] (esp) power
mad-den 'maedn/ vt make mad; of magnifying.
irritate. mag-ni-tude /'maegnitju:d/ n [C]
made / meid pt ,pp o[ ir,ake\
/
{formal) 1 size. 2 (degree oO im-
Ma-donna /ma'dons/ n the portance.
M'>^, (picture or statue oO mag-pie "maegpai/ n [C] noisy
Mary, Mother of Jesus Christ. black-and-white bird which of-
mad-ri-gal /'maedngl/ n [C] song ten steals bright objects.
without music for several voices. ma-hog-any 'ma'hogani/ n [C,
mag /maeg n [C] (informal abbr U] (tropical tree with) dark-
o0rnagazine(3). brown wood used for furniture.
maga-zine /,masg3'zi:n/ n [C] 1 maid meid n [C] 1 (lit) girl. 2
store for explosives, etc. 2 cham- (modern use) woman servant.
ber for cartridges in a gun. 3 maiden 'meidn/ n [C] (///)
periodical publication, with young unmarried woman, a adj
stories, articles, etc. 1 of a or woman. 2 first: a
girl
ma-genta /m3'd3ent3/ adj, n [U] ship's ^
voyage. 3 (of an older
bright crimson (dye). woman) unmarried. '^ name,
mag-got /'maegat/ n [C] larva. woman's family name before
mag-goty a^' having maggots marriage
magic /'masdsik/ adj done by. mair 'meil' n [U] body armour
used magic, a n[^J]^ art of
in, of metal rings or plates.
controlling events by super- mail^ meil' n 1 [U] system of
natural forces. 2 art of obtaining carrying and delivering letters
mysterious results by tricks. 3 and parcels. 2 [C.U] letters,
(fig) mysterious charm. '>^al parcels, etc sent or delivered by
/-kl/ adj = magic. '>^ally adv. post, a VI (chiefly US) send by
'^ian /m3'd3jjn/ n [C] person post, '--^-box, (US) letter-box.
skilled in magic(2). ''>^-man, (US) postman. ,->-
magis-trate "maedsistreit/ n [C] 'order, order for goods to be
civil ofTicer acting as a judge in delivered by post.
Police Courts. maim 'meim' vr injure; cripple.
mag-nani-mous /mxg'nse- main^ mem' adj chief most im- :

nimss/ adj generous. '>^ly adv. portant, '^land, land mass

magnanim-ity
/imaegns'nimati/ n [C,U]
mag-nate /'maegneit'
wealthy and powerful person.
mag-net /'msgnit/ n [C] 1 piece
of iron able to attract iron. 2
(fig) person or thing that at-
tracts. '>^ic maeg'netik a^yy hav-
ing the properties of a magnet.
'>^\c pole, point near the North
or South Pole to which the com-
pass needle points. '>-'ic tape,
kind of tape used to recoid
sound, vision, ^i-caily adv.
-^^ism 'masgnitizam n [U] (a)
(the science of) magnetic phe-
nomena, (b) ifig) great personal
attraction, '^^ize -aiz,
make magnetic, (b) (fig) attract
without its islands. ''>^-spring,
(a) principal spring of a clock.
n [C] (b) (fig) chief force or motive.
'-^^stay, (fig) chief support. He
is the ^
stay of his family. 'X/Iy
adv
main^ /mem/ n 1 [C] pipe bring-
ing water or gas. wire trans-
mitting electricity, into a build-
ing. 2 in the 'x., for the most
part.
main-tain mem'tem/ vr 1 keep
up; contmue: -«^ law and order. 2
support: ~ a wife and children. 3
' claim to be true: ^ one's' in-
nocence. 4 keep in good repair:
-^ a car. ^able /-abl adj
vt (a) maintenance 'memtsnans n
[IJ] maintaining; (esp) what is

(persons) very strongly. needed to support life.

mag-nifi-cent /maeg'nifissnt maize /meiz n [U] (also Indian
adj splendid; remarkable. '>^ly corn) sort of grain plant.
adv. magnifi-cence -sns n ma-jes-tic m3'd3estik adj hav-
[U] ing majesty. '>^ally adv
mag-nify /'maegnifai \i (pt.pp maj-esty 'maedsssti' n (pi -ics)
-ied) 1 make (a thing) appear 1 [Uj conduct, manner, causing
major/ man
resp)ect; power. 2 His/
royal
Her/Your ~, used when
speaking to a king or queen.
major' /'meid33(r)/ a<// min-
or, greater or more important:
->- roads.
ma-jor^ 'meid33(r)/ /j [C] army
,
ofTicer between a captain and a
colonel.
ma-jor-ity m3'd3Dr3ti, n [C]
-ies) 1 greater number or
(of). 2 number by which votes
for one side are more than those
for the other side: win by a '•^ of
20. 3 legal age of reaching man-
hood or womanhood.
make' /meik/ vt/i {pt.pp made
/meid,0 1 construct or produce;
bring into existence: '^ bread;
a hole. 2 cause: ^
trouble. 3
cause to be or become: The news
made her happy. 4 earn; acquire:
~ a profit. or break, be suc-
'>^
cessful or be ruined. '>^ one's
living (aslatlby/from).
have as one's work. 5 score (at
cricket). 6 cause (something) to
happen: Can you ~
this old car
start? ^
sth ^do: '^ 'do with
sth, manage with it although it
is not satisfactory. 7 reckon (to
be); calculate: What do you ~
the time? 8 equal; add up to: A
hundred pence ~5 one pound. '^
sense, O sense(5) 9 prove to . metals) that can be pressed into
be: She will -^ him a good wife.
1 {informal) reach (a speed or a
place): Can we ~
the station in
time? 11 elect; appoint: him
King. 12 '^ for sb/sth. (a)
move in the direction of. (b)
contribute to: Does exercise
for good health? '^ sth/sb into
sth. change to. '^ sth of. un-
derstand: / can -^ nothing of this
letter, 'n^ off. hurry away (to es-
cape). '>^ off with sth. steal
and hurry away, make
out. (a) write out: '^ out a che-
que, (b) manage to see, read: 'n,
out of his writing. -^^ sb out to
be. claim that he is. '>^ sth up.
(a) complete: We need £5 to
up the sum. (b) invent (esp to de-
ceive): a made-up story, (c)
compose: Are all bodies made up
of cells? (d) make (material.
cloth, etc) into clothes, (e) pre-
pare (a bed). ^
sb/onese/f
up. apply cosmetics to the face.
Hence, '~-up n [U]. up
one 's/sb 's mind, comecause
him to come to a decision. up
for sth. compensate for. '^ it
21
up to sb. repay him for some-
thing he has lost. -x. it up (with
sb). end a quarrel, '^shift,
O used until something better is
obtained.
make' /meik/ n [C,U] way a
thing is made; style of manufac-
ture: carsof all '^^s.
maker 'meik3(r)/ «[C] the/our
{pi M'>^, the Creator; God.
part making 'meikir), n be the '^
of. cause the well-being of.
have the -^s of. have the
necessary qualities for becom-
ing.
maladjusted /,maeb'd3AStid/
adj{ofd person) unable to adapt
himself properly to his environ-
~ ment mal-adjustment Ai [U].
ma-laria ma'learia/ n [U] kinds
of disease with fever, carried by
a type of mosquito.
male 'meil/ adj of that sex that
does not give birth to young, p n
[C] male p>erson, animal, etc.
mal-ice /'maelis/ n [U] hatred; in-
tention to harm, ma-li-cious
/maslijas/aedj feeling, caused by,
malice.
ma-lig-nant /ma'lignsnt/ adj 1
{formal) filled with a desire to
hurt. 2 (of diseases) that can
cause death, -x^ly adv
mal-leable /'maehabl/ adj 1 (of
new shapes. 2 {fig) (eg of a per-
son's character) easily adapted.
mal-let /'maelit/ n [C] hammer
~ with a wooden head.
mal-nu-tri-tion /|maelnju:'trijn/
n [U] poor health caused by not
~ getting (enough oQ (the right
kind(s) oO food.
malt lmo:\tl n [U] grain prepared
for making beer or spirits, a vt/i
1 make(grain) into malt. 2 pre-
pare with malt.
sth mal-treat /mael'tri:t/ vt {formal)
treat roughly or cruelly.
'^ment n[\J]
mamba /'maembs/ n [C] {pi ~s)
black or green poisonous snake.
~ mam-mal /'maeml/ n [C] any of
the class of animals of which the
females feed their young with
milk.
mam-moth /'maemsG/ n [C]
large kind of elephant now ex-
tinct. D adj {informal) huge.
man' maen/ n [C] (/j/men /men/)
~ 1 adult male human being, the
1-^ in the 'street, ordinary
^ person. 2 human being: All men
must die. 3 the human race: the
 227 man / manoeuvre
achievements of '^. ^ male per- water from clothes that have
son under the authority of an- been washed, d vr put (clothes)
other: officers and men. 5 hus- through a mangle.
band: ^
and wife. 6 any piece in mangle^ /'maeqgl/ vt tear,
chess, '^handle vt (a)
etc. damage, badly.
move by physical strength, (b) mango /'maeqgau/ n [C] (pi ~es
(si) handle roughly. ''>^hole, or 'v.s) (tropical tree bearing)
opening through which a man fruit with yellow flesh.
may enter (an underground sew- mangy /'memd3i/ C> mange.
er, etc). ''>-hood, (a) state of man-handle c> man\
being a man. c> majority (3). mania /'memia/ n 1 [U] madness.
(b) male qualities. I'-vz-'made, 2 extreme enthusiasm: a for ~
produced artificially: ^^-made motorbikes, maniac /'memiaek/
cloth. ''>^power, number of n[C] (a) madman, (b) (fig) ex-
men available for work. treme enthusiast. 'x/cal
'^slaughter, (act oQ killing a /ma'naiskl/ adj.
human being unlawfully but not mani-cure /'maenikju3(r)/ n [U]
deliberately. care of the hands and finger-
man^ /maen/ vt (-nn-) supply nails, a vt care for the hands and
with men for service or defence: nails, 'mani-cur-ist n [C]
'^ gun I machine. mani-fest /'maenifest/ adj clear
man-acle /'maenskl/ n [C] (usu- and obvious, a vt show clearly
ally pf) chains for the hands or No disease '^ed itself, -^ly adv.
feet. D vt put in chains. '>^a-tion /,maenife'steijn/ n [C,
man-age /'maenids/ vt/i 1 con- U]
trol: ~a business. 2 succeed: We mani-festo /,maeni'fest3u/ n [C]
can't with these tools. 3 (infor-
'v. (pi ^s or ~es) public declar-
mal) eat: Can you ~
another ap- ation of policy by a poUtical
ple? ''>^able /-9bl/ adj easily party, etc.
controlled. mani-fold /'maenifauld/ adj
man-age-ment /'maenidsmant/ many and different: -^^ uses, a n
n 1 [U] control: poor ~
of an in- [C] pipe with several openings or
dustry. 2 [U] skilful treatment. 3 connections.
[C,U] (collective) people who ma-nipu-late /ms'nipjuleit/ vt
control an industry, etc: workers handle with ^
controls!
skill:
and'^. people, ma-nipu'la-tion n [C,
man-ager /'maenid33(r)/ n [C] U]
person who controls a business, man-kind n [U] 1 /imaen'kamd/
a hotel, etc. -^^ess /-'res/ n [C] the human species.
woman manager. -^ial man-ly /'maenli/ adj (-ier, -iest)
/-'d3i3ri3l/ at// of managers. having the strong qualities of a
man-date /'maendeit/ n [C] 1 man. mah-li-ness n [U]
command given with authority. man-ner /'maen9(r)/ n [C] 1 way
2 authority given to representa- in which a thing is done or hap-
tives by voters, etc. man-da- pens. 2 (sing only) person's way
tory /'maendatri/ adj which of behaving towards others: /
must be obeyed. don 7 like his ^.3 (pi) habits and
man-do-lin /'maendalm/ n [C] customs. 4 (pi) social behaviour:
musical instrument with eight good '^5. 5 style in literature or
metal strings. art. 6 kind, sort, all '^ of. every
mane /mem/ n [C] long hair on kind of. '>^ed adj : ^goodj Hll-
the neck of a horse, lion, etc. '^ed, having good/bad man-
man-eu-ver /m3'nu:v3(r)/ n, v ners(4).
(US) = manoeuvre. man-ner-ism /'maenarizam/ n
man-ful /'maenfl/ adj brave; de- [C] peculiarity of behaviour,
termined, 'x/ly adv speech, etc.
mange /memd3/ n [U] contag- ma-noeuvre (US = man-eu-
ious skin disease, esp of dogs. ver) /m9'nu:v3(r)/ n [C] 1
mangy adj (-ier, -iest) planned movement (of armed
manger /'memd39(r)/ n [C] forces); (pf) such movements. 2
trough for horses or cattle to plan to win or do something.
feed from. n vt/i (cause to) perform
mangle^ /'maerigl/ n [C] machine manoeuvres, ma-noeuvr-able
with rollers for pressing out /-vrgbl/ adj that can be moved
manor/ mark 2

easily: a manoeuvrable car. time. 4 [C] piece of music for

manor 'maen3(r), n [C] estate marching to. a vtu (cause to)
uith a large house (called the walk as soldiers do, with regular
'^•house). steps.
man-sion 'maenjn, n [C] large marchion-ess ;,ma:j3'nes/ n
andsiatel) house. [C] wife or widow of a marquis.
mantei-piece 'maentalpiis n mare 'me3(r)/ n [C] female horse
[C] ;»helf above a fireplace. cr donkey.
mantle 'maentl n [C] 1 loose, mar-gar-ine ,,ma:d33'ri:n, n [U]
sleeveless cloak 2 (fig) covering;
. food substance, like butter,
a '>^ of snow, metal cover fi.xed made from animal or vegetable
round the flame of a gas-light fats.
man-ual 'maenjoal adi of, done mar-gin 'ma:d3in /j[C]1 blank
with, the hands, a n [C] hand- space round writing on a page. 2
book or textbook. '^\y adv edge. 3 amount (of time, money,
manufacture ,maenju- etc) above what is necessary

'faektj3<r) \t make (goods, etc) '>^al adj very small: a '^al in-
on a large scale by machinery, d crease, -^^ly ad\
n 1 [U] the making of goods and marijuana, marihuana
materials. 2 (j>[) manufactured ,maen'waen3 n [U] drug ob-
goods. tained from Indian hemp
ma-nure /m3'nju3(r)/ n [U] smoked in cigarettes.
waste from animals spread over ma-rina ma'rirna n [C] (pi ~s)
the soil to make it fertile, a v7 put harbour for pleasure boats.
manure on (soil). mari-nade ,maen'neid, n [C,U]
manu-script /maenjoskripf n (kinds oO pickle of wine, vinegar
[C] (abbr to MS. pi MSS) and spice, a vt (also mari-nate
book, etc as first written out or /'msnneit, ) soak in (a) mari-
typed. nade.
many 'mem, adj, n (contrasted mar-ine ma'rirn adjy of, found
with/ev\, O
nnore, most)1 (with in, the sea: -x, life. 2 of ships, etc.
pi nouns) a large number {of). a « 1 [U] ships in general. 2 [C]
one too ^, one more than is soldier serving on a warship.
correct or needed. 2 (with a sing mari-tal /'maentl adj of mar-
noun): M'>^ a man ( = Many riage.
men). mari-time 'maeritaim adj ^ of
map maep n [C] representation the sea or navigation. 2 near the
on paper, of the earth's sur-
etc sea.
face or a part of it. (put sth) mark^ /raa:k/ n [C] 1 scratch,
on the ^, (Jig) (cause it to be) stain, etc that spoils theappear-
considered important, a \t ance of something. 2 permanent
(-pp-) make a map of spot on the body: a 'birth'^. 3 vi-
mar /ma:(r), vr (-rr-) ruin; spoil: sible sign: ~5 of old age. 4 writ-
an accident '>^red their holiday. ten figure, sign: jfunctu'ation
mara-thon 'maeraOan/ n [C] 1 ~5. 5 symbol to indicate a level
long-distance race on foot in an examination: top -^s. 6
(about 26 miles or 41-8 ki- target, be/fall wide of the
lometres). 2 (Jig) test of endur- '^, be inaccurate. 7 make
ance. D adj very long: a '^^ de- one's '^, succeed; do well. 8
bale. standard: up to below the '^.
i

ma-raud /ma'roid/ vi go about in mark^ ma:k/ vt 1 put or have a

search of loot, -^er, person that mark on something: ~ the price
marauds. on clothes. 2 show the position
marble 'marbl/ n 1 [U] (sorts of)
/ of: a stone ~5 3 give
his grave.
hard limestone, used, when cut marks (5) to. 4
indicate some-
and polished, for building and thing by putting a mark on: ~
sculpture. 2 [C] small ball of col- an answer wrong. 5 pay atten-
oured glass used in games. tion (to). (You) '^ my
words.
March /mart J"/ n the third month Note what I say. 6 be a feature
of the year. of: qualities that '^ a leader. 7 be
march /martj/ n 1 [U] act of a sign of: His death ^^s the end of
marching (by soldiers, etc). 2 [C] an era. '^ time, (a) stamp the
instance of marching; distance feet without moving forward,
travelled. 3 progress: the of ~ (b) (Jig) wait until further pro-

gressbecomes possible. 8 sth
off/out, put marks on (to show
boundary lines, etc). -^ up, in-
crease the price of. ^^^ed adj ob-
vious; a '^ed improvement
health. '>-ing, (esp) pattern of
colours of feathers, skin. etc.
marker /'ma:k9(r) n [C] 1 per-
son or tool that marks. 2 thing
that indicates, eg a post showing
distances. 3 person who marks
examination papers.
mar-ket 'ma:kit n [C] 1 public
place where people meet to buy
and sell goods. 2 time of such a
meeting. 3 trade in a class of
goods: the Uojfee ^. 4 state of
trade: The ^ was steady. 5 de-
mand: There's no ~
for these
goods. 6 on the '^, for sale. 7
area in which goods may be
sold: foreign ^j for cars, a Yt;i
prepare and offer for sale. |'>^
re'search, study of the reasons
why people buy certain goods.
'>^able /-abl/ adj. '>^ing, theory
and practice of (large-scale) sel-
ling.
marks-man /'maiksmsn/ n [C]
(pi -men -man) person skilled
in aiming at a target.
mar-ma-lade 'maimaleid, n [U]
(bitter) jam made from oranges.
ma-roon^ ,m3'ru:n, adj. n [U]
brownish-red (colour).
ma-roon^ ms'rum/ vt leave (a
person) on a desert island, etc.
mar-quee /mar'ki:/ n [C] large
tent.
mar-quis. marquess
/'maikwis, n nobleman of high
rank. Omarchioness.
mar-riage ,'maerid3/ n [C,U]
legal union of a man and woman
as husband and wife, -^able
/-abl/ adj old enough, fit for,
marriage.
married /'maerid/ adj united in
marriage.
mar-row /'maerau/ n 1 [U] fatty
substance that fills the bones. 2
[C,U] {GB) vegetable like a large
fat cucumber. (OS = squash).
marry /'maen/ vt!i {pt.pp -ied) 1
take, have, as a husband or wife.
2 join as husband and wife: mar-
ried by the vicar. 3 give in mar-
riage: He married his daughter to
a rich man.
marsh /maij/ n [C,U] (area oQ
low-lying, wet land, marshy
a</y(-ier, -lest)
mar-shar /'ma:Jl/ n [C]
officer of highest rank. 2
229 marker/ masochism
's^ responsible for important public
ceremonies. 3 {US) official with
the duties of a sheriff.
mar-shal^ 'ma:Jl vt (-II-, US
in his arrange (troops, ideas, etc)
-1-) 1
inproper order. 2 lead (a per-
son) with ceremony.
mar-su-pial mai'surpial, adj. n
[C] mammal with a pouch to
carry its young, eg kangaroo.
mar-tial 'ma:Jl/ adj 1 of war. 2
fond of fighting. ^'>^ 'law, mili-
tary government. '>^ly adv
mar-tin 'ma:tin/ n [C] (also
^house-'^), bird of the swallow
family.
mar-tyr 'ma:t3(r)/ n [C] person
who dies or suffers for his be-
liefs, a vt put to death, cause to
suffer, as a martyr, '^dom n [U]
martyr's suffering or death.
mar-vel ''ma:vl/ n [C] something
causing wonder, astonishment.
work -^s, produce a highly
successful result, a vi (-1I-) be
greatly surprised (at), ^-^lous
(US = -^ous) adj. o^lous-ly
{US = '^ous\y) adv
Marx-ist 'maiksist n [C] fol-
lower of Karl Marx the German
socialist. Marx-ism n [U]
theories of Marx.
mar-zi-pan 'ma:zipasn n [U]
thick paste of crushed almonds,
sugar, etc.
mas-cara /mae'ska:r3/ n [U] cos-
metic for darkening the eye-
lashes.
mas-cot /'maeskat/ n [C] person,
animal or object thought to
bring good fortune.
mas-cu-line -'maeskjolm adj 1
of. like, men. 2 of male gender:
^pronouns. c> feminine, mas-
cu'lin-ityAi[U]
mash maej/ n [U] 1 grain, bran,
etccooked in water as food for
animals. 2 boiled potatoes
beaten and crushed, a vt beat or
crush into a mash.
mask /ma:sk/ n [C] 1 covering
for the face. 2 replica of the face
in wood, etc. 3 sterile pad worn
over the mouth and nose by doc-
tors and
nurses, a vt cover (the
face) with a mask. 2 conceal.
'gas--^, breathing apparatus,
worn as a protection against
poisonous gas.
masochism 'maesakizam/ n
[U] mental disorder of getting
satisfaction(esp sexual) from
1 {mil) pain, maso-chist, person suf-
official fering from masochism.
mason /materialize 230

maso'chistic adj masterly ^fuWyadv

ma-son 'meisn/ n [C] 1 person mas-ter-ly /'ma:st3li/ adj very
who works with stone. 2 = free- skilful.
mason. '>^ic /ma'sonik adj of mas-tery /'maistari/ n [U] com-
freemasons. ~ry (a) stone- plete control or knowledge.
work, (b) = freemasonry. mas-tur-bate /'maestabeit/ vi
mas-quer-ade ,ma:skD'reid/ n produce sexual excitement by
[C] 1 ball* atwhich masks are stimulation of the genital or-
worn. 2 {Jig) pretence, a vi gans mas-tur'ba-tion n [U]
pretend ioht: -^ as a prince. mat^ maet r? [C] 1 piece of
mass /maes/ n 1 [C] quantity of material used for a floor cover-
matter without regular shape; ing, or (a 'door'^) for wiping
large number: a -^ of clouds shoes on. 2 small piece of
papers. 2 the ~es, (manual) material placed under vases or
workers. 3 amount of matter in hot dishes, a vt/i (-tt-) (cause to)
a body. O
size(1 ). d vn'i form be or become tangled or knot-
into a mass: Troops are '^ing to ted: '^tedhair.
attack. ,->>/ 'media, means (esp mat^, matt 'maet/ adj (of sur-
newspapers, TV) of supplying faces) dull; not shiny. C> gloss.
information to enormous num- mata-dor /'maetadoKr)/ n [C]
bers of people. ,~ pro'duc- man who kills the bull in a bull-
tion, manufacture of goods in Hght.
large numbers. Hence, ,'>>/- match /maet J"/ n [C] short piece
^

pro'duce vt of wood, etc with a tip that

mass-acre /'maes3k3(r)/
killing of large numbers
people. D vt kill in large
bers.
mass-age /'maesa:3/ n [C,U] (in-
stance oQ rubbing the body with
the hands, to lessen pain, stiff-
ness, etc. D vt apply a massage
to.
mass-eur /mae's3:(r)/ n [C] man
who practises massage.
mass-euse /mae's3:z/ n [C]
woman who practises massage.
mass-ive /'maesiv/ adj 1 large
and heavy. 2 (fig) great:
fort.
mast /ma:st/ n [C] 1 upright sup-
port for a ship's sails. 2 tall steel
structure for aerials.
mas-ter /'ma:st3(r)/ n [C] 1 man
who has others working for him.
2 male head of a household. 3
captain of a merchant ship. 4
male owner of a dog, horse, etc.
5 male teacher. 6 '>-' of, person
who has control. 7 great artist.
C> old master. 8 original (re-
cording tape, etc) from which
copies are made, a adj 1 having
professional skill: a -^ builder. 2
original (tape), d vt become
master (6) of: ~
a skill. |M'>^ of
'Arts/'Science, (abbr MA,
MSc) holder of the second uni-
versity degree. ''>^mind, vt
plan, direct, a scheme.
''>^piece, something made or
done with very great skill.
mas-terful /'marstafl/ adj 1
fond of controlling others. 2 =
n [C] bursts into flame when rubbed
of on a rough surface. ''>^box, box
num- for holding matches.
match^ n [C] 1 contest: a
maetj"
^boxing-'^. 2 person equal to an-
other in strength, etc: He's no ^
for me. 3 marriage. 4 person to
be married: a good ~. 5 thing
combining well with another:
The carpets and curtains are a
good ~. n vtii 1 be equal to: '^
him in strength. 2 correspond
(with) (in quality, colour, etc).
C> clash(4). '>^less adj
a '>- ef- unequalled.
mate^ /meit/ n 1 (informal) com-
panion; fellow-workman. c>
playmate. 2 ship's officer below
the rank of captain. 3 helper: a
plumber's ~. 4 one of a pair of
birds or animals, d v/// (of birds
or animals) (cause to) unite to
produce young.
mate*/meit/«, v = checkmate.
ma-teriaT /ma'tisrisl/ adj 1
(contrasted with spiritual) made
of, connected with, matter. 2 of
the body. 3 (legal) important: ~
evidence. '>-'lya</v essentially.
ma-terial* /ms'tiarisl/ n [C,U]
the that of which something is
made: ^dress ~5, cloth.
ma-teri-al-ism /ma'tiarializam/
n [U] 1 theory that only material
things exist. 2 tendency to value
material things too much, ma-
teri-al-ist, w[C]
ma-teri-al-ize /ms'tiarislaiz/ vi
take material form; (cause to)
become fact.
 231 maternal /mean

ma-ter-nal adj^ of or
/ma'tainl/ brutal handling: '^ed by a lion.
like a mother. 2 related through mau-so-leum /|mD:s9'li:3m/ n
the mother: my '^ grandfather. [C] splendid tomb or monu-
'>^ly adv ment.
ma-tern-ity /ma'tamsti/ n [U] mauve /msuv/ adj, n [U] pale
being a mother: a adj of preg- purple (colour).
nant women: a ~
/lo/we. maxim /'maeksim/ n [C] rule of
mathemat-ics /,maeG3'maetiks/ conduct or general truth.
n [U] science of size and num- maxi-mize /'maeksimaiz/ vt in-
bers,mathematical adj. crease to a maximum, maxi-
mathema'tician n [C] expert mi<za-tionAj[U]
in mathematics. maxi-mum /'maeksimam/ n (pi
maths {US = math) /maeGs/ n ^s or -ma /-ma/) greatest pos-
(abbr oO mathennatics. sible degree, quantity, etc.
mati-nee /'maetmei/ « [C] after- may /mei/ aux verb (pt might
noon performance at a cinema /mait/) (negative may not,
or theatre. mayn't and might not,
ma-tricu-late /ma'tnkjuleit/ mightn't) 1 be possible: That
vt/i (dated) (allow to) enter a '^/might be true. 2 be permitted:
university as a student, ma- M^ I come in? 3 '^ as well.
tricu'la-tion n [C,U] (used to suggest There is good
mat-ri-mony /'matrimani/ n [U] reason'): He 's late. I '^as well go
state of being married, mat- home. 4 (to express requests): /
ri'mo-niala^ think you might offer to help.
ma-tron /'meitrsn/ n [C] 1 May /mei/ n the fifth month of
woman housekeeper in a school, the year.
2 woman who manages the
etc. may-be /'meibi/ adv perhaps.
nursing staff of a hospital. '>^ly may-on-naise /,mei3'neiz/ n [U]
adj thick dressing of eggs, oil, vineg-
matt /mxt/ adj = mat^. ar, etcused on salads.
mat-ter^ /'maetafr)/ n 1 [U] sub- mayor /me3(r)/ n [C] head of a
siance(s) of which a physical local authority of a city, "^ess
thing is made. 2 substance of a /mea'res/ n [C] wife of a mayor.
book, etc contrasted
speech, maze /meiz/ n [C] network of
with style. 3 [U] something lines, paths, etc, in which one be-
printed: ^reading '^. 4 [C] piece comes lost.
of business; affair: 'money '^s. a me /mi:/ personal pron used as
i-w of 'course, a natural or the object form of/.- He saw '^.
habitual event, as a ^'^ of meadow /'medau/ n [C,U] (field
'fact, although you may not 00 grassland.
know it. 5 [Uj importance, no meagre (US = meager)
'^ 'who /'what/* where, etc, /'mi:g3(r)/ adj 1 thin. 2 insufTi-
whoever (it is), whatever (hap- cient; small: ~ supplies. '>^ly
pens, etc). 6 What's the '^P adv. '^f\essn[\}]
What's wrong (with). 7 a '^ of. meaP /mi:l/ n [C] 1 occasion of
about: within a -^ of hours. ,->^- eating. 2 food that is eaten.
of-'fact adj (of a person) un- meaP /mi:l/ n [U] coarsely
imaginative. ground grain, mealy adj (-ier,
mat-teH /'maBt3(r)/ vi be of im- -iest).
portance: It doesn 't ~. mean^ /mi:n/ adj (-ex. -est) 1
mat-ting /'maetii)/ n [U] rough poor in appearance. 2 cruel,
woven material used for floor malicious. 3 lacking in generos-
covering. ity; selfish: -^ with money. '>^ly
mat-tock /'maetak/ n [C] tool adv. '-o^ness n [U]
used for breaking up hard mean^ /mi:n/ adj occupying the
ground. middle position between two ex-
mat-tress /'maetns/ n [C] thick, tremes. D w 1 [C] something that
oblong pad of foam rubber, etc is halfway between two ex-
on which to sleep. tremes. 2 (maihs)0th\ between
ma-ture /m3'tj'u3(r)/ vt/i come the first and the last of a series.
or bring to full development, d mean^ /mi:n/ vi (pt.pp ~t /ment/)
adj fully grown or developed; 1 (of words, sentences, etc) have
ripe. '>^ly adv. ma-tur-ity a/ [U] as an explanation: What does
maul /mo:l/ vt hurt by rough or this word '^7. 2 result in: This
 .

meander / meditate
wUl'^more work. 3 intend; refer chines. '>^ally !-\\\i! adv
to:What do you ->- by saying mech-an-ics mi'kaeniks' n (U)
thai? 4 be determined: He ~5 to 1 science of motion and force;
succeed. 5 be of value to: Your science of machinery. 2 (/>/)
friendship ~5 a lot to me 6 ''n^ (method oQ construction, pro-
ive/A have good intentions. ducing something.
'>^ing n [C.U] what is meant or mechan-ism "mekanizam/ n
mtended. '>^ing-ful adj signifi- [C] 1 working parts of a ma-
cant. chine. 2 arrangement of parts
me-ander mi'aendair)/ v/1 (of a that work together: the of ~
stream) follow a winding course. government.
2 wander here and there mech-an-ize 'mekonaiz vt use
'>^ings /mi'aendnr)2/ n pi wind- machines in or for. mech-an-
ing path, etc. iz-ation -'zeiJan/AilU]
means^ /mi:nz n pi method of medal 'medl/ n [C] piece of
doing something: (a) ->- of travel. metal, like a coin, given as an
by -^s of, through; by using. award for eg bravery or as a
by'a//'-^, certainly. prize, "v^list {US = '>^ist), per-
means' mirnz' n pi money; son who has won a medal (eg in
wealth: a man of '^, a rich man. sport).
five beyond/within one's me-dallion /mi'daelion/ n [C]
'^. spend more/ less than one's large medal.
income. meddle /'medl/ vi become in-
meant ment//j/.^pof mean'. volved without being asked in a
mean-time "mirntaim/ adv. n person's affairs, med-dler, per-
(sing) (in the) time between (two son who meddles.
events). me-dia /'mirdia/ n [U] the '>^,
mean-while /|mi:n'wail/ adv in mass communications, eg televi-
the time between: I shall be back sion, radio, the press.
soon '^ do some work
. mediaeval /,medi'i:vl/ = me-
measles ''mi:zlz/n [U] infec- dieval.
tious disease, marked by small me-di-ate /'mirdieit^1 -^vtji
red spots on the body. (between) try to create peace
measure /'me33(r)/ n 1 [U] size, between. 2 bring about by doing
quantity, etc as found by this: 'N. a settlement, me-di'a-
measuring. ,made to '-^^ (of tion -Jn/ n [U]. me-dia-tor
clothing) specially made for a /-t3(r) person who mediates.
person. 2 fC] system used in stat- medic 'medik n (informal dhhr
ing size, quantity: liquid ~. for for) medical student.
good '^, in addition to the medi-cal /'medikl, adj 1 of the
necessary amount. 3 [C] some- treatment of disease: a '>>
thing with which to test size, student. 2 using medicine (con-
quantity, etc: a Uape-'^. 4 ex- trasted with surgery), a n [C]
tent, (esp in) beyond '>^. very medical examination, ^^ly adv
great. 5 [C] action; step: take ~5 medi-cate "medikeit/ vr fill with
against dangerous drivers, a vtji a medicinal substance: '^d
1 find the size, extent, degree, shampoo. medi*ca-tion /-Jn/ n
etc of: >- a piece of wood. 2 be a [C. U] medicine.
certain length, etc. 3 give or med-ici-nal /mi'disml/ adj able
mark a measured quantity: ^ to cure.
out a metre of cloth. '>^ment n medi-cine /'m.edsn/ n 1 [U]
(a) [U] measuring, (b) (/?/) fi- science of the prevention and
gures about length, breadth, etc; cure of disease. 2 [C,U] sub-
dimensions. stance used to treat disease. 3
meat /mi:t/ n 1 [U] fiesh of ani- [V] (fig) deserved punishment. 4
mals used as food. 2 (Jig) sub- [U] magic, '-^^-man, = witch-
stance: There 's not much '^^ in his doctor.
argument, meaty adj (-ier, medieval (also medi-aeval)
-iest) imedi'i:vl adj of the Middle
mech-anic /mi'kaenik/ n [C] Ages.
skilled workman who repairs me-d(-ocre /|mi:di'3uk3(r)/ adj
machinery and tools, 'x^al /-kl not very good, me-di-oc-rity
adj (a) of, produced by. ma- /,mi:di'Dkr3ti/ n [C,U] (pl-\es)
chines, (b) (of persons) like ma- medi-tate /'mediteit; vt/i 1
 233 medium /mend
think deeply. 2 -v^ on. think metal molten /'maultan/) 1
seriously about, medi'ta-tion (cause to) become liquid
Hn//jlC, I J]. through heating: ^
iron/ice. 'n^
me-dium /'miidism/ n [C] {pi -^^s away, become less, disappear.
or media /'mirdia/) 1 that by '-^ sth down, melt articles of

which something is expressed: metal in order to use the metal

Television is a 'v. for advertising. again. 2 (of soft food) dissolve
2 middle quality or degree. 3 easily. 3 become more
substance, surroundings, in sympathetic, ''v.ing-pot, (fig)
which something 4 per- exists. mixture of ideas, people, eic.
son able to communicate with mem-ber /'memb9(r)/ n [C] 1
the dead, d adj coming halfway person belonging to a group, so-
between; not extreme. '^ ciety, etc. 2 (old use) part of the
wave, (radio) wave between body; limb ''>^ship, (a) [U] the
long and short (200 to 1000 state of being a member (of a so-
metres). ciety, etc), (b) [C] number of
meek /mi:k/ adj (-er, -est) members.
gentle; humble; patient, ^ness mem-brane /'membrem/ n [C]
n[U] (soft layer of) animal, vegetable
meet^ /mi:t/ vt/i (pt.pp met or synthetic tissue.
/met/) 1 come together from dif- mem-ento /ma'mentau/ n [C] (pi
ferent points. '^ with, ex- ~s or '^es) something that re-
perience: ~with misfortune. 2 minds one of a person or event.
be introduced to. 3 go to a place memo /'memau/ n [C] (pi -^s)
and await the arrival of. 4 sat- (abbr for) memorandum.
isfy (a demand, etc): -^ his mem«oir /'memwa:(r)/ n [C] 1-
wishes. '^ sb halfway, (Jig) short history of a person's life. 2
give way in order to reach agree- (pt) person's written account of
ment. 5 touch: their lips met. his own life.
meet"^ /mi:t/ n [C] (GB) gathering mem-or-able /'memarabl/ adj
of riders and hounds (for fox- deserving to be remembered; re-
hunting). markable. mem-or>ably a^v
meet-ing /'mi:tii]/ n [C] coming mem-or-andum /,mem3-
together of a number of persons 'raendam/ n [C] (pi -da /-da/ or
at a certain time and place. '>^s) 1note or record for future
mega-phone /'megafaun/ n [C] use. 2 informal business letter. 3
device for carrying the voice to a report of an agreement not yet
distance. signed.
mel-an-choiy /'mebr|kDli/ n [U] mem-or-ial /ma'marrial/ n [C]
sadness, esp often or for long something made to remind
periods, a adj sad; depressed; people of an event, person, etc.
causing sadness. qiel-an- mem-or-ize /'memaraiz/ vr com-
cholic/-'kDlik/flf^' mit to mem.ory.
mel-low /'mebu/ adj (-er, -est) menri'Ory /'memari/ n (pi -ies) 1
1 soft and sweet in taste. 2 soft [C,U] power of keeping facts in
and rich in colour or sound. 3 the conscious mind and recal-
made wise by age or experience, ling them, commit sth
to '^,
a make or become mellow.
vtji learn it 2 [U] p>eriod
perfectly.
'>-ness/j[U] over which the memory can go
mel-odic /ms'lodik/ adj of me- back, within living '^, c>
lody. living ^1)- 3 [C] something
mel-odi-ous /ma'budias/ adj remembered. 4 [UJ reputation
sounding tuneful. after death. '^ bank, part of a
melo-drama /'meladrarma/ n 1 computer in which data is stored.
[C] exciting, emotional, drama. men /men//i/?/ofman^(1 ).
2 [C] exciting event or writing. men-ace /'menas/ n [C,LJ] dan-
'^tic /-dra'maetik/ adj ger; threat, a vt threaten, men-
mel-ody /'meladi/ n (pi -ies) 1 ac-ing-lya</v
[U] musical arrangement of men-ag-erie /mi'naedpri/ n [C]
words. 2 [C] song or tune. collection of wild animals in
melon /'mebn/ n [C] (kinds oO captivity.
large, round, juicy fruit with a mend /mend/ vt/i 1 remake, re-
very hard skin. pair (something broken, torn). 2
melt /melt/ vt/i (pt.pp -^e&.ppo[ free from faults. 3 regain health.
menfolk /metal
D n [C] part that has been mend-
ed, on the "^^ improving in
health.
men-folk /'menfaok/ n pi male
relatives.
me-nial ,'mi:ni3l a^ not requir-
-^ly adv
ing skill: '^ tasks,
meno-pause /'menapo^ n [C]
final Slopping of menstruation
at the age of about 50.
men-stru-ate 'menstrueit,
produce monthly bleeding from
the uterus, menstru'ation
/-Jn/ n [U]. men-strual adj
men-tal /menll adj 1 of or in
the mind. 2 mentally ill.
home/hospital, one for
tally patients, i'^ 'illness,
ill
ness of the mind. '>^lya</v
men-tal-ity men'taebti
-ies) 1 [U] intellectual power. 2
[C] characteristic attitude of
mind: a war '^.
men-thol /'menGol/ n [U] solid
white substance obtained from
•peppermint. '>^ated /'men-
Galeitid adj
men-tion /'menjn vt speak or
write something about; refer to.
Don't '^ it. to show that
thanks are unnecessary, d n [C,
U] brief reference.
menu /'menju:/ n [C] list of food
available in a restaurant.
mer-can-tile /'m3:k3ntail/ adj of
trade, commerce and mer-
chants.
mer-cen-ary /'maisman/ adj
working only for money, a n [C]
{pi -ies) soldier hired for pay to
serve in a foreign army.
mer-chan'dise /'m3:tj3ndaiz/ n
[U] goods bought and sold, d
v//j buy and sell (goods).
mer-chant /'maitjant/ n
person who buys and
goods. 2 (as an adj) of overseas
trade and the carriage of goods
bysea:^5////J5.
mer-ci-fui /'marsifl/ adj having,
showing, mercy (to). '>^ly adv.
mer-ci-less /'maisilis/ a^' show-
ing no mercy, ^^^ly adv
mer-cur-ial /mar'kjuanal/ adj 1
of mercury. 2 {fig) lively: a -^
mind. 3 (of persons) changeable.
mercury /'m3:kjuri/ n\\}] (also
quicksilver) heavy, silver-
coloured metal usually liquid
(symbol Hg).
mercy /'marsi/ n {pi -ies) 1
willingness to forgive a person
whom one has the power to pun-
ish, at the '^ of, without de-
234
fence against. 2 [C] piece of
good fortune.
mere 'mi3(r)/ adj (-r, not
-st)
more than: a ~ boy. '>^ly adv
only; simply.
merge /m3:d3 v7//l (ofbusiness
companies) (cause to) unite. 2
'>^ into, change gradually into:
Duv ~c/ into night, merger n
[C,U] (act oO merging.
vi mer-id-ian /ma'ndian n [C] 1
imaginary circle round the
globe, passing through the
north and south poles. 2 highest
point reached by the sun or
''>- other star; 12 noon.
men- me-ringue /ma'raer)/ n [U] baked
ill- whiles of egg and sugar; [C]
small cake made of this.
n {pi merit /'meril/ n 1 [U] worth; ex-
cellence. 2 [C] quality, fact, etc
thai deserves reward, d vt de-
ser\e:'^ a reward.
mer-maid /'maimeid/ n [C] (in
stories) woman with a fish's tail
in place of legs.
merry /'men/ adj (-ier, -iest)
happy; cheerful. ''>^-go-round
revolving machine with horses,
on which children ride.
cars, etc
mer-rily /'merah/ adv. mer-ri-
mentAi[U]
mesh /mej/ n [C] 1 (space in)
material such as a net. 2 {pf)
network: the '^es of a spider's
web. a vtji 1 catch (eg fish) in a
net. 2 (of toothed wheels) be en-
gaged (with others).
mess^ /mes/ n [U] state of confu-
sion, dirt or disorder, a V///1 put
into disorder or confusion. 2 ->•'
about, (a) do things without a
definite plan, (b) treat without
care. '>^ up. spoil; ruin, messy
[C] 1 a<^' (-ier, -iest).
sells mess^ /mes n [C] 1 company of
persons taking meals together
(esp in the Armed Forces); these
meals. 2 the room, etc in which
the meals are eaten.
mess-age /''mesid3/ n [C] 1 piece
of news, or a request, sent to a
person. 2 inspired social or mor-
al teaching. mess-en-ger
/'mesmd33(r)/, person carrying a
message.
mess-iah /ma'saia/ n 1 new lead-
er of a religion. 2 Jesus Christ.
met /met/p/,/7/>of meetV
me-tab-olism /mi'taebalizam/ n
[U] [U] process by which living cells
change to gain energy, meta-
bolic /imete'bolik/ adj
metal /'metl/ n [C,Ul any of a
 metaphor/ might

class of mineral substances such living creature, esp kinds of bac-

as tin, iron, -^^lic /mi'taelik/ adj teria.
ofor like metal. micro-cosm /'maikraukozsm/
meta-phor /'met3f3(r)/ n [C,U] n [C] something considered as
(example oO the use of words to representing (on a small scale)
indicate something different mankind or the universe.
from the literal meaning, as in micro-film /'maikraufilm/ n
Til make him eat his words'. [C,U] (roll oO photographic film
'-N^i-cal /,met3'fDrikl/at;^' of, con- for small-scale reproduction of
taining a metaphor, "x^caily adv documents, etc. a vt photograph
nne-teor /'mi:ti3(r)/ n [C] small in this way.
body moving through space into micro-phone /'maikrafaun/ n
the earth's atmosphere and be- [C] instrument for changing
coming bright as it burns, '-^ic sound waves into electrical
/imiiti'onk/ adj (a) of meteors, waves, used to increase the vol-
(b) (fig) swift; a '^ic rise to ume of sound.
power. '>^\Xe /-rait/ n [C] fallen micro-scope /'maikrsskaup/ n
meteor. [C] instrument with lenses for
me-teor-ol-ogy /(mittia'roladsi/ making very small objects ap-
n [U] science of the weather and pear larger, micro-scopic
the earth's atmosphere, me- /-'skopik/ adj.
teoro-logi-cal /-'lodsikl/ adj. mid /mid/ adj in the middle of.
ime-teo'rol-ogist n [C] expert mid-day /.mid'dei/ adj, n [C] (at)
in meteorology. noon.
me-ter^ /'mi:t9(r)/ n [C] apparat- middle /'midl/ n the '^, position
us which measures: gas ^. at an equal distance from two or
meteH /'mi:t9(r)/ n {US) ^ more points, etc. a adj in the
metre. middle. ^'-^ 'age, the period be-
method /'meGad/ n 1 [U] system, tween youth and old age. Hence,
order. 2 [C] way of doing some- ,'>^-'aged adj. the ,M'>^ 'Ages,
thing, "v/i-cal /ma'Godikl/ adj the period (in Europe) from
(a) done with method, (b) hav- about AD
1100 to 1400. ,'^
ing orderly habits, --s^i-cally adv 'class, class of society between
me-ticu-lous /mi'tikjubs/ adj the working and upper classes.
careful and exact. '>^ly adv Hence, (--s^-'class adj. the
metre^ {US = meter) iM'>- 'East, countries from
/'mi:t3(r)/ n [C] unitof length in Egypt to Iran. ''>^man, any
the metric system, met-ric trader who buys goods from a
/'metrik/ adj. 'metric system, producer and sells them.
the decimal measuring system. midge /mid3/ n [C] small winged
metri'ca-tion n [U] conversion insect.
to the metric system. midget /'mid3it/ n [C] extremely
metre^ {US = meter) short person, n adj \ery small.
/'mi:t3(r)/ n [C,U] rhythm in mid-land /'midbnd/ adj. n (of
verse. the) middle part of a country.
me-trop-olis /ms'trDpslis/ n [C] the M'>-s, the middle counties
{pi '^es) chief city of a country. of England.
metro-poli-tan /,metr3- mid-night /'midnait/ adj, n [C]
'politan/ adj of or in a capital (at) 1 2 o'clock at night.
city. mid-riff /'midrif/ n [C] dia-
mettle /'metl/ n [U] quaHty of phragm; abdomen.
endurance and courage, put sb mid-sum-mer /,mid'sAm3{r)/ n
on his '^, encourage him to do [U] the middle of summer.
his best. mid-way /jmid'wei/ adj, adv
mews /mju:z/ M/>/ stables behind halfway; '>^ between Paris and
a residential street (rebuilt as Rome.
flats, etc). mid-wife /'midwaif/ n [C] {pi
mi-aow /mi:'au/ n [C] sound mid wives /-waivz/) woman
made by a cat. a v/ make this trained to help women in child-
sound. birth. '>-ry /'midwifn/ n [U]
mice /mais/ p/of mouse.
/I profession and work of a mid-
mickey /'miki/ n take the '^ wife.
(out ofsb). {si) tease him. might' /mait/prof may.
mi-crobe /'maikraob/ n [C] tiny might^ /mait/ n [U] strength.
migraine /mind 23

mighty adj (-ler, -iest) (a) machinery for crushing grain in-
powerful, (b) massive: the ~v to flour. ,run-of-the-^'^, ordi-
oceans, fhigh and '-^y. very nary. 2 factory, workshop, for
proud, a adv (informal) very: '\.y industry: a ^paper-'^. 3 small
tired,-^ily t/Jv machine for crushing: a
mi-graine 'mi:grein n [C] very 'pepper-'^, '^stone, (a) one of
strong, frequent, headache. a pair of circular stones between
mi-grant 'maigranf n [C] per- which grain is crushed, (b) (fig)
son who. bird which, migrates. heavy burden, -^er n [C] person
mi-grate mai'greit, \i 1 move who owns or works in a flour-
from one place to another (to mill.
live there). 2 (of birds) come and milP /mil; vt i 1 put through a
go to a region with the seasons. machine for grinding. 2 produce
mi'gra-tiqn n (C.U] migra- regular markings on the edge of
tory 'ma-gratn ac^y having.the (coin). 3 ^ about/around.
habit of migrating. move in a disorganised group.
mike maik n [C] {informal abbr mil-len-nium mi'leniom n [C]
for) microphone. (pi -n\a -nio or -v.s) 1 period of
mild maild adj {-ex. -est) 1 1 000 years. 2 {fig) future time of
gentle; not severe: a -^ great prosperity.
punishment climate. 2 not sharp mil-let 'milit n [U] cereal plant
or strong in flavour. 'X/ly adv. producing small seeds; the seeds
'^nessn[\J] (as food).
mil-dew 'mildju: n [U] (des- mil-liner /'milin3(r)/ n [C] per-
tructive) growth of tiny fungi on son who makes and sells
plants, leather, food. etc. a vt i women's hats, mil-len-ery
be affected with mildew. -nan n [U] (the business of
mile /mail; n [C] unit of distance making) v\omen's hats.
(1609 metres). ~om-eter mil-lion 'milisn adj, n [C] (oQ
/mai'lDmit3(r)/ device (in a one thousand thousand
motor-vehicle) recording the (1000000). ^aire. person who
number of miles travelled. has a million dollars, p)ounds.
''>^stone, (a) stone at the side etc; extremely rich man. -^th
of a road showing distance to a adj. n [C] (of) one of a million
place, (b) {fig) (important) parts or the next after 999999.
event in history. mil-li-pede 'milipi:d n [C]
mile-age 'mailids/ n [C] 1 dis- small creature like a worm with
tance travelled, measured in many legs.
miles. 2 travel exp>enses paid at a mime /maim/ n [C] (in the
fixed rate a mile. theatre, etc) use of only facial
mili-tant 'militant adj. n [C] expressions and gestures to tell a
(p>erson) supporting the use of story; actor in such drama, a vt/i
force: -^ workers, mili-tancy n act (as) in a mime.
[U] mimic /'mimik/ adj pretended:
mili-tary /'militn/ adj of or for ~ warfare, a n [C] person who is
soldiers, war. a n the '^. sol- clever at imitating others, a vf
diers. {pt.pp ~ked) 1 make fun of by
mil-itia mi'lija/ n [C] force of ci- imitating. 2 (of things) resemble
vilians trained as soldiers. closely. '^ry/7[U]
milk' /milk n [U] 1 white liquid min-aret /imina'ret/ n [C] slend-
produced by female mammals er tower of a mosque, from
as food for their young. 2 juice which people are called to pray-
like milk of some plants. er.
''>-man, man who delivers milk mince /mins/ vt i 1 chop (meat,
to homes. ''>^shake, milk drink etc) into small pieces. 2 (dated)
with ice-cream or flavouring. try to appear elegant when
milky adj (-ier, -iest) (a) of or speaking or walking, d n [U]
like milk, (b) (of a liquid) not minced meat, ''^meat, mixture
clear, the iM-^^y 'Way, = the of dried fruit, suet, etc.
Galaxy. mind' /maind n 1 [U] memory.
milk^ milk/ v7// 1 obtain milk bear/keep sth in '^, not
from (eg a cow). 2 (fig) extract forget it. bring/call sth to '^,
money, etc (by deceit). remember it. 2 [U] what a per-
mill' /mil/ n 1 (building with) son thinks or feels; way of think-
 237 mind/minus
ing. be in two '^s about sth, on a very small scale.
feel doubtful, change one's mini-mal /'mmiml/ adj smallest
~, change one's decision, have in amount or degree.
a ^good -^ to *do sth, be ready mini-mize /'mmimaiz/ vt reduce
to do it. have sth/sb on to the smallest possible amount
one's '^, be troubled about a or degree.
thing or person, know
one's mini-mum /'mmimam/ n [C] {pi
own '^. know what one wants. ~s, -ma /-mD/) least possible
make up one 's ^, come to a amount, degree, etc.
decision, speak one's '^, say min-ing /'m.amiq/ n [U] the pro-
plainlywhat one thinks. 3 [C,U] cess of getting minerals, etc from
(person w ith) mental ability. mines.
mind^ /mamd/ vtji 1 take care of: min-ion /'mmion/ n [C] em-
Who's '^ing the baby? ^'^ your ployee who, in order to win fav-
yown 'business, do not inter- our, obeys orders like a slave.
fere. 2 be troubled by: Do you ^ min-is-ter^ 'mmist3(r)/ n [C] 1
if I smoke? Never ->./, Don't person at the head of a govern-
worry about it. M'>^'outf, be ment department. 2 person rep-
careful, '^er, person who looks resenting his Government in a
after something or somebody: foreign country. 3 Christian
'baby^er. clergyman. '>^ial /-'stiarialr adj
mind-ful /'mamdfl/ adj '^ of, min-is-ter^ /'mmistD(r) v/'v, to.
giving thought and attention to. give help or service.
mind-less /'mamdhs/ adj 1 ^ min-is-try 'mmistri/ n [C] [pi
of, paying no attention to. 2 -ies) 1 government department
lacking in intelligence. --^^Iv adv under a Minister. 2 ofTice, du-
mine^ /mam/ possessive pron of ties, etc of a minister. 3 enter
or belonging to me: Is this book the '^, become a clergyman.
yours or ^? mink /miqk n [C,U] (valuable
mine^ /mam/ n [C] 1 shafts, tun- fur of a) small animal like a
nels, etc made in the earth from stoat.
which coal, etc is extracted. 2 mi-nor /'mam3(r)/ adj c> major
ijig) rich source: a ~ of informa- 1 smaller, less important: ^
tion. 3 container of high explo- problems. 2 unimportant: the ^
sive, ''^-detector, device for poets, a n [C] (legal) person not
finding mines(3). ''>^field, area yet legally of age.
of land or sea where mines (3) mi-nor-ity /mai'norati' // (pi
have been laid, ''^/-sweeper, -ies) 1 [U] (legal) the state of be-
ship for clearing the sea of ing under age (in GB
under 18).
mines(3). 2 the smaller number or part,
mine^ /mam/ vtji1 obtain (coal, esp of votes, be in the '^, be in
etc)from mines. 2 lay mines(3) the smaller of two groups. 3 [C]
in;destroy with mines(3). min- small racial, religious, eic group
er n [C] man who works in a in a community.
mine underground. min-ster /'mmstD(r) n [C] im-
min-eral 'mmsrsl/ n [C] natural portant church, esp one that
substance (coal, gold) got from once belonged to a monastery
the earth, c adj of, containing, min-strel /'minstrol >j[C](in the
minerals. '-^^ water, (a) water Middle Ages) travelling singer.
containing a mineral, (b) {GB) mint^ ,mmt; n [U] (sorts ol")
non-alcoholic drink containing plant whose leaves are u>ed for
soda-water. flavouring.
min-er-al-ogy /,mm3'rael9d3i/ n mint^ /mmt/ n [C] 1 place where
[U] the study and science of coins are made, make/earn a
minerals, min-er-al-ogist n [C] '^. (informal) make a fortune. 2
expert in mineralogy. in ~ condition, .is if new a vt
mingle /'miqgl/ vtji ^ (with), make (a coin) by stamping
mix: '^ with the crowds. metal.
mini /'nimi/ prefix of small size, min-uet /iminjo'ot n [C] (nui.sic
length, etc: a ^'^bus. for a) slow 7th century dance.
1

minia-ture /'mmitj3(r)/ n 1 [C] minus /'maincs adj 1 the '-^

very small painting of a person. sign, the sign — 2 negative: a ^
.

2 [C] small-scale copy or model. quantity, a prep 1 less /.^ ^

miniaturize /-raiz/ vt make 6 = 9. 2 (informal) wiihoii! Ih
 . .

minute/miss 23

returned from the war ~ a leg. a haviour: Children are always up

n (C] minus sign or Quantity. to some ~. mis-chiev-ous adj
min-ute^ 'minil n [C] 1 the six- (a) harmful, (b) filled with,
tieth part of one hour, in a ^, fond of mischief
soon the '>^ (that), as soon as. misconceive ;,misk3n'si:v/
2 the sixtieth part of a degree (in vt i understand wrongly, mis-
an angle). 3 official record giv- con-cep-tion /-'sepJ"n>i[C,U]
ing authority or making com- mis-con-duct mis'kDndAkt, h
ments. 4 records of what is
(p!) [U]l improper behaviour. 2 bad
said at a meeting, a v/ record in management (of a company), d
the minutes(4). lUp-to-the-'-^ vt /imiskan'dAkt, 1 behave bad-
uJ/ most recent. ly. 2 manage badly.

mi-nute^ mai'nju:t adj (-r, -§t) mis-deed mis'di:d, ^[C] wicked

1 very small. 2 careful and ex- act; Clime.
act: a ^ account. 'n^Iv adv miser 'maiz3(r); n [C] person
mir-acle 'mirakl n [C] welcome who loves wealth for its own
event which does not follow the sake and spends as little as pos-
known laws of nature; remark- sible. '^\y adJ
able event, a ^
of. exceptional mis-er-able 'mizrsbl, adj 1
example: a -^ of modern science. wretched; very unhappy. 2 caus-
mir-acu-lous m;'raekiobs/a<^' ing unhappiness: weather. 3~
mi-rage 'mira:3, n [C] efiect poor in quality, mis-er-ably
causing something distant to be- adv
come visible, esp water in the de- mis-ery n {pi
-ies) 1 [U]
/'mizari/
sert. being miserable; great sulTering.
nnire /'mai3(r) n [U] muddy 2 ipl) great misfortunes.
ground. mis-fire |mis'fai3{r); v/ 1 (of a
mir-ror "mir3(r)/ n [C] 1 surface gun) fail to go ofT. 2 (of a joke,
(usually of glass) that reflects etc) fail to have the intended ef-
images. 2 ijig) a true picture or fect.
description, a vt reflect as in a mis-fit "misfit/ n [C] (Jig) person
mirror. not fitting in with his associates.
misadventure /imisad- mis-for-tune ,mis'fD:tJ"u:n/ n
'ventjair); n [C.U] (event caused [C,U] (instance oO bad luck.
by) bad luck. mis-giv-ing imis'giviq / n [C,U]
misappropriate ,miS3- (feeling oQ doubt, suspicion.
'prsuprieit/ \t take and use mis-guided imis'gaidid/ adj{o{
wrongly: '^ a person's money behaviour) foolish and wrong.
mis-be-have imisbi'heiv, vt i mis-hap 'mishaep n 1 [C] un-
behave improperly, mis-be- lucky accident. 2 [U] bad luck.
hav-iour (t/S = -ior) /-i9(r)/ n mis-judge ;|mis'd3Ad3 vr// esti-
[U] mate wrongly: ~
a distance/a
miscal-culate ,mis'kael- person 's character.
kjuleit/ vt!i calculate (amounts, mis-lay /imis'lei, vt {pt.pp mis-
etc) wrongly, mis-cal-cu'la- laid -'leid ) put something
tionAi[C.U] down and forget where it is.
mis-car-riage /'miskaends/ n 1 mis-lead /,mis'li:d/ vt {pt.pp
[C,U] ~
of Justice, mistake in misled /-'led/) cause a person to
judgement or in punishment. 2 think wrongly (by giving incor-
ICU] premature expulsion of a rect information).
foetus from the womb. mis-man-age /imis'maenid^/ vt
nis-carry /imis'kaeri/ vi (pt.pp manage badly, ^v/ment/i [U]
-ied) 1 (of plans, etc) fail. 2 (of a mis-rep-re-sent /|mis,rep-
A Oman) have a miscarriage(2) ri'zent/ vt give a false account of
niscellaneous /,miS3'lemi3S, -^a-tion [C.U]
/-'tei|n/n
adj of mixed sorts. Miss /mis/ n [C] title for an un-
mis-cel-lany /mi'sebni/ « [C] (pi married woman.
-ies) collection, eg of writings on miss /mis/ vtji 1 fail to hit, hold,
various subjects. reach, see, etc: He '^ed the 9.30
mis-chance /imis'tjarns/ n [C, train. 2 feel regret at the absence
U] (piece oQ bad luck. of I'll ^
you when you go. 3 '^
mis-chief /'rmstjif/ n 1 [U] in- out (on sth). lose an oppor-
jury or damage, do sb a '>^. miss sth out. omit.
tunity,
hurt him. 2 [U] thoughtless be- --v/ing adj that cannot be found:

'^ing persons, n n [C] failure to
hit, catch, reach ytc.
mis-sile /'misail/ n [C] object or
weapon that is thrown or
projected (eg a rocket): guided
mis-sion /'mijn/ n [C] 1
sending of a) number of persons
to perform a special task. 2 (esp)
the sending out of missionaries.
3 place where missionaries
work. 4 one's '^ in life, per-
son's duty. 5 special task. '>^ary
/-ri/ n [C] ipl -ies) person sent
overseas to preach his religion, a
flf^ of missionaries.
misspell /,mis'spel/ vt {pt.pp
'^ed or -spelt /'spelt/) spell
word) wrongly. '>^ing n [C,U]
mis-spent /,mis'spent/ adj used
wrongly or foolishly: a '^ youth.
mist /mist/ n 1 [C,Ul water vap-
our in the air, less thick than fog.
2 [C] filmy appearance before
the eyes. 3 {fig) something which
confuses: the -^^s of time, a vtji
cover with mist, misty adj (-ier,
iest) (a) with mist, (b) not
clear: have only a '>^y idea.
mis-take /mi'st.eik/ n [C] wrong
opinion, idea or act. by 'v., as
the result of carelessness, etc. a
vtji {pt mistook /mi'stuk/; pp
~n /mi'steikn/) 1 be wrong,
have a wrong idea, about.
sb/sth for, identify wrongly.
mis-taken adj (a) in error: a
case of -^n identity, (b) ill-
judged: ~rt kindness. '>^nly adv
mis-ter /'mist9(r)/ n [C] (written
Mr) title put before a man's
name.
mistle-toe /'misltau/ n [U] ever-
green plant with white berries,
used as a Christmas decoration.
mis-took /mi'stuk/ pt of mis-
take.
mis-tress /'nustris/ n [C] 1 (for-
mal) woman at the head of a
household. c> master (2). 2
woman school teacher. 3
woman having sexual inter-
course with a man to whom she
is not married.
mis-trust /imis'trASt/ vt feel no
confidence in. a n lU] lack of
confidence. '>^f ul adj
misty /'nusti/ tO mist.
mis-un-der-stand /,mis,An-
ds'staend/ vt/i {pt.pp -stood
/-'stud/) understand incorrectly
(instructions, etc), ^ing n [C,
U] failure to understand correct-
ly, esp when this causes argu-
239 missile /model
ment.
mis-use /,mis'ju:z/ vt 1 use
wrongly: '^ power. 2 treat badly.
D/|mis'ju:s/«[C,LJ]
mi-ter /'mait9(r)/ n {US) =
mitre.
(the miti-gate /'mitigeit/ v7 make less
severe or painful, miti'ga-tion
mitre {US = mi-ter) /'mait9(r)/
n [C] tall headdress worn by
bishops.
mit-ten, mitt /'mitn/ n [C] kind
of glove covering four fingers
together and the thumb separ-
ately.
mix /miks/ vt/i 1 (of different
(a substances, people, etc) bring or
come together and combine. 2
(of persons) come or be together
in society. 3 '>^ up, confuse.
be/get '>^ed up in, be involv-
ed in. D n [C] ingredients mixed
or to be mixed. '>^ed adj of dif-
ferent sorts. '>^er n [C] person or
thing that mixes.
mix-ture /'mikstj3(r)/ n 1 [U]
mixing. 2 [C] something made
by mixing.
moan /maun/ n [C], v//i (make a)
low sound (as) of pain.
moat /maut/ n [C] wide trench
filled with water, round a castle.
mob /mob/ n [C] 1 disorderly
2 '^ crowd. 2 criminal gang, a vt
(-bb-) (of people) crowd round
in great numbers.
mo-bile /'maubail/ adj^ moving
easily from place to place. 2
easily and often changing: a ^
face, a n [C] ornament with
parts that move in currents of
air. mo-bil-ity /mau'bibti/ n
[U]
mo-bi-lize /'maubilaiz/ vt/i col-
lect together, prepare for ser-
vice, esp in war: ~ troops.
moc-ca-sin /'mokasin/ n [C] soft
leather shoe.
mock /mok/ v/// make fun (oO- n
adj not real: a ~
battle, '^ery n
{pl-\es) (a) [U] ridicule, (b) [C]
very bad example: a -^ ofjustice.
make a '^ery of, cause to ap-
pear foolish.
mo-dal /'maudl/ adj {gram) rel-
ated to the mood of a verb: ~
auxiliaries, eg can. may.
mode /'maud/ n [C] way in which
something is done.
moder /'modi/ n [C] 1 small-
scale reproduction. 2 person or
thing to be copied. 3 person who
poses for sculptors, painters or
model / monochrome 240

photographers. 4 person em- mol-ecule /'molikju:!/ n [C]

ployed to wear clothes, hats, etc: smallest unit into which a sub-
a fashion ^. 5 article of clothing. stance can be divided without a
hat. etc shown by models(4) 6 change in its chemical nature.
design or type: the latest ~.v of mol-ecu-lar /m3'lekjul9(r), adj
cars, n ivf// perfect: a '\^ wife. mo-lest mo'lest/ vt trouble or
model' 'modi/ »7 7(-ll-, US -\-) annoy intentionally.
1 shape (m some soft sub- mollusc (US = moMusk)
s'.ance) 2 work as a model (3,4). 'mobsk/ n [C] one of a class of
3 -w oneself on/upon sb, animals with soft bodies (and
take as a good example. often hard shells), eg oysters,
mod-er-ate' 'modorat adj not snails.
extreme; limited, a n [C] person mol-ten /'maoltan/ adj {pp ol
who holds moderate opinions, melt^ (of metals) melted.
eg in politics. '>^ly adv mo-ment /'moomant / n [C] very
mod-er-ate' /modareit, vti brief period of time, d conj the
make or become less violent or '>^. as soon as: Call me the he ~
extreme. arrives, '^ary adj lasting for a
moder-ation ,mDd3'reiJn/ n moment. adv
^<war-ily /-'trDli/
[U] qualit) of being moderate. mo-men-tous ma'mentss/ adj
in '^. in a moderate manner: important.
drink whisky in '^. momentum ma'mentam/ n
mod-ern 'modn adj 1 of the [U] 1 (science) quantity of mo-
present or recent times. 2 new tion of a moving body. 2 (fig) (of
and up-to-date, '^^ize /-aiz/ vt events) force (as) gained by
brine up to date. ,'>^iz-ation movement.
'-'zerjn «[U] mon-arch /'monak/ n [C] sup-
mod-est 'modist, adj^ not hav- reme ruler, '-wic /ma'narkik/aaf/.
ing a high opinion of one's abili- mon-archy n (a) [U] govern-
ties, etc. 2 moderate; not large: a ment by a monarch, (b) [C] (pi
'^ salary. 3 not improper: -v- in by a monarch.
-ies) state ruled
behaviour. '>^ly adv. mod-esty mon-as-tery /'monastri/ n [C]
nlV] (pi -ies) building in which
mod-ify "modifai/ vt {pt .pp -\e6) monks live.
1 make changes in. 2 make less mon-as-tic /ma'naestik/ adj of
severe, etc: ~
one's demands. 3 monks or monasteries.
{gram) make the sense of (a Mon-day 'mAndi/ n second day
word) less general. ,modi-fi- of the week.
ca-tion -fi'keijn/ n [C,U] mon-et-ary /'mAnitri/ adj of
mod-ule 'modju:!/ n [C] 1 unit money.
of measurement. 2 standard money 'mAni' n [U] coins or
component used in building. 3 printed paper accepted when
mdependent unit of a space- buying and selling, etc. ''>--box,
craft. box used for saving coins.
mo-hair /'m3ohe3(r)/ n [U] mon-grel /'mAqgral' adj, n [C]
(cloth from the) fine hair of the (dog, etc) of mixed breed.
Angora goat. moni-tor 'mDnito(r), n [C] 1 pu-
Mohammedan /ms'hom.idan pil given authority ever other
n O Muhammad. pupils. 2 person who listens to
moist inoisi, adj (esp of sur- foreign broadcasts to get infor-
faces) slightly wet. --v/en /'moisn mation. 3 apparatus for testing
vt/i make or become moist. radio transmissions, radioactiv-
'>^ure ,'-tj3(r)/ n [U] condensed ity, etc. a vt/i act as a moni-
vapour on a surface. tor(2).
mo-iar 'mouUr); n [C], adj monk mAr)k' n [C] member of a
(one) of the back teeth. male religious community living
mole^ /moul n [C] small dark in a monastery.
spot on the human skin. mon-key ,"mAr)ki n [C] (pi ~s)
mole' maol, /; [C] small, grey 1 animal most closely resem-
furry animal living in tunnels. bling man. 2 child fond of
'"^^-hill. pile of earth thrown up mischief, d vi ^
about (with).
by a mole, make a mountain play mischievously. ''*.•

out of a'^-hill. treat an unim- wrench, adjustable spanner.

portant matter as important. monochrome /'monakraum //
 241 monocle /moralize
[C] painting in one colour, a adj moo /mu:/ n [C] sound made by a
having only one colour or black cow n . vi make the sound moo.
and white. mood^ /mu:d/ n [C] state of mind
mon-ocle /'monakl/ n [C] and a bad^. moody
feelings: in
framed lens for one eye. adj (-ier, -iest) having moods
mon'Og-amy /ma'nDgami/ n [U] that often change. '>^ily adv
practice of being married to only mood^ /mu:d/ n [C] {gram) form
one person at a time. C> poly- that a verb takes to show wheth-
gamy. nion-og-amousa<// er things are regarded as certain,
mono-gram /'monagraem/ n [C] possible, etc: the imperative '^.
two or more letters combined in moon^ /mu:n/ n [C] 1 the '>^, the
one design. body which moves round the
mono-logue /'monalog/ n [C] earth and shines at night. 2
any long talk by one person, esp satellite of other planets, once
in a play. in a blue '>^. {informal) rarely.
mono-plane /'monsplem/ n [C] '^^beam, ray of moonlight.
aircraft with one wing on each ''>^light, light of the moon.
side of the fuselage. moon^ /mu:n vtji -s^ about/
mon-op-ol-ize /ma'nopalaiz/ vt around, move or look slowly
get or keep complete control. and without energy, interest.
mon-op-oly /ma'nDpali/ n [C] {pi moor^ /mo3(r)/ nlCU] (area oQ
-ies) (possession of the) sole open land, esp covered with
right to supply; the supply thus heather. i'>^land land consisting
controlled. of moor.
mono- rail /'monaureil/ n [C] moor^ /mu3(r)/ vtji m.ake (a
railway system using a single boat) secure by means of cables,
rail. etc. --v/ings n pi (a) cables,
mono-syl-lable /'monssibbl/ n anchors, etc by which a boat is
[C] word of one syllable. moored, (b) place where a boat
,mono-sy 'Mabic adj is moored.
mon-ot-on-ous /ms'notsnos moose /mu:s/ n [C] {pi or -^s ~
adj (uninteresting because) un- large sort of deer, found
/-siz/)
changing: a '^ voice, 'v/ly adv. Nw\merica.
in
monotonyrt[U] mop 'mop/ n [C] 1 bundle of
mon-soon /mon'surn/ n [C] sea- strings, cloth, etc fastened to a
sonal wind blowing in the In- long handle for cleaning floors,
dian Ocean; the rainy season etc. 2 mass of thick, untidy hair.
that comes with the wet mon- a vt (-pp-) wipe with, or as with,
soon. a mop.
mon-ster /'mDnst3(r)/ n [C] 1 mope /maup/ vi feel sad or in
person or thing of extraordinary low spirits.
size, shape or qualities. 2 evil mo-ped /^mauped/ n [C] {GB)
person. bicycle fitted with a small en-
mon-stros-ity /mon'strosati/ n gine.
{pi -ies) very ugly object, build- morar /'moral/ adj^ concerning
ing, etc. principles of right and wrong. 2
mon-strous /'monstras/ adj 1 good; honest: a '^ man. 3 teach-
of great size. 2 causing horror: ing good behaviour: a talk.^
~ cruelty. 3 {informal) disgrace- give sb ^
support, help by
ful scandalous. '>^ly adv saying that he has right on his
month /mAn9/ n [C] one of the side. '>^ly
twelve divisions of a year. '>^ly moraP /'moral/ n [C] 1 lesson
adj. adv done once a month; val- that a story or experience
id for one month, a n [C] {pi -ies) teaches. 2 {pi) principles, stan-
periodical issued once a month. dards, of behaviour.
monu-ment /'monjumant/ n [C] mo-rale /ma'ra:l/ n [U] state of
1 building, statue, etc in me- discipline and spirit (in a person,
mory of a person or event. 2 an army, etc).
work of literature or science of mor-al-ity /ma'raelati/ n {pi -ies)
lasting value. '>^al /-'mentl/ adj 1 [U] (standards, principles, oO
(a) of a monument, (b) (of good behaviour. 2 [C] particular
books, paintings, etc) of lasting system of morals.
value, (c) (of qualities, build- mor-al-ize /'moralaiz/ vi/i 'x^

ings) very great. about/fupjon, talk or write

 .

morbid /motif 242

on questions of right and wrong, etc as a security for payment oTa

etc. loan, a n [C] such a claim;
morbid /'mo:bid/ adj unhealthy: amount of money borrowed.
a '^ sense of humour, 'v/ly adv mor-tify /'mo:tifai/ vtji (pt.pp-
more /mD:(r)/ (contrasted with -ied) 1 cause to be ashamed or
less and fewer;
C> niany, most, hurt. 2 '^ the flesh, conquer
nnuch') adj greater in number, one's physical desires (by self-
quality, size, etc: I've got ~ punishment), mor-ti-fi-ca-
money than he has. a n [U] a tion/-fi'keiJn/n(U].
greater amount, number, etc. a mor-tu-ary /'mDctJari/ n [C] (pi
adv 1 (comparative of most ad- -ies) building in which dead bo-
jectives and adverbs): ~
beauti- dies are kept until burial.
ful (than...). 2 to a greater ex- mo-saic /mau'zeiik/ n [C], adj
tent: You need to sleep 'v-. 3 (work of art) in which designs,
again: / shall not go there any '^ pictures, etc are made of col-
4 'x^ and ^, increasingly, 'v. or oured bits of stone, etc.
less, about: £20, 'v- or less. Mos-lem /'mozbm/ n, adj
more-over /mo:r'3uv9(r)/ adv in (variant oO Muslim.
addition (to this). mosque /mosk/ n [C] building in
morgue /marg/ n [C] building in which Muslims worship.
which dead bodies are kept until mos-quito /m3'ski:t9u/ n [C] (pi
they are identified. C> mortuary. ~es) small, fiying insect that
morn-ing /'rao:nir)/ n [C] part of sucks blood.
the day between dawn and moss /mos/ n [U] green or yel-
noon, ''x/ dress, clothes worn low plant growing in thick
on formal occasions such as masses on wet surfaces, mossy
weddings. adj (-ier, -lest)
mo-ron /'moiron/ n [C] 1 person most /maust/ (contrasted with
with low intelligence. 2 (infor- least and fewest; O many,
mal) stupid person. '>^ic more, much^) adj. n 1 (with the)
/ma'ronik/ adj (the) greatest possible number,
mo-rose /ma'raus/ adj gloomy; quantity, degree, make
the '^
bad-tempered. '>>y\yadv. of. use to the best advantage.
mor-phia /'morfid/, mor-phine for the '-W part, usually. 2
/'mo:fi:n/ n [U] drug made from (without the) the majority of:
opium and used for relieving A/~ people like him. a adv 1
pain. (superlative of nearly all adjec-
Morse /m3:s/ n (also the ^ code) tives and adverbs): the ^
beauti-
system of short and long ful car. 2 to the greatest extent:
sounds, flashes of light, for What is troubling you ~.^ 3 very:
sending messages. a '^useful book.
mor-sel /'mo:sl/ n [C] tiny piece most-ly /'msusth/ adv chiefly;
(espoffood). generally.
mor-tal Pmo:t\l adj ^ (contrasted mo-tel /mau'tel/ n [C] motorists'
with immortal) which must die: hotel.
Man w ~. 2 causing death: a ~ moth /moG/ n [C] winged insect,
wound. 3 (informal) extreme: in similar to the butterfly, flying
'^fear. a n [C] (lit) human being. chiefly at night. ''>^-eaten, adj
'X/ly adv (a) so as to cause (a) eaten by moths, (b) (Jig)
death: '>-/y wounded, (b) ex- shabby; worn out.
tremely, '^ity /mD:'taebti/ n [U] mother /'mA63(r)/ n [C] 1 female
(a) state of being mortal, (b) parent. 2 head of a female reli-
number of deaths caused (eg by gious community, d vt take care
a disaster), (c) death-rate. of (as a mother does), the ''>^
mortar^ /'mo:t9(r)/ n [U] mix- country, one's native land.
ture of lime, sand and water '>^-in-law n [C] (pi ~s-in-law>
used to hold bricks, etc together. mother of one's wife or
D v/ join (bricks) with mortar. husband, (--w 'tongue, one's
mor-taH /'mD:t9(r)/ n [C] 1 bowl native language, '--^hood, state
in which substances are crushed of being a mother, 'v/ly adj
into powder. 2 cannon for firing showing the tender qualities of a
shells at high angles. mother.
mort-gage /'morgids/ vt give a mo-tif /mau'tirf/ n [C] theme,
person a claim on one's house. pattern, in music or art.

k

mo-tion /'maujn/ n 1 [U]
ner of) moving, put I set sth in
'^, cause it to start moving. 2
[C] particular movement: signal
with a '^ oj the hand,
through the {informal)
'v.s,
do something in an uninterested
manner. 3 [C] proposal to be
discussed at a meeting, d v///
direct by a motion or gesture.
^less adj not moving.
mo-ti-vate /'mautiveit/ vt give a
motive or encouragement to.
mo-ti'v-ation /-Jn/ n [C,Ul__
mo-tive /'mautiv/ adj causing
motion: 'v. power, a n [C] that
which causes action.
mo-tor /'m3ut3(r)/ n [C] 1 device
which produces motion. 2 {dat-
ed) motor-car.d vtji travel by
motor-car. '^bike/cycle,
motor-vehicle hke a bike.
''-^cade, {US) procession of
motor-cars. ''>^-car, motor-
vehicle with space for passeng-
ers. ''>^wav, wide road designed
for fast traffic, ''^^ist,
who drives a car. ''>^i2e /-raiz/ vt
equip with a motor-vehicle.
motto /'motsu/ n [C] {pi '^es or
~s) short sentence or phrase
used as a rule of behaviour (eg
'Every man for himself).
mould^ {US = mold) /msuld/ n
[C] 1 container into which mol-
ten metal, etc is poured to cool
into a desired shape. 2 some-
thing made in such a container.
D v/ 1 make in a mould. 2 {fig)
influence: ^
his character.
mould^ {US =mold) /msuld/ n
[U] furry growth of fungi ap-
pearing on damp surfaces.
mouldy adj (-ier, -iest)
moul-der {US = molder)
/'m9uld3(r)/ vi crumble to dust
by natural decay.
moult {US =molt) /mault/
1 (of birds) lose (feathers).
dogs and cats) lose hair.
mound /maund/ n [C]
earth; small hill.
mount^ /maunt/ n [C] (abbr Mt)
(before proper names)
tain.
mount^ /maunt/ vtji 1
hill, etc). 2 get on to (a horse,
etc). 3 become greater: Our ex-
penses are '^ing {up). 4 fix in
position: ->- pictures, eg in an al-
bum. 5 'v/ a/i offensive, at-
tack. 6 put (a play) on the stage
or TV. a /J [C] animal on which a
person rides.
243 motion / movement
(man- moun-tain /'mauntm/ n [C]
mass of very high land going up
to a peak. '>-eer /-'ni9(r)/, per-
son who climbs mountains.
go '-^eer-ing n [U] sport of climb-
ing mountains, '-v/ous adj (a)
having mountains, (b) huge:
'^ous waves.
mourn /morn/ vtji '^ (fori
over), feel or show sorrow (for
a person's death), '^ex, person
who mourns, 'x/f ul at^ sad.
mourn-ing /'mDinir)/ n [U] 1
grief. 2 (the wearing oO black
clothes as a sign of grief.
mouse /maus/ n Tc] {pi mice
/mais/) 1 sorts of small rodent. 2
(jig) shy, timid person.
mousse /mu:s/ n [C,U] (dish oO
flavoured cream or eggs, beaten
and frozen.
mous-tache /ma'sta:// n [C]
hair allowed to grow on the up-
per lip.
mousy /'mausi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
1 (esp of hair) dull brown. 2-
person timid, shy.
mouth^ /mau9/ n [C] {pi ^s
/maudz/) 1 opening through
which animals eat, containing
the teeth, tongue, etc. 2 opening
or outlet (of a bottle, tunnel,
river, etc). ''>^-organ, small
musical wind-instrument,
played by passing it along the
lips, ''-^^piece, (a) part of a to-
bacco pipe, a musical instru-
ment, etc placed at or between
the lips, (b) person, etc that
speaks for others. '>^ful /-ful/ n
[C] {pi '^s) amount put into the
mouth at one time.
mouth^ /maud/ vt\i speak
(words) too distinctly.
mov-able /'mutvabl/ adj that can
be moved. C> portable.
move^ /mu:v/ n [C] 1 change of
vtji place or position, esp in games
2 (of played on boards. 2 something
done to achieve a purpose: ^s to
mass of end the strike. 3 on the 'v.,
moving about, get a 'v. on. {si)
hurry up. make a '^, (a) move
moun- to a different place, (b) begin to
act.
go up (a move^ /mu:v/ vt/i 1 (cause to)
change place or position; (cause
to) be in motion. 2 '^ house.
go to live in another house. -^
in/out. take possession of/give
up a house. 3 affect the feelings
of with pity, etc. 4 propose (at a
meeting). O motion(3).
move-ment/'mu:vm3nt/rt1 [U]
movie/mumps 2A

moving. 2 [C] act of changing muff /mAf, n [C] covering, open

position. 3 [C] moving parl(s)
esp of a watch or clock. 4 [C]
united efforts of a group of
people: the peace -^. 5 [C] (mus-
ic) principal division of a piece
of music.
movie 'mj:vi n [C] (informal or
at both ends, (formerly) used by
a woman to keep the hands
warm.
muffle /'m.Afl v/1 wrap or cover
for warmth. 2 decrease the
sound of something by covering
it in cloth, etc. muf-fler n [C]

US) 1 cmema film. 2 the 'v.s, (a) scarf worn round the neck
the cinema. for warmth, (b) something used
mow mau -^ed; pp
vt (pt ~n to muffle sound.
maun; or '^ed) 1 cut (grass, mug^ mAg/ n [C] 1 drinking ves-
etc) (with a Hawn-'^er). 2 '>^ sel with a handle; its contents. 2
do^n. kill as if by mowing. (si) [ace.
'^er, person or machine that mug^ /mAg/ n [C] (si) easily de-
mows. ceived person.
Mr "mist3(r)/ O mister. mug^ mAg vt (-gg-) (.?/) attack
'

Mrs /'misiz' title used before the (a person) violently and rob.
name of a married woman. -^^ger n [C]. '>-'ging n [C,U]
much^ mAtJ (more, most. O Mu-ham-mad /ma'haemid/ n
little) adj, n [V] a great amount Prophet and Founder of Islam.
of: There isn't ~ food in the '>-an adj, n [C]
house, be too '^. more than can mul-berry /'mAlbri n [C] (pl-'\es)
be endured, how
^, (a) what tree with leaves on which silk-
quantity, (b) what price, so -^ worms feed; its fruit.

so that, to such an extent that. mule mju:l' n [C] animal that is

make '>^ of, (a) understand: / theyoung of an ass and a mare.

didn't make ~
of that lecture. mul-ish ac//stubborn.
(b) attach importance to. not muir /m\\i vt make (wine) into a
think ^
of. have a poor opin- hot drink with sugar, spices, etc.
ion of mulP /mAl vt '>^ sth over.
much^ /mAtJ/ adv 1 to a great de- think about it carefully.
gree: work '^ harder. This is ~ multilateral /,mAlti'laet3r3l;
(= by far) the best. 2 greatly: / adj involving many countries,
enjoyed it very 3 (in phrases)
'^. etc: ~ aid.
'>^ as. although: A/-^ as I want multiple /'mAhipl/ adj having
to. I cannot go. how
^. to what many parts, a n [C] quantity
extent: How'>^ does it really mat- which contains another quan-
ter? tity an exact num.ber of times.
muck /mAk/ n [U] 1 dung; ma- multi-ply /'mAltiplai; vt/i (pt.pp
nure. 2 dirt. D vt/i 1 -^ sth up, -ied) 1 increase (a number) a
(informal) make it dirty; do it certain number of times: 6 multi-
badly. 2 '^ about. (sF) waste plied by 5 is 30. 2 make greater in
time, mucky adj (-ier, -iest) number. 3 increase in number
mu-cous /'mjurkas' adj like, by breeding: Rabbits '^ very
covered with, mucus, the ^ quickly. multi-pli-ca-tion
membrane, the moist skin -pli'keijn «[C,U].
that lines the nose, mouth and multi-tude /'mAltitjurd/ n [C]
food canal. great number (esp of people).
mu-cus /'mjurkss/ n [U] sticky, mum^ /m\ml n M'^'s the
slimy substance (as) produced word! Say nothing about this!
by the mucous membrane. mum^ /mAm/ n [C] (informal)
mud /mAd/ n [U] soft, wet earth. mother.
'"

'<^guard, cover over a wheel mumble /'mAmbl/ vtji say some-

(of a bicycle, etc), ''^dy adj(-\er, thing indistinctly.
-iest). mum-mify /'mAmifai/ vt (pt.pp
muddle /'mAdl/ vt/i 1 confuse; -ied) preserve (a dead body) by
make a mess of 2 '^ along /on. embalming.
progress with no clear plan, -s^ mummy^ /'mAmi/ n [C] (pi -ies)
through, succeed in spite of body preserved from decay (as
inefficiency, problems, etc. d n in early Egypt).
[C] confused state: in a ~. '-v/- mummy^ /'mAmi/ n [C] (pi -ies)
headed adj confused in (informal) mother.
thought; stupid. mumps /mAmps/ n [U] contag-

ious disease with painful swel-
lings in the neck.
munch /mAntJ/ vt/i chew with
much movement of the jaw.
mun-dane 'mAn'dem/ adj dull,
routine, ^v^ly cuh-
mu-nici-pal mju:'nisipl/ac^ofa
town or city having self-
government: ^ elections, '^ity
/-'paebti/ n [C] (pi -ies) town,
city,with local self-government.
mu-ni-tion mjur'nijn n (pf) mi-
,
litary supplies, esD guns, bombs,
etc.
mural /'mjoaral/ adj of, on, a
wall. Q n [C] wall-painting.
mur-der /'m3:d9{r)/ n [C,U] un-
lawful killing of a human being
on purpose, a vt kill deliberate-
ly. '>^er, person guilty of murd-
er. 'N^ess, woman murderer.
--v/ous adj planning, designed
for, murder: a ^^ous look /attack.
murk mark/ n [U] darkness;
gloom, murky adj (-ier, -iest).
'^^Uyadv
mur-mur /'m3:m3(r)/ n [C] 1
low. continuous, indistinct
sound. 2 complaint: suffer with-
out a '^. D vtli^ make a murmur.
2 say in a low voice.
muscle /'niAsl/ n 1 [C,U] (bun-
dle oO elastic substance in an
animal body that can be tight-
ened or loosened to produce
movement. 2 (//» power.
mus-cu-lar ;'mAskjul9(r) adj 1 ' person) unable to speak, a n [C]
of the muscles. 2 having strong
muscles.
mu-seum mjur'ziam/ n [C]
building in which objects of art,
history, science, etc are
. played.
mush-room /'mAjrum/ n [C] 1
fungus of which some kinds can
be eaten. 2 sudden, rapid, deve-
lopment: the ^
growth of Lon-
don, a vi 1 gather mushrooms. 2
spread or grow rapidly.
mu-sic ,'mju:zik/ n [U] 1 art of
making pleasing combinations
of sounds in rhythm and har-
mony; the sounds so made. 2
written signs representing these
sounds, face the '^. face one's
critics, difilculties, boldly, ^al
adjoU fond of, skilled in, music.
D n [C] cinema film or play in
which singing has an essential
part, '-v.ally /-kh/ adv
mu-si-cian /mjur'zijn/ n [C] per-
son skilled in playing music;
composer of music.
mus-ket 'mAskit/ n [C] light
245 munch/muzzle
formerly used by foot-soldiers.
'>^eer /-'ti9(r)/ soldier armed
with a musket.
MuS'lim /'muzlim/ n believer in
Islam; (as an adj) of Islam.
mus-lin /'mAzhn/ n [U] thin,
fine, cotton cloth.
mus-sel /'mAsl/ n [C] (sorts oO
mollusc, eaten as food.
must /mast strong form: nust/
auxiliary verb (negative must
not or mustn't 'mAsnt .) 1 (ex-
pressing obligation; must not ex-
presses a prohibition): You do ~
as you're told. You ->- not hit him
2 (expressing certainty): // you
try hard, you '^ win. 3 (express-
ing probability): You '^ be
hungry after your walk, a n [C]
(informal) something that must
be done, seen, etc: His new play
isa-^.
mus-tard /'mAStad/ n [U] 1 plant
with yellow flowers and seeds. 2
yellow povvder made from these
seeds used to flavour food.
mus-ter /'mASt9(r)/ n [C] as-
sembly of persons, esp for in-
spection. D 17/ /gather together.
musty /'mASti/ adj (-ier, -iest)
stale; smelling mouldy, musti-
nessw[U]
mu-ta-tion /mju:'teijn/ n [C,U]
(instance oQ change in a living
thing.
mute /mjutt/ adji silent. 2 (of a
1 dumb person. 2 object used to
lessen the sound of an instru-
ment. D vt muffle the sound of
(an instrument), -wly adv
dis- mu-ti-late /'mju:tileit/ vt break
or cut off a necessary part; des-
troy the use of (a limb, etc).
mu-ti'la-tion /-.fn/ n [C, UJ
mu-ti-nous /'mju:tm?s/ adj
rebellious.
mu-tiny /'mjurtmi/ n (pi -ies) [C,
U] (esp of soldiers and sailors)
rebellion against authority, a vi
(pt.pp -ied) be guilty of mutiny.
mu-ti'n-eer person guilty of
mutiny.
mut-ter "mAt9(r)/ vr// speak in a
low voice; grumble, d n [C] mut-
tered speech or sound.
mut-ton /'mAtn/ n [U] flesh of a
sheep, as food.
mu-tual /'mju:tju3l/ adj 1 (of
love, respect, etc) shared. 2 each
to the other(s): ->- aid. 3 com-
mon to two or more persons: our
'>^ friend, -^ly adv
gun muzzle /'mAzl/ n [C] 1 nose and
my /nap 246

mouth of an animal. 2 guard

placed over this to prevent bit-
ing, etc. 3 open end of a firearm
a v/ 1 put a muzzle on (a dog,
etc). 2 (fig) prevent (a person,
etc) from expressing opmions
freely.
my /mail possessive adj^ belong-
ing to me; Where s '>^ hat? 2 (as a
form of address): Yes, ->- dear. 3
(in exclamations); M'^ good-
ness!
my-opia /mai'aopis; n [U]
short-sight. my-opic
/ mai* opik / adj
my r-iad 'miriad/ n [C] very great
/ horse.
number (o/).
myrrh n [U] sweet-
/m3:(r)/
smelling resin, used in incense
and perfumes.
my-self mai'self/ pron 1 (reflex-
, finger or toe. 2 piece of metal.
ive): / hurt ^. (all) by ^. (a)
alone, (b) without help. 2 (used
for emphasis); I said so ^.3 I'm
not ~ today, am not in my nor-
mal state of health or mind.
mys-teri-ous mi'stisnas/ adj
, clearly what he intends to do.
full of, suggesting, mystery, '^ly
adv
mys-tery /'mistan/ n (pi -ies) 1
[C] something of which the
cause is impossible to under-
stand. 2 [U] condition of being
secret or obscure.
mys-tic /'mistik/ adj of hidden
meaning or spiritual power;
causing feelings of wonder, d n
[CJ person who seeks union with
God. -^al adj. '>^ism /-sizam/ n
lU] beliefs, experiences, of a
Nn
N, n /en/ (pi N's. n's /enz/) the
14th letter of the English al-
phabet.
nab /naeb/ vt (-bb-) (informal)
catch (eg a thief, etc).
nag^ /naeg/ n [C] {informal) small
nag^ /naeg/ vt/i (-gg-) find fault
with; continuously criticize.
nail /neil/ n [C] 1 layer of hard
substance over the outer tip of a
pointed at one end, used to hold
things together, hit the '>^ on
the head, be exactly right, d v7
make secure with a nail. '>^ sb
down (to 5th). make him sa>
naive, (also naive) /nai'i:v/ adj
natural and innocent in behavi-
our (eg because inexperienced).
'>>^\y adv.
naked /'neikid/ adj 1 without
clothes on. 2 without the usual
covering; a ~
light, with the '^
eye, without using a telescope
or other aid. 'N^ly adv. '>^ness n
[U]
name /nemi/ n 1 [C] word(s) by
which a person, place, thing, etc
is known, in the '^ of. (a) with

mystic. the authority of; stop in the -v- of

mys-tif y /'mistifai/ vt {pt,pp-\ed) the law. (b) in the cause of: in
puzzle; bewilder, mys-ti-fi-ca- the ^of peace, call sb '^s. in-,
tion/-fi'keiJn/«[C,U] suit him. 2 (sing only) reputa-
mys-tique /mi'sti:k/ n [C] feel- tion, make a '^^ for oneself,
ing of mystery connected with a become well-known, a vr 1 give
person, institution, etc. a name to. '>^ s/» after sb. give
myth /mi9/ n 1 [C] story handed him the same name. 2 say the
down from olden times. 2 [U] names(s) of. 3 state; Please '^
such stories collectively. 3 [C] the day, eg for a wedding.
person, thing, etc that is imagi- ''>^sake, person with the same
nary or invented. '>^i-cal adj (a) name as another, 'x/less, (a)
of, existing only in, myth, (b) without a name, (b) not to be
imaginary. mentioned.
myth-ol-ogy /mi'6Dl3d3i/ n (pl- name'iy /'neimli/ adv that is to
-ies) 1 [U] study of myths. 2 [C] say: Two men, ^ Peter and Jim.
collection of myths, mytho- nanny /'naem/ ri [C] (pi -ies)
logi-cal /-'lodsikl/ adj of woman employed to look after
mythology; unreal. young children.
nanny-goat /'naem gsut/ n [C]
female goat. C> billy-goat.
nap' /naep/ n [C] short sleep, d vi
(-PP-) catch sb '>^ping. dis-
 247 nap/navigable

cover him not doing his duty. ation/-Jn//j[U]

nap^ /naep/ n [U] surface of cloth, na-tive /'neitiv/ n [C] 1 person
etc made of soft hairs. bom in a place, country, etc. 2
na-palm /'neipa:m/ n [U] jelHed animal or plant natural to a cer-
petroleum used in bombs. tain area, d adj 1 of the place of
nape /neip/ n [C] back of the one's birth. 2 of the natives of a
neck. place. 3 belonging to a person
nap-kin /'naspkm/ n [C] (^table by nature: ^
charm.
-v.), piece of cloth used at meals na-tiv-ity /n9'tiv9ti/ n [C] {pl-\es)
for protecting clothing. birth, esp (the N-^) of Jesus
nappy /'naepi/ n [C] {pi -ies) Christ.
towel folded round a baby's bot- natu-ral /'nstjrgl/ adj 1 of, pro-
tom to absorb excreta. duced by, nature. 2 of the na-
nar-cissus /na:'siS9s/ n [C] {pi ture(4) of a living thing: -^^ abili-
'v/es or -cissi /-sisai/) sorts of ties. 3 (of persons) bom with
bulb plant (daffodil, etc). qualities: a ^
orator. 4 normal:
narcotic /nar'kotik/ n [C], adj It is '^ for a bird to fly. 5 usual;
(kinds of drug) producing sleep. normal speak in a -^ voice. 6 (of
narrate /na'reit/ vt tell (a story). offspring) illegitimate, a n[C] a
nar-rator, person who nar- '^ (for sth). {informal) person
rates, narra-tion /-Jn/ n [C, U] naturally expert.,'>^ 'gas, gas

narra-tive /'naerativ/ n 1 [C] occurring with oil deposits, i--^

story; [U] story-telling. 2 (as an 'history, botany and zoology.
adj) in the form of story-telling. natu-rai-ist /'naetjrghst/ n [C]
narrow /'naerau/ adj (-er, -est) pjerson who studies anunals or
(opposite of wide) 1 measuring plants.
little across. 2 with a small mar- natu-ral-ize /'naetjr9laiz/ vt/i
gin: a -^ escape. 3 limited in out- give (a person) rights of citizen-
look: a ~
mind, u vt/i (cause to) ship, natu-rai-i'z-ation /-fn/ n
become narrow. ,^-'minded [uf
adj having very limited opin- nat-u rally /'naetjr9h/ adv 1 by
ions. '>^lv adv only just: -^ly es- nature(4). 2 of course: A^-^ I'll
cape. '>^ness n [U] help you. 3 normally: speak ^.
na-sal /'neizl/ adj of, for, in, the na-ture /'neitf9(r)/ n 1 [U] the
nose, a n [C] nasal sound. world and every created thing. 2
nas-tur>tiuni /n9'st3:j3m/ n [C] [U] force(s) controlling the
{pi '^s) garden plant with red, physical world: the forces of na-
orange or yellow flowers. ture, eg wind, ram. 3 [U] simple
nasty /'na:sti/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 hfe without civilization: a return
disgusting; unpleasant. 2 im- to '^. 4 [C,U] qualities which
moral, nas-tily adv. nas-ti- naturally belong to a person or
ness«[U] thing: It is his ~ to tell lies. C>
na-tal /'neitl/ adj of, from, one's good/ill-natured. 5 sort; type:
birth. stories of that '^.
na-tion /'neijn/ n [C] people as- naughty /'no:ti/ adj (-ier, -iest)
sociated with a particular 1 (of children) bad; disobedient.
country under one government. 2 (taking pleasure in) shocking.
na-tion -a I /'naejnal/ adj of the naught-ily adv. naughti-
(whole) nation; of a particular ness /2[U]
nation, d n [C] citizen of a parti- nausea /'nD:si9/ n [U] feeling of
cular nation, j/^^ 'anthem, offi- sickness, naus-eate /'norsieit/
cialsong of a nation. ,'>- 'ser- vt cause nausea, naus-eous adj
vice, period of compulsory ser- nauti-cal /'nD:tikl/adj of ships,
vice in the armed forces. 'X/ly sailors or navigation. '>^ mile,
ad\. ''x.ism /-izam/ n [U] (a) 2025 yards (= 1852 metres).
patriotic feelings, (b) move- na- vai /'neivl/ adj of a navy.
IV 1/ ad/
ment for political independence. nave /neiv//n[CU
nave/nei n [CJ central part of a
'^\stn[C\,adj. church.
na-tion-al-ity /,naej9n'ael9ti/ n na-vel /'neivl/ n [C] depression in
[C,U] {pl-\es) being a member of the surface of the belly.
a nation. navi-gable /'naevig9bl/ adj 1 (of
na-tion-al-ize /'naejnglaiz/ vt rivers, etc) large enough for
transfer from private to State ships to sail in. 2 (of ships, etc)
ownership. na-tional-i'z- that can be sailed, navi-ga'bil-
navigate /negligence
ity«(U]
navi'gate /'nxvigeit/ v/rl plot
the course, etc of a ship or air-
craft. 2 steer (a ship); pilot (an
aircraft), navi-gator,
who navigates(1 ). navi'ga-
tion/-Jn//i[U]
navy /'neivi/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1 a
country's warships. 2 the offic-
ers and men of a country's war-
ships. ,'>^ 'blue, dark blue.
near^ ni3(r) adj (-er, -est) 1
close in space or time. 2 close in
relation or affection: rela- ^
tions, eg mother, son. 3 (con-
trasted with off) the left side (of
vehicles), d vdi come near (to).
'>^ness«[U]
neaH 'ni9(r)/ adv not far; to or at
a short distance. '>^ at hand,
(a) within easy reach, (b) not
far distant in the future, 'v- by,
not far off. '-^side, side nearest
the kerb. ,^-'sighted adj -^
short-sighted.
neaH /ni3(r)/ prep (=
close to (in space, time, etc): Sit
'^me.
near-by /nia'bai/ adj
away.
near-ly /'niali/ adv 1 almost.
hardly, scarcely. 2 not ^,
from: not ^\^ enough money.
neat /ni:t/ adj (-er, -est except 4
below) 1 tidy; done carefully. 2
simple and pleasant: a ~
dress. 3
cleverly said or done: a.~ reply.
4 (of alcoholic drinks) not
mixed with water, etc. '^\y adv.
'>^ness«[U]
necess-ar-ily /inesa'serali/
as a necessary result: Big
are not ~
strong.
necess-ary /'nesasari/ a^' which
has to be done; which must be:
food is '^ for life.
necessi-tate /ni'sesiteit/ vt (for-
mal) make necessary.
necess-ity /ni'sessti/ n (pi -ies)
1 [U] urgent need. 2 [C] some-
thing that is necessary:
-^ of life.
neck' /nek/ n [C] 1 part of the
body that connects the head and
the shoulders. ,'>- and ''>^,
in a race,risk one's '^, (infor-
mal) do something dangerous.
stick one s -^^ out. (informal)
do something at the risk of
severe criticism, pain, etc. 2
something like a neck: the -^ of a
bottle. ''>>/iace /-lis/, string of
beads, etc worn round the neck.
''x/-tie, band of material worn
2A
round the neck and tied in front.
neck^ /nek' vi (si) (of young
couples) exchange kisses and
hugs.
person nec-tar /'nekt3(r)/ n [U] 1 sweet
liquid in flowers, collected by
bees. 2 (fig) delicious drink.
nee nei/ adj (Fr) born (after the
name of a married woman): Mrs
J Smith. '^^ Brown.
need' /ni:d n 1 [U] circum-
stances in which something is
necessary: The ~
to work hard. 2
(pi) something necessary: His
~5 are few. 3lU] poverty: mis-
fortune, '-^^less adj unneces-
sary, ^less-ly adv. needy adj
(-ier, -iest) very poor.
need^ 'ni:d/ aux verb (3rd pers
sing pres affirmative and interrog
need, not needs, negative need
not. needn't /'ni:dnt/) be ob-
liged; be necessary: /V~ you go
yet? We '^n 7 have hurried.
need^ /nird/ vt 1 want; require:
near to) Does he ~ any help? 2 deserve:
What he ^s is a slap!
needle /'ni:dl/ n [C] 1 small,
not far pointed piece of steel, with a
small hole at the top for thread,
O used in sewing. 2 long, thin piece
far of plastic or metal for knitting. 3
something like a needle(l) (eg
the end of a syringe). 4 stylus
used in playing records, n vt (in-
formal) annoy. '-^craft/
work, sewing; embroidery.
ne-ga-tion /ni'geij"n/ n [U] act of
denying, refusing.
nega-tive /'negativ/ adj 1 (of
adv words and answers) showing no
men O affirmative. 2 without
or not.
any useful character: ~ criti-
cism, that does not help. c> po-
sitive (3).3 (maths) less than ze-
ro. 4
(electricity) of the sort car-
riedby electrons: a ~
terminal.
O positive(6). 5 (photography)
having the lights and shades
reversed. qn[C]^ word or state-
Food is a ment that denies. 2 film with
lights and shades reversed. '>^ly
adv
ne-glect /ni'glekt/ vt 1 pay no
level attention to: ~
one's health: 2
fail (to do something), d n [U]
lack of care or attention, 'x/ful
adj in the habit of neglecting
things. '>^fully adv. <>^ful-ness
n[V]
neg-lige, neg-li-gee /'negli3ei/
n [C,U] loose, often transparent,
dressing-gown.
neg-li-gence /'neglid^ans' n [U]
 9 negligible/neutral

carelessness,neg-ii-gent adj. enough, /ose one's '>^, lose

neg-li-gent-ly adv one's courage, ''^^-racking,
neg-ii-gible /'neglidpbl/ adj of causing great worry.
little importance or size. nerv-ous /'naivas/ adj 1 of the
ne-go-ti-able /ni'gaujiabl/ adj 1 nerves(l). 2 easily excited,
that can be negotiated (2): a ~ afraid, j-*^ 'breakdown, severe
contract. 2 that can be changed loss of self-control and con-
into cash: ~ shares. 3 (of roads, fidence. '-^ system, nerves (1
rivers, etc) that can be passed as a whole, -^ly adv. '^ness n
over or along. [U]
ne-go-ti-ate ni'gaujieit/ vtji 1 nervy ;'n3:vi/ adj {informal) ner-
discuss in order to come to an vous(2).
agreement. 2 arrange by discus- nest made by
/nest/ n [C] 1 place
sion: negotiating a treaty. 3 get a bird for its eggs. 2 comfortable

or give money for (cheques, etc). place. 3 number of like things

4 get past or over (an obstacle). (esp tables) fitting one inside an-
ne-go-ti-ator person v^ho ne- other. D vi make and use a nest.
gotiates, ne-go-ti'ation /-Jn/ n '--s^-egg, {fig) sum of money
IC, U] saved for future use.
Ne-gress /'ni:gres/ n [CJ Negro nestle /'nesl/ v///1 -^ (down),
woman or girl. settle comfortably. 2 '^ up
Ne-gro /'niigrao/ n [C] {pi '^es) (against/ in), press oneself lo-
member or descendant of one of vingly to: She ~t/ her head in the
the black African races. cushions.
neigh /nei/ vi. n [C] (make the) nest-ling /'nestlir)/ n [C] bird too
cry of a horse. young to leave the nest.
neigh-bour {US =-bor) net^ /net/ n [C,U] open material
/'neib3(r)/ n [C] 1 person living of knotted string, wire, etc:
in a house, etc near another. 2 ^fishing-'^s. a vt (-tt-) catch
person, thing or country that is (fish, animals, etc) with a net.
near(est) another, a vtji be near '--^ball, game in which a ball is

to: '\-ing towns. '>^ly adj friend- thrown through a net on the top
ly. '>^li-nessrt[U] of a post, '--^work (a) complex
neigh-bour-hood {US = system of lines that cross, (b)
-bor-) /'neibahud/ n [C] (p>eople connected system: an spy
living in a) district; nearby area: '^work.
in the ^
of London. net^, nett /net/ adj remaining
nei-ther /'naid3(r), 'ni:d-/ adj. when nothing more is to be
pron not one nor the other (of taken away: ^
profit, o vt (-tt-)
two): iV'v- statement is true. O gain as a net profit.
either, a adv. conj ^ '^... nor, net-ting /'netir)/ n [U] 1 making
not one or the other: A'^ John or using nets. 2 net.
nor I can go. 2 nor: If you don't nettle /'netl/ n [C] common wild
go. ^ shall I. plant which has leaves thatsting.
neon /'niion/ n [U] colourless gas net-work C> net\
used in electric lights. neur-ol-ogy njua'fDladzi/ n [U]
/

nephew /'nevju:/ n [C] son of branch of medical science con-

one's brother(-in-law) or cerned with nerves, neu-
sister(-in-law). rologist n [C] expert in neurol-
nep-ot-ism /'nepatizam/ n [U] ogy.
the giving of special favour to neurosis /nju'rausis/ n [C] {pi-
relatives by a person in high pos- ses /-si:z/) nervous or mental
ition. illness.
nerve n 1 [C] fibre(s)
/naiv/ neur-otic /nju'rotik/ a^ abnor-
carrying impulses of feeling and mally sensitive, excited, d n [C]
motion between the brain and neurotic person.
all parts of the body. 2 ipl) con- neu-ter /'nju:t3(r)/ adj 1 {gram)
dition of being easily excited, (of gender) neither feminine nor
worried, a bundle of'^s, very masculine. 2 without sex or-
nervous person, get on one's gans. D Ai [C] 1 neuter noun or
'^s, annoy. 3 [U] courage. gender. 2 sexually undeveloped
have the -^ to do sth, (a) insect; castrated animal, a vt
have the necessary courage, etc. castrate.
(b) {informal) be impudent neu-tral /'nju:tr3l/ adj 1 taking
neutron ninety / 250

neither side (in a war). 2 having mess! -^ly adv (a) in a nice man-
no definite characteristics: ~ ner, (b) (informal) very well:
lints. 3 (of gears) of the position progressing '^ly. ^ness n [U]
in uhich no power is trans- nicety 'naisati n (C) (pi -ies)
mitted, a n [C] 1 neutral person, small distinction: niceties of
country, etc. 2 neutral position meaning.
of gears, 'v/ity nju:'lrsbti n niche nit J n [C] 1 recess in a
[U] state of being neutral(l). wall, eg for a statue. 2 (fig) suit-
~ize -aiz/ vi (a) make neutral, able position: my 'v, in the com-
(b) take away the effect of: '^i:c pany.
a poison. nick 'nik/«(C]l small V-shaped
neu-tron 'nju:trDn n [C] par- cut. 2 in the ^'^ of^time, onK
ticle carrying no electric charge. just in time. 3 (si) prison, d \i

never ^ncxMr) adv^ at no time. makea nick(1 ) in.

2 /V~ mind! Dont worry! nickel 'nikl 1 n
[U] hard,
nevertheless inevada'les silver-white metal used in allo\s
adv. conj however; in spite of the (symbol Ni). 2 [C] US coin,
fact that: He was old and poor. ~ value 5 cents, a vt (-II-, US -I-)
he was happy. coat with nickel.
new nju:' adj (-er, -est) 1 not nick-name 'nikneim' n [C]
existing before; of recent origin: name used instead of the real
a ~fihn. 2 existing, but only name, d vt give a nickname to.
now seen, discovered, etc: learn nic-otine ^'nikatirn n [U] poiso-
~ words. 3 ~ to, unfamiliar nous, oily substance in tobacco
with: I'm ~ to this job. 4 not leaves.
used before: a ~ car. 5 begin- niece ni:s n [C] daughter of
ning again: a ^ life, a adv one's brother(-in-law) or
recently: ''^horn. '^^comer, sister(-in-law).
person who has recently arrived night nait n [C] hours of dark-
in a place. '>^ness n [\J]. -^^ly ness between sunset and sunrise.
adv (a) recently: ^ly-arrived. by ^, during the night, have a
(b) in a new. different way: ^/i goodI bad ~, sleep well
arranged furniture. ''>^ly-weds badly, '--^^dress, long, loose
«;7/recently married couple. dress worn by a woman in bed
news /nju:z/ n [U] report of what '^»^fall, the coming of night,
has recently happened: The of ~ ''>^ie, ''>-'y, (informal) — night-
his death is shocking, '-^agent, dress. '~ life, entertainment,
shopkeeper who sells news- eg cabaret, available at night
papers, etc. ''>^paper, printed ''>^mare -meaCr) (a) frighten- .

publication, usually daily, with ing dream, (b) horrible ex-

news, advertisements, etc. perience. |'>^-'watchman, man
newt nju:t n [C] (kinds oQ employed to keep watch (eg in a
small animal like a lizard which factory) at night, --^ly adj. adv
lives in water. (taking place, existing) in the
next nekst adj. n [U] 1 coming night or every night
immediately after, in order or night-in-gale 'naitiqgeil/ n [C]
space: Take the -^ turning to the small bird that sings sweetly by
right. 2 close to; at the side of: night.
the chair '^ to mine. ^^^ door, in nil nil, « nothing.
the next house. of kin.^ nimble "nimbi adj (-r, -st) 1 ag-
'

nearest relations. ->- to, almost: ile. 2 (of the mind) thinking
say ^to nothing, a adv after quickly, nim-bly ac/v
this/that: What are you going to nine nam adj, n [C] (oO 9.
do -^7 ninth nainG adj n [C] (abbr
nib nib /?[C] point of a pen. 9th) (oO one of 9 parts or the
nibble 'nibl vr/ take tiny bites. next after 8.
a/7[C]small bite. nine-teen /,nain'ti:n/ adj. n [C]
nice nais adj {-r, -st) 1 (con- (oQ 19. nine-teenth adj. n [C]
trary to nasty) pleasant; kind; (abbr 19th) (oO one of 19 parts
fine: a ^
day: a -^ little girl. '>^ or the next after 18.
and. ., pleasant because: // 's ~
.
ninety 'naintr adj. n [C] (oO 90.
and warm today 2 needing care; nine-tieth adj. n [C] (abbr
subtle: -^^ differences of meaning. 90th) (oO one of 90 parts or the
3 (informal) bad: We're in a ~ next after 89.
 nip/nook

nip /nip/ vtii (-pp-) 1 press hard head) slightly in agreement or as

(eg between finger and thumb, a greeting. 2 let the head fall for-
or with the teeth). 2 (of frost, ward as if sleepy. ^
off, fall as-
etc) stop the growth of (flowers). leep n n [C] act of nodding.
'^ sth in the bud, stop its de- noise nDizn[C.U] loud and un-
velopment. 3 (informaf) hurry: pleasant sound, noisy adj (-ier,
~ along to the shops, a n [C] 1 -iest) making much noise.
sharp pinch or bite, a cold •^ in noisily r/f/v
the air. sharp feeUng of frost. 2 no-mad 'naumasd n [C] mem-
small drink (esp of spirits). O ber of a tribe that wanders from
nippy. place to place. '>^ic 'nsu'mjedik
nipple /'nipl/ /; [C] 1 point of the adj
breast. 2 something like a nipple nom-inal "nominl' adj 1 exist-
(eg on a baby's bottle). ing in name only, not in fact: the
nippy 'nipr adj (-ier, -iest) (in- ^ ruler of the country. 2 very
formal) 1 very cold. 2 quick: a ^ small: (/ ^ rent. 3 igratn) of a
little car noun. '>^\y adv
nit' /nit/ n (Cj egg of a parasitic nominate 'nomineit/ v/ 1 --s^
insect. sb (for), suggest for election to
nit^ /nit/ n [C] (injornial) = nit- a position. 2 '^ sb (to), ap-
wit point to office, nomi'na-tion n
ni-tro-gen /'naitr3d33n n [U] fcu]
gas forming four-fifths of the nomi-nee ,nDmi'ni:/ n [C] per-
earth's atmosphere (symbol N ). son who is nominated for an of-
nitroglycerine, -glycerin fice.
inaitr9u'glis3ri:n n [U] power- non- ',nDn prefix who or which
ful explosive. is not, does not, etc: i'n--
nit-wit n [C] (informal)
'nitwit com'missioned adj [mil) not
unintelligent person. holding commissions(3). i'-*^'-

no nau adJ 1 not one; not an>: com'mittal adj not commit-
She had -^ money. 2 (imphing ting oneself to a definite course.
the opposite): He's -^ friend of ^s^-'fiction, literature based on
mine. 3 (in commands, etc) for- facts. I'^-'resident n [C] per-
bidden: ;V^ smoking, be ^^^ son not staying at a hotel, etc.
good/use, useless, by '^ i'>-'-'stop adj. adv without a
means, not at all. |'>^-'go, (in- stop: a ^-stop train.
formal) impossible to do (suc- nonchalance 'nonjsbns/ n
cessfully). ''>^-man's-land, (m [U] indifference; unconcern.
war) ground between two op- nonchalanta^//
posing armies. non-de-script 'nondiskript' n
no^ nao adv not any: / have ^ [C], adj (person or thing) not
more money, a particle (opposite having a definite character.
of 'Yes'): Is it si.x o'clock vet.^ none 'nAn pron not any. not
A/^, // isn't, a n [C] word or one: ;V-^ of them has have come
answer no. The noes. Those back yet. -^^ but, only: / want ~
voting *no'. but the best. "^ the fess, c>
no-bil-ity nou'biiati n [U] 1 less. D adv not at all: ~ the worse
quality of being noble; noble for his experience.
birth, rank. 2 the nobles as a non-en-tity non'entati/ n [C] {pi
class. -ties) unimportant person or
noble 'noubl adj (-r, -st) 1 of thing.
high rank or birth. 2 having im- non-plus non'plAS v7 (-SS-)
pressive character: ~
senti- surprise or puzzle completely.
ments. 3 splendid: a -^ building, non-sense 'nonsns' n [U]
a n [C] person of noble birth. meaningless words; foolish talk,
'-^man, peer; aristocrat, nobly ideas, non'sen-si-cal -ikl/ adj
adv not making sense.
no-body l^nsohadi ! pron (pi -\es) noodle 'nuidl n (usually pi)
1 [U] not anybody: N'^ could paste of fiour and eggs prepared
find him. 2 [C] unimportant per- in long, narrow strips and used
son: amerce. insoups, etc.
noc-tur-nal /nDk't3:nI/ adj of, nook /nok/ n [C] hidden corner:
done in, the night. search every '^ and cranny,
nod /nod/ vtIi (-dd-) 1 bow (the search everywhere.
 .

noon /notice 252

noon /nu:n/ adj n [C] (at) the known in the past, nos-tal-gic
middle of the day. /-d3ik/ adj of, feeling or causing,
no-one, no one 'nsu waii/ pron nostalgia.
= nobody(1 ). nos-tril 'nostral, n [C] either of
noose nu:s n [C] loop of rope the two external openings into
thai becomes lighter when the the nose.
rope is pulled. not not adv (often contracted
nor n3:(r) conj (after neither or to -n't /-ant as in hasn 7) used to
,

nut) and not: / have neither time make a negative: He warned mc

money for pop festivals
'\^ ~ to be late. Can you come next
norm /no:m n the -k., standard; week';'' —I'm afraid ^.' -^ at
pattern. all, /inot 3 'toil/ (as a polite re-
nor-mal adj usual or
/'nD:ml/ sponse to thanks, etc): 'Thank
regular, a n (sing only) usual you u.'ry — 'N^ at all. 3
much '.
'

state, level, etc. '>^lv adv -^ that. not suggested that.

It is

north /nD:0, n 1 the

point of->-, no-table /'nautabL adj remark-
the compass, to the left of a per- able. D n [C] eminent person.
son facmg the sunrise; part of no'tably adv especiallv
any country m this direction. 2 no-tary 'noutari n [C] (pi -ies)
(as an adj) situated in, coming (often 1-^ ^public) official with
from, the north; a -v, wind, a adv -
authority to witness documents.
towards the north. |'>>''east, no-tA-tion /nau'tcijn/ n [C, U]
i-^'west (abbr NE, NW) n. system of signs or symbols rep-
adj.adv (regions) midway be- resenting numbers, musical
tween north and east or north notes, etc.
and west. '>^er-ly 'noidali/ adj. notch /notj/ n [C] V-shaped cut.
adv (a) (of winds) from the a v7 cut a notch in.
north, (b) (of direction) to- note /naut/ n [C] 1 written re-
wards the north, -^ern /'noidan cord to help the memory. 2
adj of, from, in, the north part of short letter. 3 short explanation
the world, a country, etc. of a word, etc in a book, etc. O
'>^ward -wad/ adj towards the footnote. 4 compare ^s, ex-
north. '>-wardsa^v change opinions. 5 printed
nose^ /nauz/ n [C] 1 part of the promise to pay money: 'bank'^s.
face above the mouth for smel- 6 single sound, or the sign rep-
ling and breathing, follow resenting it, in music. 7 quality
one's '^. (a) go straight for- or tone (esp of voice): a o/ ~
ward, (b) be guided by instinct. warning in his speech. 8 [U] dis-
keep one's ~
clean, avoid ^
tinction; importance: a family of
trouble, look down one's 'C '^. 9 [U] notice; attention: Take
at sb, act as if superior to him. -^ of what he says, a vt 1 pay at-
pay through the '^, pay an tention to. 2 '^ sth down,
excessive price, poke I stick make a note(1) of. '--^^book,
one's '^ into (sb else's busi- pad (2) in which to write notes.
ness), interfere without being ''>^paper, paper for writing let-
asked to do so. turn one's '^ ters, noted /'nautid/ adj well-
up at, show contempt for. 2 known (Jor. as), '-^worthy adj
sense of smell. 3 a ^
(for sthj. remarkable.
(fig) good sense for finding out. noth-ing /'nAGiq/ n not any-
C> nose^(2) 4 the front part, eg
. thing: ~
He 's had to eat yet. for
of an aircraft, '--v/dive n. vi '>^,(a) free, (b) without a re-
(make a) sharp vertical descent ward or result, be -^ to, (a) not
in an aircraft. ''>^gay, bunch of be of interest to. (b) be less
cut flowers. My
than: losses are to yours. ~
nose^ vtii 1 go forward
/nauz/ come to ~, fail. ^ to do
push (one's way). 2 '>^
carefully, with, not to be the business of:
sth out, discover (as iO by This has ~ to do with you. think
smelling. '>^ of, consider as ordinary, q

nosey, nosy /'nsuzi/ adj adv not at all: He's like as ~

(-ier.-iest) (sf) inquisitive. ''>-- good as Peter.
parker, (informal) inquisitive no-tice /'nsutis/ n 1 [C] (printed)
person. news, information. 2 [U] warn-
nos-tal-gia /nD'stzeldss/ n [U] ing: give her a month's -^ to
desire for something one has leave, (do sth) at short '^,
 3 notify/nurse

with little warning, etc. 3 [U] at- difference in meaning, opinion,

tention, bring sth/come to colour, etc.
sb's ^, call a person's atten- nu-clear /'nju:kli3(r) adj of a
tion to something, take no ^ nucleus; using nuclear energy.
(of), pay no attention, a vt i 1-^ 'energy, great energy pro-
observe; see. "viable -abl/ adj duced during reactions on at-
easily noticed, --stably adv omic nuclei, i-x^ re'actor, dev-
no-tify 'nDutifai, v7 (pt.pp -led) ice that generates power by at-
report; make known: ~ ihe po- omic fission.
lice of an accident, no-ti-fi-ca- nu-cleus 'nju:kli3S/>i[C](/>/ nu-
tion/-fi'keiJn//i[C,U] clei -kliai ) 1 central part of an
no-tion /'naufn/ n [C] idea; be- atom. 2 central part, round
lief. which other parts are grouped.
no-tor-iety /insats'raiati/ n [U] nude /nju:d' adj naked, a n [C]
state of being notorious. nude human figure (esp in art).
no-tori-ous n9u'tD:ri3S; adj in the ^, naked, nu-dism,
well-known (esp for something of
practice living without
bad): a -^ murderer, 'x^ly ad\' clothes, nu-dist n
[C]. nu-dity,
nou-gat /"nu:ga: n [U] hard nakedness.
sweet made of sugar, nuts. etc. nudge nAd3/ vt push slightly
nought noil n [C] nothing; the with the elbow, a n [C] gentle
figure 0. come to ^, fail. push.
noun /naun/ n [C] (gram) word nug-get 'nAgit/ n [C] lump of
(not a pronoun) which can func- metal, esp gold, found in the
tion as the subject or object of a earth.
verb. nui-sance "njursns/ n [C] thing,
nour-ish /'nAfif/ vt 1 keep (a person, act, etc that causes
person) alive and well with food. trouble.
2 (formal) encourage (hope, null nAl/ adj |^ and ^void.
fear, etc), --v-ment n [U] (formal) (legal) without legal effect.
food. '>^ify 'nAlifai/ vt (pt.pp -led)
nover /'novl/ a^ strange; new. make null and void.
noveP /novl/ n [C] long fictional numb jrwmi adj (-ex, -est) with-
story in prose. ''>^ist, writer of out ability to feel or move: '>-
novels. with shock cold, a vr make
nov-elty /'novlti/ n (pl-\es) 1 [U] numb. '>^\y adv. '>^ness n [U]
newness; strangeness. 2 [C] num-ber /'n.\mb9(r); n [C] 1 3.
something strange or new. 3 (pf) 13 and 103 are ~5. 2 quantity or
goods of low cost, eg toys. amount: a small ^
of people. 3
No-vem-ber nau'vembair)/ n one issue of a periodical. 4
the eleventh month of the year. dance, song. tune. etc. o vt 1 give
nov-ice n [C] 1 person
/'novis a number to: ~
cards from 1 to9.
who is learning. 2 person
still 2 amount to: We ^ed20 in all. 3
training to become a monk or a include: ^- her among one's
nun. friends. 4 (passive) be restricted
now /nau, adv 1 at the present in number: His days are '^ed.
time: Where are you living ^? 2 nu-meral 'nju:m3r3l' n [C], adj
(every) '^ and then/again, (word, figure) representing a
occasionally. 3 at once: Do it number; of number.
(right) -^.' 4 (used to attract at- nu-mer-ate 'njurmarat/ adj(o^a
tention): N-^. stop quarrelling person) having good basic abil-
and listen, a conj because of the ity in mathematics. O literate.
fact (that): jV~ you're here, let's nu-meri-cal njui'menkl adj of.
,

begin. in. denoting, numbers, '^^ly

now-adays "nauadeiz/ adj at -kir adv
the present time. nu-mer-ous 'njurmorss adj
no-where 'n3uwe3(r)/ adv not
,
great in number.
anywhere get '^. be unsuccess- nun UAn n [C] woman who lives
ful. in a convent, in the service of
nox-ious /'nokjas ac^/ harmful. God. '>^nery, convent.
nozzle /'nozl n [C] metal end of nurse n3:s n [C] person who
a hose, etc through which liquid cares for people who are ill or in-
or air is sent out. jured (in a hospital, etc), a vt 1
nu-ance /'nju:a:ns/ n [C] small look after (persons who are ill.
 .

nursery/objection 2t

injured, etc). 2 feed (a baby) at

the breast. 3 give special care to:
'^ young, plants. 4 have in the
mind; ^feelings uf revenge.
nurs-ery 'naisari n [C] {pi -les)
1 room for the special use of
small children. 2 place where
young plants are grown, ''s^
rhyme, poem or song for
Oo
young children. '-^^ school, for
children of 3 to 5 years old. O, o 3o (pi O's, o's /3UZ/) 1 the
nurs-ing 'narsir) n [U] the 15th letter of the English al-
profession or duties of a phabet, 2 zero (esp in telephone
nurse(1 ). '-^^-home, small pri- numbers).
vate hospital. oak 9uk/ n [C] sorts of large tree
nur-ture 'n3:tj"3(r) n [U] (jor- with tough, hard wood; [U] the
maf) care, education (of chil- wood of this tree.
dren). D \t educate; train; care oar /o:(r), n [C] pole with a flat
for. blade for rowing a boat, put/
nut /nAt/ n [C] 1 fruit with a hard stick one's '^ in, (informat)
shell enclosing a kernel that can interfere.
be eaten. 2 small piece of metal oasis /au'eisis/ n [C] (pi -ses
with a threaded hole for screw- -si:z/) fertile place, with water,
ing on to a bolt. 3 (si) head, off in a desert.
one's '^, (si) insane. 4 (si) mad oast /oust/ n [C] oven for drying
person, '^crackers «/?/ device hops. ''>^house, building con-
for cracking nuts open. taining an oast.
'~shell, (put sth) in a oat /got/ n [C] (usually pt) 1
'^shell. (fig) in the fewest pos- (grain from a) cereal plant
sible words. ~ty adj (-ier, -iest) grown as food. 2 (pi) oatmeal
(a) tasting like nuts, (b) (si) porridge, ''v/meal, crushed
mad. oats.
nut-meg 'nAtmeg/ n 1 [C] hard oath /3ue/ n [C] (pi ~s /audz/) 1
seed of an E Indian evergreen solemn promise or declaration.
tree. 2 [U] this seed grated to be on /under '^. (legat) having
powder, used as a flavouring. sworn to tell the truth. 2 swear-
nu-tri-ent 'njuitnant/ adj (for- word.
mal) providing nourishment. obedi-ent /3'bi:di3nt/ adj doing
nu-tri-tion nju-.'tnjn/ n [U] (for- what one is told to do. '>^ly adv.
mat) the process of supplying obedienceA2[U]
and receiving nourishment; the ob-elisk /'obalisk/ n [C] pointed,
science of food, nu-tri-tious four-sided stone pillar.
adj (format) having high value as obese /su'birs/ adj (of persons)
food. very fat. obes-ity n [U]
nuts /nAts/ adj (st) crazy; mad obey /a'bei/ vt/i do what one is
nuzzle /'nAzl/ vt/i 'v. (up told to do.
against), press the nose obitu-ary /s'bitjusri/ n [C] (pi
against. -ies) printed notice of a person's
ny-lon /'nailon/ n 1 [U] (P) death.
synthetic fibre used for hosiery, object^ /'obdsikt/ n [C] 1 some-
rope, etc. 2 (pt) (dated) nylon thing that can be seen or
stockings. touched. 2 person or thing to
nymph /nimf/ n [C] 1 (in Greek which action, feeling or thought
and Roman stories) goddess liv- is directed: an ~
of pity. 3 pur-
ing in rivers, trees, etc. 2 (lit) pose: Our ~
is to win. 4 (gram)
beautiful young woman. noun, clause, etc towards which
the action of the verb is directed,
as in: direct '^, 'He took the
money '.

object^ /ab'dsekt/ vi '^ (to), be

opposed (to); make a protest
against.
ob-jec-tion /3b'd3ekJ"n/ n 1 [C,
U] statement or feeling of dislike
 5 objective/obvious

or opposition. 2 [C] reason for quick at noticing things, -x^ly

disliking something. '>^able adv
/-sbl/ adj unpleasant, -^ably ob-ser-va-tion ,obz3'veiJn n 1
adv [U] observing, be I come I keep
ob-jec-tive /3b'd3ektiv/ adj^ (in under be watched watch
'^.
philosophy) having existence carefully. 2 [U] power of notic-
outside the mind; real. c> sub- ing things: a man of keen ^. 3
jective. 2 not influenced by per- (usually pD collected and re-
sonal feeling: an ^
decision, a n corded information. 4 [C] re-
[C] 1 object aimed at; purpose. 2 mark: a casuals.
military goal. '>^lv adv in an ob- ob-serv-atory 3b'z3:v9tri aj [C]
jective(2) manner, ob-jec'tiv- {pi -ies) building from which the
ity n [U] sun and stars may be observed.
ob-li-ga-tion iDbli'geiJn/ n [C] ob-serve vt!i 1 watch
3b'z3:v
promise, duty, be I place sb carefully. 2 pay attention to
under an -w, be/make him ob- (rules, etc). 3 celebrate (festi-
liged to do something. vals, birthdays, etc). 4 say; com-
ob-li-ga-tory a'bligstri/ adj\hdi ment. 5 attend (eg a conference)
is required by law. or custom. to listen but not to take an active
ob-lige /a'blaids/ vt 1 require by part, ob-server, person who
a promise, oath. etc. be '^d to observes (1,3, 5).
do sth, compelled. 2 do some- ob-sess /ob'ses' vt (usually pas-
thing as a favour: I'm much '^d be '^ed by. (of a fear, etc)
sive)
to you, I'm grateful, oblig-ing occupy the mind of. ob-ses-
adj willing to help, oblig-ing-ly sion -Jn n (a) [U] state of be-
adv ing obsessed, (b) [C] fixed idea
ob-lique /a'bliik/ adj slanting. that occupies one's mind, 'v/ive
'^ly adv like an obsession.
adjo{ox
ob-lit-er-ate /a'bhtareit/ vi re- ob-soi*escent /lObsa'lesnt/ adj
move all signs of; destroy, ob- becoming out of date, ob-sol-
lite'r-ation/t[U] escence^[U]
ob-liv-ion /a'blivian/ n [U] state ob-sol-ete 'Dbsaliit/ adj no
of being completely forgotten. longer used; out of date.
sink/fa/f into '^. be forgot- ob-stacle /'obstskl/ n [C] some-
. ten. thing that stops progress or
oblivious s'blivias/ adj ^v. of, makes it difficult.
unaware; having no memory of. ob-stet-rics /ab'stetnks/ n fU]
ob-long ''obloi]/ [C], adj (fi-
// branch of medicine connected
gure) having four straight sides with childbirth, ob-ste-tri-
and angles at 90 longer than it
, cian lObsta'trifn/ n [C] expert in
is wide. obstetrics.
ob-nox-ious /ab'nokjas/ adj (of. ob-sti-nate /'obstmst/ adj 1 not
eg smell) very disagreeable (to). easily giving way to persuasion.
oboe "aubau n [C] woodwind
' 2 not easily defeated: an ~ dis-
instrument, 'obo-ist, player of ease, -^^ly adv. ob-sti-nacy n
the oboe. lU]
ob-scene ab'sirn/ a<y/ (of words, ob-struct /ab'strAkt/ vt 1
pictures, etc) morally disgust- prevent progress; block: a ~
ing. '>^\y adv. obscenity road. 2 make (the development,
/ab'senati, n {pi -ies) [C.U] ob- etc of something) difficult: -^
scene language, behaviour, art. justice, obstruction -Jn n
ob-scure /9b'skju3(r)/ adj 1 (a) [U] obstructing, (b) [C]
dark; not clearly seen or under- somethmg that obstructs.
stood. 2 not well known: an ^ ob-tain /sb'tem/ vt/i get; buy:
poet, a vtmake obscure (1). Where can 1 '^ the book? '>^able
'>^ly adv. ob-scu r-ity n {pi -ies) -Dbl adj
(a) [U] state of being obscure. ob-trus-ive /ab'trutsiv/ adj
(b) [C] something that is ob- (making oneselO too noticeable.
scure. '^lyadv
observance ab'zarvans/ n 1 ob-tuse 3b'tju:s/ adj 1 unintel-
[U] the keeping of a law, custom, ligent; stupid: an ~ remark. 2
festival, etc.2 [C] act performed (of an angle) between 90^ and
as part of a ceremony. 180' '>^ly adv. '>^ness n [U]
.

ob-serv-ant ab'zaivsnt/ adj ob-vi-ous /'obvias,' adj easily

occasion /off

seen or understood. '>^ly utiv 'out. {informal) person who

oc-ca-sion /a'keisn n 1 [C] lime does not fit into a group, etc. 3

at which a particular event takes with a little extra: Uhirty-^

place, rise to the '^, show that years. 4 not regular: doing '^
one is capable of doing some- jobs. 5 (-er, -est) strange; peculi-
thing. 2 fu] reason; need: You ar, -s^ly adv in a strange manner.
had no ^ to hit him. a vt {formal) ~ity n {pi -ies) (a) [\J] quality
cause: He ^ed me muchworry. of being odd (5). (b) [C] pecuU-
oc-ca-sional /3'kei33nl adj hap- ar thing or person.
pening, seen, etc from time to odd-ment /'odmant; n [C] some-
time, but not regularly: an -^ thing left over.
cigarette I visit. '>>'ally adv not of- odds /odz n pi ^ the chances in
ten favour of or against: The are ~
oc-cu-pant /'okjupsnt n [C] you will win. 2 be at 'v (with
person whooccupies a house or sb) (over sth), be quarrelling.
room, oc-cu-pancy n [C] {pl- '^ and ends, small articles of
-ies) act, period, of occupying various sorts, usually of small
land, etc. value.
oc-cu-pa-tion /iDkju'peiJn/ n 1 ode /aud/ n [C] poem expressing
[U] act of occupyingM ,2). 2 [U] noble feelings.
period during which a building. odour /'9ud9(r)/ n [C] smell.
etc is occupied. 3 [C] business, od-ys-sey /'odisi/ n [C] {pi ~s)
trade, etc. 4 [C] that which occu- long, adventurous journey or
pies one's time. '>-al adj
/-nl/ series df adventures.
connected with a person's job. of /3v strong form: ov/ prep 1
oc-cu-pier /'Dkjupai3(r)/ n [C] (showing separation in space or
occupant. time): five miles south Paris. 2 ~
oc-cupy /'okjupai/ vt(pt,pp-\ed) (showing origin, authorship):
1 live in (a house, etc). 2 take the works ~
Shakespeare; with
possession of (towns, countries, the help ~
my father. 3 (showing
etc) in war. 3 fill (space, time, cause): die ~
hunger. 4 (showing
the mind). 4 fill: '^ a position. relief, separation, etc): cure her
oc-cur hap-
/9'k3:(r)/ vi (-rr-) 1 ~ a disease. 5 (showing
pen. 2 '>^ to, come to mind: It material): a dress ~
silk. 6 (de-
^red to me that we should leave. scription, quality, etc): the coun-
3 exist: Errors ~
on eve_r^-
verv ipage. tries '^ Europe: a case of
wrence /a'kArans/
'^rence /a'' n [Cle
[C] event; measles. 7 belonging to: the leg
happening. ~ the table. 10 (showing inclu-
ocean /'aujn/ n [C] great body of sion, measure): a pint milk; ~
water that surrounds land few -^ us. 11 from among the
masses. '>^ic isoji'aemk/ adj number of: a friends mine.
o'clock /a'klok/ particle (used in off^ /Df/ adj 1 (contrasted with
telling the time) (ie an hour): // 's near) (of vehicles) on the right-
five'^. hand side: the '^-side wheel. 2
oc-ta-gon /'oktagan/ n [C] flat (remotely) possible, on the ^'^
figure with eight sides, '^al chance, in the hope of. 3 inac-
/ok'taeganl/ at^' eight-sided. tive: the ''^^ season.
oc-tane /'oktem/ n [C,U] sub- off^ /of/ adv 1 (showing depar-
stance used to improve petrol. ture, distance): The town is five
oc-tave n [CJ {music)
/'oktiv/ miles '-^. I'm home. 2 ~
note that is six tones above or cancelled: TTje/r engagement is
below a given note; the interval {broken) ~. 3 (contrasted with
of five tones and two semi- on) disconnected: The electricity
tones. is ^. 4 (showing freedom from
Oc-to-ber /ok'tsubsir)/ n the work): a day ~, a day's holiday.
tenth month of the year. 5 (of food) no longer fresh: This
Dc-to-pus /'oktapss/ n [C] {pi mea* is/has gone ~. on and '^;
~es) sea-animal with a soft ^ and on, from time to time.
body and eight arms {tentacles). better /worse ~, C> better,
odd /od/ adj 1 (of numbers) not worse adv.
even: 1,3,5 and 7 are ~ num- off^ /of/ prep 1 not on; away
bers. 2 of one (or more) of a pair from: fall ~
a ladder. 2 (of a
or series when not with the road) branching from: a lane '^
others: an '^ sock /shoe, j-^ man the main road. 3 at some dis-
 257 offal/old

tance an island
from: the
coast. 4 {informal) not taking:
/'m ~
my food, have no appetite.
5 not quite: ^'^white. (look) ->-
colour. O colour' (2).
</i/fy, C>duty(1).
of -fal /'ofl/ n [U] internal parts of
an animal, eg heart, head, used
for food.
of -fence {VS =of-fense)
/a'fens/ n 1 [C] crime,
of a rule 2 [U] the hurting of a
person's feelings. 3 [U] attack-
ing: weapons of '^
of -fend /9'fend/ vtji 1 do wrong.
2 hurt the feelings of. 3 dis-
please: ugly buildings that
eye. --^er, person who offends,
esp by breaking a law.
of-fen-sive /a'fensiv/ adj 1 dis-
agreeable: ~
language. 2 used
for attacking. C> defensive, a n
[C] military attack, take the
'V.,start to attack. '>>'ly adv.
of-fer/'Df9(r)/ v///1 present to be
accepted or refused:
him a
good job 2 -^ (up), present (to
God). 3 show; attempt: ~ resis-
tance. D n [C] act of offering;
that which is ofTcred. '>^ing n
[C] something offered, esp to
God.
off-hand ,Df 'haend/ adj 1 with-
out preparation. 2 (of behavi-
our, etc) casual; impolite, a adv
without previous preparation:
give an answer'^.
of-fice /'ofis/ n [C] 1 (often pi)
room(s) used as a place of busi-
ness, for clerical work. 2 (build-
ings of a) government depart-
ment, in '^, forming the
government. 3 important posi-
tion: the -x. of President, i'^-
block, large buildmg contain-
ing business offices.
~ hol to be taken away.
off-putting /,Df 'putiq/ adj (in-
formal) discouraging: His rude-
ness was very '^. C> put sb off
^ at put(9).
off -set /'ofset/ vt (-tt-) balance,
compensate for.
off-shoot /'Dfj"u:t/ n [C] 1 stem
growing from a main stem. 2
(fig) branch (of a family, moun-
breaking tain range, etc).
off-shore i^o[ io:(r)/ adj ^ away
from the shore: ~ breezes. 2 at a
short way out to sea: '^ islands.
off-side lOf 'said/ adj. adv (in
sport) (of a player) in a position
~ the in front of the ball which is
against the rules.
off -spring /'Dfsprir)/«[C](/7/~)
child; children; young of ani-
mals.
of -ten /'ofn/ adv (more ^. most
~) many times: We '^ go there.
every so '^. from time to time.
ogre '9ug3(r) n [C] (in fables)
~
cruel man-eating giant. '>^ss
/'augres/, female ogre.
oil Dil/ n [C.U] 1 (sorts oQ liquid
which does not mix with water,
obtained from animals, plants,
or found in rock underground.
strike '^. (a) find petroleum
in the ground, (b) (jig) become
very prosperous. 2 (pt) oil col-
ours, a vt put oil on or into. ''>^
colours n pi paints made by
mixing colouring matter in oil.
''^-f ield, area where petroleum
is found, '^^^-painting, (a) [U]
art of painting in oil colours, (b)
[C] picture painted in oil col-
ours. ''>^-rig, structure for dril-
ling for oil. ''x/skin, [C.U]
(codt, etc made of) cloth treated
with oil to make it waterproof.
''>- slick, film of oil covering

of-f i-cer /'Dfis3(r)/ n [C] 1 person the sea, etc. '-^^-well, well from
in command in the armed which petroleum is obtained.
forces. 2 person with authority: oily adj (-ier, -iest) (a) of or
a customs ^. 3 policeman. like oil. (b) covered or soaked
of-fi-cial /s'fij"!/ adj of a position with oil. (c) (of speech or man-
of trust or authority; said, done, ner) using fiattery (to win fav-
etc with authority, a n [C] per- our).
son holding public office. '>^\y oint-ment /brntmrnit/ n [C,U]
adv in an official manner; with medicinal paste used on the
authority. skin.
of-fi-cious /a'fijas/ adj (formal) okay ,3u'kei/.a<y/, adv (common
too eager to use one's authority, abbr OK) (informal) all right;
to offer advice, etc. '>^Iy adv. correct; approved, a vt agree to;
'^nessn[\J] approve of. a n [C] agreement.
offing /'ofiq/ n in the '^. (Jig) old /sold/ adj (-er, -est) also O
possible. elder\ eldest. 1 (with a period
off-licence /'of laisns/ n [C] of time) of age: He's forty years
(shop with a) licence to sell alco- ^. How ~ are you? 2 having
 .

olden/ongoing 258

lived a long time: He's too -^ to mittee. 5 (of direction) towards:

work. 3 belonging to past times; turn one 's hack ->- her: march on
in use for a long time: old Rome. 6 (expressing the reason):
habits shoes. 4 long known: an arrested ~
a charge of theft. 7
~ friend 5 former: h(fys. ^ (of a charge): put a tax '>- tobac-
former pupils a n [U] 1 the '>^. co. 8 close to; against: a town ~
old people 2 0/-^, in. from, the the coast. 9 (about an activity,
past. ,^ age 'pensioner, = state): go to London •^ business:
senior citizen |^-'fashioned -^fire. burning.
adj (a) out-of-date, (b) keeping once WAns adv 1 for one time;
to older ways. etc. '>^ hand, per- on one occasion only. -^ more,
son with long experience. '>- again. '>^ in a while, occasion-
master, great painter or paint- ally, ^'^andfor^all. O aiP(2)
ing of the past. 2 at a time in the past: (a) He ^
olden 'auldan adJ (lit) past: in lived in Munich, (b) (in story-
~ days. telling): O^
upon a time ...3 at
ol-ive 'dIiv n 1 [C] (tree of S '^. (a) immediately, (b) at the
Europe with a) small fruit, eaten same time: Don 7 all speak at -^l
raw or used to make cooking oil a conj when: 0~
you know how.
2 ^ branch, a symbol of it's easy.
peace. 3 [U] (also adj) (of a) on-com-ing /'onkAmir)/ adj ap-
yellowish-green colour. proaching: ~ traffic.
omelette, (also om-elet) one^ WAn adj. n [C] 1 (oQ 1- be
'omlit n [C] eggs beaten to- 'v. 'i/p (on sb), have an advan-
gether and fried. tage over him. 2 (similar to a
omen 'somen/ n [C,U] sign of and an): ~
day. 3 (to show a
something good or evil in the fu- contrast with the other, another):
ture. I can 't tell •^ car from the other.
om-in-ous 'ommas adJ for ''s^ thing, for one reason
threatening: ~ clouds, -wly adv (out of several). 4 the same:
omis-sion d'mijn «1[U]actof They all went off in -^ direction.
omitting; neglect. 2 [C] some- in ^, combined: He is President
thing that IS omitted. and Secretary in '^. i^-v^-'sided
omit a'mit vt (-tt-) {format) 1 adj (a) having one side only, (b)
'^ to do I doing sth. fail to do unfair: a ^'^-sided ^argument.
2 leave out; not include. '^w-time adj former. ''>^-way,
om-ni-bus 'omnibas n [C] ipl in which traffic may proceed in
~es) (former name for a) bus. one direction only.
on^ on adv 1 (to show progress, one^ WAn pron 1 ^ of. (show-
continued activity): /'// follow ing inclusion; equivalent to
•>-, come after you. and'^so among): Mr Smith is not of my ~
'^,0 so^(1). later '^, after- customers. 2 (replacing a noun):
wards. I's^ and '^, without I haven't any stamps. Will you
stopping, off and '^, O please give me ~.' 3 (equivalent
off^(5) 2 in contact: Your hat is
. to that, those): The blue hat is the
not '^ straight, have nothing ^ I like best. 4 (used after the,
^, (a) be naked, (b) have no that, etc or after an adj ): My
commitments. 3 (contrasted cheap camera is just as good as
with off) connected; function- John's expensive ~. 5 a parti-
ing, etc: The lightswere all ^. ^ cular person or creature: the
What's ^? What's happen- little ~5, the children. '^ an-
ing? /»e ''^ to. be aware of a per- other's ). (to show mutual ac-
son's intentions, etc. 5 towards: tion or relation): They don 't like
crash head '~, ie with the front ^ another. 6 (formal) any per-
forward. son: 0~
cannot always find time
on^ on prep 1 supported by; fas- for reading.
tened to; in contact with: a car- one self /wAn'self pron 1 (ref-
pet '^ the floor. 2 (of time) (a) lexive) one's own self: wash ^.
during; exactly at: ^ (all) by '^. (a) alone, (b) with-
Sunday(s)!the 1st of May. (b) at out help. 2 (used for emphasis):
the time of: '^ my arrival. '^ To be sure, one ought to look at it
time, punctual(ly). 3 about: a
lecture '^ Shakespeare. 4 (of on-go-ing 'ongauir) ' a^' conti-
membership): He is ~ the com- nuing: |~ re'search.
 9 onion/opium

onion n [C,U] round

/'Anisn/ (b) (of a debate, etc) with many
vegetable with a strong smell possible solutions. '>^ market,
and flavour, used in cooking. with free competition. |'>^-

on-looker /'onluksCr) n [CJ per- 'minded adj without prejudice.

son who watches something '^\y adv without secrecy.
happening. '>-'ness n [U] frankness.
only^ /'sunli/ adj 1 single: Smith open^ 'aupan; v7//1 make, cause
was the '^ person able to do it. 2 to be. open. 2 make an opening
that are all the examples: We in or a passage through: a ~
were the '^ people wearing hats. road through a forest. 3 '^^ sth
3 best: He 's the ~
man for me. up, begin to develop: up the~
only^ /'aunli; adv solely: / ,^ saw forest. 4 spread out; unfold- a ~
^Mary, and no one else, //-w, O book. ^ one's mind/ heart
if (7). ^ too, very: |~ too to sb, make known one's
^pleased. ideas feelings. 5 start: ^
an ac-
only^ /'sunli/ conj but then: / like count, eg at a bank. ^
fire (at/
the book ~ // 's expensive. on), start shooting. 6 declare
on-set /'onset/ n [C] attack; that business, etc may now start:
start: the ~ of an illness. •^ a shop.
on-shore /'onJoiCr)/ adj. adv to- open-ing /'aupanir)/ n [C] 1 open
ward the shore: ~ winds. space. 2 beginning. 3 process of
on-slaught /'Dnsb:t/ n [C] furi- becoming open: the ~ of a flow-
ous attack (o«). er. 4 position (in a business)
onto 'vnia strong form: 'ontu: which is vacant, a a^ first: his '^
prep to a position on: climb a ~ words.
horse. op-era /'oprs/ n (pi -^s) 1 [C]
onus /'aunas/ n {sing only) re- musical drama, in which the
sponsibiUty for doing some- words are sung. 2 [U] works of
thing: the ~
is on you. this kind as art. '>^tic
on-ward 'onwad/ adj. adv for- lOps'raetik/ adj
ward, a adv (also on-wards): op-er-ate /'opareit/ vt i 1 (cause
move-^s. to) work: '^ a machine. 2 per-
ooze /u:z/ /j [U] soft liquid mud. form a surgical operation. 3 do
D vtji 1 (of thick liquids) pass business: My company ~5
slowly through. 2 emit (moist- abroad, 'operating table/
ure, confidence, etc). theatre, for use in surgical
opac-ity au'paesati/ n [U] (qual- operations.
ity oQ being opaque. op-er-ation /,Dp3'reiJn/ n 1 [U]
opal /'supl/ n [C] kinds of semi- working: the '^ of a machine. 2
precious stone. [C] piece of work. 3 (usually pi)
opaque /au'peik/ adj not allow- movements of troops, etc in
ing light to pass through. '>^ly warfare. 4 [C] planned cam-
adv. '^nessniV] paigns in industry, etc. 5 [C] cut-
open^ /'aupsn/ adj 1 not closed: ting into the body to cure dis-
^ doors. 2 not enclosed: ~ ease, etc. '>^al adj (a) of, for,
//eWi-. 3 not covered, in the ^ used in, operations, (b) ready
^air, outside (a building, etc). 4 for use.
spread out: The flowers were all op-er-at-ive /'oparstiv/ adj^ (of
~. 5 public; free to all. keep '^ laws, machines) operating; hav-
house, offer hospitality to ing an effect. 2 of surgical
everyone. 6 not decided: leave a operations, a n [C] worker.
matter ~. have/keep an ->- op-er-ator 'Dp3reit3(r)/ n [C]
^mind (on sth), be ready to person who operates something.
consider further, etc. 7 ready for op-er-etta lOpa'reta/ n [C] {pi
business: Are the shops -^^ yet? 8 ~s) short musical comedy.
known to all: an ^
secret. 9 '^ opin-ion /a'pmian'/il [C] judge-
to, vulnerable: ~
to criticism. ment not based on complete
10 honest; frank: an face: ~ knowledge, be of the '^ that,
discussion, a n the '>-, the open feel, believe, that. 2 [U] views,
air. ''>^-air adj taking place out beliefs, of a group. 3 [C] profes-
of doors; not covered. -^ che- sional advice: a doctor's ~.
que, one that is not crossed and '>^ated fli// obstinate; dogmatic.
may be exchanged for cash. ,'>^- opium /'aupiam/ n [U] substance
'ended adj (a) with no limit. prepared from poppy seeds.
opponent /order
used as a drug.
op-po-nent a'pounant/ n [C]
person against whom one fights,
plays games or argues.
op-por-tune 'opaljurn at//(/or-
maf)^ (of time) suitable, favour-
able.2 (of an action) done at a
favourable time, --^ly adv
op-por-tun-ity /lOpa'tjumatr n
[C.U] (pi -ies) favourable time
or chance to do something.
op-pose a'psuz' v7 1 place
oneself, fight, against. 2
to. in contrast with.
op-po-site 'opazit a^l
the house ^ (to) mine.
ent; contrary: in the '^ direction.
one's ,^ ^number, person oc-
cupying the same position in an-
other group, etc. c prep facing:
->- the station, a n [C] v/ord or
thing that is entirely different.
op-po-si-tion (Opa'zijn'nl [U]
the state of being opposed: great
~ to the new law. 2 the O'-w,
political parties opposing the
Government.
op-press by un-
a'pres/ v7 1 rule
just or cruel government. 2 be/
feel ^ed with sth. (Jig) feel
troubled, sad. op-res-sion
/-J"n/ n [C,U]. -wive adj (a)
cruel, unjust, (b) hard to en-
dure: '^ive heat. '>^or, cruel or
unjust ruler, leader, etc.
opt /opt/ vi ^
for sth, choose
it. 'V- out of. choose to take no
part in.
op-tic /'optik/ adj of the eye: the
~ ner\e. '^s\ adj of the sense of
illusion, something
sight. '>^al
by which the eye is deceived.
-^ian /op'tijn n [C] person who
makes or supplies spectacles.
op-ti-mism /'optimizam/ n [U]
belief that the best thing will
happen, op-ti-mist, person
who believes in optimism, op-
ti'mis-tica^
op-ti-mum /'optimam/
favourable: the '^^ price.
op-tion /'opjn/ n [U] right,
1 public meeting, on a point of
freedom, to choose. 2 [Cl thing
that may be chosen, -^al adj not
compulsory.
or conj 1 (introducing an
/o:(r)l
alternative): Is it green blue?
Do you want tea. coffee -^ beer?
either... '^. C> either.
(else), otherwise; if not: Do it,
'^ else I'll hit you! 2 in other
words: a pound. ~
one hundred
pence. 3 ~so, about; and
more: I'd like twenty so. ~ longing to a special class (as an
260
oral "D:r3l/ adj 1 using the
spoken word. 2 (anal) of, by.
for, the mouth, n n [C] (infor-
mal) oral examination. ~ly adv
or-ange 'orinds, adj, n [C] (tree
with a) round, thick-skinned
juicy fruit, of a colour between
yellow and red; [U] colour of the
ripe fruit.
orang-outang /D:,r<er) u:'taerj/
-utan, -outan Z-'taen/) n
(also
ape with
(C) large hiongai
long arms.
as ^d oration D:'r( n/ n[C][C] formal
public speech
facing: ora-tor 'Dr3t3(r) n [C] person
2 differ- who makes speeches (esp a good
speaker), ora-tory 'oratri/ n
[U] (art oQ making speeches.
orbit "Dibit/ n [C] 1 path of eg a
planet round another body. 2
area of influence, a vt/i (cause
to) move in orbit, '^al adj
orchard "oitjad/ n [C] land with
fruit-trees.
or-ches-tra /'Drkistra/ n [C] {pi
~s) band of persons playing
musical instruments together.
or-ches-tral /Di'kestral/ adj.
'^Xe /-eit/ vt arrange for orches-
tral performances. '^tion
/-'streiJn/w[C,U]
or-chid /'D:kid n [C] sorts of
plant with flowers of brilliant
colours and unusual shapes.
or-dain /or'dem/ vt 1 make (a
person) a priest. 2 (of God, law)
give orders (r/ja/).
or-deal /Dr'di:!/ n [C] severe test
of character or endurance.
or-der^ /b:do(r) n 1 [U] way in
which things are placed in rela-
tion to one another, in ^
of. ar-
ranged according to: placed in -«-
of size. 2 [U] condition in which
everything is carefully arranged.
(not) in '^. (not) as it should
be: Your papers are in ~. out of
'^^ (of a machine, etc) not func-
tioning. 3 [U] obedience to the
adj most law. C> disorder, law and '^,
O iaw(3). 4 [U] rules usual at a
'v/, on a question of procedure.
5 [C] command given with auth-
ority. 6 [C] request to supply
goods; the goods (to be) sup-
^ plied, on '>^. requested but not
yet supplied. 7 [C] written in-
^ struction (esp to a bank or post
office) to pay money. 8 in -^ to
do sth. with the purpose of-do-
ing something, in ^
that, so
that. 9 [C] group of people be-
 order /ostentation

honour): the (9~ of the Bath. 10 orien-tate /'arrianteit/ vt 1 de-

take (holy) '^s, become a termine exactly the position of
priest. 11 [C] kind; sort: ability ^something). 2 {fig) '^ oneself,
of a high ->^. make oneself familiar with one's
order^ b:d9(r)/ vt 1 give an ord- surroundings, orien-ta-tipn
er (5, 6,7). ->.' sb about, keep /-In/ n [U]
on telling him to do things. 2 ar- ori-f ice /'orifis/ n [C] outer open-
range; direct: ^ one 's life better. ing.
or-der-ly /'oidali adj 1 well- ori-gin /'Drid3in/ n [C,U] 1
arranged; tidy. 2 careful; tidy: starting-point. 2 birth: of Eng-
an ~mind. 3 well-behaved: an ~ lish ^.
crowd. D n [C] (/?/ -ies) (army) of- orig-inal /a'ndsanl/ adj^ first. 2
ficer's messenger; attendant in a newly created: -^ designs. 3 able
(military) hospital, or-der-li- to produce new ideas, etc: an ~
ness^tu] thinker, a n [C] original (2)
or-di-nal /brdml/ adj, n [C] thing, "^^ly adv (a) in an original
(number) showing order in a (2) manner, (b) in the begin-
series: //>5r, second, third. O car- ning: His shirt was '^ly white.
dinalV -^al-ityz-'naelatiZ/jM
or-di-nary 'h.dmni adj normal; orig-inate 'a'ndsmeit/ vtji 1 -^
average, out of the '^, unusu- from/iA/ith, have as a begin-
al, or-di-nar-ily /'D:d3nr3li/ adv ning. 2 begin; create, orig-in-
normally: ordinarily he leaves ator^?[C]
early. or-na-ment /'arnamant/ n 1 [U]
ore /D:(r)/ n [C,U] (kinds oO rock, adorning. 2 [C] object that is*'
etc from which metal can be ex- beautiful rather than useful. vt
tracted. /'ornament/ decorate. '>^al
or-gan^ /'organ/ n [C] 1 any part /-'mentl/ adj
of an animal body or plant serv- ornate /or'neit adj 1 richly or-
ing an essential purpose. 2 namented. 2 (of style) not sim-
means for making known what >^ness n [U]
ple. '>^ly adv.
people think: -^5 of public op- orni-thol-ogy ,orni'9Dlad3i/ n
inion, newspapers, etc. [U] scientific study of birds, or-
or-gan^ /'organ/ n [C] musical in- ni-thol-ogist n [C] expert in
strument from w hich sounds are ornithology.
produced by air forced through or-phan 'orfn/ n [C] child whose
pipes. ''>^ist, player of an or- parents are dead, a vt cause to
gan. be an orphan. ''>^age, home for
or-ganic /or'gaenik/ adj 1 of an orphans.
organ of the body. 2 (opposite or-tho-dox /'orBadoks/ ac//(hav-
= inorganic) having bodily or- mg opinions which are) general-
gans. 3 made of related parts: an ly accepted, ortho-doxy n
'^structure, '^ally /-kli/ adv [C, U] {pi -ies)
or-gan-ism /'orgamzam/ n [C] 1 orthogra-phy /or'Gografi/ nlUl
living being with parts which (system oO spelling.
work together. 2 any system orthopaedic (also -pedic)
with parts dependent on each /prGa'pirdik/ adj of the curing of
other. deformities and diseases of
or-gan-iz-ation /prganai'zeifr/ bones, ortho-paedics (also
n 1 fU] act of prganizing. 2 [C] -ped-ics) n orthopaedic sur-
organized body of persons; or- gery.
ganized system. os-cii-late/'osileit/ vt/i 1 swing
or-gan-ize /'acganaiz/ vt 1 ar- backwards and forwards like a
range in a system: ~
workers. 2 F>endulum. 2 {fig) change be-
make preparations for: '^ a tween extremes of opinion, etc.
party. oscil'lation /-Jn/ n [C,U]
orgy /'ardp/ n [C] (pi -ies) drun- os-ten-sible /'nstensabl/ adj
ken or immoral party. {formal) (of reasons, etc) put
orient 'arriant/ n the O'^. forward to hide the real reason.
{poet) countries east of the Med- ostensiblyac/v
iterranean, esp the Far East, d os-ten-ta-tion /,Dsten'teiJn/ n
adj {poet) Eastern. '^a\ [V] display (of wealth, skill, etc)
/prn'entl, adj. n [C] (person) of made to get admiration, os-
the Orient. tenta-tiousaJ/
ostracize/ outer

os-tra-cize 'osirasaiz, v7 ex- in) 1 away from a place, the usu-

clude from society. al condition, etc: go ~. 2 be '>^:
os-trich 'DStritj' n [C] (pi ~es) Mrs White is ~, not at home.
fast-running bird, the largest in The dockers are ^ again, on
existence, unable to fly. strike. Short skirts are ~, not
other 'Ad3(r) adj, pron (oQ fashionable, be -s^ to do. etc,
(person or thing) not already trying to: / m not '^ to change the
named or implied. 1 the 'x,, world. 3 far away: He lives in ~
ising) the second of two: on the the country 4 available; free
'>^ side of the street, on the '-^ from confinement; discovered:
hand, (showing a contrast): It s The sun is '^ The prisoner got'\..
.

cheap, but on the '^ hand the 5 exhausted, extinct: Put that
quality is poor. 2 the -^^s, (pi) cigarette ~' 6 completely: I'm
(used to refer to two or more): tired '^. have it '^ with sb, O
Six of them are mine; the ~5 are have^(8) all ^. with maxi-
John's. 3 remaining: Smith is mum effort. 7 (showing error):-
better than any ~
member of the Tm ~ in my calculations. 8
team. 4 more; extra: Have you (showing loudness): cry '^. -v/
any ^ hooks' every ^, (a) all loud, in a loud voice. 9 (cricket)
the rest: John is stupid: every ->- (of a batsman) no longer bat-
boy knows the answer, (b) alter- ting.
nate: Write only on every line.~ out^ /aut; prep '^ of. (contrast-
...or 'V', (used to show uncer- ed with in and into) 1 (of place):
tainty): some day or ~. the -v. Fish cannot live ~
of water. 2 (of
day. a few days ago. 5 different: movement): walk ~
of the shop.
/ do not wish her to be ~
than she 3 (of motive): They helped us '^
is. o adv ( = otherwise) in a dif- of kindness. 4 from among: in
ferent way: / can't do it than ~ nine cases ->- often. 5 from: made
slowly. ~ of old planks. 6 without: of ~
other-wise 'ASawaiz/ adv 1 in a breath. 7 (of origin): drink -^ of a
different way: You evidently cup. 8 (of result): talk him of ~
think ~. 2 in other respects or doing it. 9 at a certain distance
conditions: The rent is high, but from: ten miles ~
of Hull.
~ the house is satisfactory, a out-board 'autboid, adj placed
conj if not: Get out. '^ he'll be on the outside of a boat: 'v- mo-
angry. tor.
ot-ter /'Dt3(r)/ n [C] fur-covered, out-break /'autbreik/ n [C] be-
fish-eating animal; [U] its fur. ginning: the ~
of war.
ought D:t aux verb (negative out-build-ing 'autbildii)/ n [C]
ought not or oughtn't /'D:tnl/) building separate from the main
1 (showing obligation): Such building.
things -^ not to be allowed. 2 out-burst /'autb3:st, n [C] burst-
(showing what is advisable): ing out (of anger, etc).
You 'V- ( = I advise you) to see out-cast ,'autka:st/ n [C], adj
that new film. 3 (showing pro- (person or animal) sent away
babihty): That ~
to be enough from home or society.
fish for three people. out-come /'autkAm, n [C] effect
ounce Zauns n [C] (abbr oz) or result of an event.
unit of weight, one sixteenth of a out-crop /'autkrop/ n [C] layer
pound. (of rock, etc) seen above the
our /a:(r) strong form: 'au9(r)/ ground.
adjo[oT belonging to us. out-cry /'autkrai/ n (pi -ies) [C,
ours 'auaz/ possessive pron (the U] public protest.
one or ones) oelonging to us. out-dated au'deitid/ adj made
our-selves a:'selvz; pron 1 (ref- out-of-date: ~ customs.
lexive): It's no use worrying ~. out-do /Q:ut'du:, vt (pt -did
(all) by '^. (a) alone, (b) with- /-'did/; pp -done /-'dAn/) do
out help. 2 (used for emphasis): more or better than: ->>. one's ri-
We've often made that mistake vals.
out-door /'autdD:(r)/ adj done,
oust /aust/ vt 'y^ sb (from), existing, outside a house, out-
cause (a person) to leave (his doors adv in the open air.
job, etc). outer /'aut3(r) adj 1 of or for
out^ /aut/ adv (contrasted with the outside: -^ garments. in- O
 3 outfit/oven

ner. 2 farther from the inside: out-put /'a:utput/ n [C] quantity

ihe ~ suburbs. ,'^ 'space, the
universe beyond the earth's at-
mosphere. ''>^most adj farthest
from the inside.
out-fit ,'autfit/ n [C] clothing or
articles needed for a purpose, n
VI (-tt-) equip, -^^ter, shopkeep-
er, shop, sellmg clothes.
out-flank aot'flaer|k. vt go
round the side of (the enemy).
out-go-ing 'aotgauiq ac//' leav-
ing: ihe ^ President. O incom-
ing, out-go-ings n pi expendi-
ture.
out-grow aut'grsu/
-grew -'gru: ; pp
/-'graun ) 1 grow too large for.
eg one's clothes. 2 forget (bad
of goods, etc produced.
out-rage 'autreid3; n [C.U] 1
(act oO extreme violence. 2 act
that shocks public opinion, a vt
shock greatly. '>^ous c;^/ shock-
ing; very cruel. ^>-'Ous-ly adv
out-right 'autrait .adj 1 posi-
tive:an ~
denial. 2 clear: the ~
winner, a adv immediately: be
killed^.
out-set 'autset n at/ from the
^, at from the beginning.
out-side /aot'said n [C] (con-
trasted with inside) the outer
vt {pt part(s): the -^ of the house, a adj
-grown 1 of or on, nearer, the outside. 2
not connected with a group, etc:
^ help extra workers. 3 unlike-
.

habits, etc) as one grows older. ly: an ^

chance, a adv on or to
out-house 'authaus // [C] {pi the outside: The car is waiting'^,
~s -hauziz ) small building a prep 1 at or on the outer side
next to the main building. of: ~the house. 2 except: He has
out-ing 'autir)/ n [C] pleasure no interest ~ his work.
trip. out-sider 'aDt'said3(r)/ n [C] 1
out-land-ish /aut'laendij/ adJ person who is not a member of a
strange; shocking: ~ clothes. group, society, etc. 2 horse,
'>-'ly adv team, etc that is not expected
out-law /'autb:/ n [C] (in olden win a contest.
times) person punished by being out-size aut'saiz adj (esp of
placed outside the protection of clothing, etc) larger than the
the law. D vt ban: -^ the sale of usual size.
guns. out-skirts 'autsk3:ts n pi
out-lay 'autlei; n [U] spending; outlying parts (esp of a town).
[C] money spent. out-spoken aut'spsokan/ adj
out-let 'autlet, n [C] 1 way out saying freely w hat one thinks.
for water, etc. 2 (fig) means of out-stand-ing aut'staendiq ac//
showing feelings, using energies, 1 excellent: an -^ performance. 2
etc. (of work, etc) still to be done.

out-line 'autlam u [C] 1 line(s) '^\y adv

showing shape. 2 statement of out-strip /aut'strip' v7 (-pp-) do
the chief facts, etc: an of the ~ better than: ^ one 's rivals.
plans, a vt draw, give, in outline. out-ward 'autwad adj ^ of or
out-live aut'liv/ vt live longer on the outside: ~
appearence. 2
than: 'n^ one 's children. going out: the ^
voyage, a adv
out-look 'autluk/ n [C] 1 view. (also out-wards) towards the
2 what seems likely to happen. 3 outside; away from home, -^^ly
person's way of thinking: a «<^v apparently.
hopeful'^ on life. O narrow (3). out-weigh aut'wei v/ be great-
out-lying /'autlaiir)/ a^far from er in weight or importance than.
Iheccnire: '^villages. out-wit aut'wit vt (-tt-) defeat
out-num-ber aut'nAmb3(r) vt by being cleverer.
be greater in number than. oval 'auvl n [C], adj (shape) Vikc
out-of-date lautav'deii, adj = an egg.
out of date, o dateM2). ovary n [C] {pi -ies)
'auvari,
out-of-the-way laut 3v da (anat) either of the two repro-
'wei at// remote; secluded. ductive organs in which eggs are
out-patient 'autpeijnt n [C] produced in female animals. c>
person visiting a hospital for ovum.
treatment but not living there. ova-tion au'veijn/ n [C] appro-
out-post 'autpaust; ^IC] 1 (sol- val expressed by clapping,
diers in an) observation post far cheering.
from the main body of troops. 2 oven 'Avn n [C] enclosed space
any distant settlement. heated for baking, roasting, etc.
over/ overpower

over^ /'3uv3(r)/ adv^ (suggesting too much; exaggerate. ~ it.

movement down, or so that a work, etc too hard.
difTerent side Knock a
is seen): over-dose 'sovadaus n (C] too
vase '^. Turn the page ~. 2 up- much of a drug.
wards and outwards; The milk over-draft '3uv3dra:ft n [C]
boiled '^. 3 through: ihink it ^. amount of money by which a
4 ,'>^ and '-^^ fa'gain), bank account is overdrawn.
repeatedly. 5 across (a distance, over-draw ,9uv3'drD: v// (pt
etc): Take (his ^
to the post of- -drew -'dru: pp
; -drawn
fice. 6 remaining: meat (left) ->>- /-'drD:n ) draw a cheque for a
7 more: children of fourteen and sum that is more (than one's

-^. 8 finished: The meeting is ~. credit balance in a bank).

9 in all parts: ache all'^. over-due ,3uv3'dju:afy/ beyond
over* '3uv9(r) prep 1 resting on the time fixed (for payment, etc)
and covering: He spilt oil -v- his over-flow ,3<jv3'n3u v7 Upt.pp
clothes.2 at a level higher than: -^ed) 1 How over (the edges or
the shelf -^ the table. 3 (of limits): the cup '^ed. 2 be more
superiority in authority, etc): He than filled, a n /'3ov3n3()/ [C] 1
has no control ->- his students. 4 fiowing over of liquid; ihai
in or across every part of: travel which fiows over. 2 pipe for let-
all ~
Europe. 5 from one side to ting out extra water, etc.
the other of: Look the hedge. ^ over-grown /,3uv3'Qr3un adjl
6 (opposite = under) more than: having grown too fast: an boy. ~
for -^ an hour. ,'>^ and a^bove. 2 covered (esp with plants).
in addition to. 7 concerning: an over-hang ,3uv3'haer)/ vt/i
argument '^ methods 8 by (jjt.pp -hung -'hAi]/) project
means of: hear it '^ the radio over, like a shelf a n /'auvahaei)/
telephone. [C] part that overhangs.
oveH '3uv9(r) n [C] (cricket) over-haul isuvs'hod/ vt^ exam-
number of balls bowled in suc- ine thoroughly to repair. 2 over-
cession by each bowler. take: ~
the leading driver, a n
over- ,9uv9(r) prefix 1 across, /'3uv3h3:l/ [C] examination for
above: -^land; -^head. 2 too the purpose of repairing, etc.
(much): '^-poHite. over-head /|3uv3'hed/ adv
over-all^ lauvar'o:!/ adj includ- above: aircraft flew ->-. d adj
ing everything: -*.- measure- /'suvshed/ raised above the
ments/control. ground: ~ cables.
over-all* 'auvaro:!/ n 1 [C] over-heads /'3uv3hcdz/ n pi ex-
loose-fitting dress that covers panses of a business, eg rent.
other clothes. 2 (pf) loose-fitting over-hear |3uv3'hi3(r)/ vt(pt,pp
clothes worn to protect other ~d /-'h3:d/) hear without the
clothes from dirt. etc. knowledge of the speaker(s).
over-awe isuvar'a:/ vt gain over-joyed /puvs'dpid/ adj
complete reverence, obedience. very delighted (at success, etc).
over-bal-ance /lauva'baebns over-land adj /'3uv3liend', adv
v/// (cause to) fall over. /-'laend/ across the land: travel'^
over-bear-ing /lauva'bearig/ai// to India.
forcing others to obey one's will. overlap /isuva'laep/ vt'i (-pp-) 1
'>^ly adv partly cover and extend beyond
over-board 'auvaboid/ adv o\er one edge (of something). 2 (fig)
the side of a ship into the water. [)artly coincide, a 'suvalaep/ n
over-cast iSuva'kaiGt, adj (of C,Uj part that overlaps
the sky) darkened by clouds. over-load ,3uv3'l3ud/ v/ put too
over-charge ,3uv3'tJ"a:d3/ vt/i great a load (of electric current,
1 charge too high a price. 2 fill weight) on.
or load too much. over-look /,3uv3'luk/ vrl have a
over-coat /'auvakaut/ n [C] long view of from above. 2 fail to not-
coat worn over other clothes in ice. 3 let pass without punishing:
cold weather. 'y^ a fault.
over-come /,3uv3'kAm/ vt (pt over-night /,3uv3'nait/ adv for,
-came /-'keim pp ~) 1 defeat.
; during, the night: stay ~. Q
2make weak: ~ by tiredness. /'3UV3nait/ adj: an bag. ~
over-do /,3uv9'du: vt (pt -did over-power /,3uv3'pau3(r)/ vt
/-'did/; pp -done z-'dAn/) 1 do defeat by greater strength or
 265 overrate /pack

numbers, ^ing adj too strong; which animals develop.

very powerful: an 'y^ing smell. owe /3u/ vtji 1 be in debt to (a
over- rate /,9uv3'reit/ v/ put too person): You '^ me £50. 2 be un-
high a value on. der an obligation to. 3 be in-
over>reach /,3uv3'ri:tJ/ vt '^ debted to: I'^my success to hard
oneself, fail by being too am- work.
bitious. ow-ing /'auu)/ adj still to be
over-ride /,9uv9'raid/ vt (pt paid. '>^ to, prep because of.
-rode /-'raod/; pp -ridden owl /aul/ n [C] night-flying bird
/-'ridn/) refuse to accept (a per- that eats small animals.
son's wishes, claims, etc). own^ /sun/ adj. pron for emphas-
overrule /,3uv3'ru:l/ vt change a is in possession; individual: with
decision (using one's higher my -^ eyes, (all) on one's '^,
authority). (a) alone, (b) without help.
over-run /|3UT9'rAn/ vt (pt -ran get one 's ''v. back, have one's
/-'raen/; pp '^) 1 spread over and revenge. ,/io/</ one's ^'^, (a)
occupy: A house '^^ by spiders. 2 maintain one's position against
go beyond (a limit). attack, (b) not lose strength.
over-seas /,3uv3'si:z/ adj. adv own^ /aun/ vtji 1 possess: a ^
(at, fo, from, places) across the house. 2 -^ 'i/p (to sth), con-
sea. fess fully, '^er n [C]. 'X/ership,
over-see /,3uv3'si:/ vt {pt -saw right of possession.
/-'so:/; pp -seen /-'si:n/) control ox /oks/ n [C] {pi ^en /'oksn/) 1
(work, workmen), 'over-seer, animal of the cattle family. 2
who supervises work.
person (esp) fully grown castrated male
over-shadow /puva'Jaedaa/ vt cow.
1 throw a shade over. 2 (fig) oxy-gen /'oksidsan/ n [U] gas
cause to seem less important. without colour, taste or smell,
over-shoot /puva'Jurt/ vt (pt.pp necessary for life.
-shot /-'Jot/) travel beyond (a oy-ster /'Dist9(r)/ n [C] kinds of
mark or limit). shellfish used as food, ''x.-

over-sight /'auvasait/ n [C,U] catcher, wading seabird.

failure to notice or do some-
thing.
over-step /puvs'step/ vt (-pp-)
go beyond: '^^ one'sjauthority.
overt /'9uv3:t/ adj done or
shown openly: '\. hostility. '>^ly
adv
over-take
-took
/,9uv3'teik/
/-'tuk/; pp -taken
vt {pt Pp
/-'teikan/) 1 catch up with and
pass. 2 (of storms, troubles, etc) P, p /pi:/ {pi P's, p's /pi-^/) the
happen suddenly, by surprise. 16th letter of the English al-
over- throw /puva'Orau/ vt {pt phabet.
-threw /-'Gru:/; pp -thrown pace /peis/ n [C] 1 (distance
/-'Oraun/) defeat; put an end to: covered by the foot in a) single
'V, the government, a /'auvsGrau/ step. 2 rate of walking or run-
n[C] ning, keep 'V. (with), {Jig)
over-time /'auvatami/ « [U], progress at the same rate, a vtji
adv, adj (time spent at work) 1 walk with regular steps. 2 's^
after the usual hours. offlout, measure by taking
overture /'3uv3tj3(r)/ n [C] 1 paces. 3 set the pace(2) for (eg a
(often pi) approach made {to a runner).
person) to start discussions. 2 paci-fism /'paesifizam/ n [U]
musical introduction to an principle that war should be ab-
opera. olished, paci-f ist n [C]
over- whelm /,9uv3'welm/ vt pac-if y /'paesifai/ vt (pt.pp -ied) 1
cover completely; crush. calm (a person's anger, etc). 2
overwrought /puva'rort/ adj end violence in (a country).
tired out by too much work or paci-f i-ca-tion /-fi'keijn/ n [U]
excitement. pack^ /pack/ n [C] 1 bundle of
ovum /'auvam/ n [C] {pi ova things wrapped up together for
/'auva/) female cell or egg from carrying. 2 number of dogs or
pack /pale
wolves. 3 collection: a -v. of lies.
4 complete set of playing-cards.
5 ((75) = packet.
pack' /pack/ vf//l put things into
a box, bag, etc. ->- up. {informal)
(a) stop working, (b) (of ma-
chines) fail. 2 ^
into, crush or
crowd together (into a place or
period of time). 3 put soft
material into or round (some-
thing) to prevent damage. 4 -x.
sb off: send sb '>^ing. send
him away quickly and roughly.
5 put (meat, fruit, etc) in tins.
pack-age /'pxkids/ n [C] parcel,
bundle of things, packed
gether, a vi place in,
package. |'>^ 'deal, (informal)
several proposals for discussion
together. ,'>^ 'holiday/'tour,
(informal) holiday including
travel, accommodation,
ranged by travel agents.
packet /'paekit/ n [C]
parcel, carton: a ~ of cigarettes.
pack-ing /'paekir)/ n [U] 1 pro-
cess of packing (goods). 2
materials used for packing.
pact /paekt/ n [C] agreement.
pad /paed/ n [C] 1 mass of soft
material, to prevent damage or
give shape to something. 2 num-
ber of sheets of writing-paper
fastened together. 3 =
launching-pad. 4 guard for the
leg (in cricket). 5 underpart of
the foot (of a dog, etc), a vt
(-dd-) 1 put pads(1 ) in or on. 2
'>^ sth out. make (a sentence,
book, etc) longer by using un-
necessary material, ^ding n
[U] material used for pad-
ding(1,2).
paddle' /'paedl/ n [C] short oar
with a wide blade at one or both
ends. D vt/i use a paddle. ''>^-
steamer, steam vessel moved
by two large wheels with boards
which push against the water.
paddle' /'paedl/ vi walk with
bare feet in shallow water.
pad-dock /'paedak/ n [C] small
grass field, esp for horses.
paddy /'paedi/ n [U] rice that
still growing. ''>^-field,
where rice is grown.
pad-lock /'paedlok/ n [C] detach-
able lock hung by a hook to the
object fastened, d vt fasten with
a padlock.
paedi-at-rics /,pi:di'aetriks/
pediatrics.
pa-gan /'peigan/ n [C], adj (per-
son who is) not a believer in any
26
of the chief religions.
page' /peids/ n\C\ 1 one side of a
piece of paper in a book, etc. 2
whole piece of paper.
page' /peids/ n [C] 1 (also ''>^
boy) boy servant. 2 boy atten-
dant at a wedding.
pag-eant /'p^edjant/ n [C] 1 pub-
lic entertainment in which his-
torical events are acted. 2 public
celebration, esp one involving
persons in fine costumes. '>-ry n
[U] splendid ceremony.
pa-goda /pa'gauda/ n [C] (p/~s)
(in India, Chini*, etc) religious
to- building of several Hoors.
make, a paid /peid/ O
pay'.
pail /peil/ n [C] open vessel of
metal or wood, for carrying
liquid.
pain /pern/ n 1 [U] suffering of
etc ar- mind or body. 2 [C] particular
kind of bodily suffering, a vt
small cause pain to. 'x/ed adj
distressed: a 'y^edlook. '^^ful adj
causing pain, ^'^^/less adj caus-
ing no pain.
pains /pemz/ n pi trouble; effort.
be at I take (great) '^ to do
sth. make a great effort to do it.
''>^ taking adj very careful.
paint /pemt/ n 1 [U] liquid used
to give colour to a surface: a coat
of'^. 2 (p/) collection of tubes of
colouring materials, a vt/i 1
cover with paint. 2 make a pic-
ture (oO with paint. '^ the
tovirn red, celebrate, '^ing,
(a) [U] using paint, (b) [C]
painted picture.
painter /'pemt9(r)/ n [C] 1 per-
sonwho paints pictures. 2 work-
man who paints buildings, etc.
pair /pe9(r)/ n [C] 1 two things of
the same kind: a '>^ of shoes. 2
single article with two parts: a '^
of trousers. 3 two persons close-
ly associated, eg a married
couple. D vt/i form a pair; join,
go off, in pairs.
pa-ja-mas /pa'dsaanaz/ n pi O
pyjamas.
pal /pael/ n [C] (informal) friend.
is pal-ace /'paelis/ n [C] 1 residenqe
field of a sovereign or bishop. 2
splendid house.
pal-at-able /'paebtabl/ adj 1
agreeable to the taste. 2 (fig)
pleasing.
pal-ate /'paebt/ n [C] 1 roof of
c> the mouth. 2 sense of taste.
pa-la-tial /ps'leijl/ adj of or like a
palace.
pale' /peil/ adj (-r, -st) 1 (of a
 267 pale/ paper

person's face) having little col- (scene oO noisy disorder.

our. 2 (of colours) not bright, a
vi grow pale. '>^ness n [U]
pale^ /peil/ n [C] pointed piece of
wood used for fences.
pal-ette /'paeht/ n [C] board
(with a hole for the thumb) on
which an artist mixes his col-
ours.
pal-ing /'p)eilir)/ n [C,U] fence
madeofpales^.
pall' /pd:1/ n [C] 1 heavy cloth
spread over a coffin. 2 (fig) any
dark, heavy covering: a '^ of
smoke. ''>^bearer, person who
walks by the side of a coffin at a
funeral.
pall^ /po:l/ vi become boring be-
cause done, used, for too long.
pal-lid /'paelid/ adj pale; looking
ill.paMor/'pael3(r)/«[U]
palm^ /pa:m/ n [C] inner surface
of the hand, a vt hide (a coin,
card, etc) in the hand. '>^ sth
off (on sb), get him to accept
it by deceit, etc.
palm^ /pa:m/ n [C] tree growing
in warm climates, with a mass of
large wide leaves at the top.
palm-ist /'pa:nust/ n [C] person
who tells a person's future by ex-
amining his palm (1 ).'>^ryn[U]
pal-pi-tate /'paelpiteit/ vi 1 (of
the heart) beat rapidly and irre-
gularly. 2 (ofa person) tremble
(with terror, etc), pal-pi-ta-
tion/-Jn/n[C,U]
parri'per /'paemp3(r)/ vt be too
kind to: ~
one's pet dog.
pamph-let /'paemflit/ n [C] small
paper-covered book.
pan^ /paen/ n [C] 1 flat open pot
used for cooking. 2 receptacle
with various uses: a ^bed^. 3
open dish for washing gravel,
etc to separate ore. a vtji (-nn-)
^ out. (a) yield gold, (b) {fig)
succeed: How did things ou/'
''>^cake, batter fried on both
sides until brown.
pan^ /paen/ vtji (in cinema and
TV) turn a camera to follow a
moving object or get a panor-
amic eftect. [> zoom (2).
pan-creas /'paegkriss/ n [C]
gland near the stomach, dis-
charging a juice which helps
digestion.
panda /'paenda/ n [C] (pi '^s)
mammal like a bear, of Tibet
and China, with a black and
white body.
pan*de-mo-niunn
'maoniam/ n [C,U]
pan-der /'paEnd3(r)/ vi '^ to. sat-
isfy (a person's wishes): ->- to all
his desires.
pane /pem/ n [C] sheet of glass in
a window.
panel /'paenl/ n [C] 1 part of the
surface of a door, etc raised
above or sunk below the sur-
rounding area. 2 board for con-
trols and instruments. 3 group
of speakers who answer ques-
tions, before an audience, n vt
(-II-, US -I-) decorate with
panels(l). '>^ling, series of
panels on a wall, etc.
pang /paei)/ n [C] sudden feeling
ofpain, guilt, etc.
panic /'paenik/ n [C,U] un-
controlled, quickly spreading,
fear, n vi (-ck-) be affected with
panic, "v/ky adj (informal) easily
affected by panic, '--^^-stricken
a^y terrified.
pan-nier /'paEni3{r)/ n [C] basket
or bag placed across the back of
a horse or (motor-)bike.
pan-or-ama /ipaen3'ra:m3/ n [C]
(pi '^s) wide, open view, pan-
oramic /-'raemik/ adj
pansy /'paenzi/ n [C] (pi -ies)
flowering plant.
pant /paent/ 1 take short,
vtji
quick breaths; gasp. 2 say while
panting, n n [C] quick breath.
pan-ther /'paEn89(r)/ n [C] leo-
pard; ((75^ puma.
pan-ties /'paentiz/ n pi (informal)
(woman's) close-fitting short
underpants.
pan-to-mime /'paentsmaim/ n 1
[C,U] play based on a fairytale,
with music, dancing and clown-
ing. 2 [U] acting without words.
pan-try /'paentri/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1
room (in a large house, etc) in
which silver, glass, etc is kept. 2
~ larder.
pants /paents/ n pi ^ = under-
pants. 2 (esp US) trousers.
papa /pa'pa:/ n [C] (child's word
for) father.
pa-pacy /'peipasi/ n [C] (pi -ies)
position of the Pope.
pa-pal /'peipl/ a<^of the Pope.
pa-per /'peip3(r)/ n 1 [UJ sub-
stance manufactured from
wood, rags, etc used for writing,
wrapping, etc. 2 [C] = news-
paper. 3 (pi) documents. 4 [C]
set of printed examination ques-
tions. D vt paste wallpaper on: '^
/,paendi- a room. ''>^back, book in pap>er
(pi ~s) covers. ''>^ clip, C> clipV
paprika /parish 268

paprika /'paepnks/ n [U] sweet tance.

Ttd pepper used in cooking. para-noia /,psra>n3ia/ n [U]
pttr I'paiT)/ n [U] 1 average mental disorder in which a per-
amount, degree, value, etc. on a son believes that others hate
'^ v¥ith, equal to. 2 (golf) aver- him, that he is important.
age score. para-noid /'paeranaid/ n [C], adj
par-able /'pxrsbl/ n [C] simple (person) suffering from paran-
story designed to teach a moral oia.
lesson. para-pet /'paerapit/ n [C] protec-
para-chute /'paerajurt/ n [C] ap- tive wall at the edge of a flat
paratus by which a person may roof, bridge, etc.
fall slowly to the ground from para-pher-nalia /,p<erafa'neilia
an a vt/i descend from
aircraft! n [U] numerous small posses-
an by means of a para-
aircraft sions, tools, etc.
chute, para-chutist, person para-phrase /'paerafreiz/ vt, n
who jumps with a paradiute. [C] (give a) restatement of the
par-ade /pa'reid/ vt/i 1 (of meaning of (a piece of writing)
troops) (cause to) gather to- in other words.
gether for inspection, etc. 2 para-site /'paerasait/ n [C] 1 ani-
march in procession. 3 make a mal or plant living on another
display of: ^^ one's wealth, a n and getting food from it. 2 (fig)
[C,U] march, parading, for dis- person supported by others, giv-
play. ing nothing in return, para-
para-dise /'paeradais/ n 1 sitic /ipaera'sitik/ adj
Heaven. 2 place, condition, of para-sol /'paerasol/n [C] umbrel-
perfect happiness. la used to give shade from the
para-dox /'paersdoks/ n [C] sun.
statement that seems to con- para-troops /'paeratruips/ n pi
tradict itself, but which may troops trained for being
contain a truth. '>^i-cal dropped by parachute, para-
/-'doksikl/flf/y. '>^i-cally ad\ trooper nfcj.
par-af-fin /'paerafm/n [U] oil ob- parcel /'pa:sl/ n [C] thing
tained from petroleum, etc used wrapped and tied up for oarry-
as a fuel. [US = kerosene). ing, sending by post, etc. a vt
para-graph /'paeragraf/ n [C] (-II-, US also -I-) 1 '^ out, di-

division of a piece of writing, vide into portions. 2 '^ up.

started on a new line, a vt divide make into a parcel.
into paragraphs. parch /paitj"/ vt (of heat) make
para-keet /'paerakitt/ n [C] hot and dry.
small, long-tailed parrot. parch-ment /'pa:tjmant/ n 1
par-al-lel /'paeralel/ adj 1 (of [C,U] writing material prepared
lines) always at the same dis- from animal skin. 2 [Uj kind of
tance from one another. 2 (Jig) paper like parchment.
corresponding: a ^
job abroad. par-don /'paidn/ n 1 [C,U] (in-
D n [C] 1 person, event, etc pre- stance oO forgiveness. / beg
cisely 2 comparison:
similar. your '^. used when disagreeing
draw a ^between... a vt (A- or with somebody, or asking him
-II-) be the same as: His success to repeat. 2 freeing from legal
^smine. punishment, d vt forgive.
par-al-ysis /pa'raebsis/ n [U] 1 pare /p)ea(r)/ vt 1 cut away the
loss of feeling or power in (part outer part, edge or skin of. 2
oO the body. 2 (fig) inability to (Jig) reduce little by httle.
move, think, etc. para-lyt-ic par-eht /'pearant/ n [C] father or
/ipaera'litik/adj (a) suffering mother. '^a\ /pa'rentl/ adj
from paralysis(1 ). (b) (fig) par-enth-esis /pa'renOasis/ n
helpless: paralytic laughter, (c) [C] (pi -eses /-asi:z/) 1 sentence
(informal) very drunk. n [C] or phrase within another sen-
paralytic person. tence, marked off by dashes or
para-lyse (US = -lyze) brackets. 2 round brackets () for
/'paeralaiz/ vt 1 affect with pa- this.
ralysis. 2 (fig) make helpless: '^d par-ish /'paerif/ n [C] division of
with laughter. a county with its own church
para-mount /'paeramaunt/ adj and clergymen. ^^ioner
(formal) supreme: of impor- ~ /pa'riJanar/nIC]

park /pa:k/ n [C] 1 public garden
in a town. 2 area of grassland,
trees, etc round a large country
house. O
also car park, a vt/i
leave (a motor-vehicle) in a car
park, etc.
parlia-ment /'parbmant/ n
supreme law-making assembly
of a country, 'x^ary /-'mentri/
adj
par-lour /'pa:l9(r)/ n [C] (dated)
sitting-room.
parochial /pd'rsukidl/ oi^ 1 of a
parish. 2 (fig) limited, narrow: a
'^ mind, -^ly adv
parody /'paeradi/ n {pi -ies) 1
[C,U] (piece oO writing intended
to amuse by imitating the style
of somebody else. 2 [C] poor
imitation: a '^ ofjustice. avt(pt,
pp -ied) make a parody of.
pa-role /pa'raul/ n [U] on '^. (of
a prisoner) set free after making
a promise not to repeat a crime.
D vt set (a prisoner) free on par-
ole.
par-rot /'psrat/ n [C] bird with a
hooked bill and brightly
oured feathers, good at imitat-
ing human speech, a vtji repeat
(words, etc) without under-
standing.
parry /'paeri/ vt {pt.pp -ied) turn
aside, avoid (a blow, question,
a n [C] act of parrying.
etc),
pars-ley /'pa:sli/ n [U] plant with
aromatic leaves, used in sea-
soning and sauces.
pars-nip /'parsnip/ n [C] long,
yellow root, cooked as a vege-
table.
par-son /'pa:sn/ n [C] parish
priest, '-^age, parson's house.
part^ /pa:t/ n [C] 1 something less
than the whole, for the ^most
^, O
most(1 ). in '^, to some
degree. 2 {pi) region (of a
country). 3 one of a number of
equal divisions. 4 person's
share; actor's role in a play, fihn,
etc. play one's '^, do what is
expected, take ^
(in), have a
share (in). 5 side in a dispute,
etc. f a/f e sb 's ^, support
for 'my 'x^, as far as I am con-
cerned. 6 {music) the melody for
a particular voice or instrument.
7 piece; component: spare '^s. d
adv partly. ,'>^-'tinie adj, adv for
only a part of the working day
or week. ,'>- of 'speech, one of
the classes of words, eg noun,
verb, adjective.
part^ /pa:t/ vtji 1 (cause to) sep-
269 park/partf
arate: the clouds '^ed: '^ two
boxers. 'V/ company (with).
(a) go different ways, (b) disag-
ree. 2 give up: ^
with money.
'>^ing n (a) [C] Une where the
hair is combed in opposite ways.
[C] (b) [C,U] departure, 'x.ly adv to
some extent.
partake /par'teik/ vtii {pt -took
/-'tuk/; pp -taken /-'teikan/) {for-
mat) '^ ofI in sth. take a share
in.
par-tial /'pa:Jl/ adj 1 not com-
plete: a '^ success. 2 '^ (to-
wards), showing favour to one
person or side. 3 '^ to. having a
liking for. --wly adv (a) partly;
not completely, (b) in a par-
tial(2) manner. '>^ity /-I'aelati/n
(a) [U] being partial(2). (b) [C]
fondness.
par-tici-pate /pa:'tisipeit/ vi '\*
(in), be involved in. partici-
pant, person who participates.
par-ti-ciple /'partisipl/ n [C]
(form of a verb qualifying
nouns, eg): 'Hurrying' and 'hur-
col- ried' are the present and past ^5
of hurry'.
par-ticie /'pa:tikl/ n [C] 1 very
small bit: '^s of dust. 2 {gram)
minor part of speech, eg an ar-
ticle {a, an, the).
particu-lar /p3'tikjul3(r)/ adj 1
relating to one, not others: in
this ~
case. 2 special: of '^ in-
terest, in '^, especially. 3 '^
(about/over), difficult to sat-
isfy. D n [C] detail (of an event,
person), -^^ly adv especially.
par-ti-san /ipa:ti'zaen/ adj, n [C]
(person) devoted to a political
party or cause.
par-ti-tion /pa:'tijn/ n 1 [U] divi-
sion into parts. 2 [C] that which
divides, eg a thin wall between
rooms, avt '>^ (sth off), divide
into sections.
part-ner /'pa:tn3(r)/ n [C] 1 per-
son who takes part with others,
esp in a business. 2 one of two
persons dancing, playing tennis,
etc together. 3 husband or wife.
him. D v/ be a partner to. 'o^ship,
(a) [U] state of being a partner.
(b) [C] joint business.
par-took /pa:'tuk/ C> partake.
partridge /'pa:trid3/ n [C] bird
similar to the pheasant; [U] its
flesh as food.
party /'po:ti/ n [C] {pi -ies) 1
group of persons united in sup-
port of a cause, esp in politics:
the Labour ^. 2 one side in a
pass /pastry 270

legalagreement or dispute. 3 pas-sen-ger /'paesind33(r)/ n [C]

group of persons doing some-
thing together: a -^ of tourists. 4
social gathermg: a birthday ~. 5
person taking part some-
thmg: be '^ to a decision.
pass^ /pa:s/ n 1 [C] act of pass-
mg. 2 [C] success m
an examina-
tion. 3 [C] (document giving)
permission to travel, enter a
building, etc. 4 [C] (sport) act of
sending the ball to another play-
er.5 [C] narrow way through
mountains. 6 make a'^atfa
woman), (st) try to make her
sexually interested in one
''X/vword, secret word or phrase
which shows one is a friend.
pass^ /pars/ v/// (Compare past^)
1 move towards and beyond;
proceed (along, through, down,
etc): ^
through a village. The two
ships ~eJ each other. 2 leave
behind as one goes forward:
Turn right after '^ing the post of-
fice. 3 give: Please (me) the ~
butter. 4 (of time) go by: Six
person travelling by bus, train,
ship, aircraft, etc.
passion n (C,U] strong
/'pae|n/
m feeling, esp of love, hate or ang-
er,the P-^^, the suffering and
death of Jesus. '>^ate adj.
-^^ate-ly ac/v
pass-ive 'p*siv/ adj 1 acted on
but not acting; not offering re-
sistance. 2 (gram) in the passive
voice, the '>^ (voice), (gram)
the form in the sentence 'The let-
ter was written yesterday.' '>^ly
adv. '^nessn[U]
Pass-over /'pa:s3uv3(r)/ n Jew-
ish religious festival.
pass-port /'pa:spD:t/ n [C] 1 offi-
cial document to be carried by a
traveller abroad. 2 (Jig) thing
that enables one to obtain some-
thing: a 'v, to success.
pass-word O passV
past^ /pa:st/ adj of the time be-
fore the present; gone by in time.
D « 1 (with the) past time. 2 per-
son's past life. '^ participle,

months '^ed. 5 spend (time): (gram) C> participle. '^ tense,

How shall we ~
the evening? '^ (gram) O tense^.
the time of day with, have a past^ /pa:st, prep 1 beyond in
short conversation with. 6 say ~ time; after: /ia//~ two. 2 beyond
a comment. 7 examine and ac- in space: He walked-^ the house.
cept; be examined and accepted: 3 beyond the limits or power of:
~ an examination. 8 pronounce; pain almost ~
bearing, too
give: ^
sentence on a prisoner. 9 severe to be endured, a adv ht-
cause to go: He '^ed his fingers yond:gO'v-.
through his hair. 'v. water, uri- pasta /'paesta/ n [U] (//) (food
nate. 1 (sport) send (the ball) to made from) Hour, eggs and
another player. 11 ->^ away, water, eg spaghetti.
die. '>^ sb/sth by, pay no at- paste /peist/ n [U] 1 mixture of
tention to. -^ for sb/sth, be making pastry.
fiour, fat, etc for
accepted could
as: He for a ~ 2 mixture of powder and water.
Frenchman. '^ off, (of events) 3 mixture used for sticking eg
take place. '^ sth off, turn at- paper together, d vi stick with
tention from (to avoid embar- paste(3).
rassment). '%» sth/sb off as, pas-tel /'paestl/ n [C] 1 (picture
pretend: He '^ed the boy off as drawn with) dried paste made
his son. ^
on, (of a person) die. into coloured crayons. 2 (as an
-^ sth on (to), give it (to an- adf) Ught, soft shades of colour.
other). '^ out, (.informal) = pas-teur-ize /'paestjaraiz/ vt free
faint. '-^ over, fail to notice or (milk, etc) of bacteria by heat-
include. '^ sth up, (informal) ing, pas-teur-iz-ation /-'zeijn/
not take advantage of some- nM
thing. pas-tille /'paestil/ n [C] small
pass-able /'porsabl/ adj 1 (of fiavoured tablet to be sucked.
roads, etc) open to traffic. 2 fair- pas-time /'pa:staim/ n [C] any-
ly good but not excellent. thing done to pass time
passablyat^v pleasantly.
pas-sage /'paesids/ n 1 [U] pass- pas-tor /'pa:st3(r)/n [C] minis-
ing: -//je ~ of time. 2 [C] journey ter (3) in charge of a church.
by 3 [C] way through. 4 [C]
sea. pas-try /'peistri/ n (pi -ies) 1 [U]
corridor in a building. 5 [C] paste of flour, fat, etc baked in
short extract from a speech, an oven. 2 [C] article of food
book, etc. made of this, eg a tart.
 271 pasture /pavement

pas-ture.. /'pa:stj9(r)/ n [C,U] pa-tience /'peijns/ n [U] 1 abil-

(area oQ grassland for cattle, a without complain-
ity to suffer
vt/i 1 (of persons) put (cattle, 2 ability to wait calmly. 3
ing.
etc) to graze. 2 (of cattle, etc) eat (GB) card-game for one player
grass. (US = solitaire).
pastyV'peisti/ a^' like paste (1 ). pa-tient^ /'peijnt/ adj having,
pasty^ /'paesti/ n [C] (pi -ies) pie showing, patience. '>^ly adv
of meat or jam, etc. pa-tient^ /'peijnt/ n [C] person
pat /paet/ vt/i (-tt-) tap gently receiving medical treatment.
with the open hand, a n [C] 1 tap patio /'paetiau/ n [C] (pi ^s)
with the open hand. 2 small paved area close to a house.
mass of something, esp butter. pa-tri-arch /'peitna:k/ n [C] 1
patch /paetf / n [C] 1 small piece male head of a family or tribe. 2
of material put over a hole or a (in Eastern Churches) bishop of
damaged place. 2 pad worn to highest honour, /x^al /-'a:kl/
protect an injured eye. 3 dif- adj
ferently coloured part of a sur- pa-triot /'peitriat/ n [C] person
face. 4 small area: a ^
of ground. who loves and is ready to defend
not a ^ on. not nearly so good his country. '>^ic /-'otik/ adj.
as. D vt put a patch on. -^ up. re- ''%^ism n [U]
pair. '^ up a quarrel, end it. pa-trol /pa'traul/ vtji go(-II-)
patchy (-ier, -iest) uneven
adj round (a camp, town, etc) to
in quality. '>^work n [U] (a) guard, protect it. a w 1 [U] act of

piece of material made up of bits patrolling. 2 [C] person(s),

of cloth, (b) (Jig) piece of work ship(s) or aircraft on pairol.
made up of odds and ends. pa-tron /'peitrsn/ n [C] 1 person
pate /'paetei/ n [U] paste of meat, who gives (financial) support to
fish, etc. a person, the arts, etc. 2 regular
pat-ent^ /'peitnt/at/yl evident. 2 customer at a shop, j-v, saint,
protected by a patent(l). '>^ saint regarded as a protector.
leather, leather with a smooth, '>>'age /'paEtr3nid3/ n [C] (a)
shiny surface. '>^ly adv obvious- support given by a patron, (b)
ly- right to appoint a person to an
pat-ent^ /'peitnt/ n [C] 1 govern- ofTice, etc. (c) customer's sup-
ment authority giving exclusive port (to a shopkeeper, etc).
right to make or
sell a new in- pa-tron-ize /'paetranaiz/ vt 1 act
vention. 2 something protected as patron towards. 2 treat (a
by a patent, a vt obtain a patent person in need, etc) as inferior.
for. pat-ron-iz-ingaJ/.
pa-ter-nal /pa'taml/ adj 1 of or pat-ter^ /'paet9(r)/ n [U] clever
like a father. 2 related through talk used by salesmen, entertain-
the father: my '^ grandfather. ers, etc.
'^ly adv pat-ter^ /'paEt3(r)/ n [U] sound of
pa-ter-nity /p9't3:n3ti/ n [U] 1 quick, light taps or footsteps, a
fatherhood. 2 descent from a v/ make this sound.
male parent. pat-tern /'paetn/ n [C] 1 excellent
path /pa:e/ n [C] (pi ^s /pa:dz/) example. 2 something used as a
1 way made (across fields, etc) model. 3 ornamental design, eg
by people walking. c> footpath. on cloth. 4 way in which some-
2 route along which something thing happens, etc: the of ~
or somebody moves. ''>^way, events,a vt decorate with a pat-
= path(1). tern (3).
pa-thetic /p3'0etik/ o^ 1 pitiful: paunch /panitj/ n [C] belly, esp if
a ~sight. 2 inadequate: a -^ ar- fat.
tempt -^ally adv pause /pDiz/ n [C] short interval
pa-thol-ogy /p9'9Dl3d3i/ n [\J] or stop (while doing something).
science of diseases, pa'th-ol- Q v/ stop for a short time.
ogist n [C] (a) expert in pathol- pave /peiv/ vt put Hat stones,
ogy, (b) person who examines on (a path, etc). '>^
bricks, etc
corpses to discover the cause of the way for, C> way(1).
death. 'paving-stone, slab of stcne
pa-thos /'pei0Ds/ n [U] quality for paving.
which arouses pity or tender- pave-ment /'peivmant/ n [C]
ness. (GB) paved way at the side of a
 .

pavilion /pedal 272

people on foot
street for (US = ing peace, calm; auiei
(b)
sidewalk) 'x.f ul-ly adv. '>^f ul-ness n [U]
pa-vil-ion /pa'vilian' n [C] 1 peach n [C] (tree with)
'pirtj/
building on a sports ground for juicy, round fruit with
the use of players, spectators, yellowish-red skin; yeilowish-
etc. 2 ornamental building for red colour.
concerts, etc. 3 large tent. peacock /'pi:kDk/ n [C] large
paw 'po: n [C] animal's foot that
/ male bird with fine tail feathers.
has claws. D vt 1 (of animals) pea-hen "pi:hen/ n [C] female of
scrape with the paw(s). 2 (of per- the peacock.
sons) caress rudely peak pi:k,' n [C] 1 pointed top of
paM^n^ pom; n [C] 1 least valu- a mountain. 2 pointed front part
able piece in the game of chess. 2 of a cap. 3 highest point: Sales
person used by others for their reached a nen- -v^. off-'>-'. when
own advantage traffic, etc is lightest, d vi reach a
pawn' /pom vi deposit (cloth- peak '>-.ed adj having a peak
.

ing, jewellery, etc) as security for peal /pi:l/ n [C] 1 loud ringing of
money borrowed ''^broker. bells; set of bells. 2 loud echoing
person licensed to lend money noise: a '^ of thunder, u vt i

on the security of goods left with (cause to) ring or sound loudly.
him. '-N^shop, pawnbroker's pea-nut /'pimAt/ n [C] type of
place of business. small nut.
pay' pel n [U] money paid for pear /pe3<r)/ n [C] (tree with) ,

regular work, '^v^-off, {infor- sweet, juicy fruit, usually nar-

mal) final settlement of ac- rower towards the stalk '

counts. '^<w-packet, envelope pearl /pari/ n [C] 1 silvery-white !

containing pay '-s^-phone, round gem found inside the '

coin-operated telephone, '-v.- shells of some oysters. 2 very i

rolllistofpersonstobepaid. precious person or thing, d vi ,

pay' /pel vti (pi.pp paid fish for pearls.

/peid/) 1 give (a person) money peas-ant /'pcznt/ n [C] (not cur- \

for goods, services, etc. 2 be pro- rent in GB, US) man working
fitable: // '^s to advertise. 3 set- on a very small farm. '>-'ry n [U]
tle (debts, etc). 4 give, eg atten- the peasants of a country or as a
tion, respect, etc to a vis/t,
'%' class.
visit. 5 -^ sth bach, return peat /pi:t/ n [U] plant material
(money, etc) that has been bor- partly decomposed, used as a fu-
rowed. '^ sb back (for sth), el and fertilizer, peaty adj
punish him. ^^ for, (a) give pebble /'pebl/ n [C] small stone
money for. (b) be punished for: made smooth and round by
•^ for one's crime, 'v. off, (a) water, peb-bly adj
pay a person his wages and dis- peck /pek/ vt/i 1 (try to) get, ,

charge him. (b) (of debts) pay in strike with the beak. 2 (at), ^
full. '>^ sth out, (a) give (informal) (of a person) eat only '

money, eg in settlement of ex- small amounts. 3 (informal) kiss

penses, (b) allow (rope) to move (a person) hurriedly, a n [C] ^
'

freely. ->^ up, pay in full what is strUce with the beak. 2 (informal)
owing, ^able adj which must hurried kiss. ''X/ish adj (infor-
or may be paid. '>^'ee n [C] per- ma/) hungry.
son to whom something is (to pe>cu-liar /pi'kju:li3(r)/ adj 1 -^
be) paid. '>^er n [C] person who (to), used, practised, only by:
pays, -^^ment n (a) [U] paying, habits ^
to him. 2 strange; unu-
(b) [C] sum of money paid, (c) sual. 3 special: of ^
interest.
[C,U] (fig) reward; punishment. -^ly adv. -^ity /-'aerati/ n (pi ^

pea 'pi: n [C] plant with seeds in

' -les) (a) [U] the quality of being
p>ods, used for food.
peace pi:s/ n [U] 1 state of free-
dom from war. 2 (often P'>^)
treaty of peace. 3 freedom from
civil disorder, keep the
obey the laws. C> Justice of the
Peace. 4 quiet; calm, at -^
(with), in a state of friendship
or harmony, '^^fui adj (a) lov-
peculiar, (b) [C] something dis-
tinctive or strange.
peda-gogy /'p^lagody/ n [U]
(formal) science of teaching.
'^, peda'gog-ic(al) adj. peda-
gogue (US = -gog) -gog/ n
[C] pedantic teacher.
pedal /'pedl/ n [C] lever (eg on a
bicycle or piano) worked by the

foot,a vtji (-II-, US -I-)
work by using, pedals.
ped-ant /'pednt/ n [C] person
who values book-learning, for-
mal rules, too highly, -^ic
/pi'daentik/ adj.
peddle /'pedl/ v/// go from house
to house trying to sell small ar-
ticles.
ped-estal /'pedistl/ n [C] base of
a column, for a statue, put/ set
sb on a '^. treat him as very
special.
pe-des-trian /pi'destrisn/ n [C]
person walking in a street, etc. d
adj 1 connected with walking. 2
(of writing, etc) uninteresting,
o^ crossing, place marked on
a road where pedestrians
cross.
pedi-at-rics /,pi:di'£triks/ n pi
branch of medicine concerned
with children. ,pedia-'tric-ian
n [C] physician who specializes
in pediatrics.
pedi-gree n [C,U] line
/'pedigri:/
ot ancestors (of a person, ani-
mal). D adj having a known line
of descent (therefore of high
quality).
ped-lar /'pedl3(r)/ n [C] person
who goes from house to house
selling small articles.
peek /pi:k/ vj -^^ at. look at
quickly, a n [C] quick look.
peel /pi:l/ vtji 1 take the skin off
(fruit, etc). 2 come off in strips
or flakes: the paint is '^ing. n n
[U] skin of fruit, vegetables, etc:
potato"^.
peep /piT>/ vj, n [C] (take a) quick
look, often secret.
peer^ /pi3(r)/ « [C] 1 person
equal in rank. 2 (in GB) member
of the nobility. '>^ess. (a)
woman peer (2). (b) wife of a
peer(2).
peeH /pi3(r)/ vi'^ at /into, look
closely, as if unable to see well.
peer-age /'pisrids/ n [C,U] 1 the
whole body of peers; rank of
peer (2) 2 book containing a list
. f>encil.
ofp)eers.
P«9 /peg/ n [CTT-wooden or
metal pin, used to fasten parts of
woodwork together. 2 pin
driven into the ground to hold a
rope; hook fastened to a wall or
door. D vt/i (-gg-) 1 fasten with
pegs. 2 mark with pegs. 3 (com-
merce) keep (prices, etc) steadv.
pe-kin-ese /ipi:ki'ni:z/ n [C]
small dog with long hair.
peli-can "pelikan/ n [C] large
273 pedant/penetrate
use, waterbird with a large bill under
which hangs a pouch.
pel-let /'peht/ n [C] 1 small ball
of something soft, eg wet paper.
2 small shot, used for a gun.
pel-met /'pelmit/ n [C] ornamen-
tal strip above a window to hide
a curtain rod.
pelt' /pelt/ n [C] animal's skin
with the fur on it.
pelt^ /pelt/ vt/i ^ '^ sb with
sth. throw things at. 2 (of rain,
etc) fall heavily, u n at full ^,
as fast as possible.
pel-vis /'pelvis/ n [C] {anat) bony
frame with the hip-bones and
the lower part of the backbone.
pel-vie a^
may pen' pen/ n [C] mstrument for
writing with ink. C> fountain-
pen. D v/ (-nn-) write (a letter,
etc). ''>^-friend, person (eg in
another country) to whom one
writes letters. ''>.'knife, small
knife with folding blades. ''>^-
name, name used by a writer
instead of his real name.
pen' /pen/ n [C] 1 small enclo-
sure, eg for cattle. 2 = play-
pen, a vr (-nn-) '^ up/in, shut
up (as) in a pen.
penal /'pi:nl/ adj connected with
punishment. ->.' servitude, im-
prisonment with hard labour.
pe-nal-ize /'pi:n3laiz/ vt impose
a penalty on.
pen-alty /'penlti/ n [C,U] (pi
-ies)1 punishment for doing
wrong. 2 (in sport) disadvan-
tage to a player or team' for
breaking a rule, '--w (kick),
(football) free kick at goal by the
attackers.
pen-ance /'penans/ n [U] pu-
nishment which one imposes on
oneself to show repentance.
pence /pens/ w p/ C> penny.
pen-cil /'p>ensl/ n [C] instrument
for drawing or writing, esp
made of wood and graphite, a vt
(-II-, US -I-) write, draw, with a
pen-dant /'pendant/ n [C] orna-
ment which hangs down, esp
from a necklace.
pend-ing /'pendirj/ adj waiting
to be decided, a prep until: ~ his
decision.
pen-du-lum /'pendjubm/ n [C]
(pi -^s) weighted rod hung from
a fixed point so that it swings
freely, esp in a clock.
pen-etrate /'penitreit/vt/i 1
make a way into or through. 2
penguin /perfect 2'

(fig) see into or through, pen- to. '->- pill, one that gives
etrat-ing adj (a) able to see energy, ''s^ talk, one intended
and understand quickly, (b) (of to encourage the listener(s).
voices) loud and clear, pen- pep-per 'pep3(r)/ n 1 [U] hot-
e'tra-tion /-Jn, n [U] tasting powder made from the
pen-guin "peqgwm/ n [C] sea- dried berries of certain plants. 2
bird of the Antarctic with wings [C] (plant with a) red or green
like flippers used for swimming. seed-pod, used as a vegetable, d
peni-ciMin /,peni'silm/ n [U] an- vt put pepper(l) on (food).
tibiotic drug. '--wmint, (a) kind of mint
pen-in-sula pa'nmsjub/ n [C] grown for its oil. (b) sweet of
(pi ~s) area of land almost sur- boiled sugar with this flavour.
rounded by water, pen-in-su- per /p3:(r) prep for each: 30
la r a J/ miles ^ gallon, (abbr mpg). as
pe-nis 'pi:nis n [C] sex organ of '^. according to: work as in- ~
a male animal. structions. |'>^ 'annum, for each
peni-tence /'penitans, n [U] sor- year. |'>^ 'cent, c> cent.
row and regret (for doing perambulator /pa'raem-
wrong), peni-tentat^ bjuleit3(r); n [C] (more usually
pen-nant 'penant/ n [C] flag pram) four-wheeled carriage,
(usually long and narrow) used pushed by hand, for a baby.
on a ship for signalling, etc. per-ceive /pa'siiv/ vt (format)
pen-ni-less /'pemhs, adj with- become aware of, esp through
out any money. the eyes or the mind.
penny /'peni/ n [C] (pi pence per-cen-tage p3'sentid3/ n [C]
/pens for the value, as in ^six- 1 rate or number per cent. 2 pro-
pence; pi pennies ''peniz/ for in- portion.
dividual coins.) British bronze per-cep-tible /pa'septabl/ adj
coin (abbr p) worth one hun- (format) that can be seen or not-
dredth of a pound, spend a ~, iced: a ^ change in colour, per-
(informal) use a toilet, the ''>- cep-tibly aJv
(has) dropped, the meaning per-cep-tion /pa'sepjn/ n [U]
of a remark was understood. (format) ability to perceive.
pen-sion /'penjn/ n [C] regular per-cep-tive /pa'septiv/ adj (for-
payment to a person who is old, mat) having, connected with,
disabled, widowed, etc. a v/ 's^ perception, '^ly adv
sb off, dismiss with a pension. perch ^ P3:tj'/ n [C] (pi ~) kinds
''>^able -abl; of^/ (of age, work, of freshwater fish used as food.
etc) entitling one to a p)ension. perch^ P3:tj" n [C] bird's
'v/er, person receiving a f>en- resting-place, eg a branch, a vt/i
sion. 1 (of birds) settle. 2 (of a person)
pen-sive /'pensiv/ adj deep in sit on a tall seat. 3 (of buildings)
thought. -^lya^^v. be situated high up.
pen-ta-gon /'pentagan/ n [C] per-co-late /'psikaleit/ vt/i 1 (of
plane figure with five sides. '>^al Uquid) (cause to) pass slowly
/-'taeganl/o^' (through). 2 (fig) filter (1 ): The
pen-tath-lon pen'taeGbn n [C] ' news ^dthrough to us. per-co-
(modem Olympic Games) con- lator, coffee-pot in which boil-
test in which each competitor ing water percolates through
takes part in five events. coffee.
pent-house /'penthaus/ n [C] per-cus-sion /pa'kAjn/ n [U] 1
apartment built on the roof of a the striking together of two
tall building. (hard) objects; sound of this. 2
pcn-ul-ti-mate /penUltmiat/ n the '>^, musical instruments
[C] adj (word, event, etc which played by percussion, eg drums.
is) last but one. per-en-nial/ps'renial/a^l con-
people /'pi:pl/ " [U] 1 persons in tinuing throughout the whole
general. 2 persons belonging to year. 2 lasting for a very long
a place, a social class: village ^. time. 3 (of plants) hving for
3 persons not high in rank, etc 4 more than two years, d n [C]
(also pf) race, nation: the ~5 of perennial plant. '^\y adv
Asia. D vt fill with p)eople. per-fect' /'pscfikt/ adj 1 com-
pep /pep/ n [U] (5/) energy; hfe. d plete. 2 without fault: a -^
vt (-pp-) (st) give energy or Ufe answer. 3 exact: a ~ circle. 4 to-
 275 perfect /persist

tal: a ~ stranger. -^ tense, (after depression, etc), perky

{gram) tense composed of have adj confident.
(-ier, -iest) lively;
and a past participle, eg He has perk^ /p3:k/ n pi
(informal)
written the letter, -v^ly adv com- benefit of a job, not part of sa-
pletely: ^lyfit. lary (eg a free motor-car).
per-fect^ /pa'fekt/ vt make per- perm p3:m n [C] (informal abhr
fect. for) permanent wave, d vt give
per-fec-tion /pa'fekjn/ [U] 1 /i a perm to.
perfecting: the ^
of a technique. per-ma-nence /'psimanans/ n
2 perfect Quality or example. [U] state of being permanent.
'>^ist n [C] (informal) person per-ma-nent /'p3:m9n3nt/ adj
who is only satisfied with what is not expected to change. c> tem-
Ijerfect. porary. ->- wave, artificial curls
per-f or-ate /'p3:f3reit/ vt/i make put in the hair. '>^ly adv
holes in. per-f o'r-ation n [C,U] per-meate "p3:mieit, vt/i ^
per-form /p3'fo:m/' vtji 1 (for- (through/among) flow or
mal) do (a piece of work). 2 act spread into every part of per-
(a play); play (music); sing, etc me-'ation«[U]
before an audience. '>^ance n per-mis-sible /pa'misabl/ adj
(a) [U] performing, (b) [C] not- that may be permitted, per-
able action, (c) [C] performing miss\b\y adv
of a play, concert, etc. '^er, per- per-mis-sion /ps'mijn/ n [U] act
son who performs. of permitting; consent.
per-fume 'p3:fju:m/ n [C,U] per-miss-ive /pa'misiv/ adj
(liquid with a) sweet smell, n vt (too) tolerant (esp in sexual mat-
/p3'fju:m give a perfume to. ters): the '^ society. '-<wness n
per-haps /ps'hseps/ adv possib- [U]
ly. per-mit^ /'p3:mit; n [C] written
peril /'peral/ n 1 [U] serious authority to do something, etc.
danger. 2 [C] something that per-mit^ /ps'mit/ vt/i (-tt-) al-
causes danger, o^ous adj low.
per-imeter /p9'rimit9(r)/ n [C] per-pen-dicu-lar iP3:p3n-
outer boundary of a closed area, 'dikjul3(r)/ adj 1 at an angle of
eg an airfield, etc. 90"^ (to another line or surface).
period 'piariad/ n [C] 1 length 2 upright. D n [C] perpendicular
or portion of time. 2 (US) full line. c> horizontal; vertical.
stop; symbol (.) marking this. 3 per-pet-ual .'pa'petjual/ adj go-
(informal) occurrence of men- ing on without stopping: com- ^
struation. '>^ic /ipisri'odik/ adj plaints, '^ly adv
occurring at regular intervals. per-petu-ate /ps'f^etj'ueit/ vt
-v/ical /-ikl/ adj = periodic, n n preserve from being forgotten.
[C] magazine, etc, which ap- per-petu-'ation /-Jn/ n [U]
pears at regular intervals, -^ic- per-plex pa'pleks/ vt puzzle.
ally /-kh/ adv (a) at regular in- ^ed adj. ^ity n (pi -ies) (for-
tervals, (b) occasionally. mal) (a) [U] state of being con-
pe-riph-ery /ps'rifari/ n [C] (pi fused, (b) [C] perplexing thing.
-ies) external boundary or sur- per-se-cute /'p3:sikju:t/ v7 1
face, peripheral adj because of reli-
treat cruelly, esp
peri-scope 'p>erisk3up/ n [C] in-
,
gious beliefs. 2 cause repeated
strument, as used in submarines, trouble to. per-se-cu-tor, per-
with mirrors, for seeing things at son who persecutes, per-
a higher level. se'cu-tion /-.fn/ n [C, U]
per-ish /'perij/ vtji 1 come to an per-se-vere /ip3:si'vi3(r)/ vi 's^
end, die. 2 cause suffering to: (at/ in /with), continue doing,
'-^ed with cold/ hunger. 3 (esp of (esp something difficult or tir-
rubber) (cause to) decay. ing), per-se-ver-ance n [U].
'>^able /-abl/ adj, n pi (food) per-sist pa'sist/ vi ^ '^ in sthj
that quickly goes bad. in doing sth, refuse to change
per-jure /'p3:d33(r)/ vt (reflex) -w- (what one is doing, etc). 2 '^
oneself, make a false state- vtfith, continue to work hard at.
ment after taking an oath, per- 3 continue to exist: Fog will in ~
jury /i[C,U] most areas. '>^ence n [U]. '^ent
perk^ /paik/ vtji -^ up, (of a per- adj continuing; repeated: persis-
son) become lively and active tent warnings /at tacks.
person /petroleum 276

per-son /'psrsn/ n [C] 1 man, cause concern to.

woman (the usual words). 2 liv- per-vade /pa'vcid/ vt (formal)
ing body of a human being, in spread through every part of: a
'>-', physically present. 3 {gram) smell '\^d the room, per'va-sion
each of three classes of personal /-'vei3n/n[U].
pronouns: the first ~
(I, we), the per-va-sive /pa'veisiv/ adj tend-
second '^ (you) and the third '^ ing to pervade.
(he, she, '^able /-obi/
it, they), perverse adj^ (of per-
/pa'vars/
a^/ good-looking and pleasant. sons) deliberately continuing to
personal /'paisanl/ adj 1 pri- do wrong. 2 (of behaviour) un-
vate; of a particular person. 2 of reasonable. '>^ly adv
the body: ^
cleanliness. 3 critic- perver-sion /pa'vaijn/ n 1 [U]
al of a person: ~
remarks, j'^ perverting. 2 [C] unnatural be-
'pronoun, of the three per- haviour: sexual '^s.
sons(3). '>-ly adv (a) in person, perver-sity /pa'vaisali/ n (pi
(b) speaking for oneself: P'>^ly. -ies) [U] being perverse; [C] per-
I think you are mad. verse act.
per-son-af-ity /.p3:s3'nael3ti/ n per-vert^ /'parvart/ n [C] person
ipl -ies) 1 [C,U] person's cha- whose (sexual) behaviour is ab-
racter. 2 [C] (modern use) well- normal.
known person: a TV'\^. pervert^ /ps'vart/ vt 1 turn
per-son-ify /pa'sonifai/ vt {pt.pp (something) to a wrong use: 's.
-led) 1 represent (something) as 2 cause (a person) to do
justice.
a person. 2 be an example of (a wrong.
quality):He is kindness personi- pes-si-mism /'pesimizam/ n [U]
fied. per'Soni-fi-ca-tion belief that the worst thing will
/-fi'keiJn/«[C,U] happen, pes-si-mist, believer
person-nei /,p3:s3'nel/ n [U] in pessimism, pes-si'mis-tic
staff, esp in large companies and adj
the armed forces. '>^ pest /pest/ n [C] 1 troublesome
manager/officer, one em- or destructive thing, animal, etc.
ployed to deal with staff, their 2 (informal) child who is a nui-
salaries, training, etc. sance.
per-spec-tive /pa'spektiv/ n 1 pes-ter /'pest3(r)/ vt annoy;
[U] the art of drawing objects so trouble.
as to give the impression of sol- pes-ti-cide /'pestisaid/ n [C,U]
idity, distance, etc. 2 [U] relation substance used to destroy pests.
between different aspects of a pet /pet/ n 1 animal, etc kept as a
problem: He sees things in their companion, eg a cat or a dog. 2
right '^. person treated as a favourite, a
perspex /'parspeks/ n [U] (P) vt (-tt-) kiss and caress, 'x.

tough plastic used instead of name, name used affectionate-

glass. not one's real name.
ly,
perspire /p3'spai3(r)/ vi sweat petal /'petl/ n [C] division of the
(which is less formal), per- head of a flower.
spir-ation /iparspa'reijn/ « [U] peter /'pi:t3(r)/ vi 'v^ out. (of
persuade /pa'sweid/ v/ 1 '>^ s£» supplies, etc) come gradually to
that; 'V. sb ofsth. convince (a an end.
person). 2 cause (a person) by pe-ti-tion /pi'tijn/ n [C] 1 pray-
reasoning (to do something): '^ er. 2 appeal (esp a written docu-
her to marry you. ment signed by a large number
persua-sion /pa'sweisn/ n 1 [Ul of people). 3 formal application
power of persuading. 2 [C,U] made to a court of law. d vt/i 1
belief. make an appeal to, eg the au-
persua-sive /ps'sweisiv/ adj thorities. 2 'X. for. ask humbly.
able to persuade, 'x/ly adv '>^er, one who petitions.
pert /part/ a^ cheeky; disrespect- pet-rify /'petrifai/ vt/i (pt.pp
ful,'^ly adv. '>^ness n [U] -led) 1 change into stone. 2 (fig)
per-tain /ps'tem/ v: '>^ to. (for- take away power to think, act,
mal) be connected with: land etc (through fear).
'y^ingtoafarm. pet-rol /'petral/ n [U] refined pet-
per>ti-nent /'pactmant/ adj (for- roleum U!>ed as a fuel in cars.
mal) relevant. (US = gasoline).
per-turb /pa'tarb/ vt (format) pe-tro-leum /pi'trauhsm/ n [U]
 277 petticoat / ph rase

mineral oil found underground. 'n,. 3 [U] calm, quiet at-

religious
pet-ti-coat /'petikaut/ n [C] titude towards life, philo-
woman's underskirt. sophi-cal /(fila'sofikl/ adj (a)
petty /'peti/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 of philosophy, (b) (of a person)
small; unimportant. 2 showing guided by reason and not feel-
no generosity or sympathy: ^ ings, phil-os-ophize /fi'lo-
spite. '>- cash, (business) money safaiz/ v/ think, talk, like a philo-
for small payments, pet-ti- sopher.
ness/}[U] phlegm /flem/ n [U] 1 thick,
petu-lant /'petjubnt/ adj (for- semi-fluid substance forming on
mal) very irritable; bad- the skin of the throat and in the
tempered. '>^ly adv. petu- nose. 2 quality of being phleg-
lance n [U] matic.
pew n [C] bench with a
/pju:/ phleg-matic /fleg'mxtik/ adj
back in a church. slow to act or to show feelings;
pew-ter /'pju:t3(r)/ n [U] (ob- calm. '>'ally adv
jects made of a) grey alloy of pho-bia /'fsubia/ n [C] (pi -^s)
lead and tin. strong fear or dislike.
phal-lus n [C] image of
/'faelss/ phone- /faun/ n. vtji (abbr for)
the penis, as a symbol of fertil- telephone. '--^^-boothZ-box,
ity, phal-lic adj telephone kiosk.
phan-tasy /'faentasi/ n = fan- pho-netic /fa'netik/ adj (linguis-
tasy. tics) concerned with the sounds
phan-tom /'faentam/ n [C] ghost. of human speech, ^ally /-kh/
Phar-aoh /'fearau/ n [C] title of adv. pho-ne>tics n (with a sing
the kings of ancient Egypt. verb) (a) science of speech
pharma-ceuti'Cal /,fa:m3- sounds, (b) sound-system of a
'sju:tikl/ di^' of pharmacy. language, '^ian /fauni'tijn/ n
phar-ma-cist /'fa:m9sist/ n [C] [C] expert in phonetics.
person skilled in preparing med- pho-ney, phony /'fsuni/ adj
icines. c> chemist. (-ier, -iest) (si) not genuine, a n
pharmacy /'farmasi/ n (pi -ies) [C] phony person.
1 [U] preparation and dispens- pho-nol-ogy /f3'nDl3d3i/ n [U]
ing of medicines and drugs. 2 [C] study of the organization of
(part of a) shop where medicines speech sounds.
are sold. (US = drugstore). phos-pho-rescence /(fosfs-
phase /feiz/ n [C] 1 stage of deve- 'resns/ n [U] the giving out of
lopment. 2 (of the moon) tight without heat, phos-pho-
amount of bright surface visible. rescent adj
D plan, carry out, by phases.
vt phos-phorus /'fosfsras/ n [U]
'>^in/out. introduce/withdraw yellow element like wax which
one stage at a time. gives out light (symbol P).
pheas-ant /'feznt/ n [C] long- photo /'fautau/ n [C] (informal
tailed game bird; [U] its flesh as abbr for) photograph.
food. photo-copy /'fautakopi/ vt (pt,
phe-nom-enal /fa'nomml/ adj pp -ied) make a copy of (a docu-
enormous; extraordinary: ~ ment, etc) bv a photographic
expense /strength. '>^ly adv method, a n [C] (pi -ies) such a
phe*nom'enon /fd'nomihdn/ n copy.
[C] (pi -ena /-na/) 1 thing that is photo-genic /,f3utd'd3enik/ adj
known to exist by the senses. 2 that is photographed well.
remarkable or unusual person, photo-graph /'f3ut3gra:f/ n [C]
thing, etc. picture recorded by the action of
phi-lis-tine /'filistam/ n [C] light on film in a camera, etc. a
(modern use) person who dis- vt take i photograph of. '^bt
likes art, beauty, etc. /f3'togr3f3(r)/ n [C] person who
phil-os-opher n [C]
/fi'lDS3f3(r)/ takes photographs. 'V'ic
1 person studying or teaching /-'graefik/ adj. pho-togra-phy
philosophy. 2 (informal) person /fa'togrsfi/ n [U] art or process
guided by reason not feeling. of taking photographs.
phil-os-ophy /fi'losafi/ n (pi phrasal /'freizl/ adj in the form
-ies) 1 [U] the search for know- of a phrase.
esp tthe meaning of exis-
ledge, esp phrase n [C] 1 group of
/freiz/
tence. 2l[C]
fC] system of thought: a words forming part of a sen-
phraseology /piebald 278

tence, eg in the garden. 2 short, take up (grain, etc) in the bill; (of
clever expression, d vt express in persons) eat (food, etc) in small
words. ''>^ book, one listing ex- amounts. 6 '^ on sb, select for
pressions with equivalents in an- punishment, etc. '^ sb/sth
other language, eg for tourists. out. (a) choose, (b) distin-
phras-eol-ogy /ifreizi'oladsi/ n guish; see clearly: ->^ out a friend
[U] choice of words. in a crowd. -^ sth up, (a) take
physi-cal "fizikr/ adj^ of things hold of and lift, (b) gain; get: 'n.
that are known through the up information, (c) improve:
senses: the ^
world. 2 of the His health is '^ing up. '^ sb up,
body: ~exercise. 3 of the laws (a) make the acquaintance of
of nature: a ~
impossibility. 4 of casually, (b) collect (usually by
the natural features of the car): I'll ~
you up at the station.
world: ~
geography. '>-ly /-kli/ picket /'pikit/ n [C] 1 pointed
adv stick, etc set upright in the
phys-ician /fi'zijn/ n [C] doctor ground. 2 small group of men
of medicine and surgery. on guard duty; patrol. 3 work-
/'fizisist/ nnc]e
'
physi-cist
. .
[C] expert er(s) placed outside a factory,
in physics. etc during a strike, to try to
phys-ics /'fiziks/ n [U] group of prevent others going to work, a
sciences dealing with matter and vtji 1 station (men) as pick-
energy. ets (2). 2 place/be a picket (3)
physi-ol-ogy /ifizi'oladsi/ n [U] at: ~
a factory.
science of the normal functions pickle /'pikl/ n 1 [U] salt water.
of living things, physi-ol- vinegar, etc for keeping meat,
ogist n [C] expert in physiol- etc in good condition. 2 vege-
ogy, physiologi-cal tables kept in pickle, a vt
/-'lDd3ikl/a(/7 preserve in pickle, pickled adj
physiother-apy /ifiziau- (st) very drunk.
'Gerapi/ n [U] treatment of dis- pick-pocket /'pik pokit/ n [C]
ease by means of exercise, mas- person who steals from pockets.
sage, etc. physio-thera-pist n C>pick='(1).
[C] pick-up Ap/ n [C] (pi ~s) 1
/'pik
phy-sique /fi'zi:k/ n [U] struc- part of a record-player that
ture and development of the holds the stylus. 2 small van or
body: a man of strong'^. truck with low sides.
pi-ano /pi'aensu/ n [C] (pi ~s) pic-nic /'piknik/ n [C] pleasure
musical instrument in which trip on which food is carried to
metal strings are struck by ham- be eaten outdoors, d vi (-ck-)
mers operated from a keyboard. take part in a picnic.
pia-nist /'pianist/ n [Cj person pic-tor-ial /pik'totrisl/ adj of, in,
who plays the piano. pictures.
pic-colo /'piksbu/ n [C] (pi -^s) pic-ture /'piktj3(r)/ n [C] 1
small flute. painting, drawing, photograph,
pick^ /pik/ n [C] choice: take your esp as a work of art. 2 perfect ex-
'^. the --^ of, the best. ample, be the y'>^ of ^health.
pick^ /pik/ n [C] 1 (also ''^-axe), appear very healthy. 3 (fig)
heavy tool with an iron head image mind an event, etc.
in the
having two pointed ends, used put sb in the ^, make aware
for breaking up hard surfaces of a situation. 4 film shown in a
(eg roads). 2 small, sharp instru- cinema, d v/ 1 make a picture of.
ment: a 'roo//i~. 2 imagine: ^
oneself as a rich
pick^ /pik/ vt/i 1 take up with the man. the '^s, (informal) the
fingers. sb's brains, get
'^^ cinema.
ideas and information, 'v^ sb's pic-tur-esque /ipiktja'resk/ adj
pocket, steal from it. 2 tear or 1 suitable to be the subject of a
separate; use a pointed instru- painting. 2 vivid: ~
language.
ment to clean, etc: ~
one's teeth. pidgin /'pidsin/ n [C] language
3 select; chose: '^ a team. '^ a that is a mixture of two others.
guarre/ vtf/th sb, cause a pie /pai/ n [C,U] meat or fruit
quarrel. 4 make with a sharp in- covered with pastry and baked
strument: ~
a hole in a shirt. '^ in a dish.
holes in an argument, (fig) pie-bald /'paiboild/ adj (of a
find its weak points. 5 (of birds) horse) having white and dark
 279
patches of irregular shape.
piece^ /pi:s/ « [C] 1 part or bit of
a solid substance, fall to '>^s,
break into pieces, go (all) to
'^s. {informal) (of a person) col-
lapse physically or mentally, a
i'^^ of^cake. very easy. 2 separ-
ate instance or example: a '^ of
news /advice, give sb a ,^n^ of
one's ^mind. criticize him
strongly. 3 single composition
(in music, etc). 4 one of a set: a
chess '^. 5 coin: a tenpenco^.
piece^ /pi:s/ vt '^ (together).
put (parts, etc) together.
piece-meal /'pi:smi:l/ adv one
(part) at a time: work done ^. a
fli^done in parts.
pier /pi3(r)/ n [C] 1 structure of
wood, iron, etc built out into the
sea, eg as a landing-stage. 2 pill-
ar supporting a bridge, etc.
pierce /pias/ vt/i 1 (of sharp in-
struments) go into or through. 2
(fig) (of cold, etc) force a way in-
to or through, pierc-ing adj
(esp of cold, voices) sharp.
pierc-ing-lya^v.
piety /'paiati/ n [U] {formal) de-
votion to God.
P'9 /pig/ " 1 [C] animal without
fur that does not chew grass; [U]
its flesh as meat. O
bacon, ham,
pork. 2 {informal) dirty, greedy
or ill-mannered person, make a
'^ of oneself, eat or drink too
much. ,'>^-'headed adj stub-
bom. ''>^sty /-stai/, small build-
ing for pigs. ''>^tail, plait of hair
hanging down over the back of
the neck. '>^gy n [C] {pi -ies)
little pig.
pigeon /'pidsm/ n [C] bird of the
dove family. ''>^hole n [C] small
open box for keeping papers in.
D vt put aside; avoid deaUng
with. ,'>^-'toed adj having the
toes turned inwards.
pig-let /'pight/ n [C] young pig.
pig-ment/'pigmsnt/nl [U] col-
ouring matter for making dyes,
paint, etc. 2 [U] natural colour-
ing matter in the skin, hair, etc.
pigmy/'pigmi//j[C] = pygmy.
pike' /paik/ n [C] long wooden
spear, formerly used by soldiers.
pike^ /paik/ n [C] large
freshwater fish.
pil-chard /'piltjxl/ n [C] small
seafish like the herring.
pile' /pail/ n [C] 1 number of
things lying one on another. 2
large sum of money: make one's
piece/pincers
pile^ /pail/ n [C] heavy beam
driven into the ground, as a
foundation for a building etc.
''>^-driver, machine for driving
piles into the ground.
pile^ /pail/ n [U] soft, thick, sur-
face like hair as on carpets, etc.
pile*. /pail/ vtji 1 make into a
pile'(1 ); put on a pile'(1 ). 2 -^
up, (a) accumulate: My work
began to '>^ up. (b) (of vehicles)
crash into each other. Hence,
''>^-up Ai. 3 ^ into I out ofsth.
enter/leave in a disorderly way.
pil-fer /'pilf3(r)/ vtji steal, esp in
small quantities.
pil-grim /'pilgrim/ n [C] person
who travels to a holy or sacred
place. ''>^age /-ids/, journey of a
pilgrim.
pill /pil/ n [C] 1 small tablet of
medicine. 2 the -w, oral con-
traceptive.
pil-lar /'pil3(r)/ n [C] 1 upright
column of stone, etc as a sup-
port or ornament. 2 loyal sup-
porter: a '^ of the Church. ''>.'-
box, cylindrical container in
which letters are posted.
pil-lion /'pilian/ n [C] saddle for a
passenger behind the driver of a
motorbike.
pil-low /'pibu/ n [C] soft cushion
in a bed for the head, d vt sup-
port (as) on a pillow. ''>^-case/
-slip, cover for a pillow.
pi-lot /'paibt/ n [C] 1 person
trained to take ships into or out
of a harbour. 2 person trained to
operate an aircraft. 3 (as an adj)
experimental: a '-^ scheme, o vt
act as a pilot.
pim-ple /'pimpl/ n [C] small,
hard, inflamed spot on the skin.
pim-ply adj (-ier, -lest)
pin' /pin/ n [C] short, pointed
piece of wire with a round head,
used for fastening things to-
gether. C> safety pin, drawing
pin. ,'>^s and 'needles, tin-
gling sensation in a limb caused
by poor blood circulation.
''v^point vt {fig) find a target
with accuracy. '--N^stripe, (of
cloth) with very narrow stripes.
pin^ /pin/ vt (-nn-) 1 fasten with
a pin or pins. 2 make unable to
move: He was '^ned under a fal-
lentree. '>^ sb down, (fig)
make him commit himself.
pina-fore /'pin3fD:(r)/ n [C] gar-
ment worn over a dress to keep
it clean.
pin-cers /'pinssz/ n pi (also a

pinch /pitch
pair of ~5) 1 instrument for
gripping things. 2 claws of cer-
tain shellfish.
pinch /pmtj/ v//; 1 squeeze be-
tween the thumb and finger or
two surfaces. 2 be too tight:
These shoes ~. 3 (informat)
steal. D w [C] 1 painful squeeze. 2
(fig) stress: feel the ~ of poverty.
3 amount held with the thumb
and finger: a '^ of tobacco. 4 at
a-^, if necessary.
pine^ /pam/ n (C] kinds of ever-
green tree with needle-shaped
leaves; [U] its wood.
pine^ /pam/ v/ 1 become weak
through sorrow or illness. 2 '>^
for sth/to do sth. have a
strong desire.
pine-apple /'pamspl/ n [C]
(tropical plant with a) sweet,
juicy, yellow fruit; [U] the fruit
as food.
ping-pong /'pirjpor)/ n [C]
table tennis.
pin-ion /'pmian/ n [C] small cog-
wheel.
pink adj 1 [U] pale red
/pirjk/ n.
colour. 2 [C] garden plant with
sweet-smelling flowers. 3 in the
'^. {informal) in good health.
pin-nacle /'pmakl/ n [C] 1 tall,
pointed cmameni on a roof. 2
high, slender mountain peak. 3
(Jig) highest point: the ^
of his
career.
pin-point /'pmpomt/O pinV
pin-stripe /'pm straip/ cO pin'.
pint /paint/ n [C] 1 measure for
liquids, about ^57 litres. 2 this
amount of beer.
pin-up /'pin Ap/ n [C] picture of
an attractive person, esp
woman.
pion-eer /|pai3'm9(r)/ n [C] per-
son who explores a new land or
branch of study, a vt/i act as a
pioneer.
pi-ous /'paias/ adJ having deep
devotion to religion, -^ly adv
pip' /pip//j [C] seed, esp of fruit.
pip /pip/ n [C] note of a time-
signal on the telephone or radio.
pipe' /paip/ n [CJ 1 tube through
which liquids or gases can fiow.
2 musical wind-instrument;
tube of an organ; (pi) = bag-
pipes. 3 song of some birds. 4
tube with a bowl, used for smok-
ing tobacco. ''>^line, (esp) pipes
for conveying petroleum to dis-
tant places, in the '^/ine, in
preparation; on the way.
pipe' /paip/ vt/i 1 convey (water.
. .
280
etc)through pipes. 2 play (a
tune) as on a pif)e. '>^ down.
(informal) be less noisy.
pipe-line /'paiplain/n O
pipe'.
piper /'paip3(r)/ n [C] person
who plays a pipe or bagpipes.
pip-ette /pi'pet/ n [C] thin tube
for transferring small quantities
of liquid, esp in chemistry.
pi-quant /'pi:k3nt/ adj pleasant-
ly sharp to the taste. 'N^ly adv.
pi-quancyn[U]
pi- racy /'paiarasi/ n (pi -ies) [C,
U] 1 robbery on the high seas. 2
pirating of books, etc.
pi -rate /'paiarat/ n [C] 1 person
who commits piracy (1). 2 per-
son who uses eg another's copy-
right without authorization, q vt
use, reproduce (a book, etc)
without authority.
pir-ou-ette /,piru'et/ n [C]
ballet-dancer's rapid turn on the
= toe. D vj make a pirouette.
piss /pis/ vtji A
(vulgar si) pass
urine,a n [U] urine, ^^^ed adj ^
vM/gar 5/) very drunk
(
pis-toi /'pistl/ n [C] small firearm
held in one hand.
pis-ton /'pistan/ n [C] round
plate which moves up and down
inside a cylinder, used in en-
gines, pumps, etc.
pit /pit/ n [C] 1 large hole in the
earth, esp one from which
material is dug out (a 'coa/-~). 2
hollow in an animal body: the -^
of the stomach: O
armpit. 3 scar
left on the body after smallpox.
4 (pi) place at which cars stop (at
race-courses) for fuel, etc. 5
ground fioor of a theatre behind
a the stalls, n v^ (-tt-) mark with
pits(3) or with holes. ''>^faii,
unsuspected trap or danger.
pitch' /pitj/ n [Cj 1 area for play-
ing football, cricket, etc. 2 act of
throwing anything. 3 (in music
and speech) degree of highness
or lowness. 4 degree; level: a
high -^ of excitement. 5 (of a
ship) process of pitching(5)
pitch' /pitJ/ n [U] black sub-
stance made fi om coal-tar, used
eg between planks forming a
floor |'>^-'blacka^y very black.
pitch^ /pitJ/ vt/i 1 set up, erect (a
tent). 2 throw (a ball, etc). 3
(music) set in a certain key. 4
(cause to) fall heavily: The car
crashed and the driver was '^ed
out. 5 (of a ship) move up and
down. 6 '^ in. set to work with
energy. '>^ into, (a) attack
 281 pitcher/plane

violently, (b) get busy with. ition among the winners. 6

''>-fork, long-handled fork for single step in an argument, etc:
lifting hay, etc. in the first ~. 7 position; em-
pitcher /'pitj3(r)/ n [C] large jug ployment: a ~ in the team. 8 {in-
with two handles. formal) house; home. 9 (in prop-
pit-eous /'pitias/ adj (formal) er names) Street, Square: St
arousing pity: a ^ cry. 'x/ly adv James's P'^. 10 setting for one
pit-fall /'pitfo:!/ O pit. person at a table.
pith /pi9/ n [Uj 1 soft substance place^ /pleis/ vt 1 put in a certain
that fills the stems of some place; arrange (things) in their
plants (eg reeds). 2 inner skin of proper places. 2 appoint to a
oranges, etc. 3 (fig) essential position. 3 put (an order for
part (of a speech, etc), pithy adj goods, etc) with a business firm.
(-ier, -iest) (a) of, like, full of, 4 recognize, identify a person: /
pith, (b) full of meaning: ^y re- know his face, but I can 't '^ him.
marks. '>/ily adv pla-centa /pb'senta/ n [C] {anat)
piti-able /'pitiabl/ adj arousing organ lining the womb during
pity; weak; a ^
attempt, piti- pregnancy by which the foetus is

ably adv nourished.

piti-ful /'pitifl/ adj 1 feehng,
showing, pity. 2 causing pity.
= pitiable. '>^lya(/v
piti-less /'pitils/ adj showing
pity. '>.'ly adv
pit-tance /'pitns/ n [C] insuffi-
cient amount or payment.
pity /'piti/ n {pi -ies) 1 [U] feeling
of sorrow for the sufferings of
another person, have/take '^
on sb. help a person in trouble,
etc. out of'^. because of a feel-
ing of pity. 2 (event which gives)
cause for regret: What a that^
you lost it! D vt {pt.pp -led) feel
pity for.
pivot /'pivat/ n [C] 1 central pin
or point on which something
turns. 2 {fig) something on
which an argument depends, a
vtji turn (as) on a pivot, -^al adj
pixy, pixie /'piksi/ n [C] {plAes)
small elf or fairy.
pizza /'pi:ts3/ n [C,U] {It) layer of
baked dough covered with to-
matoes, cheese, etc.
plac-ard /'plaeka:d/7J [C] public
notice; poster, d v7 make known
using a placard.
pla-cate /pb'keit/ vt = pacify.
place^ /pleis/ n [C] 1 particular
part of space occupied by a per-
son or thing, in I out of '>^. (a)
in/not in the right or proper
place. (b) {fig) suitable/
unsuitable: his remarks were out
of ^. in '^ of, instead of. put
sb in his (proper) ->-, C>
put(2). faAe'>^, happen. 2 city.
town, etc. 3 building or area of
land with a particular purpose: a
'^ of worship, a church. 4 rank
or station (in society, etc), keep
sb in his '^. not allow him to
be too familiar. 5 (in a race) pos-
pla-cid /'plaesid/ adj calm; not
3 easily irritated, 'x/ly adv
pla-giar-ize /'pleid33raiz/ vt use
no somebody else's ideas, words,
etc as if they were one's own.
pla-giar-ism /-rizsm/ n [C,U]
plague /pleig/ n [C,U] 1 fatal
disease which spreads quickly. 2
{fig) cause of trouble, disaster: a
~ of rats, n v/ '>^ (with), an-
noy: '^dwith questions.
plaice /pleis/ n [C] edible flatfish.
plaid /plaed/ n[C] long piece of
woollen cloth with a check pat-
tern.
plain^ /plem/ adj (-er, -est) 1
easy to see, hear or understand.
2 simple; ordinary: '^food. in '>^
clothes, (esp of policemen) not
in uniform. 3 (of persons)
straightforward; frank, in -^
words, frankly. 4 not pretty or
handsome: a very '-^ girt, a adv
clearly. ,'>^-'spoken adj frank
in speech. '>-ly adv. ^v/ness n
[U]
plain^ /plem/ n [C] area of level
land.
plain-tive /'plemtiv/ adj sound-
ing sad. '>^\y adv
plait /plaet/ vt weave or twist
(lengths of hair) into one length.
D w [C] something made by plait-
ing.
plan /plaen/ n [C] 1 outline draw-
ing (of a building, town, garden,
etc).2 diagram (of the parts of a
machine). 3 arrangement for
doing something: make ^s for
the holidays, a vt (-nn-) make a
plan.
plane' /plem/ n [C] tree (a '~-
tree) with broad leaves and thin
bark.
plane^ /plem/ n [C] tool for
plane /play 282

smoothing the surface of wood. (P) substance like clay used for
D v7 make smooth with a plane. modelling.
piane^ plem «(Cl1 flat surface. plate pleit/ n 1 [C] shallow dish
2 (informal) ^ aeroplane. 3 from which food is eaten; con-
(//» level or stage (of develop- tents of this. 2 [U] gold or silver
ment, etc). D a<^ perfectly level. articles,eg spoons, dishes 3 [C]
planet /'plaenit/ n (C) one of the flat,thin sheet of metal or glass.
heavenly bodies (eg Mars. Ve- 4 sheet of metal from which the
nus) which move round a star. pages of a book are printed;
'>^ary -in! adj book illustration printed separ-
plank ,plaer)k/ n [C] long, flat ately from the text, a vr 1 cover
piece of timber, '--^-ing n [U] with metal plates(3). 2 cover
planks eg as a floor (another metal) with gold, sil-
plank -ton /'plaqktsn/ n [U] very ver, etc.
small forms of life that drift in pla-teau /'plaetau/n [C] (pi '^s or
the sea, rivers, etc. '^x /-tsoz/) expanse of high,
plant^ /pla:nt/ n [C] 1 living or- level land.
ganism which is not an animal, plat-form /'plaetfo:m/ /I [C]1 flat
esp the kind smaller than trees. 2 surface built at a higher level
apparatus, machinery, etc used than the track in a railway sta-
in an industrial process. 3 fac- tion. 2 raised structure for
tory. speakers at a meeting. 3 pro-
plant^ /pla:nt/ vt 1 put plants, gramme of a political oarty.
bushes, etc in (a garden, etc). 2 plat-ing /'pleitir)/ n [U] (esp) thin
(Jig)cause (an idea) to form in coating of gold, silver, etc. C>
the mind. 3 place firmly in posi- plate vr (2).
tion. 4 (sf) hide (stolen goods on plati-num /'plaetmam/ n [U] grey
a person's property to make him metal used for jewellery, etc
seem guilty). (symbol Pt).
plan-ta-tion /plaen'teijn/ n [C] plati-tude /'plaetitju:d/ n [C]
area of land planted with trees, statement that is obviously true,
eg sugar-cane, tea. but made as if it were new.
plaque /pla:k/ n [C] flat metal or pla-toon /pb'tum/ n [C] unit of
porcelain plate fixed on a wall as soldiers, commanded by a
an ornament or memorial. lieutenant.
plasma /'plaezma/ n [U] clear platy-pus /'plaetipas/ n [C] {pi
fluid in which the blood-cells are ~es /-pasiz/) ,duck-billed ''-^,

carried. small aquatic Australian animal

plas-ter /pla:st3(r)/ n 1 [U] mix- which lays eggs.
ture of lime, sand, water, etc plaus-ible /'pb:z3bl/ adj seem-
used for coating walls and ceil- 7flg~to be right or Reasonable.
ings. 2 [C] piece of fabric or tape plaus-ibly aJv -
used to cover a wound, etc. d vi play^ /plei/ n 1 [C] (performance
1 cover (a wall, etc) with plas- of a ) story, etc on a stage, TV,
ter(1 ) 2 cover thickly: hair^ed etc.2 [U] (what is done for) am-
with oil. |'>^ of 'Paris, white usement; recreation, a ,'^ on
paste that becomes very hard 'words, = pun. 3 [U] the
v/hen dry, used to protect (manner oQ playing of a game.
broken limbs etc. ''>- cast, (a) C> fair play. 4 [U] hght, quick,
mould made with gauze and movement: the ~
of sunlight on
plaster of Paris, (b) copy (of a water. 5 [U] (space for) free and
small statue) made of plaster of easy movement: a lot of 'v- in a
Paris. '>^er, workman who uses rope. ''>^boy, rich pleasure-
plaster (1 ). loving man. ''>^ground, area of
plas-tic /'plaestik/ adJ 1 (of a school, etc for children to play.
materials) easily shaped. 2 (of '~house, = theatre.
goods) made of plastic. 3 of the '~mate, (of children) friend
art of modelling, a n [C,U] one plays with, '-w-pen, port-
(kinds oO man-made material able enclosure for a baby to be
which can be shaped and which left to play, '-^thing, (a) toy.
keeps its shape when hard. j-v. (b) (fig) person treated like a
'surgery, surgery for the repair toy. ''>^wright, person who
of deformed parts of the body. writes plays.
plas*ti-cine /'plasstisiin' n [IJ] play^ plei^ vt'i (pt.pp -^.ed
 283 player/plot

/pleid/) 1 (contrasted with work) pleasure; friendly. '>^ly adv.

have fun. 2 ^ (at doing sth).
pretend, for fun. to be or do. 3
practice, do: He '^ed a trick on
me. "w it cool. C> coor(2). '^
into sb's hands, O mark.
handM2). '^ for time, O
tinners). -^ truant, C> truant.
4 take part in a game, eg of foot-
ball. 5 (cricket, football,
strike (the ball) in a certain
6 move (a chesspiece); lay a card
on the table. '^ the game, (a)
observe the rules of the game,
(b) (fig) be fair and honest. 7
perform on (a musical instru-
ment), perform (a musical com-
position). 'V. sth back,
repro-
duce (music, speech, etc) from a
tape after it has been recorded.
Hence, ''>^-back n. sth by
ear. O
ear^(2). 8 perform (a
drama on the stage); act (a part
in a drama). ^
the foot,
fool. 9 move about in a gentle,
lively manner: sunlight ^ing on
the water. 10 send out in a
steady stream: -^ water on a
burning building. 11 's^ af sth,
(a) O
2 above, (b) do in a
half-hearted way. ->- sth
down, as less impor-
treat it
tant. '>^ on sth.
make use try to
of for one's own advantage. '^
up. {informal) be naughty. '>^
Sth up. treat it with too much
importance. '^ sb up. {infor-
mal) give trouble to. ^v. up to
sb. (informal) flatter (to win
favour for oneselQ- with
sb/sth. (a) C> 1 above, (b)
treat, think about, casually.
player /'pleiD(r)/ n [C] 1 person
who plays a game. 2 actor. 3
person who plays a musical in-
strument. 4 machine for repro-
ducing musical sounds: a difilcult condition.
*
record"^.
play-ful /'pleifl/ adj in a mood
for play; not serious, 'x^ly adv.
'>'ness n [U]
plea /pli:/ n [C] 1 (legal) state-
ment made by or for a person
charged in a law court. 2 re-
quest: '^sfor mercy. 3 excuse of-
fered for doing wrong.
plead /pH:d/ vt/i (pt.pp ~ed, or
^
US pled) 1 for I against sb.
address a court of law on behalf
of a person. 2 -^ guilty Inot
guilty, admit or deny that one
is guilty. 3 offer as an excuse. 4
"^ (with sb) ask earnestly.
pleas-ant /'pleznt/
'>^ness«[U]
pleas-ant-ry /'plezntn/ n (pi
-ies) (formal) 1 [U] humour. 2
[C] humorous or informal re-
please /pli:z/ vt/i 1 (polite form
of request): Come in. ^. 2 give
satisfaction to. 3 choose: / shall
etc) do as ~. pleased adj glad;
I
way. content, pleas-ing adj (a) giv-
ing pleasure
(ro). (b) attractive.
pleas-ure /'ple39(r)/ n 1 [U] feel-
ing of enjoyment, of being
happy. 2 [U] (formal) wish; de-
your 'v-, as you wish. 3 [C]
sire: at
something that gives happiness.
pleas-ur-able -rabl/ a^y giving
enjoyment, pleas-ur-ably a</v
pleat /plirt/ n [C] fold made by
^ doubling cloth, d vt put a pleat
in.
plec-trum /'plektrsm/ n [C]
O small piece of metal, plastic, etc
for plucking the strings of in-
struments, eg the guitar.
pledge /pled3/ n 1 [C] something
left with a person until an agree-
ment is kept. 2 [U] state of being
left on these conditions: put /hold
goods in ~. 3 [C] something
given as a sign of love, etc. 4 [U]
promise, d vt 1 give as security.
2 make a promise.
plen-ti-ful /'plentifl/ adj in large
quantities: a ~ supply. '>^ly adv
plenty /'plenti/ « [U] '>^ (of), as
much as or more than is needed.
pli-able /'plaisbl/ adj 1 easily
^ bent or shaped. 2 (of the mind)
easily influenced, pli-a'bil-ity n
[U]
pli-ers /'plaiaz/ n /?/ (also a pair o/
~) kind of pincers with long,
flat jaws, used for holding, etc.
plight /plait/ n [C] serious and
plim-soll /'phmssl/ n [C]
rubber-soled canvas shoe (US
= sneaker).
Plim-soll line /'plimssl lam/ n
[C] line on the hull of a ship to
mark how far it may legally go
down in the water when loaded.
plinth /plmG/ n [C] square base
on which a column or statue
stands.
plod /plod/ vt/i (-dd-) 1 walk
slowly with a heavy step. 2 con-
tinue working, etc slowly and
without resting, '^der, (a) per-
son who plods(1 ). (b) slow but
serious person. '>^ding adj
adj giving plot^ /plot/ n [C] piece of ground.
 ;

plot /pock 284

D vt/i (-tt-) 1 make a plan or a -^ of smoke.

diagram of. 2 mark (the position plum-met /'plAmit/ vi (-tt-) fall
of something) on a diagram. 3 steeply.
'>^ (out), divide into plots. plump^ /pUmp/ adj fat in a
plot' /plot/ n [C] 1 secret plan. 2 pleasant way. a vt/i -v. out/up.
outline (of the events of a story), make or become rounded.
a VI /I (-tt-) form, take part in, a plump' /pUmp vt/i 1 (cause to)
plot(1). '^ter. person who fall suddenly and heavily. 2 '^
plots. for. choose with confidence c
plough (US ^ plow) /plau/ n adv abruptly, a n [Cl (noise of a
[C] 1 implement for cutting fur- sudden, heavy fall.

rows in soil and turning it up. 2 plun-der /'plAnd3(r)/ vt/i rob

implement resembling a plough:
a snow ~. 3 the P'>^, (astron)
the group of stars shaped like a
plough. D vi/i 1 break up (land)
with a plough. 2 '>^ (back),
(fig) reinvest (money). 3
through, force a way through.
plow /plau/ (C/5^ = plough.
ploy /pbi/ n [C] (informal) some-
thing done to gain an advan-
tage.
pluck /pUk/ vi/i 1 pull the feath-
ers ofT(a hen, etc). 2 pick (flow-
esp during war. a n [U] goods
taken.
plunge /plAnd3/ vt/i -^ (into),
put (something), or go suddenly
and with force, into, d n [C] act
~ of plunging, take the '>^. (fig)
do something decisive, plung-
er, part of a mechanism that
moves with a plunging motion.
plu-ral /'pluaral/ n [C], adj (form
of word) used with reference to
more than one: 'The '^ ofchildis
children '.

ers, fruit, etc). 3 '>^ at. take hold
of and pull. ^ '^ up courage.
overcome one's fears, a n [U]
courage, plucky adj (-ier,
brave.
plug /pUg/ n [C] 1 piece of rub-
ber, metal, etc used to stop up a
hole (eg in a bath, 2 device
etc).
for making an connec-
electrical
tion. O also sparking-plug. 3
(si)favourable publicity (eg on
radio or TV), a vtji (-gg-) 1 fill
(up) with a plug. 2 '^ (sth) in.
make a connection with a
plug (2). 3 (informal) '^ away
at. work hard at. 4 (si) advertise
(something) repeatedly.
plum /pl/vm/ n [C] 1 (tree having)
soft round fruit with a seed like a
stone. 2 (informal) (as an adj)
considered good and desirable:
a'>^job.
plum-age /'plu:mid3/ n [U]
bird's leathers.
plumb lp\\m: n\C] piece of lead
tied to the end of a cord (a ^'^-
line) to find the depth of water
or test whether a wall is vertical,
a adv exactly: ~
in the middle, d
vt (Jig) find the meaning of:
the depths of a mystery.
plumber /'plAm9(r)/ n [C] work-
man who fits and repairs piF>es.
plumb-ing /'pLvimi)/ n [U] 1 the
work of a plumber. 2 the pipes,
water-tanks, etc in a building.
plume /plu:m/ n [C] 1 feather,
esp a large one used as a decora-
tion. 2 something like a feather:
plus /plAS/ prep with the addi-
tion of: Two '^ five is seven. 2 +
5 = 7. D adj: a '^ quantity, one
-iest) greater than zero. c> minus, d n
K^] (-SS-) the sign -I-.
plush /pUJ/ adj (si) expensive
and comfortable.
plu-to-nium /plur'tdunism/ n
[U] (artificially produced) radi-
oactive element used in nuclear
reactors and weapons (symbol
Pu).
ply^ /plai; n [C] 1 layer of wood
or thickness of cloth. 2 one
strand in wool, rope, etc.
'"-^wood, board(s) made by
gluing together thin layers of
wood.
ply' /plai/ vt/i (pt.pp plied, pres
part plying) 1 (of ships, etc) go
regularly to and from or across:
tankers '^ing the Indian
oil.
Ocean. 2 ^
sb with sth, keep
supplied with (food and drink).
pneu-matic /njur'maetik/ adj
worked by, filled with,
compressed air: a -«- drill/tyre.
'^aWy adv
pneu-monia /njui'maunia/ n [U]
~ serious illness with infiamma-
tion of the lungs.
poach^ /pautj/ vt cook (fish, an
egg without its shell) in boiling
water.
poach' /pautj/ vt/i (go on a per-
son's property and) steal (ani-
mals etc). '>^er, p)erson who
poaches.
pock /pok/ n [C] spot on the skin

caused by smallpox. ^'^-
marked, with marks (as)
after smallpox.
pocket /'pokit/ n [C] 1 small bag
in an of clothing, for
article
carrying things. 2 (as an adj) of a
size suitable for a pocket: a
watch. 3 hollow, eg in rock, con-
taining gold. 4 partial vacuum
in the atmosphere: an ^air-'^. 5
(isolated area occupied by)
enemy forces, etc: '^s of resis-
tance, a vr 1 put into one's pock-
et. 2 keep for oneself (often dis-
honestly), '--^^-monev, small
sum given to children to spend
on sweets, etc.
pod /pod/ n [C] long, green vessel
for seeds of various plants, esp
peas. D v7 (-dd-) take (peas, etc)
out of pods.
podgy /'podsi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
(of a person) short and fat.
poem /'paumi/ n [C] piece of
writing in verse form.
poet /'pauit/ n [C] writer of
poems. '>^ic(al) /p3u'etik(l)/
of poets and poetry.
po-etry /'pauitri/ n [U] 1 the art
of a poet; poems. 2 graceful
quality: the -<- of dance.
poign-ant /'pomjsnt/ adj {for-
mal) causing sadness: ~ me-
mories. '>^ly adv. poig-nancy
[U]
point^ /pomt/ n 1 [C] sharp
(of a pin, pencil, etc). 2 [C] piece
of land that extends into the sea,
etc 3 dot (as) made by a pen,
etc. C> decimal point. 4 [C]
mark of position, in space or
time, at this '>^, at this place or
moment, a '^ of view, one's
opinion about something, be
on the "^ of doing sth. be
about to do it. 5 [C] mark on a
scale: 'boiling-^. 6 [C] unit of
scoring in some games. 7 [C] one
of the thirty-two marks on a
compass. 8 iC] chief, or single,
idea, come to/get to/reach
the '^. give the essential, rele-
vant fact, get/see/miss the
'v.of Sth, see/fail to under-
stand, make a '>^ of doing
sth, make a special effort to do
it. ta/re sb's '^, (during a dis-
cussion) understand what a per-
son is proposing, etc. to the
relevant. 9 [U] purpose; reason:
There's no '^ in going. 10 [C]
characteristic: see his good ~5.
1 1 {GB) socket for electric cur-
rent. 12 (/?/) movable rails
285 pocket/ pole
which a train can move from
left one track to another.
point^ /pomt/ vtji 1 -w. (to),
direct attention to; show the
position of (eg using the finger).
2 ^ sth at/towards, aim or
~ 3 -^ sth out,
direct (eg a rifie).
show; indicate. 4 fill in the joints
of (brickwork, etc) with mortar.
'^ed adj (a) shaped to a point,
(b) (Jig) directed against a per-
son: '^ed remarks. '^edAy adv
point-blank /ipomt 'blaerjk/ adj.
adv^ (of a shot, aimed) at very
close range. 2 (Jig) directly: He
refused'^.
pointer /'p3mt3(r)/ n [C] 1 stick
used to point to things. 2 indica-
tor on a dial. 3 short-haired
hunting dog.
point-less /'pomtlis/ adj (fig)
with no sense or purpose. '>^ly
adv
poise /p3iz/ vt/i be or keep ba-
lanced, a w 1 [U] balance. 2 [C]
way in which one holds one's
a^ head and body. 3 [U] self-
confidence.
poi-son /'poizn/ n [C,U] 1 sub-
stance causing death or harm if
absorbed by a living thing. 2
(fig) something harmful or des-
D v/ 1 put poison on or
tructive.
n in. 2
(fig) injure morally. '>^ous
'>^ous-\y adv
adj.
tip poke^ /psuk/ vtji 1 push sharply
(with a stick, etc). 2 put, move
(something) with a sharp push:
~your head out of the window.
'>- fun at sb, make him look
D n [C] act of poking.
foolish.
poker^ /'p3uk3(r)/ n [C] strong
metal rod for breaking up the
coal in a fire.
poker^ /'p3uk3(r)/ n [U] card-
game played for money.
po-lar /'p3ul9(r)/ adj^ of or near
the North or South Pole. 2
directly opposite. -^ bear,
white bear living in the north
polar regions, 'x^ity /pau'laerati/
n [U] possession of two opposite
qualities or tendencies.
po-larize /'paubraiz/ v/ cause to
divide into two opposite posi-
tions: An issue that '^d opinions.
po-lar-iz-ation /-'zeijn/ n [U]
pole^ /p3ul/ n [C] 1 either of the
'^, two ends of the earth's axis: the
North/ South Z'-^. 2 either of the
ends of a magnet or the points of
an electric battery. 3 (,fig) each
of two opposed principles, etc.
by be '>^s apart, be opposite.
pole /pool
pole' paol n [C] long, slender,
rounded pieceof wood or metal.
vault, jump wiih the help of
''v^-
a pole over a bar.
pole-cat 'psulkaet/ n [C] small,
fur-covered animal with an un-
pleasant smell.
po-lice /po'lirs/ n department,
body of men, concerned with the
keeping of public order: The -^
are searching everybody, a vi
keep order m (a place) (as) with
police. '>>'nnan/'>^woman,
member of a police force. '>^
force, the police of a country
or region. ->- station, office of
a local p)olice force.
pol-icy /'polasi/ n [C] {pi -ies) 1
plan of action, statement of
aims: ihe Government's foreign
'^. 2 written contract of insur-
ance: an in^surance '\^.
po-lio 'pauliDu also '>^mye-
litis /-maia'laitis/ n [U] infec-
tious disease of the spinal cord,
often resulting in paralysis.
polish /'polij/ vtii 1 make or be-
come smooth and shiny by rub-
bing. 2 improve (a speech, be-
haviour, etc). 3 -v. sth off. fin-
ish quickly, d n 1 [U] (surface,
etc obtained by) polishing. 2 [C]
substance used for polishing. 3
[U] {Jig) refinement.
pol-ite pa'lait/ adj having good
manners; well behaved, 's^ly
adv. '>^ness n [U]
poli-tic /'pobtik/ adj 1 (of per-
sons) acting wisely. 2 (of ac-
tions) wise.
pol-iti-cal /p3'htikl/a</yi of the
State; of government. 2 of polit-
ics: ^ prisoners. '>-ly /-kli/ adv
poli-ti-cian /ipola'tijn/ n [C] per-
son taking part in politics.
poli-tics /'pobtiks/ n [U] the art
of government; political views,
affairs, etc.
polka 'polk^ n [C] (music for a)
lively dance.
poir /paul' n [C] 1 voting at an
election; list of voters; counting
of the votes, go to the '^s.
vote (in a general election). 2
survey of public opinion.
polP /paul/ vt/i 1 vote at an elec-
tion.2 receive (a certain number
oO votes. ''>-ing-booth/
-station, place where voters go
to vote.
poMen /'pobn; n [U] fine powd-
er formed on flowers which
other flowers.
tilizes
pol-lin-ate 'pohneit/ vt
286
fertile with pollen, poi-li-na-
tion/-'neiJn//i[U]
poMute pa'luit vt make dirty,
impure: ~
the atmosphere with
fumes. poMu-tion ,-Jn n [U]
polo /'paubu/ n [U] ball game
played on horseback with mal-
lets. O water-polo ''>^-neck,
sweater (having) a rolled collar.
poly-gamy pa'ligaminfU] cus-
tom of having more than one
wife at the same time. O mono-
gamy poly-ga-mousac^
poly-gon /'poligan, n [C] plane
figure with five or more straight
sides.
poly-tech-nic /ipoh'teknik/ n
[C] institution for advanced
education, esp of scientific and
technical subjects.
poly-thene /poliGim/ n [U]
plastic material used for water-
proof packaging, etc.
pom-egran-ate /'pomigraenit n
[C] (tree with) thick-skinned
round fruit with a reddish centre
full of seeds.
pom-mel 'pAml/ n [C] the tall
part at the front of a saddle.
pomp pomp/ n [U] splendid dis-
/
play, magnificence.
pom-pous /'pompas/ adj full of
self-importance, pom-pos-ity
pom'pDsati/ n [C,U] {pi -ies)
(instance oi) being pompous.
pon-cho /'pontjau/ n [C] {pi -^s)
piece of cloth with a slit for the
head, worn as a cloak.
pond /pond/ n [C] small area of
water.
pon-der /'pDnd3(r)/ vt/i think
about.
pon-der-ous /'pondsrds/ adj 1
heavy. 2 (of style) laboured,
very formal. '>-ly adv
pon-toon^ /pon'tum/ n [CJ flat-
bottomed boat (esp supporting
a bridge).
pon-toon^ /pDn'tum/ n [U] kind
of card-game.
pony / 'p^oni/ n [C] {pi -ies) horse
of small breed.
poodle /'pu:dl/ n [C] kind of dog
with thick curling hair.
poor /pu:l/ n [C] 1 small area of
water (smaller than a pond). 2
liquid lying on a surface: a of ^
blood. 3 = swimming pool.
pooM n [C] 1 total of
/pu:l/
money staked by a number of
gamblers. 2 the '^s. = foot-
fer- ball pools. 3 supply or service,
shared among many: a Hyping
make ~. 4 [U] {US) = snooker a i7
 287 poor/posh

put (money, etc) together for the porn /pom/ n [U] (informal)
use of all who contribute. (abbr oQ pornography.
poor /pu3(r)/ adj (-er, -est) 1 por-nogra-phy /por'nogrsfi/ n
having little money. 2 needing [U] treatment of obscene sub-
help: a ^little puppy. 3 small in esp sexual, in writing, pic-
jects,
quantity: a ~
supply af teachers. tures, etc. por-no-graphic
4 low in quality: soil. ^ /,pD:n3'graefik/at^'
poor-ly /'push/ adj {informal) po-rous /'potras/ adj allowing
unwell, n adv 1 in a poor man- liquid to pass through.
ner; badly. 2 'v- off. having very por-poise /'porpas/ n [C] sea-
liltle money. animal dolphin.
like a
poor-ness /'puanis/ n [U] low por-ridge /'ponds/ " t^J soft
quality: the ^
of the soil. food made by boiling oatmeal.
pop' /pop/ n [C] 1 short, sharp, port' /port/ n [C] 1 harbour. 2
explosive sound. 2 (informal) town or city with a harbour.
bottled drink with gas in it. a port^ /port/ n [C] (naut) opening
adv with the sound of popping. in the side of a ship for entrance,
pop^ /pop/ n [C] (informal) = or for loading cargo, ''x/hole,
father. (a) opening in a ship's side, (b)
pop' /pop/ ac/y (informal) (abbr window in the side of a ship or
for) popular: '-^ mwjic. a n (in- aircraft.
formal) [U] pop music, etc- [C] port' /po:t/ n [U] (naut) left-hand
pop song. . 7 side of a ship or aircraft. O
star-
pop* /pop/ vr// (-PP-) 1 (cause board.
to) make a sharp explosive port* /port/ n [U] strong dark-red
sound. 2 '>^ in /out, (cause to) wine of Portugal.
go or come in/out quickly. port-able /'portabl/ adj that can
''>^corn, dried maize heated un- be carried.
til it bursts open. ''>^-eved adj por-ter /'po:t9(r)/ n [C] 1 person
having eyes wide open (with sur- who carries luggage, etc at sta-
prise, etc). tions, etc. 2 doorkeeper (at a
pope /poup/ n the ?->-, Bishop hotel, etc).
of Rome as chief bishop of the port-f olio /port'fauliau/ n [C] (pi
Roman Catholic Church. -^s) 1 flat case for keeping pap-
pop-lar /'pDpl9(r)/ n [C] tall, ers, etc. 2 position and duties of
fast-growing tree; [U] its wood. a minister of state.
poppy /'popi/ n [C] (pi -pies) porthole /lO port^.
sorts of plant with large, red portion /'poiln/ n [C] 1 part,
flowers. share of something. 2 amount: a
popu-lar/'pDpjul3(r)/a^"1 of or small ~ offood, a vr -^ sth out.
for the people. 2 suitable for the share it out.
general public: at -v prices. 3 port-ly /'po:tli/ ac^' stout; fat.
liked and admired. c> pop'. port-man-teau /port'maentdu/ n
'>-ly adv. 'V'ity /-'laerati/ n [U] [C] (pi ~s or ~x /-tDuz/) oblong,
popu-late /'popjuleit/ vt supply leather case for clothes.
with people; inhabit. por-trait /'portrit/ n [C] 1 picture
popu-la-tion /ipopju'leijn/ n [C] of a person or animal. 2 vivid
(number oO people living in a description in words.
place, country, etc. portray /por'trei/ vt 1 make a
por-ce-lain /'poisalm/ n [U] (ar- picture of. 2 describe vividly in
made of) fine china.
ticles words. 3 act the part of (in a
porch /pD:tJ/ n [C] built-out play), '-^al n [C,U] portraying.
roofed entrance to a building. pose /psuz/ vtU 1 put (a person)
por-cu-pine /'po:kjupam/ n [C] in a position before making a
small animal covered with portrait. 2 -^ for, take up a pos-
spines. ition (for a photograph, etc). 3
pore* /po:(r)/ n [C] tiny opening put forward for discussion;
(in the skin) through which cause: ~ a problem. 4 '>" as.
sweat passes. claim lo be. n n [C] 1 position
pore^ /P3:(r)/ vi --^ over sth. taken up for a portrait, etc. 2 un-
study it closely. natural way of behaving, poser
pork /pD:k,' n [U] flesh of a pig n IC] difficult question.
used as food. C> bacon, posh /poj/ adj (informal) smart;
ham(1). first-class.
position/ posy 288

po-si-tion pa'zijn n 1 [C] place place, etc of collection, a vt

where a person or thing is. 2 [U] mark (an envelope, etc) with
slate of being well placed (in this. ''>- office, building, etc
war): manoeuvring for '^. 3 [C] where postal business is carried
posture; lie in a comforiable ^. 4 on. ''>- office box, (abbr PO

iC] person's rank in relation to Box) numbered box in a post

others. 5 [C] job; employment. 6 office where letters are kept for
[C] condition: 1 am not in a '^( = collection.
am unable) to help you. 7 [C] post^ (US =mail) /paust/ vt/i
opinion, d \t place in position. put(letters, etc) into a postbox.
posi-tive /'pozdtiv adj 1 sure: ,'>^-'haste adv with great speed.
definite: ~
instuctions. 2 (of per- post' paust/ n [C] upright piece
sons) quite certain: I'm -^^ he's of wood, metal, etc supporting
here. 3 practical; useful: sug- ~ or marking something. O
gestion. 4 {informal) complete: a latnp-post. a vt 1 display in a
'^ fool. 5 (maths) greater than public place by means of a pap-
zero. 6 (electricity) caused by a er, etc: '^ the names of the team
lack of electrons: a -v. charge, a n on a board. 2 make known by
[C] positive degree, quantity, means of a posted notice.
etc. '^ly a^/v definitely. post-age /'paustids/ n [U] pay-
pos-sess ps'zes; vt 1 own. ment for the carrying of letters,
have. 2 occupy (the mind): ^eJ etc. ''>^ stamp, stamp stuck on
by fear, /-wor n [C] owner. letters, etc showing the amount
pos-ses-sion pa'zejn n 1 [U] of postage paid.
possessing; ownership. 2 [C] (of- postal /'paustl/ adj of the
ten/?/) property. post^(l). ''>^ order, written
possess-ive /pa'zesiv/ adj 1 form for money cashed at a post
eager to possess or control; un- office.
wiUing to share. 2 (gram) show- post-date ipaost'deit/ vt put
ing possession. '^ pronoun, eg (on a letter, etc) a date later than
yours, his. -^ly adv the date of writing.
pos-si-bil-ity iposs'bibti/ n (pi poster /'paosta(r)/ n [C] 1 pla-
-ies) 1 [U] state, degree, of being card displayed in a public place.
possible. 2 [C] something that is 2 large printed picture, eg of a
possible. pop star.
poss-ible /'posabl/ adj 1 that pos-ter-ior /pD'sliaria(r)/ adj 1
can be done; that can exist. 2 later in time or order. C> prior'.
that is satisfactory: a ~ candi- 2 placed behind.
date, a n [C] possible (2) person poster-ity po'sterati; n [U] 1
or thing, poss-ibly /-abh/ ad\ person's descendants. 2 future
(a) (used for emphasis etc): .as . . generations.
soon as I possibly can. (b) per- post-gradu-ate /,paust-
haps: I'll possibly come tomor- 'graed3uat/ adj (of studies, etc)
row. done after taking a first academ-
post^ /paust/ n [C] 1 place where degree, n n [C] person engaged
ic
a soldier is on duty. 2 place oc- such studies
in
cupied by soldiers. O outpost. 3 post-hum-ous /'postjomas/ adj
job: a -v, in the government, avt^ 1 (of a child) born after the
send to a post. 2 appoint to a job death of its father. 2 coming
(overseas). after death: a ~ award, 'v^ly adv
post^ (US = mail) /paust/ n [C] post-mor-tem /,paust 'maitam/
1 public service which delivers n [C], adj 1 (medical examina-
letters, parcels, etc, one collec- tion) made after death. 2 (infor-
tion or delivery of letters, mal) review of an event, etc in
parcels, etc. 2 box or office the past.
(where letters are posted). 3 let- post-pone /pa'spaun/ vt change
ters, parcel, etc posted. ''>-box, to a later time, 'x.ment n [CUJ
= post(2). '-^^card, oblong post-script /'pausskript/ n [C]
card used for sending short mes- (abbr PS) sentence(s) added (to
sages. ''>^man /-man., (US = a letter) after the signature.
mailman) man who delivers let- pos-ture 'pDStJa(r)' n [C] 1 way
,

ters, etc. ''>.'mark, official mark of standing, sitting etc. 2 atti-

stamped on letters, cancelling tude of mind.
postage stamp(s) and giving the posy "pauzi, n [C] (pi -ies) small
 289 pot/ practical

bunch of cut flowers. pound' /paond/ n [Cj 1 unit of

pot' /pot/ n [C] 1 round vessel for weight. 16 ounces. 2 unit of
holding liquids or solids, for money of Britain and some
cooking things in, etc; contents other countries.
of such a vessel. 2 go to '^. (si) pound^ /paund/ n [C] {modern
be ruined or (mentally) des- use) place where stray dogs and
troyed, take i'^ ^luck. whatev- cats are kept until claimed.
er is available (without choice). pound^ /paund/ vtji 1 '^
3 {informal) large sum: ^5 of (away) (at/on),Mnke heavily
money. 4 {si) marijuana. ,^- and repeatedly. 2 crush to
'beliied adj (of a person) hav- powder; break to pieces. 3 run.
ing a large belly. ''>^hole, (a) walk, heavily.
hole in a road made by rain and pour /pD:(r)/ vt/i 1 cause (a
traffic, (b) deep hole worn in liquid) to How in a continuous
rock by water, ''^.'holer, person stream. 2 {fig) How in a continu-
who explores potholes in caves. ous stream: Tourists -^ into Lon-
''>^-shot, badly-aimed shot. don. 3 (of rain) come down
pot^ /pot/ v/// (-n-) 1 put (meat. heavily. 4 ^
(out), tell in a long
fish paste, etc) in a glass jar to speech: ->- out one's troubles.
preserve it. 2 plant in a Hower- pout /paut/ vt/i push out the lips,
pot. 3 {informal) shoot: ~
a rab- eg in anger, d n [C] act of pout-
bit. ing.
po-tass-ium /pa'taesism/ n [U] pov-erty /'povati/ n [U] state of
soft, white element (symbol K). being poor. ''>^-stricken adj
po-tato /ps'teitou/ n [C,U] {pi adected by poverty.
'N.es) plant with rounded roots pow-der /'paud3(r)/ n [C,U]
eaten as a vegetable; one of the substance that has been crushed
roots. or worn to dust. c> gunpowder.
po-tent /'psutnt/ adj (of argu- a vtii put powder on. ''>^-room,
ments, drugs, etc)powerful. (esp US) ladies' toilet in a hotel,
'N^ly adv. po-tency n [U] etc. pow'dery adj of, like,
po-ten-tial /pa'tenjl/ adj that powder.
may come into existence or ac- power /'pao3(r)/ n 1 [U] (in liv-
tion, a n [C,U] what a person or ing things) ability to do or act. 2
thing is capable of. -^ly adv. {ph faculty of the body or mind.
'v.ity /psitenji'aebti/ n [C] {pi 3 [U] strength. 4 [U] energy or
-ies) power or quality which is force that can be used to do
possible. work: e'lectric^. C> horsepow-
po-tion /'paujn/ n [C] dose of er. 5 [U] control: authority: the
liquid medicine, poison, etc. ^ of the law . //i '>^, (of a political
pot-ter' /'pDt3(r)/ vtji ^
about. 6 [C] person or
party) in office.
move from one little job to an- organization having great infiu-
other. ence. 7 [C] State having great in-
pot-ter' /'pDt3(r)/ n [C] maker of fluence: a world ^. 8 [Uj capac-
(clay, etc) pots, pot-tery n {pi ity to magnify: the '^ of a lens, a
-ies) (a) [U] earthenware; pots, vt supply power to: •^ed by
(b) [C] potter's workshop. steam, '^ed adj (a) having me-
pouch /pautj/ n [Cl 1 small bag chanical energy: a high-^ed car.
carried in the pocket or on the (b) {fig) having great energy: a
belt. 2 part like a bag, eg that in high-^ed salesman
which a female kangaroo carries power-ful /'pa:uDfl/ adj having
her young. or producing great power, -^ly
poul-tice /'paultis/ n [C] soft, adv
heated mass of eg linseed, mus- powerless /'patualis/ adj with-
tard, spread on a cloth, and put out power: unable: ~ to act.
on the skin to relieve pain. etc. '^lyadv
poul-try /'paultri/ n 1 {pi) hens, practi-cable /'praektikabi/ adj
ducks, etc. 2 [U] these con- that can be done or used: ~
sidered as food. ideas, practicably ar/v>
pounce /pauns/ v; -^ on/ at, 1 prac-ti-cai /'pricktikl/oJ/1 con-
make a sudden attack (down- cerned with practice (contrasted
ward) on. 2 {fig) seize: He ^don with theory). 2 (of persons) clev-
the chance to win. a n fC] such an doing and making things. 3
er at
attack. doing well what it is intended to
practice /preconceive 290

do: a ->- 'joke,

invention. ,->- preach /pri.tj"; vtji 1 deliver (a
trick played on a person, 'v/ly sermon). 2 give moral advice
adv (a) in a practical manner {to). 3 urge; advise: ~ war. 'v^er,
(b) almost; -^ly no time left. person who delivers sermons.
•~itv,-'kacl3ti n[C]ipl-\es) pre-amble /prir'aembl/ n [C]
prac-tice (iS also -tise) introduction (esp to a formal
/'praektis/ n 1 [U] performance; document).
the doing of somethmg (con- pre-cari-ous /pri'keanas/ adj
trasted with theory). 2 [C] some- (formal) uncertain; unsafe, ^s^ly
thing done regularly; custom: adv
religiou.s '\..s. make
a '^ of pre-caution /pri'korjn/ n [C,U]
(sth), do it habitually. 3 [U) (instance oO
care taken in ad-
frequent repyetition: ~ makes vance to avoid a risk: take ~5
perfect, in/out of having ->-, against 'x^ary adj
illness,
not having given enough time to pre-cede /pri'sird/ vtji come or
practice. 4 [U] work of a doctor go before (in time, place or ord-
or lawyer; [C] (number oO per- er), pre-ced-ing ac^ existing or
sons who regularly consult a coming before.
doctor or lawyer. pre-ced-ence /'presidans/ n [U]
prac-tise (^5 also -tice) (formal) priority, greater impor-
/'praektis/ vtji 1 do something tance: have/ take ~
(over).
regularly in order to become pre-ced-ent /'presidant/ n [C]
skilful: ->- the piano. 2 make a (formal) decision, etc
earlier
habit of. ~ what one taken as a rule for the future: set
preaches, do what one advises
others to do. 3 work in (a profes- pre-cinct /'pri:sir)kt/ n [C] 1
sion, etc): ~ medicine, prac- space enclosed by outer walls,
tised ar/y skilled. esp of a church. 2 (pi) boundary:
prac-ti-tioner /praek'tij3no(r)/ n within the city ~5. 3 (US) divi-
[C] 1 one who practises a skill or sion of a town. 4 area of a town
art. 2 professional man, esp in with a special use: a 'shopping '>^.
medicine and the law. C> gener- pre-cious /'prejas/ adj of great
al practitioner value or beauty, d adv (informal)
prag-matic /praeg'maetik/ adj very: ~little time, '^ly adv.
concerned with practical results, '^ness n [C]
reasons and values. preci-pice /'presipis/ n [C] very
prairie /'preari/ n [C] treeless steep cliff.
plain of N. America. pre-cipi-tate /pra'sipiteit/ vt 1
praise /preiz, vt 1 say that one (formal) send violently down
admires or approves. 2 worship from a height. 2 cause to happen
(God), a n [U] 1 act of praising. more quickly: illne.^s ~t/ his
2 worship, '-^worthy /-wardi death. 3 cauj:2 (a solid) to separ-
af^ deserving praise. ate from a liquid, a n [C] solid
pram /praem n [C] (GB) (abbr which is precipitated (3). pre-
for) perambulator. cipi'ta-tion /-Jn/ n (a) [CJ fall
prance prams v; 1 '^ (about) of rain, sleet, etc. (b) lUJ being
(of a horse) jump about on *he hurried: act with precipitation.
hind legs. 2 (fi^) dance or jump pre-cis /'preisi:/ n [C] (pi '%^
happily, a n [C] pia. .ing move- /-si:z/) summary of a speech or
ment. piece of writing, a vt make a pre-
prank /praeqk/ n [C] mischievous cis of.
trick. pre-cise /pn'sais/ adj 1 exact;
prattle 'pra:tl, vi talk in a sim- free from error. 2 taking care to
ple, childish way. d n [U] such be exact. 3 fussy about details.
talk. -^ly adv (a) exactly, (b) (as a
prawn /prr):n n [C] edible shell- response) I agree, ^^-^ness n [U]
fish like a large shrimp. pre-ci-sion /pn'si3n/ n [U] accu-
pray prei, vt'i ~ (to Cod) racy; freedom from error.
(for sth), offer thanks, make precocious /pn'kaujas/ adj
requestsknown (to God). (of a person) having developed
prayer ipreoiv)' n 1 [U] act of intelligence earlier than is nor-
praying to God. 2 [H] form of mal, 's^ly adv. 'N^ness n
church worship. 3 [C] form of pre-con-ceive ,,pri:k3n'si:v/ vt
words used in praying. form (opinions) in advance (be-
 291 predatory /premium

fore getting knowledge), pre- to be preferred, ^^ably adv

con-cep-tion /,pri:k3n'sepj"n/Aj pref-er-ence /'prefrans/ n 1 [C.
[C] preconceived idea. U] act of preferring. 2 [C] that
preda-tory /'predatri/ adj {for- which is preferred. 3 [C,IJ] the
mat) 1 living by plundering and favouring of one person,
robbery: ^
tribes. 2 (of animals) country, etc more than another.
preying on others, pred-ator n pref-eren-tial /(prefa'renjl/ adj
[C] predatory animal. of, giving, receiving, preference:
pre-de-ces-sor /'pri:dises3{r)/ n get '^ treatment.
[C] former holder of any office pre-fix /'pri:fiks/ /; [C] syllable,
or position. eg pre-, co-, placed in front of a
pre-des-tined /pri:'destmd/ adj word to change its meaning, d vt
decided beforehand (by fate). add a prefix to.
pre-dica-ment /pri'diksmsnt/ n preg-nant /'pregnant/ (3<//1 hav-
[C] unpleasant situation. ing a child or young in the ute-
predi-cate /'predikst/ rj [C] rus. 2 (fig) (of words, actions)
(gram) part of a statement which full of (meaning), preg-nancy
says something about the sub- n[CV]
ject,eg 'is short in 'Life is short
' '. pre-his-toric /ipri:hi'stDrik/ adj
predi-cat-ive /pri'dikativ/ adj of tlie time before recorded his-
pre-dict /pn'dikt/ vt say in ad- tory, pre-his-tory /pri:'histri/ n
vance. '>^able /-abl/ adjlhdi can [U]
be predicted, pre-dic-tion /-Jn/ pre-judge /ipri:'d3Ad3/ vt de-
rt [V] predicting; [C] something cide, form an opinion, about
predicted. something before hearing the
pre-dis-pose /,pri:di'sp3uz/ vr evidence, -anient n [C,U]
(formal) influence in advance preju-dice /'pred3udis/ n 1 [C,
before the event: His training U] opinion formed before one
'^d him to travel widely, pre- has adequate knowledge. 2 [U]
dis-posi-tion /-pa'zijn/ n [C] (legal) injury, harm, a vt 1 cause
pre-domi-nant /pri'dommsnt/ a person to have a prejudice (1 ).
adj (formal) more powerful or 2 damage (a person's interests,
important: a man 's >- features. etc): -^ his career, preju-di-cial
'^ly adv for the most part, pre- /-'dijl/a^y
donninance n [U] prel-ate /'prebt/ n [C] bishop.
pre-domi-nate /pri'dommeit/ vi pre-limi-nary /pri'limmsri/ adj
^ (over), (format) have con- coming first: a ^study/report, a
trol (over); be superior in num- n [C] (pi -ries) (usually pf) preli-
bers, strength, etc. minary actions, etc.
pr6-emi-nent /prir'emmant/ adj prel-ude /'prelju:d/ n [C] 1 ac-
(formal) best of all. '>^ly adv. tion, event, etc that serves as an
pre-emi-nence n [U] introduction to (another). 2
preen /pri:n/ vt 1 (of a bird) (music) introductory movement.
smooth (its feathers) with its pre-mari'tal /,pri:'maeritl/ adj
beak. 2 (fig) (of a person) tidy before marriage: sex. ~
(oneselO- pre-ma-ture /'prem9tjo3(r)/ adj
pre-fab-ri-cate /prir'faebrikeit/ happening before the right time
vr manufacture the parts, eg '^ birth. '>^\y adv
walls of a building for putting pre-medi-tate /pri:'mediteit/ vt
together on the site, pre-fab- consider, plan, (something) in
ri'ca-tion /-Jn/ n [U] advance: '^d murder pre-
pref-ace n [C] author's
/'prefis/ medi'ta-tion /-Jn/ n [U]
introduction to a book, d vt be- pre-rhier /'premi3(r)/ adj first in
gin (a talk, etc with), prefa- position, importance, etc. d n
tory /'prefatn/ adj [C] head of the government.
prefect /'pri:fekt/ n [C] 1 (in •^shipn[C]
schools) senior pupil given re- pre-miere /'premie3(r)/ n [C]
sponsibility, eg for keeping ord- first performance of a play.
er. 2 (in France) administrative prem-ise /'premis/ n [C] 1 (also
officer in a department. pre-miss) statement on which
pre-fer /pri'f3:(r)/ vt (-rr-) 1 like reasoning is based. 2 (pi) house
better: / ^ tea to coffee. 2 put or building with its land, etc.
forward: charges against
->- pre-mium /'prirmiam/ n [C] (pi
somebody. '>^able /'prefrobl/ adj ~s) 1 instalment paid for an in-
premonition/pressurize
surance p>ohcy. 2 addition to or-
dinary charges, rent, etc.
premonition /,prem3'nijn/ n
[C] feeling of approaching dan-
ger, etc
preoccupation /,pri:,Dkju-
'peijn/ n (U) being preoccupied,
[C] something that takes up
one's thoughts
pre-occupy pri:'Dkjapai/ vi
ipi.pp -led) take all the attention
of a person.
preparation iprepa'reijn/ n 1
[U] preparing: work done with-
out >-. 2 [C] (usually of) things
done to get ready. 3 [C] medi-
cine, food, etc specially pre-
pared.
preparatory pri'pajratn/ adj
introductory: '^ training.
pre-pare pri'pe3(r)/ vt/i
(for), get or make ready. 2 be
'^dto. be willing to.
prep-osi-tion ;,prep3'zij"n/ n [C]
wo.d (eg in. from, to) often
placed before a noun or pronoun
to show place, direction, etc.
'v.al adj
pre-poster-ous /pn'pDStaras;
u<^ ridiculous. '^Xyfadv
pre-roga-tive /pn'rogstiv/ n
right or privilege, esp of a ruler.
Pres-by-ter-ian ,prezbi'ti9ri3n
adj (also ~ Church) church
governed by elders of equal
rank, d n [C] member of this
Church.
pre-scribe /pn'skraib/ vt'i ord-
er the use of: -^ medicine j books.
pre-scrip-tion /pri'sknpjn/ n 1
[U] act of prescribing; [C] that
which is prescribed. 2 (esp) doc-
tor's written order for a medi-
cine; the medicine itself.
prescrip-tive /pri'skriptiv/ adj
giving orders or directions.
descriptive.
pres-ence /'prezns/ n [U] 1 be-
ing present in a place, etc. 2 per-
son's appearance, manner.
pres-ent^ /'preznt/ac//1 being in
this/that place. O absentV 2 ex-
isting now: the ~government, a
n 1 the '^, now. at '>^, now. 2
(gram) = present tense. '^
participle, {gram) parti- O
ciple. ->- tense, (gram)
O tense'.
pres-ent' /'preznt/ n (Cj some-
thing given; a gift.
present^ pri'zent; vt 1 '>^ sth
to sb: '^ sb }A/ith sth. give 2
(refle.x) appear; attend:
tmeself for trial. 3 show; reveal.
292
4 produce (a play). 5 introduce a
programme on TV or radio.
pre-sent-able /pn'zentsbl/ adj
fit to appear, be shown, in pub-
lic, present-ably adv.
pres-enta-tion /iprezan'teifn/
n [U] act of presenting, [C] way
all in which something is presented.
pres-ent-ly /'prezntli/ adv soon:
I'll sec you '^.
pres-er-vation /,prez3'veijn/ n
[U] 1 act of preserving. 2 condi-
tion of something preserved.
pre-serv-ative /pri'z3:v3tiv/ n
[C). adj (substance) used for
preserving (esp food).
pre-serve /pri'z3:v/ vr 1 keep
safe from harm or danger. 2
keep from decay, etc (by pick-
ling, making into jam, etc): ~
1 -v, fruit. 3 retain (health, etc). 4
keep alive (a name or memory).
D n [C] (usually/?/) jam.
pre-side /pri'zaid/ vi '^ (at/
over), be chairman, be the head
of.
presi-dency /'prezidonsi/ n [C]
ipl -ies) 1 the ^, the office and
functions of president. 2 term of
office as a president.
[C] presi-dent /'prezidant/ n [C] 1
elected head of the government
(eg in the US). 2 head of some
government departments, com-
panies, etc. -^-ial /-'denjl/ adj
press^ /pres/ n [C] 1 act of press-
ing(2). 2 machine for pressing:
a wine ~. 3 the 'x/, the news-
papers; journalists. 4 businesis
for printing books, etc.
press' /pres/ vtji 1 push steadily
against. 2 use force or weight to
get something smooth, to get
juice out of fruit, etc. 3 '>^ for,
make repeated requests. 4 be
O '^ed for, have barely enough
'^edfor time. 5 push, crowd,
of:
with weight or force. 6 demand
attention:The matter is '^ing. 7
-w on (with sth). continue in
a determined way. '>^ing adj
urgent: '^ing business.
press-ure /'prej3(r)/ n [C,U] 1
pressing; (amount oQ force
against something. O
blood
pressure. 2 force or influence.
be /come under '^. feel/be
caused to feel forced (to act).
''>^-cooker, airtight saucepan
for cooking quickly with steam
under pressure.
press-ur-ize /'prejaraiz/ vt 1
'^ maintain normal air-pressure,
eg in an aircraft: a '^d cabin. 2
 293 prestige/ primate

'>^ sb (into doing sth). {in- pre-view /'pri:vju:/ n [C] view of

formaf) use pressure (2) to per- a film, play, etc before it is
suade. shown to the public, d vt have/
pres-tige /pre'sti:3/ n [U] 1 re- give a preview of.
spect that results from a good pre-vi-ous /'pri:vi3s/ a<^ coming
reputation. 2 admiration caused earlier: the ^ day. '>^ly adv
by success, possessions, etc. prey /prei/ n (sing only) animal,
pres-tig-ious /pre'stidsas/ adj bird, etc hunted for food, a vi 'x.
producing respect, etc. (up)on. 1 take, hunt, as prey. 2
pre-sum-ably /pn'zjurmabli/ steal from: '^ed on by bandits. 3
adv. P^ = ( I suppose) you will (of fears, etc) produce great
stay here. trouble. ,beast/,bird of ''>^,
pre-sume /pri'zju.m/ vt/i 1 sup- one that kills and eats others.
pose (to be true). 2 '>» (to do price /prais/ n 1 [C] sum of
sth). (formal) venture; dare: / money for which something is
wouldn 't '^ to advise you. (to be) sold or bought. 2 [U]
pre-sump-tion /pn'zAmpJn/ n value. 3 [C] that which must be
1 [C] something which seems given to obtain something: the
likely although there is no proof. ~ of freedom, a vt fix the price;
2 [U] impertinent or arrogant mark (goods) with a price.
behaviour. 'x/iess adj too valuable to be
pre-sup-pose /ipriisa'paoz/ vt 1 priced.
assume beforehand. 2 require as prick^ pnk/ n [C] 1 small mark
/

a condition: Sleep ~.y a peaceful caused by pricking. 2 pain

mind. pre-sup-pO'Si-tion
/-p3'ziJn/«[r,U]
pre-tence (6^5 also pre-tense)
/pri'tens/ n 1 [U] pretending. 2
[C] false claim or reason, fa/se
'^s. (legal) acts intended to de-
ceive.
pre-tend ,'pri'tend/ vt/'i
oneself appear (to be (doing)
something) to deceive others. 2
say falsely that one has (to avoid
sickness.
difficulty, etc): -^^
pre-ten-sion /pri'tenjn/ n 1 [C]
(often pi) claim to (possess)
something. 2 [U] being preten-
tious.
pre-ten-tious /pn'tenjas/ adj
claiming great importance. '>-Iy
adv.'^nessn[\J]
pre-text /'pri:tekst/ n
that is not true.
pretty /'pnti/ adj (-ier, -iest)
pleasing and attractive, a adv 1
to a certain extent: It's -^ cold. 2
(informal) very: a -^^ big car. '>^
yve//, almost. pret*tily adv.
pret-ti-nessn[U]
pre-vail /pri'veil/ vj 1 -^ (over/
against), gain victory (over). 2
be widespread. 3 '^ (up)on sb.
persuade (a person to
adj mosi frequent: '^ing winds.
pre-va-lent /'prevabnt/ adj (for-
mal) common, widespread:
diseases, pre-va-lence n [U]
pre-vent /pri'vent/ vt stop or
hinder: ^n^ an accident, pre-
ven-tion /-Jn/ n [U]. '>-tive adj
designed to prevent: '^ive medi-
cine.
caused by pricking.
prick^ /pnk/ vtii 1 make a hole
or a mark in (something) with a
sharp point. 2 hurt with a sharp
point. 3 (fig) cause uneasy feel-
ing: His conscience ^ed him. 4
^ up one's ears, (a) (of
1 make dogs, horses) raise the ears, (b)
(fig) (of persons) pay close at-
tention.
prickle /'pnkl/ n [C] pointed
growth on a plant or animal, d
vt/i give or have a pricking sen-
sation, prick-iy /'prikU/ adj (a)
having prickles, (b) (informal)
easily irritated.
pride /praid/ n 1 [l^ feeling of
satisfaction from what one has
done. 2 [U] self-respect. 3 [U]
[C] reason object of pride(1 ): His son is his
'^ and joy. 4 [U] too high an
opinion of oneself. 5 [C] group:
(esp) a ~
of lions, a vt (reflex) '^
oneself on sth. be pleased
and satisfied about.
priest /pri:st/ n [C] clergyman of
a Christian Church. ''>^hood,
the body of priests of a Church.
prim /prim/ adj (-mer, -mest) 1
neat; formal: a ^
garden. 2 (of
do), ^s^ing persons) offended by anything
rude: a ~
and proper lady.
pri-mar-ily /'pramiarah/ adv in
~ the first place; above all.
pri-mary /'praimari/ adj first in
time, order or development. ''>-
school, (GB) for children aged
5 to 9 or 1 1
pri-mate^ /'pramieit/ n [C] arch-
bishop.

primate /probable
pri-tnate' /'praimeil/ n [C] one
of the highest order ofmammals
(including men, apes and mon-
keys).
prime^ praim adj 1 most im-
portant. 2 best quality; heef
the |P'>^ 'Minister, head of
the British Government.
prime^ praim n [U] the best
part: in the ~ of life
prime^ praim vt 1 prepare for
use: ~ a ^un. 2 supply with facts,
etc. 3 cover (a surface) with the
first coat of paint, etc.
primer 'praim3(r) n [C] 1 small
quantity of explosive, for ignit-
ing a bomb, etc. 2 paint for
priming(3).
primi-tive 'pnmitiv; aclj 1 of
the earliesttimes: man ^ a crime
culture. 2 simple; old-fashioned.
D n [C] primitive man. '>^ly adv.
prim-rose 'pnmrDoz, n [C]
common wild plant with pale
yellow flowers; [u] its colour, a
ac// pale yellow.
prince /prms/ n [C] 1 ruler, esp
of a small state. 2 son or male
relation of a sovereign. '>^lv adj
(-ier, -iest) (worthy) of a prince.
prin-cess prm'ses/ n [C] wife of
a prince; daughter of a [C] private soldier. 2 in '^, not
sovereign.
prin-ci-pal 'prinsapl/ adj
highest in order of importance:
the ~cities of England. an[C]^
head of a college or other organ-
ization. 2 money put into
ness on which interest
able, -^^ly -pli flf/v chiefly.
prin-cipal-ity ,prms3'paebti n
,
[C] (pi -ies) country ruled by a
prince.
prin-ciple 'prmsapl/ n [C] 1
basic truth; general law. 2 rule
for behaviour, in '^. in theory.
on '^, because of one's beUefs:
refuse to do it on ~.
print^ print n 1 [U] mark(s), let-
ters, etc in printed form. In ^,
(of a book) on sale, out of '^.
all copies sold. 2 [C] mark left on
a surface: ^finger-'^s. 3 [C] pic-
ture, etc made by printing on
paper, etc. 4 photograph print-
ed from a negative.
print^ print vtii 1 make marks
on (paper, etc) by pressing with
inked type, etc; make books,
pictures, etc in this way. 2 shape
(one's letters) like printed cha-
racters. 3 make (a photograph)
from a negative film,
workman who prints books, etc;
1
2^
owner of a printing business.
prior 'prai3(r)/ adj earher in
time, order or importance: a ~
claim engagement. '^ to. prep
before.
^ pri-or-ity /prai'orati n {pi -ies) 1
[U] right to have or do some-
thing before others. 2 (C) some-
thing of greater importance.
prism 'pnzom n [C] 1 solid fi-
gure with equal and parallel
ends, and parallel sides. 2 solid
of this form, usually triangular
and made of glass. '>^atic
-'maetik/ adj (a) like a prism,
(b) (of colours) brilliant and
varied.
prison 'pnzn/ n [C] 1 building
in which a person who commits
kept locked up. 2 [U]
is
confinement in such a place: es-
cape from ~. '^er. person, ani-
mal, kept in confinement.
priv-acy /'privosi n [U] 1 state
of being alone and undisturbed.
2 secrecy (opposite to publicity).
pri-vate /'praivit/ adj 1 (oppo-
site o^ public) of, for the use of,
one person or group. 2 secret. 3
unofficial, personal: a ~
visit. 4
(of a soldier) without rank, a «
in public. '>^lya^v
privet 'privit/ n [U] evergreen
shrub used for garden hedges.
pri-vi-lege 'priv3lid3' n 1 [C]
right or advantage available
a busi- only to a person, class or rank. 2
is pay- [C] special favour, privi-leged
adjh'dv'mg a privilege.
prize^ praiz' n [C] 1 something
(to be) awarded to one who suc-
ceeds in a competition, etc. 2
(fig) anything worth struggling
for. D vf value highly.
prize^ (also prise) /praiz/ vt use
force to get something open /up/
off: '^aboxooen.
pro /prau/ n [C] {pi -^s) {infor-
mal) (abbr for) professional
(player).
pro- /iprsu/ prefix1 supporting:
pro-Chinese. 2 acting for: pro-
vice-chancellor, the i-^s and
'cons, the arguments for and
against.
prob-abil-ity /iprobs'bibti/ n {pi
-Ies) 1 [U] likelihood: There's
little ~ you will win. in ail
that
^, most probably. 2 [C] (most)
probable event or result.
prob-able "prDbabl/ adj likely
--^er, to happen or to prove true.
probably a^

pro-ba-tion /pra'beijn/ n [U] 1
(period oQ testing of a person's
abilities, etc before he accept-
is
ed. 2 system by which (esp
young) offenders are allowed to
go unpunished if they commit
no further crimes.
probe /prDub/ n [C] 1 slender in-
strument, used to find out the
depth and direction of a wound,
etc. 2 (iournalism) investigation
{into a scandal, etc). 3 spacecraft
used to investigate, avt^ exam-
ine v/ith a probe. 2 investigate
thoroughly.
prob-lem /'probbm/ n [C] ques-
tion to be solved or decided, esp
something difficult.
/-'mstik/ adj (esp of a result)
doubtful.
pro-cedure /pr3'si:d33(r)/ n [C,
U] (the regular) order of doing
things, pro-cedurai adj
pro-ceed /pra'siid/ v; 1 fo
sth/to do sth. go forward;
continue. 2 begin to: He '^ed to
attack me. 3 -^ against, take
.egal action (against).
pro-ceed-ing /pr9'si:dir)/ n 1 [U]
course of action. 2 iC] action
(esp in business). 3 (/>/) legal ac
tion (against).
pro-ceed s /'pr3osi:dz/ n pi prof-
itsof an undertaking.
pro-cess /'prauses/ n 1 [C] con-
nected series of actions,
changes, etc. 2 [C] method, esp
one used in manufacture. 3 in
the -^ of. in progress: a factory
in the ^ of being built.
(legal) action at law. a vr 1 treat
(food) in order to preserve it. 2
(photography): 'v. film, develop
it, etc.
pro-ces-sion /pra'sejn/ n 1 [C]
line of persons, vehicles, etc fol-
lowing each other. 2 [U] act of
moving in this way. '>^al adj
pro-claim /pra'kleim/ vr make
known publicly, proc-la-ma-
tion /iprokb'meifn/ n (a) [U]
proclaiming, (b) [C] that which
is proclaimed.
pro-cure /pro'kju3(r)/
mal) obtain (with difficulty).
prod /prod/ vt/i (-dd-) 1 poke
with something pointed. 2 (fig)
urge an action: '^ her into start-
ing work, a n [C] prodding ac-
tion.
prodi-gai /'prodigl/ adj (formal)
spending loo much (money).
pro-di-gious /pro'did33s/ adj
enormous; wonderful. '>^ly adv
295 probation /professor
prod-igy /'prodidsi/ n [C] (pi
-ies) something wonderful; per-
son who has remarkable abili-
ties.
pro-duce^ /'prodjuis/ n [U] that
which is produced, esp by farm-
mg.
pro-duce^/pra'djurs/ vr//1 bring
forward to be looked at: '>- one 's
railway ticket. 2 manufacture;
grow. 3 give birth to. 4 cause:
success ^d by hard work. 5 or-
ganize (a play, film) for the
stage, TV, etc.
pro-ducer /pr9'dju:s3(r)/ n [C] 1
person who manufactures
goods. 2 person who produces a
'>^atic play or film. c> director.
prod-uct /'prodAkt/ n [C] 1
thing produced. 2 result. 3
(maths) quantity obtained by
multiplication.
pro-duction /pra'dAkJn/ n 1
^ [U] process of producing. C>
mass production. 2 [U] quan-
tity produced. 3 [C] thing pro-
duced by the mind.
pro-duc-tive /pra'dAktiv/ adj 1
able to produce; fertile: -^ land.
2 producing things economical-
ly, '^lyadv
pro-duc-tiv-ity /(prodAk'tivati/
n [U] 1 being productive: the ^
of the land. 2 rate of producing
goods: ^
has fallen sharply.
pro-fane /pra'fem/ adj showing
contempt for sacred things: ^
acts in a church: ~ language, a vt
treat (holy places, things) with
4 [C] contempt. 'X/ly adv. pro-fan-
ity /pro'faenati/ n [C,U] (pi -ies)
(use oQ profane conduct or lan-
guage.
pro-fess /prs'fes/ vt/i 1 declare
that one has (beliefs, likes, etc).
2 claim to be. -^^ed adj self-
confessed.
pro-fes-sion /pra'fejn/ n [C] 1
occupation, esp one needing
special knowledge, eg the law,
teaching, medicine. 2 declar-
ation (of belief, feeling, etc).
pro-fes-sional /pra'fejnal/af^/l
vr (for- of a profession(l). 2 doing
something for payment: '^
sportsmen. O amateur, n n [C]
professional person, "^ism
/-izsm/ n [U] (a) high standard
ofa profession (1 ). (b) the prac-
tice of employing profession-
als(2) in sport.
prof-es-sor /pr3'feso(r)/ n [C]
university teacher at the highest
level. '>..ial /iprDfi'sD:ri3l/ adj.
proficient /promotion
-x-ship, professor's post.
pro-fi-cient /pra'fijnt/
skilled. pro-fi-ciencyn[U]
pro-file /'praufail/ n [C] 1 side
view, esp of the head. 2 edge or
outline of something. 3 brief
biography, a vt draw, show, in
profile.
profit /'profit/ n 1 [U] advantage
obtained from something. 2 (C,
vJ] money gained in business,
etc. D vtii -V. from /by. be help-
ed by; make a profit from.
'x.able /-3bl/ adj (a) bringing
profit, (b) {fig) useful: a '^ able
discussion, 'v^ably adv
pro-found /pra'faund/ adj 1
(formaf) deep: ~
interest /silence.
2 having great knowledge. 3
needing much thought
to under-
stand. '>^lv adv deeply: -^/y hurt
by his insults.
pro-fuse /pra'fjuis/ adj (formaf)
1 very plentiful. 2 too great: ~
apologies. '>-ly adv. pro-fu-
sion /-3n/ n [U] (formal) great
supply.
pro*gramme (also
-gram) /'praugraem/ /j
of items, events, etc, eg for a
concert. 2 plan of what is to be
done. 3 data, etc fed into a com-
puter. 4 radio or TV broadcast.
make a programme; plan.
vt
pro-gram-mer, person who
prepares a computer pro-
gramme.
prog-ress^ /'praugres/ n 1 [U]
forward movement; improve-
ment; development, in '^. being
made, done: work in '^.
pro-gress^ /pra'gres/
progress.
pro-gres-sion /prs'grejn/ n [U]
moving forward; improvement.
pro-gress-ive /pra'gresiv/ adj 1
moving forward. 2 increasing by
regular amounts: ~
taxes. 3
supporting improvement,
modernization: '^ policies, a n
[C] person supporting a progres-
sive policy. '>^lyadv
pro-hibit /pra'hibit/ vt say that
something must not be done.
pro-hib-ition /(proui'bij'n/ n 1
[U] prohibiting. 2 [C] order that
forbids.
pro-hibi-tive /pra'hibotiv/ adj
intended lo prevent something:
'>^ ta.x/prices.
pro-ject' /'prodsekt/ n [C] (plan
for a) scheme or undertaking.
pro-iect^ /pr3'd3ekt/ vt/i 1 make
plans for. 2 -^ sth on(to) sth.
296
cause a shadow, a picture etc to
adj fall on a surface. 3 throw; send:
~ missiles into space. 4 stand
out from a surface: a balcony
that ~.v over the street.
pro-jec-tile /prr)'d3ektail/ n [C]
something sent forward, esp
from a gun.
pro-jec-tion /pra'dsekjn/ n [C]
something that stands out;
something projected.
pro-jec-tor /pr3'd3ekt3(r)/ n [C]
apparatus for projecting pic-
tures on to a screen.
pro-let-ar-iat /ipraoli'teariat/ n
[C] (modern use) the working
class, pro-iet-ar-ian n [C], adj
(member) of the proletariat.
pro-lif-er-ate /pra'lifareit/ vtji
(formal) 1 reproduce by rapid
multiplication of cells. 2 (fig) in-
crease rapidly. pro-lif-e'r-
ation/i[U]
pro-lific /pra'liftk/ adj (formal)
producing much or many: '>^
writers.
pro-logue /'prsulog/ n [C] 1 in-
and US troductory (part of a) poem. 2
[C] 1 list (fig) first of a series of events.
pro-long /pra'lor)/ vt make long-
er, '^^a-tion /-'geijn/ n [C,U]
prom-en-ade /ipronid'nard/ /i
[C] (place made for a) walk or
ride,esp along a seafront. a vtji
walk along a promenade.
promi-nent /'prommant/ at^' 1
standing out; easily seen. 2 (of
persons) distinguished, impor-
tant, -^ly adv. promi-nence n
(a) [U] being prominent, (b)
[C] prominent (1 ) part or place.
vi make pro-mis-cu-ous /pra'miskjuas/
adj (esp) casual in sexual rela-
tionships, '^ly adv. prom-is-
cu-ity /-'skju:3ti/« [U]
prom-ise /'prnmis/ n 1 [C] writ-
ten or spoken undertaking to do
something. 2 [C] that which one
undertakes to do. 3 [C] hope of
good results: a writer of ->^. a vt/i
1 make a promise (1 ) to. 2 give
cause for expecting: // ~j to be a
warm day. prom-is-ing adj
likely to succeed.
prom-on-tory /'prnmantri/ n
[C] (pi -ies) high point of land
standing out from the coastline.
pro-mote /pra'maut/ vt 1 give (a
person) higher position or rank.
2 help to organize: ~
a new com-
pany.3 advertize, pro-mo-ter,
(esp) person who promotes new
companies, etc.
pro-mo-tion /pra'maojn/ /; 1

[C,U] (instance oQ promoting. 2
advertising using publicity, etc.
prompt^ /prompt/ adj done,
sent, without delay: a '^ reply.
'x/ly adv. '>.'ness n [U]
prompt^ /prompt/ vt 1 cause (a
person to do something). 2 tell
(an actor) what to say if he
forgets. D n [C] action of
prompting(2). '>^er, person
who prompts actors.
prone /praun/ adj 1 (lying)
downwards. 2 '^^ to.
'^ to accidents.
prong /pror)/ n [C](something
like) one of the pointed parts of
a fork.
pro-noun /'praunaun/ n [C]
word used in place of a noun, eg
he, it, hers, me, them.
pro-nounce /pra'nauns/ v/// 1
make the sound of (a word, etc).
2 declare (esp formally): The
doctor '^d him dead, pro-
nounced adj definite; easy to
notice. '>^ment n [C] formal de-
claration.
pro-nun-ci-ation
n 1 [U]
si'eijn/ way
in which a
language is spoken. 2 [C] way in
which a word is pronounced.
proofs /prU:f/ adj 'v- (against).
able to resist: -w
against bullets:
^bullet"^. c> foolproof, a vt
make resistant (esp to water).
proof /pru:f/ n 1 [C,U] that
which shows that something is a
fact. 2 [C] Put it to the ^.2
test:
[C] trial copy of something
printed. 4 [U] standard of
strength of alcoholic liquors.
prop^ /prop/ n [C] 1 support, esp
a beam or bar. 2 {fig) person
who supports another, a vt
(-PP-) support.
propa-ganda /ipropa'gaendd/ n
[U] (means oO spreading of in-
formation, ideas, etc.
propa-gate /'propageit/ vtji
{format) 1 increase the number
of (plants, animals) by repro-
duction. 2 spread: 'v.
propa'ga-tion n [U]
pro-pel /pra'pel/ vt (-II-) drive
forward. '>^ler, blades which
turn to move a ship, helicopter,
etc.
proper /'prDp3(r)/ adj 1 correct,
suitable. 2 pohte, well-behaved.
'X/ noun/name, {gram) name
used for a person, town, etc eg
Mary. Prague. '^\^| adv in a cor-
rect manner.
prop-erty /'propati/ n
297 prompt /prosecute
[U] possessions. 2 [C] area of
land (and buildings). 3 special
quality: chemical properties.
proph-ecy /'profasi/ n {pi -ies) 1
[U] power of telling what will
happen in the future. 2 [C] state-
ment that tells what will happen.
proph-esy /'profisai/ vtji {pt,pp
-ied) say what will happen.
prophet /'profit/ n [C] 1 reli-
gious teacher who claims that
face his teaching comes directly from
tendmg to: God. 2 person who foretells the
future. '>^ic /pra'fetik/ adj
pro-portion /pra'parjn/ n 1 [U]
relation of one thing to another
in quantity, size, etc. in -^ to.
relative to: paid in '^ to work-
done. 2 [C] share. 3 {pi) size:
trade of substantial '^.^s. a vt {for-
mal) put into a correct relation-
ship. '>^al adj {formal) in pro-
portion to
pro-po-sal /pra'psuzl/ n 1 [U]
proposing. 2 [C] plan or scheme.
3 [C] offer (esp of marriage).
pro-pose /pra'pauz/ vt/i 1 offer
/pr3,nAn- for consideration, as a sugges-
tion. 2 ofTer (marriage). 3 put
forward (a person's name) for
an office.
prop-osi-tion /(propa'zijn/ n [C]
1 statement. 2 offer (esp, in bu-
siness). 3 {informal) indecent
suggestion made to a girl, a vt
{si) make a proposition (3) to.
pro-pri-etary /pra'praiatri/ adj
owned by somebody: a name, ^
eg Kodak.
pro-pri-etor /pr9'prai3t3(r)/ n
[C] owner, esp of buildings,
land, pro-pri-etress /-tris/ n
[C] woman proprietor.
pro-pri-ety /pra'praisti/ n {pl-
-ies) {formal) 1 [C,U] correct
behaviour and morals. 2 [U]
correctness; rightness: / doubt
the -^ of granting his request.
pro-pul-sion /pra'pAljn/ n [U]
propelling force.
pro rata /,pr3u 'ra:t3/ adv {Lat-
knowledge. in) according to the share, etc of
each.
pro-scribe /prsu'skraib/ vt for-
bid by law.
prose /prauz/ n [U] language not
in verse form. c> poetry.
pros-ecute /'prosikjuit/ vt start
legal proceedings against.
pros-e'cu-tion /-Jn/ (instance
oO prosecuting; person who
prosecutes. c> defence(3).
prosecutor n [C] person who
{pi -ies) 1 prosecutes.
 .

prospect /provisional 298

pros-pect' /'prospekt/ n 1 {C] rules of diplomatic behaviour

wide view. 2 {pi.) hopes, pro-ton /'praoton/ n [C] posi-
expectations for the future. tively charged particle formmg
pros-peer' /pra'spekt/ vi -v- part of an atomic nucleus. O
(for), search (for): ~/>2g for electron.
gold, '^or n [C] f)erson who pro-to-type /'prautataip/ n [C]
prosf)ects. example, eg of an aircraft,
first
pros-pec-tive /pra'spektiv/ adj from which others are deve-
hoped for; his '^fortune. loped.
pro-spec-tus /pra'spektas/ n [C] pro-tract /pra'traekt/ vt lengthen
ipl '^es) printed leaflet advertis- the time taken by: ~ a discus-
ing something. sion, pro-trac-tion /-jn/ n [U]
pros-per /'prDsp3(r)/ w/ succeed. pro-trac-tor /pra'trackta(r)/ n
~ity /pro'sperati/ n [V] success; [C] instrument for measuring
wealth. '>^ous adj successful; and drawing angles.
rich. pro-trude /pra'tru:d/ vt/i (cause
pros-ti-tute /'prostitjurt/ n [C] to) stick out or project, pro-
person who ofTers herself/ tru-sion /-3n/ n [U] protruding;
himself for sexual intercourse [C] something that protrudes.
for payment, a vt ^ (reflexive) pro-tu-ber-ant /pra'tjuibarant/
make a prostitute of (oneselQ- 2 adj (format) swelling outwards;
put to wrong uses: one's ~ bulging, pro-tu-ber-ance n
talents, pros-i'tu-tion n [U] (C,U] swelling.
pros-trate /'prostreit/ adj lying proud /praud/ adj (-ex, -est) 1
stretched out, face downward, d '>^ (of), having pride and dig-

vt /pro'streit/ 1 make oneself, nity. 2 having too much pride;

cause to be, prostrate. 2 make conceited. 3 splendid: a day~
helpless. for the school, 'x/ly adv
pro-tag-on-ist /prau'taegsnist/ prove /pru:\l vt/i (pp ~d or ~n
n [C] (formal) chief person in a Z'prurvn/) 1 show to be true. 2
drama, story or factual event. establish the value, quality, etc
protect /pra'tekt/ vt 'v. from/ of: '^ a man 's worth. 3 be found
against, keep safe (from dan- ^d(to be) useless.
(to be): It
ger, enemies), pro-tec-tion prov-erb /'provaib/ n [C] popu-
7-Jn/ n[V] (a) protecting, (b) lar, short, wise saying, eg 'It
[C] person or thing that protects. takes two to make a quarrel'.
'>^ive adj (a) giving protection, '>^ial /pra'v3:bial/ adj widely
(b) '^iVe (towards), (of known and talked about.
persons) with a wish to protect. pro-vide /pra'vaid/ for
vt/i 1 -^^
'>-or n [C] person, thing that sb/sth, do what is necessary. 2
protects. '^ sth for sb, give, supply
pro-tec-tor-ate /pra'tektarat/ n (what is needed).
[C] country under the protection pro-vided /pra'vaidid/ conj on
of one of the great powers. condition (that).
pro-tege /'protisei/ n [C] person pro-vid-ing /pra'vaidirj/ conj =
to whom another gives protec- provided.
tionand help. prov-ince /'provms/ n [C] 1 ad-
pro-tein /'prautirn/ n [C,U] ministrative division of a
body-building substance essen- country. 2 the '^s. the country
tial to good health. outside the capital. 3 area of
pro-test' /'preautest/ n 1 [C,U] knowledge or activity, prov-
statement of disapproval or ob- in-cial /pra'vmjl/ adj (a) of a
jection. 2 (as an adj) expressing province(l) or the pro-
protest: a ^
march. vinces(2). (b) having a limited
pro-test^ /pra'test/ vt/i 1 assert outlook or interests, a n [C] per-
against opposition: He ~e</ his son from the provinces ( 2)
innocence. 2 'v, (against), ob- pro-vi-sion /pra'vi3n/ n 1 [U] act
ject to; complain. '>^er n [C] of providing: ~
for future
Prot-es-tant /^protistant/ n, adj needs). 2 [C] amount orovided.
(member) of any of the Chris- 3 (pf) food supplies. 4 [C] condi-
tian groups that separated from tion in a legal document, a vt
the Church of Rome at the time supply with food and stores.
of the Reformation. pro-vi-sional /pra'visanl/ adj of
pro-to-col /'prautakol/ n [U] the present time only; temper-
 299 provocation / puff

ary: a ~ government, -^ly adv psycho-analysis.

provo-ca-tion /(prova'keijn/ n psy-chol-ogy /sai'koladsi/ n [U]
1 [U] provoking. 2 [C] some- science, study,of the mind and
thing that provokes. its psy-chol-ogist n
processes,
pro-voca-tive /prs'vokativ/ adj [C] expert in psychology, psy-
causing anger, interest, etc. '^ly cho-log i-cal /-'lodsikl/a^'
adv psy-cho-path /'saikaupaeG/ n
pro-voke /pra'vaok/ vt 1 make [C] emotionally unstable per-
angry. 2 cause: --^^ laughter. son, esp one who is aggressive.
pro-vok-ing a<^' annoying. '^Ic adj
prow /prau/ n [C] pointed front pub /pAb/ n [C] (abbr for) public
of a ship. house.
prowl /praul/ vtji go about pu-berty /'pju:b9ti/ n [U] stage
quietly, looking for food, or to at which a person becomes
steal, etc. u n be on the -v., be physically able to become a par-
prowling. ent.
prox-im-ity /prok'simsti/ n [U] pu-bic /'pju:bik/ adj of, near, the
nearness. sexual organs.
proxy/'prDksi//j(/7/-ies)1 [C,U] pub-lie /'pAblik/ fli^ (opposite of
(document giving) authority to private) of, for, owned by, done
act for another (esp to vote). 2 by, people in general, a « 1 the
[C] person given a proxy '>^, members of the community

prude /pru:d/ n [C] extremely in general, in '>-, not in private;

moral person. prud>ish adj openly. 2 particular section of
easily shocked; very moral. the community: the reading '^.
pru-dent /'prurdnt/ adj acting i'>^ con'veni-ence, public lav-
only after careful thought. '>^ly atory. |'>- 'house n [C] (GB)

adv. pru-dence n [U] (formal) place licensed to sell al-

prune^ /pru:n/ n [C] dried plum. coholic drinks. f'>^ relations n
prune^ /pru:n/ vt 1 cut away pi (esp) relations between a
parts of (trees, bushes, etc) in government department, busi-
order to control growth. 2 (Jig) ness organization, etc and ordi-
take out unnecessary parts nary people, f'^ 'school, (GB)
from. private school for fee-paying
pry /prai/ vi (pt.pp pried /praid/) pupils, '^lyadv
-x.(into), inquire (into other pub-li-ca-tion /ipAbh'keiJn/ n 1
people's affairs). '>-'ing-ly adv [U] act of pubUshing something.
psalm /sa:m/ n [C] sacred song, 2 [C] something published, eg a
esp (the P'X/s) in the Bible. book.
pseu-do-nym /'sjurdsnim/ n [C] pub-lic-ity /pAb'lisati/ n [U] 1
name taken, esp by an author, the state of being known to
instead of his real name. everyone. 2 (business oO pro-
psyche-deiic /,saiki'deUk/ adjt viding information, advertising.
(of drugs) causing hallucina- 3 means of advertising.
tions, ecstasy, etc. 2 (of music, pub-li-cize /'pAblisaiz/ vt make
lighting, etc) acting like known to the public.
psychedelic drugs. pub-lish /'pAbhJ/ vt 1 have (a
psy-chia-try /sai'kaiatri/ n [U] book, periodical, etc) printed
the study and treatment of men- and announce that it is for sale.
tal illness, psy-chia-trist n [C] 2 make known to the public.
expert in psychiatry, psy-chi- '^er. person, company, that
atric /(Saiki'aetrik/ adj publishes books, etc.
psy-chic(al) /'saikik(l)/,a<^' 1 of puck /pAk/ n [C] hard rubber
the soul or mind. 2 of phenome- disc used in ice hockey.
na outside physical laws. pucker /'pAk3(r)/ vt/i draw or
psy-cho-an-aly-sis /,saik3u come together into wrinkles: ~
a'naelasis/ n [U] treatment of up one's lips.
mental illnesses by tracing them pudding /'pudirj/ [C,Ul(dish
/1 1
to events in the patient's early of) food, usually a soft, sweet
life. psy-cho-anahyst mixture. 2 kind of sausage.
/-'aenahst/ n [C] person who puddle /'pAdl/ n [C] small, dirty
practises psycho-analysis, psy- pool of rain water.
cho-analyse (US = -lyse) puff /pAf/ n [C] 1 short, quick
/-'aenalaiz/ vt treat (a person) by sending out of breath, air, etc. 2
 .
puff /punt
= powder-puff, puffy
(-ier, -iest) swollen.
puff* /pAf; vtii 1 breathe quickly
(as after running); (of smoke,
steam, etc) come out in puffs. 2
send out m
puffs. 3 ^
sth out.
cause to swell with air.
puf-fin /'pAfm/ n [C] North At-
lantic seabird with a large bill.
puir /pul, n 1 [C] act of pulling.
2 [U] effort of climbing: a long -x.
up the hill. 3 [U] influence: a man
with a lot of '>^
pull* /pol/ vr// 1 (contrasted with
push) use force on (a person or
thing) so as to draw towards or
after one. '^ sth to pieces.
(a) break it into parts, (b) (Jig)
criticize severely. 2 =row*. '^
one 's weight, do a fair share
of the work. 3 '^ a muscle.
strain it. 4 '>^ sth down, de-
molish, eg an old building, 'v,
in. (a) (of a train) enter a sta-
tion, (b) (of a vehicle) move in
towards. '^ sth off. (a) drive a
motor- vehicle off the road, (b)
succeed (in a plan). -^ out (of).
(a) move out (in order to pass).
(b) detach, eg pages from a ma-
gazine. 'V. (sb) out (of), leave
a place which is too difficult:
out of a race. '>^ (sth) over.
(cause a vehicle to) move to one
side. 'X. through, recover from
illness. '^ oneself together.
get control of oneself. (sth) ^ ing,
up. bring or come to a stop. '^
sb up. stop somebody (who is
making mistakes).
puMet /'pulit/ n [C] young hen.
pul-ley /'puh/ n [C] ipl '^s)
grooved wheel(s) for ropes or
chains, used for lifting things.
pull-over /'pubuv3(r)/ n [C]
knitted garment pulled on over
the head.
pulp /pAlp/ n [U] 1 soft, fleshy
part of fruit. 2 soft mass of other
material, esp of wood, a vtIi
make into pulp.
pul -pit /'pulpit/ n [C] raised
structure in a church, used by a
clergyman.
pui-sate (cause to)
/pAl'seit/ vr//
thiob; expand and contract
rhythmically, pui-sa-tion n
[C,U]
pulse /paIs/ n [C] 1 the regular
beat of the arteries as the blood
is pumped through them. 2
thrill; pace: the ~
of life, a vi
beat; throb.
pul-ver-ize /'pAlvsraiz/ vtji
300
adj grind to a powder; smash com-
pletely (also //g).
puma /'pju:m3/ n [C] (pi ~s)
large brown American animal of
thecal family.
pump /pAmp/ n [C] machine for
forcing liquid, gas or air
through something, eg air into a
tyre, a vtIi 1 force, ejg water, air,
into, from, something using a
pump. 2 (Jig) ask (a person)
questions repeatedly. 3 force
(ideas,etc) into a person's mind.
pump-kin /'pAmpkm/ n [C,U]
(plant with a) large, round
orange-yellow fruit, used as a
vegetable.
pun /pAn/ n [C] (also a play on
words) humorous use of words
which sound the same or have
two meanings, eg The soldier
laid down his arms.' n vi (-nn-)
make a pun.
punch^ /pAntJ/ n [C] 1 tool for
cutting holes in leather, metal,
etc.2 tool for stamping designs
on surfaces, a vt make a hole
with a punch.
punch* /pAntJ/ n [U] drink made
of wine or spirits mixed with
sugar, lemons, spice, etc.
~ punch^ /pAntf/ vt hit hard with
the fist, un^ [C] blow given with
the fist. 2 [U] (fig) energy. ^'^-
up, fight with the fists.
punc-tual /'pAqktJual/ adj com-
doing something, at -the
time fix^. 'x/ly adv. -v/ity
/-'ael3ti//i[U]
punc-tu-ate /'pAgktJueit/ vt 1
put full stops, commas, etc, into
a piece of writing. 2 interrupt
from time to time, punc-
tu'ation /-Jn/ n [U] (use oO
stops, cormnas, etc in writing.
punc-ture /'pAr)tj9(r)/ n [C]
small hole, esp one made ac-
cidentally in a tyre, a vijit make
a puncture in. 2 be punctured.
pun-gent /'pAndssnt/ adj (for-
mat) (of smells, tastes) sharp;
stinging.
pun-ish /'pAniJ/ vt 1 cause (a
person) suffering for doing
wrong. 2 treat roughly. '>.'nnent
n [U] punishing; [C] penalty for
doing wrong.
pu-ni-tive /'pjurnitiv/ adj (in-
tended for) punishing: -^
measures /taxes.
(Jig) punt^ /pAnt/ n [C] fiat-bottomed,
shallow boat with square ends.
D vt/i move, carry in, a punt.
punt* /pAnt/ vi bet on a horse.
 301 puny/put

'wer n [C] person who bets. way.

puny /'pju:m/ adj (-ier, -iest)
small and weak, pun-ily adv
pup /pap/ n [C] = puppy.
pu-pil^ /'pju:pl/ n [C] person be-
ing taught.
pu-piP /'pju:pl/ n [C] (anat)
round opening in the eye, regu-
lating the passage of light
pup-pet /'pApit/ n [C] 1 doU. etc
with jointed limbs moved by
wires or strings. 2 Cglove-'^)
doll put on the hand Hke a glove,
moved by the fingers. 3 person
completely controlled by an-
other.
puppy /'pApi/ n [C] {pi -ies)
young dog.
pur-chase /'pattfas/ n 1
[U] buy-
ing. 2 [C] (formal) something
bought, a vt buy. pur-chaser,
person who buys.
pure /pju3(r)/ adj (-r, -st except
5,6 below) 1 unmixed with any
other substance, etc. 2 of un-
mixed race or breed. 3 without
evil. 4 (of sounds) clear and dis-
tinct. 5 dealing with theory only
(not applied): ^
science. 6 no-
thing but: a ^
waste of time.
'^\^ ac/v(esp) completely.
pu-ree /'pjuarei/ n [C,IJ,] vege-
tables, fruit, etc boiled to a pulp
and pressed through a sieve.
pur-ga-tory /'pargatn/ n [C] {pi
-ies) 1 place after death in which
the soul is purified by temporary
suffering. 2 (Jig) place of tem-
porary suffering.
purge /'p3:d3/ vt ^ '^ sb (ofI
from sth). make clean or free
(of impurity). 2 empty
bowels) by means of medicine. 3
rid (eg a political party, etc) of
members who are considered
undesirable, d n [C] act of purg-
purple /'p3:pl/ n [U], a<^' (colour)
of red and blue mixed toeethier.
pur-pose /'p3:p3s/ n [Cj 1 that
which one means to do; inten-
tion. 2 [U] {formal) determina-
tion(2). 3 on 'v^, deliberately.
'^^uXadj.
purr /p3:(r)/ vr// (of a cat) make a
low, vibrating sound expressing
pleasure, d n [C] purring sound.
purse^ /p3:s/ n [C] 1 small bag
for money. 2 money, esp as a
prize. 3 {US^ = handbag.
purser n [C] officer responsible
for a ship's accounts and stores.
purse^ /P3:s/ vt draw (the lips)
together tightly.
pur-sue /pa'sju:/ vt 1 go after in
order to catch up with. 2 go on
with: 'V.' one's studies. 3 have as a
purpose: '>^ a teaching career.
pur-suit /pa'sjurt/ n 1 [U] act of
pursuing. 2 [C] hobby; pastime.
pur-vey /p3:'vei/ vtji {formal)
supply (food, as a trader). '>^or,
supplier (the usual word).
pus /pAS/ n [U] thick yellowish-
white liquid formed in a poi-
soned place in the body.
push^ /puj/ n 1 [C] act of push-
ing. 2 tC] great effort. 3 [Uj con-
fidence to put oneself forward. 4
get the ^. {informal) lose
one'sjob.
push^ /puj/ vtji 1 (contrasted
with pull) use force on (a person
or thing) to move forward or
away. 2 persuade others to re-
cognize, eg claims, or buy, eg
goods. 3 sell (illicit drugs). C>
(the pusher below. 4 -^^ s/» for sth,
put pressure on: ~
him for pay-
ment. 5 press: ->- a button. 6 '^
sb around, {informal! bully
him. off. {informal) go away.
'>^

ing(3). ''>--bike,one that is worked by

pu-rify /'pjusnfai/ vt (pt.pp -ied) pedalling. ''>^chair, chair on
make pure, pu-rifi-cation wheels for a small child, '^er,
/-n'keiJn/n[U] (a) someone who takes every
pu-rist /'pjuanst/ n [C] person opportunity to gain an advan-
who pays great attention to cor- tage, (b) '{si) seller of illicit
rectness. drugs. '>^ing adj having a ten-
puri-tan /'pjuantan/ adj. n [C] 1 dency to be a pusher ( a )
P'>^, (of a) member of the pussy /'pusi/ n [C] {pi -ies) (also
Protestant Church which want- '-^-ca/j (child's word for a) cat.
ed simpler forms of church cere- put put/ vtli {pt.pp '^; pres part
mony. 2 (of a) person who is 'V'ting) 1 move (something) so
strict in morals. '>^i-cal as to be in a certain place or pos-
/-'taenikl/ adj. ition: He '^ the book on the table.
pu-rity /'pjuarati/ n [U] state of 2 -^ sb in his (proper)
being pure. place, make him humble. 3
purl /p3:l/ n [C] (in knitting) in- make a person bear: -^ the
verted stitch, a vtji knit in this blame ipressure on sb. A '^ a
put /quad 3(

stop to sth. end or abolish it. sum of money).'>^ sb's back

5 ^ s/» af his ease, cause him up. O back'(l) '-^ up with

to feci relaxed. 6 cause (a person sb/sth. endure without
or thing) to become: him to ~ protest.
death, kill him. '>^ sth right. pu-trefy /^pjurtrifai/ vt/i (pt.pp
correct it. 7 write: a tick ~ -ied) (cause to) decay, pu-tre-
against a name. 8 '>^ sth (to fac-tion -'faekjn/ n [C,U]
,

sb). ofTer; express: ~

a proposal pu-trid /'pju:trid/ adj having be-
to the manager. 9 '^ sth about. come decayed.
spread, eg rumours, 'v. sth putt /pAt/ vt/i strike (a golf ball)
across (to sb). communicate gently with a club.
something successfully. '>^ sth putty /'pAli/ n [U] soft paste used
aside, (a) lay down: ^^ work for fixing glass in window
aside, (b) save: money aside.
'v. frames, etc.
'X' sth away, put in the usual puzzle /'pAzl/ n [C] 1 difficult
place of storage. '^ sth back. question or problem. 2 problem
(a) replace it. (b) move back- (eg a ^crossword ^) or toy (eg a
wards: ->- the clock back five mi- ^jigsaw ->-) designed to test a per-
nutes, (c) (fig) cause delay to: son's knowledge, skill, o vt/i 1
The strike ~
back production. -^ cause (a p)erson) to be confused,
sth by. save for future use. ->- worried. 2 ^
over sth. think
(sth) down, (a) land: a
'>- very much about it. '>^ sth out.
plane down, (b) set or place (try to) find the answer by think-
down, (c) suppress by force: -^ ing hard.
down a rebellion, (d) write pygmy, pigmy /'pigmi/ n [C] (pi
down, (e) kill (a sick animal). '>- -ies) 1 P'>-', dwarf race in Afri-
sb down, allow to get off (eg a ca. 2 very small person.
bus), 'v. sth dow/n to sth. at- py-ja>mas (US = pa-jamas)
tribute to: Can we 'v- his failure /pa'dsarmaz/ n pi (also a pair of
down to his ignorance? '^ sth ~) loose-fitting jacket and
forv^ard. (a) suggest: 'v, for- trousers for sleeping in.
ward a new theory, (b) move on: py-ion /'pailn/ n [C] tall steel
~ a clock forward ten minutes. structure for carrying electric
'>^ in. do, perform: '^ in an cables. t

hour's work. '^ in for. apply for pyra-mid n [C] 1

/'piramid/
(a job). '>^ sth off. postpone. -^ structure with a square base and
sb off (sth). (a) delay doing sloping sides meeting at a point,
something with somebody until esp one built in ancient Egypt. 2
a later date, (b) hinder or dis- pile of objects in the shape of a
suade: ~
a man off his game, eg pyramid.
distract him. "^ sth on. (a) pyre /'pai3(r)/ n [C] large pile of
(opposite = take off) clothe wood for burning a corpse on.
oneself with, (b) pretend to pv'thon /'paiGn/ n [C] large
have: Her modesty is all '^ on. snake that kills its prey by crush-
(c) add to: He's '>^ting on ing it.
weight, is getting heavier, (d)
arrange for; make available: '^
on extra trains, (e) advance: ~
the clock on one hour, (f ) turn
on: '>^ the light on. '^ a play on.
arrange for it to be shown at a
theatre, 'v. sth out. (a) extin-
guish, (b) issue; broadcast:
out a warning, 'v^ sb out, (a)
cause to be confused or worried.
~ Qq
(b) inconvenience. '^ sb/sth Q. q /kju:/ (pi Q's, q's /kju:z/) the
through, connect (by tele- 1 7th letter of the English al-
phone). '>^ sb up. provide lodg- phabet.
ing and food (for). ^
sb up to quack^ /kwsk/ vi. n (make the)
sth, urge him to do something cry of a duck.
wrong. -^ sth up. (a) raise: ^ quack^ /kwaek/ n [C] person dis-
up one's hand, (b) build, (c) m- honestly claiming to have med-
crease: ~ up the rent, (d) make: ical knowledge.
'\^ up a good fight, (e) supply (a quad /kwod/ n [C] (abbr oQ 1 =
 3a3 quadrangie/queasy

quadrangle. 2 = quadruplet. resenting an unknown value,

quad-rangie /'kwodrxqgl/ n [C] (b) {fig) person or thing whose
1 flat shape with four sides, esp a not known.
ability, etc is
square. 2 (abbr quad) space in quar-an-tine /'kworantirn/ n
the form of a rectangle, sur- [C,U] (esp of imported animals)
rounded by buildings. (period of) separation from
quad-ru-ped /'kwodruped/ n others to prevent the spreading
tC] four-footed animal. of disease, d vt put in quaran-
quad-ruple /'kwodruipl/ adj tine.
made up of four parts, n n [Cj quar-rel /'kworal/ n [C] 1 angry
four times as great, n vt/i mul- argument. 2 cause for being
tiply by four. angry, pick a '>^ (v\/ith sb),
^uad•ru•plet /'kwodrurplet/ n find some occasion for disagree-
C] (abbr quad) one of four bab- ment, etc. n vi (-II-) 1 have a
ies at a single birth. quarrel. 2 disagree (with): / '^
quag-mire /'kwDgmai3(r)/ n [C] with your conclusions. ''N-some
area of soft, wet land. af^ often causing arguments.
quair /kweil/ n [C] small bird quarry^ /'kwori/ n [C] {pi -ies)
similar to a partridge. hunted animal, etc.
quail^ /kweil/ vi 'x. (at/ quarry^ /'kwori/ n [C] {pi -ies)
before), feel or show fear. place (not underground) where
quaint /kwemt/ adj (-er, -est) stone, slate, etc is obtained, a
pleasing because unusual or vt/i {pt.pp -ied) obtain from a
old-fashioned. '>^ly adv quarry.
quake /kweik/ v; shake; tremble. quart /kwo:t/ n [C] measure of
quali-fi-ca-tion /,kwDlifi'keiJ"n/ capacity (two pints or about
n 1 [U] act of modifying or limit- 1- 14 litres).

ing; [C] something which modi- quarter /'kwo:t3(r)/ n [C] 1

fies or accept an offer with
limits: fourth part {\). 2 15 minutes:
'^s. 2 diploma,
[C] training, test, fourth part of an hour: a '^ to
etc that qualifies(1 ) a person. {US = of) two; a ~
past six. 3
qual-ify /'kwolifai/ vt/i {pt.pp period of three months. 4 (used
-Led) 1 be trained and approved of animals) section including a
as having the required standard. leg: ^fore-'^s; 'hind-'^s. 5 dis-
2 have the necessary experience, trict:the business ~. 6 source of
ability, age, etc. 3 make (a state- supply, help, etc. 7 {pi) place to
ment) less general. 4 {gram) stay in: married ^s. C> head-
limit the meaning of. quali- quarters. 8 at close '^s. close
fied /-faid/ adj (a) having the together, a v/ 1 divide into
necessary qualifications, (b) quarters. 2 place (troops) in
Vimiied: a qualified statement. lodgings. ''>>'master, (a)
quali-tat-ive /'kwolitativ/ adj {army) officer in charge of the
relating to quality. O
quantita- stores, (b) {navy) ofilcer in
tive. charge of steering the ship, etc.
qual-ity /'kwobti/ n (pi -ies) 1 quarterly /'kwo:t3li/ adj, adv
IC,U] (high standard oO good- (happening) once in each three
ness or worth. 2 [C] something months, d n [C] {pi -ies) period-
that distinguishes a person or ical published every 3 months.
thing: One -^ of leadership is to quartet, quartette /kwoi'tet/
be trusted. n [C] (music for) four players or
qualm /'kwa:m/ n [C] 1 feeling of singers.
doubt (esp about whether one is quartz /'kwo:ts/ n [U] sorts of
doing right). 2 temporary feel- hard mineral.
ing of sickness. quash /kwoj/ vt put an end to;
quan-dary /'kwondan/ n [C] (pi reject: '^ a revolt /an appeal.
-ies) state of doubt or confu- qua-ver /'kweiv3<r)/ vr//l (of the
sion. voice or a sound) shake; trem-
quan-ti-tat-ive /'kwontitativ/ ble. 2 say or sing in a shaking
a<;(/relating to quantity. C> qual- voice.D n [C] trembling sound.
itative. quay /ki:/ n [C] landing-place for
quan-tity /'kwontati/ n {pi -ies) loading and unloading ships.
1 [U] size, weight, number, etc. 2 queasy /'kwi:zi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
[C] amount. 3 an unknown 1 (of the stomach) easily upset.
'^. (a) {maths) symbol (x) rep- 2 (of a person) easily made sick.

queen /quota
queen kwi:n/ n [C] 1 female rul-
er. 2 wife of a king. 3 (chess)
most powerful piece. 4 quick-sil-ver /'kwiksilv3(r)/ n
(playing-cards) card with the
picture of a queen. 5 egg-
produang female of bees, ants,
etc. 1-^ 'mother, mother of a
reigning sovereign.
queer /kwiair) adj (-er, -est) 1
strange; unusual. 2 causing
doubt or suspicion. 3 (informal)
unwell.
quell /kwel vt suppress (a rebel-
' secret,
lion).
quench /kwentj/ vt
(fire). 2 satisfy (thirst).
query /'kwiari/ n [C]
question. 2 mark (eg '') put
against something, a vf 1 '^^
y^hetherlif. inquire. 2 express
doubt about. 3 put a mark (eg ?)
against.
quest /kwest/ n [C]
search.
ques-tion^ /'kwestjan/ n
sentence which asks for
mation, an answer, etc. 2 in-
quiry; problem, in '^. being
talked about: the man in ->^. out
of the '^. impossible. 3 [U]
doubt, objection: There is no '^
about his honesty. ''>^-mark, the
mark C^).
ques-tion' /'kwestjan/ vt 1 ask a
question; examine. 2 feel doubt
about, '^able /-sbl/ a<i/ doubt-
ful, '^v.ably fli/v
question-naire
'ne3(r)/ n [C] list of questions to
be answered, esp to get informa-
tion.
queue /kju:/ n [C] line of people,
vehicles waiting for their turn: a
bus '^. jump the '^,
jump^(7). a vi -^ (up) (for).
get into, be in, a queue.
quibble "kwibl/ n [C] argument
about a small matter, n vi -^^
(over), afgue about small dif-
ferences.
quick /kv/ik/ adj (-er, -est) 1
moving fast; done in a short
time. 2 lively; prompt: '>^ ro seize
an opportunity, a ;i [U] tender
flesh below the skin, esp the
nails, cut I touch sb to the '^.
hurt his feelings deeply. adv-
{-&. -est) (informal) = quickly.
'x/ly adv in a quick manner.
'>-ness«[U]
quicken /'kwikan/ vt/i 1
orbecome quick(er). 2 make or
become more lively.
quick*sand /'kwiksxnd/ n [C]
.
304
(areaoQ loose, deep sand which
sucks down men, animals, etc.
[V] = mercury.
quid kwid/ n [C] (pi ^) (GB si)
= pound^(2).
quiet /'kwariat/ adj (-er, -est) 1
with little or no movement or
sound. 2 free from excitement,
trouble: a -<- life. 3 gentle. 4 (of
colours) not bright. 5 not
revealed, keep sth '^. keep it
on the '^. secretly, a
n
[U] of being quiet (all
state
1 put out senses). '>^en vt/i make or be-
come quiet.
(pi -ies) 1 quill /kwil/ n [C] 1 large feather;
such a feather formerly used for
writing. 2 spine of a porcupine
quilt /kwilt/ n [C] thick bed-
covering of two layers of cloth
padded with soft material. O
(formal) duvet. D vt make in the form of a
quilt.
[C] 1 quin/kwm/«[C] = quintuplet.
infor- quin-ine /kwi'nim/ n [U] bitter
medicine used to cure fevers
such as malaria.
quintet, quin-tette ,1cwm'tet
n [C] (music for) five players or
singers.
quin-tu-plet /'kwmtjuplet/ n [C]
(abbr quin) one of five babies at
a single birth.
quip /kwip/ n [C] witty or sarcas-
tic remark, o vi (-pp-) make
quips.
,kwestj3- quit /kwit, vt (pt '^ted or '^)-
(-tt-) 1 go away from. 2 stop: ^
work, a a^ finished with: JVe're
~ of all our problems.
quite /kwait/ adv 1 completely: /
~ agree. 2 to a certain extent: ^
O (7good player. 3 really: She's 'v- a
beauty. 4 (used to show agree-
ment, etc): A: 'It's a difficult si-
tuation'. B: 'Q'>^(so)!'
quiver^ /'kwiv3(r)/ n [C] sheath
for carrying arrows.
quiver^ /'kwiv3(r)/ vt/i (cause to)
tremble slightly, a n [C] tremble.
quiz /kwiz/ vt (-zz-) ask ques-
tions of. a n [C] (-ZZ-) (modern
use) general knowledge contest
quiz-zi-cal /'kwizikl/ adj (for- '^
mat) 1 causing amusement. 2 ex-
pressing disbelief, puzzlement.
^Iy/-k!"a(^v
quoit /koit/ n [C] ring (of eg rub-
ber) to be thrown at a peg so as
make to encircle it; (pi) this game.
quota /'kwauts/ n [C] (pi ~s)
limited share or number, esp of
goods, immigrants, allowed to
 305 quotation /radiography

enter a country. with bars, pegs, etc for holding

quo-ta-tion /kwau'teijn/ n 1 [U] things, hanging things on, etc. 2
quoting(l). 2 [C] something shelf over the seats, of a train,
quoted(l). 3 [C] statement of plane, etc for light luggage.
the price of an article. 4 [C] esti- rack^ /raek/ vt 1 (of a disease) in-
mate of the cost of work. '>^ flict torture on: '^ed with pain. 2
marks, the marks " or " en- '^ one's brains, make great
closing words quoted. mental efforts.
quote /kwaut/ vt ^ (from),
'-^ rack^ /rack/ n (only in) go to ,'>^

repeat, write, words used by an- and *ruin, fall into a ruined
other. 2 give (a reference, etc) to state.
support a statement. 3 state (a racket' /'raekit/ n 1 loud noise. 2
price). [C] (informal) dishonest way of
getting money. '>^eer /-'ti9(r)/ n
[C] person engaged in a rack-
et(2).
racket^, racquet /'raekit/ n [C]
1 light, stringed bat used in ten-
nis, badminton, etc. 2 (pi) game

Rr played with a ball

four walls.
rac-quet n [C] =
in a court with

R, r /a:(r)/ (pi R's, r's /a:z/)
18th letter of the English al-
phabet.
rabbi /'raebai/ n [C] (pi 'v.s)
teacher of the Jewish law; Jewish
spiritual leader.
rab-bit /'raebit/ n [C] small bur-
rowing animal with long ears, a
vt (-tt-) hunt rabbits, '^w,-
warren, land full of rabbit-
holes.
rabble /'raebl/n [C] disorderly
crowd, ''xz-rousing a^' inciting
the passions of the mob.
rabid /'raebid/ adj^ affected with
rabies. 2 (fig) fanatical.
ra-bies /'reibi:z/ n [U] infectious
fatal disease causing madness.
race^ /reis/ n [C] 1 competition in
speed, eg in running. 2 strong,
fast current of water, a vt/i 1
(with/ against sb). compete
in speed; move at full speed. 2
own or train horses to race, '-x^-
course, ground where horse-
races are run. ''X/-horse, special
breed for running in races. ''\^-
track, path prepared for races,
eg in a stadium.
race^ /reis/ n 1 [C,U] subdivision
of mankind sharing physical
characteristics, esp colour of
skin. 2 [C] main division of any
living creatures: the human ~,
mankind.
ra-ciai /'reij adj relating
race^(1 ). -^ly adv. 'v«ism n [U]
belief that one's own race is
superior, -x.'ist adj, n [C]
ra*cily, raci-ness C> racy.
rack' /rack/ n [C] 1 framework
racket^.
ra-dar /'reida:(r)/ n [U] (the use
the oO apparatus that shows solid
objects on a screen (by means of
radio echoes).
ra-di-ance /'reidisns/ n [U] rad-
iant quality.
ra-di-ant /'reidiant/ adj 1 send-
ing out rays of light. 2 (of a per-
son) showing great joy -^iy adv
ra>di*ate /'reidieit/ vt/i 1 send
out rays. 2 (fig) send out: hap- ^
piness. 3 'V. from, come or go
out in all directions.
ra-di-ation /.reidi'eijn/ n 1 [U]
radiating. 2 [C,U] (physics) (the
sending out of) energy, light, etc
in rays. 3 [C] something radiat-
ed: X-ray^s.
ra-di-ator n [C] 1
/'reidieit3(r)/
apparatus (in a room) for rad-
iating heat. 2 device for cooling
^ the engine of a motor-vehicle.
rad-icai /'raedikl/ adj'X complete;
through: -w changes. 2 (politics)
favouring complete reform, a n
[C] person with radical (2) opin-
ions, 'v/ly adv
ra-dii/'reidiai/n/>/C> radius.
ra-dio /'reidiau/ n (pi 'x.s) 1 [U]
(communication by) electro-
magnetic waves. 2 [U] broad-
casting by this means. 3 [C] ap-
paratus for transmitting or
receiving radio broadcasts.
radio-active /,reidi3u 'aektiv/
adj sending out rays capable of
to passing through material that
cannot be seen through, ,'x/-
ac'tiv-ityn[U]
radi-ogra-phy /ireidi'ografi/ n
[U] production of X-ray photo-
graphs. ,radi*'ogra-pher, per-
 )

radish/ rampart 3i

son trained in radiography. (down) on. send or come

rad-ish /'rsdij/ n [C] plant used down (on): blows '>^ed down on
in salad, with a white or red his head.
root. rainy /'reini/ adj (-ier, -iest) hav-
ra-dius n [C] (pi radii
/'reidias/ ing much rain, save sth for a
/-diai/) 1 (length of a) straight -^ day. for a time of need.
line from the centre of a circle to raise /reiz/ vt 1 lift up; cause to
the circumference. 2 area rise,-w sb's hopes, make him
measured from a central point: more hopeful. 2 cause to rise or
within a '^ of two miles from the appear: ~
a cloud of dust. 3
house. bring up for discussion or atten-
raf-f ia /'raefia, n [U] fibre from a tion: ~ a new point. 4 grow
kind of palm-tree, used for mak- (crops); breed (sheep, etc); bring
ing mats, etc. up (a family). 5 collect together:
raffle "raefl/ n [C] sale of an ar- ~ money. '^ Cain/hell, be-
ticle by a lottery, a vt sell in a raf- come very angry.
ne. raisin /'reizn/ n [C] dried sweet
raft /ra:ft/ n [C] number of logs grape.
fastened together used as a boat. rake /reik/ n [C] long-handled
raf -ter /'ra:ft3(r)/ n [C] one of the tool with prongs used for col-
sloping beams supporting a lecting together dead leaves, etc.
roof. a vtji 1 use a rake (on). 2 get
rag^ /raeg/ n [C] piece of old (something together) (as) with a
cloth. rake. '^ it in. (Jig) earn much
rag^ /raeg/ vt (-gg-) {informal) money. -^ sth up. (esp) cause
play practical jokes on. a n [C] to remember (something which
amusing procession, eg as held it is better to forget): '^ up the

by college students. past. 3 fire at with guns, from

rage /reids/ n 1 [C,U] (outburst end to end: ^^^ a ship. ''>^-off, (si)
of) furious anger. 2 [C] strong (usually dishonest) share of
desire: a '^ for collecting butter- profits.
flies. O
craze. 3 be (all) the rally /'raeli/ vt/i (pt.pp -lied) 1
'^. (informal) be very (cause to) come together to
fashionable, a v/ 1 be very make new efTorts: 'v- an army. 2
angry. 2 (of storms, etc) be give new strength to. a n [C] (pi
violent. -ies) 1 gathering or assembly: a
rag-ged /'raegid/ adj 1 (with political ~. 2 meeting (of car
clothes) badly torn. 2 having drivers) for a competition, etc. 3
rough edges. '>^ly adv (in tennis, etc) exchange of
raid /reid/ aj [C] 1 surprise attack. several strokes.
2 sudden visit by police to make ram /raem/ n [C] 1 uncastrated
arrests, a vt/i carry out a raid. male sheep. 2 one of various im-
"^er, person who raids. plements for striking with great
rail /reil/ n [C] 1 bar or rod of force. 3 = battering ram. a vt
wood or metal, eg as part of a (-mm-) strike and push heavily:
fence. 2 bar or rod placed for '^ a post into the ground.
things to hang on: a 'rowe/-~. 3 ramble /'raembl/ vi 1 walk for
line of steel bars, on which trains pleasure. 2 (fig) talk without
run. a vt '^ offI'm. put rails (1 keeping to the subject. 3 (of
round. ''>^way (t/5 = -^^road), plants) grow wildly, a n [C] long,
(a) track on which trains run. pleasant walk, ram-bling adj
(b) system of such tracks, with (a) (esp of buildings) extending
the locomotives, etc. '^ing n [C] in many directions, (b) (of a
(often/?/) fence made with rails. speech, etc) disconnected.
rain^ /rem/ n 1 [U] water in the ramp /rsemp/ n [C] sloping way
atmosphere falling in separate from one level to another.
drops. 2 fall of something like ram-page /'raempeid3/ vi rush
rain: a ~o/ arrows. 'V/bow about in excitement or rage, a n
/'rembau/, coloured arch, form- belgo on the '^. be/go ram-
ed in the sky opposite the sun paging.
when rain is falling, '--^^coat, ram-pant /'raempant/ adj 1 (of
light, waterproof coat, '-^fall, plants, etc) luxuriant. 2 (of
amount of rain that falls. crime, etc) beyond control. I

rain^ /rem/ vr// 1 fall as rain. 2 ^^ ram-part /'raempa:t/ n [C] wide ;

 307 ramshackle / rate

bank of earth built to defend a of forcing sexual intercourse on.

fort, etc. D n [C] act of raping, ra-pist,
ram-shackle /'raemjaekl/ adj al- person who rapes.
most collapsing. rapid /'raepid/ adj quick; moving
ran/raen/profrun^. with great speed. '>^ity
ranch /ra:ntj/ n [C] (in Ameri- N /ra'pidsti/ n [U]. '>^ly adv
ca) lar_ge farm, esp for cattle. rap-ids /'raepidz/ n pi part of a
'x.errtfC] river where a steep slope causes
ran-cid /'raensid/ adj not fresh; the water to flow fast.
stale: ~
butter. ra-pier /'reipi3(r)/ n [C] Ught
ran-cour {US = -cor) sword.
/'raegk9(r)/ n [U] {formal) strong rapt /raept/ adj so deep in
feeling of bitterness, ran-cor- thought that one is unaware of
ousadj other things.
ran-dom /'raendam/ n [U] 1 at rap-ture /"raEptj3(r)/ n 1 [U]
'>^, without reason or plan: great joy; ecstasy. 2 {pt) be in
choose at '^ .2 (as an adj) done, "ws (over/about), be ex-
made, at random: a ~ c/io/ce. tremely happy, rap-tur-ous
rang of ring^.
/tst)/ pt adj: rapturous applause.
range^ /remds/ n [C] 1 line or rare^ /re9(r)/ adj (-r, -st) unusu-
series of things: a '^ of moun- al; uncommon. '>^ly adv not of-
tains. 2 area of ground with ten. -^ness/iLU]
targets for shooting at. 3 dis- rare* /re9(r)/ adj {o[ meat) lightly
tance to which a gun, missile, etc cooked.
can be fired. 4 distance between rarefy /'reanfai/ vt/i (pt.pp -led)
limits: a ^
of temperature. 5 make or become less dense: rare-
type of stove, with a coal boiler, fied air.
used for cooking. rar-ity /'rearsti/ n {pi -ies) 1 [U]
range^ /remds/ vtji 1 place in a rareness. 2 [C] something un-
row. 2 ->- through/over, common or unusual.
move, wander. 3 {fig) cover, in- ras-cal n [C] 1 dishonest
/'ra:skl/
clude: a talk ranging over many person. 2 (playfully) naughty
subjects. 4 vary between limits: child.
prices ranging from £7 to £10. rash^ /raej/ adj too hasty; acting
ranger /'remd33(r)/ n [C] person without thought. '>^ly adv.
who patrols a forest or large "wness/iiU]
park. rash* /raef/ n [C] 1 tiny red spots
rank /raegk/ n 1 [C] line of per- on the skin. 2 {fig) sudden
sons or things (esp soldiers, tax- spread: a '^ of strikes.
is). 2 the '>^s, ordinary soldiers, rasher /'raej9(r)/ n [C] slice of
not officers. 3 [C,U] position in bacon.
a scale; class: the -^ of captain, a rasp /ra:sp/ n [C] 1 coarse file,
vtji 1 put in a rank; put in a class. used for scraping. 2 rough, grat-
2 have a place: '^ among the ing sound, a vt/i 1 scrape with a
world's best. rasp. 2 'v- out, say in a rough
rankle /'raegkl/ vi continue to be voice. 3 make a harsh sound.
a painful or annoying memory. rasp-berry /'ra:zbri/ n [C] {pl-
ran-sack /'raensa^k/ vt 1 search -ies) 1 (bush with a) sweet red
(a place) thoroughly. 2 search berry. 2 {si) noise made with the
and steal from (a place). tongue and lips, to show disap-
ran-som /'raensam/ n [U] freeing proval.
of a prisoner on payment of rat /raet/ n [C] 1 animal like, but
money; [C] sum of money, etc, larger than, a mouse. 2 smell a
paid for this, a vt obtain the '^. suspect that something is
freedom of (a person) in ex- wrong. 3 {si) cowardly traitor, n
change for ransom. vt (-tt-) 1 hunt rats. 2 -^ (on
rant /raent/ vtji use violent, loud sb). {sl\ break a promise, the
language. '^v/ race, endless competition
rap /raep/n [C] 1 (sound of a) for success, '-wty adj (-ier, -iest)
light, quick blow. 2 {si) blame. {informal) irritable.
take the ^
(for sth). be pun- rate^ 'reit/ n 1 [C] one amount in
ished, etc (esp when innocent), a relation to another: the ^birth"^.
vtji (-PP-) strike quickly. 2 at ^thisPthat ^. if this/that
rape /reip/ vt commit the crime state of affairs continues, at
 .

rate / reader 308

'any '^, whatever happens. 3 ra-vine /ra'virn/ n [C] deep, nar-

the "ws, (GB) tax on property. row valley.
4 speed. 5 class: //rj/-^. rav-ish /'racvij/ vt fill with de-
rate^ /reit/ estimate the
vt/i 1 light. '>^ingadj
value of. 2 value(GB) raw /ro:/ a^^l uncooked. 2 m the
(properly) to assess rates (3) on. natural state: ~
materials. 3 (of
rather /'ra:d3(r)/adv 1 by persons) untrained; inexperienc-
preference: I'd -^ go. 2 more pre- ed. 4 (of the weather) damp and
cisely: last night or -«- early this cold. 5 (of the body) sore and
morning. 3 in a certain degree: a painful.
~ surprising result. ray^ /rei/ n [C] 1 line of light,
rat-ify /'raetifai/ vt {pt,pp -ied) heat, energy. 2 (fig) small sign: a
confirm (an agreement), jrati- of hope.
'\^

f i-ca-tion '-fi'keijn/ n [U] ray^ /rei/ n [C] kinds of large sea-

rat-ing /'reitir), « 1 [C] popular- fish with a Hat body.
ity of radio or TV programmes. rayon /'reion/ n [U] man-made
2 [U] act of assessing (properly). cloth hke silk.
3 (navy) non-commissioned sail- raze, rase /reiz/ vt destroy
or. (towns, buildings) completely.
ratio /'reijiau/ n [C] (pi ~s) rela- razor /'reiz3(r)' n [C] instrument
tion between two amounts: The with a sharp blade used for
~ of boys to girls was 3 to 1 shaving.
ra-tion /'raejn/ n [C] fixed quan- reach /ri:tj/ vt/i 1 stretch out the
tity, esp of food, allowed to one hand for and take. 2 pass; /?~
person, a vt limit (a person) to a me my coat. 3 arrive at: ^
Lon-
fixed ration. don. 4 extend: My
land '^es to
ra«tion-al /'raejnal/ adj 1 able to the river, a n ^ [U] extent to
reason. 2 sensible. '>^ly adv. which a hand, etc can be reached
ra-tion-al-ize /'raejnalariz/ vt 1 out. 2 [C] straight part of a river:
treat or explain in a rational the lower '^es of the Thames.
manner: ~ one's fears. 2 reor- re-act /ri'aekt/ vi 1 '^ (up)on.
ganize (an industry, etc) so as to have an effect (on the person or
lessen waste. ration-al-iz- thing). 2 '^ to. behave dif-
ation/-'zeiJn/«[U] ferently as the result of. 3 '^
rattle /'raetl/ vt/i 1 (cause to) against, act in opposition to. 4
make short, sharp sounds: coins -^ on. (chem) have an effect on.
^d in his pocket. 2 '^ sth off. re-ac-tion /ri'aekjn/ n [C,U] 1 re-
ref)eat (something) quickly and turn to an earlier condition. 2
thoughtlessly. 3 {informal) make opposition to progress. 3 re-
nervous, d « 1 [U] rattling sponse; reply. 4 (science) action
sound. 2 [C] toy for producing a set up by one substance in an-
ratthng sound. ''>^snake, poi- other, -^^ary adj. n [C] (pi -ies)
sonous American snake that (person) opposing progress or
makes a rattling noise with its reform.
tail. re-ac-tor /ri'aEkt9(r)/ n = nu-
ratty [> rat. clear reactor.
rau-cous /'ro:k;)s/ adj (of read /ri:d/ vt/i (pt.pp read /red/)
sounds) rough; hoarse. '>^ly adv 1 look at and understand (some-
rav-age /'raevids/ vtji 1 destroy; thing written): -^ a book. 2 say
damage badly. 2 (of armies, etc) aloud, the words of (a book,
rob, plunder, d n (pf) destructive etc). 3 study (a subject, esp at a
effects: the ^s of time. university). 4 interpret mental-
rave /reiv/ vi 1 talk wildly, ly: '^ a person's thoughts. 5 '>^
violently. 2 '^about, talk with between the lines, discover
(often) enthusiasm. an[C]^ (in- meanings that are not actually
formal) enthusiastic praise: a 'v- expressed. 6 (of instruments,
review. 2 (si) exciting party. graphs,) show, '•^able /-abl/ adj
rav-ing adj, adv talking wildly: that is easy or pleasant to read.
raving mad. reader /'ri:d3(r)/ n [C] 1 person
raven /'reivn/ n [C] 1 large, black who reads. 2 (GB) university
bird like a crow. 2 (as an adj) teacher below a professor. 3
shining black. book with selections for reading
rav-en-ous /'raevanas/ adj very by students, '-^ship, number of
hungry. '>^ly aJv p)eople who read a newspaper.
 309 readily/ recede

3 lift up:
legs. ~
one 's head.
read-ily, readi-ness c> ready. rea-son^ /'ri:zn/ n 1 [C,U] cause
read-ing /'ri:dii)/ n 1 [U] act of of or justification for something:
one who reads. 2 [U] know- The ^ why he's late is that...
ledge, esp of books: a man of [U] power of the mind to under-
wide ~. 3 [C] opinion; interpret- stand, etc. lose one's '^. go
ation: My '>- of the situation is... mad. 3 [U] what is sensible;
4 [C] measurement, etc on a dial, common sense, do anything
scale, etc. (with)in '>^. anything sensible.
ready /'redi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 it stands to -^ (that)..., is

prepared; willing: ~
for work. obvious to sensible people.
make '^. prepare. 2 quick: a '^ rea-son^ /'ri:zn/ v///1 think. 2 '>^
answer. 3 available: keep a re- wfith sb, argue in order to con-
volver ~. 4 prepared before- vince him. 3 '^ (that), say by
hand: buy food '^-cooked, a n way of argument. '>^ing n [U]
(only in) at the '^, in the cor- reaching conclusions by using
rect position, i-^-'nfiade adj one's reason.
ready, to wear or use. read-ily rea-son-able /'riiznsbl/ adj 1
adv (a) without hesitation, (b) having ordinary common sense;
without difficulty, readi-ness sensible. 2 fair; acceptable: a '^
/'redmis/ n [U] (a) in readi- price, rea-son-ably adv
ness (for), in a prepared state, re-as-sure /,ri:3'Ju3(r)/ vt re-
(b) willingness: readiness to move the fears or doubts of. re-
work. as-sur-ancen[U]
real /rial/ adj existing in fact. ''>^ re-bate /'rirbeit/ n [C] part of a
estate, {legal) property con- debt, tax, etc given back.
sisting of land, and buildings. reber /'rebl/ n [C] person who
real-ism /'rializam/ n [U] 1 (in opposes the established govern-
art) showing of real life, facts, ment; person who resists auth-
etc in a true way. 2 ability to ac- ority.
cept the facts and disregard false re-beP /ri'bel/ v; (-11-) 1 take up
ideas, etc. real-ist n [C]. real- arms to fight (against the
is-tic /-'listik/ adj government). 2 protest strongly.
re-aMty /ri'aebti/ n (pl-\es) 1 [U] '>^lion /-lien/ n [C,U] (instance
real existence, in ^, in actual oO rebelling, eg against a
fact. 2 [C] something actually government, "v/li-ous adj (a)
seen or experienced: the realities taking part in a rebellion, (b)
of war. 3 [U] real life: escape not easily controlled.
from ^. re-birth /,ri:'b3:9/ n [C] 2 revival:
real-ize /'rialaiz/ vt 1 be fully the -^ of learning.
conscious of; understand. 2 con- re-bound^ /'ri:baund/ vi 1
vert (a plan, etc) into a fact. 3 ex- bounce back after hitting some-
change (property, etc) for thing. 2 -v/ (up)on. have unex-
money, real-iz-ation /-'seijn/ n pected (and unpleasant) conse-
lU] quences.
really /'riali/ adv 1 in fact. 2 (ex- re-buff /n'bAf/ n [C] unkind re-
pressing interest, surprise, etc); fusal of (an ofter). a vt give a re-
'We're leaving next month.' buff to.
-oh.-^r re-buke /n'bjuik/ vr (formal)
realm /relm/ n [C] 1(//g) world: blame, speak severely to. a n [C]
the ~ of fantasy. 2 (Jig) king- criticism.
dom. re-call /ri'koil/ vt ^ '>^ sb
reap /ri:p/vt/i 1 cut and collect (from /to), ask to come back.
grain from (a field, etc). 2 (fig) 2 remember, d n 1 [C] request to
obtain: ^
the reward of hard return (esp to an ambassador). 2
work. [U] ability to remember.
rear^ /ri3(r)/ n [C] 1 back part. 2 re-cap-itu-late /,ri:k3'pitjuleit/
(as an adj) in or at the rear. 3 vt/i repeat the chief points of
bring up the '>^, come/be last. (something). re-cap-itu'la-
''>^guard, body of soldiers tion/-Jn/n[C,U]
guarding the rear of an army. re-cede /ri'si:d/ vi 1 (appear to)
'ear^ /ria(r)/ vtji 1 help to grow; go back (from an earlier posi-
bring up: ~ cattle. c> raise(4). tion). 2 slope backwards: a
2 (esp of a horse) rise on the hind receding chin.
 .

receipt /record 310

re-ceipt n 1 [U] receiving:

/n'si:t/ take into account: a man to be
the -v, of your cheque. 2 {pi) '>^ed with.3 (up Jon, depend
'>-'

money received (in a business, (on). 4 consider: She's ^ed to be

etc). 3 [C] written statement that beautiful. <>^ing n (a) day of
something has been received. '^ing. time when one must be
re-ceive 'ri'si:v/ vr/ 1 accept, get punished for doing something,
(something offered, sent, etc). 2 (b) [U] calculation.
suffer: -v, a knife wound. 3 allow re-claim /ri'kleim/ vt 1 return
to enter: ~ him into the Church. (waste land, etc) to a useful con-
re-ceiver n [C] (a) person who dition. 2 ask that something be
receives, esp stolen goods, (b) returned. recla-ma-tion
R'>^, official appointed to take ,rekb'meiJn/rt[U]
charge of the affairs of a bank- re-cline /n'klam,' vtii lie back or
rupt, (c) part of an apparatus down.
for receiving something, eg part re-cluse n [C] person
/ri'klurs/
of a telephone. who lives alone and avoids other
re-cent ,'ri:snt, ac// (having hap- people.
pened) not long before. '>^ly adv rec-og-nize /'rekagnaiz/ vt 1
not long ago. know (a person or thing) that
re-cep-tacie /ri'septakl/ n [C] one has seen, heard, etc before.
container in which things may 2 accept (a person or some-
be put. thing): refuse to '^^ a new govern-
re-cep-tion /n'sep^n/ n 1 [C] ment. ~ one's faults. 3 acknow-
formal party. 2 [C] welcome: get ledge: ~ someone as a great poet.
a warm ^. 3 [U] receiving of rec-og-niz-able /-abl/ adj.
radio, etc signals. 4 part of a rec-og-ni-tion /-'nijn/ n [U]
hotel, etc where guests are re-coil /ri'koil/ 1 ^
(from),
received. '>^ist, person em- move or jump back. 2 (of a gun)
ployed in a hotel, etc to receive move back auickly (when fired).
clients. a /'ri:kDil/ n [C] act of recoihng.
re-cep-tive /ri'septiv/ at// willing rec-ol-lect /ireka'lekt/ vtji
to consider new ideas, etc. remember. rec-ol-lec-tion
re-cess /ri'ses/ n[C]^ (US = va- /-Jn/ n (a) [U] act or power of
cation) period of time when remembering, (b) [C] that
work is stopped. 2 part of a which is remembered.
room where the wall is set back. rec-om-mend /ireks'mend/ vt 1
3 secret place, d vt place in, pro- speak favourably of 2 advise: /
vide with, a recess (2) ~ leaving/you to leave early.
re-ces-sion /ri'sejn/ n 1 [U] act 'x^a-tion /-'dei|n/ n (a) [U] re-
of receding. 2 [C] slowing down commending, (b) [C] statement
of business activity. that is favourable.
recipe /'resapi/ w [C] instructions rec-om-pense /'rekampens/ vt
for preparing (a cake, a dish of (formal) reward; repay, d n [C,
food). U] (formal) reward; payment.
re-cipi-ent /ri'sipiant/ n [C] (for- rec-on-cile /'rekansail/ vt 1
mal) person who receives some- cause (persons) to become
thing. friends after they have
re-cip-ro-cai /ri'siprakl/ adj quarrelled. 2 settle (a quarrel,
given and received in return: '^ etc). 3 cause to agree: two ~
affection, --s^ly /-kU/ adv accounts/statements. 4 -^^
re-citai /n'saitl/ n [C] 1 detailed onese/f to sth, accept (some-
account of events, etc. 2 perfor- thing unpleasant), rec-on-cili-
mance of music by a soloist or ation /-sili'eijn/ n [C,U]
small group. re-con-naissance /ri'komsns/
re-cite /n'sait/ vt/i 1 say (esp n [C,U] act of getting informa-
poems) aloud from memory. 2 tion (about an enemy).
give alist of (names, facts, etc). re-con-noitre /,rek3'nDit3(r)/
reci-ta-tion /,resi'teijn//j [C] vt/i learn about the position,
reck-less /'reklis; adJ not caring strength, etc (of an enemy).
about the consequences. '>-'ly rec-ord^ /'rekord/ n 1 [C] written
adv. ^ness n [U] account of facts, events, etc. 2
reckon /'rekan/ vt'i 1 calculate [U] state of being recorded in
(the quantity, cost, etc). 2 '^ writing: go on ~. off the '^,
with sb. (a) deal with, (b) (informal) not for publication. 3
 311
iC] the history of a person or
thing. 4 [C] disc on which sound
has been recorded. c> record-
ing. 5 [C] (esp in sport) the best
yet done: the world high-jump '^^
''>^-player, instrument for rep-
roducing sound from discs.
re-cord^ /ri'ko:d/ vt 1 preserve
for use or for reference, in writ-
ing or on a disc, magnetic tape,
etc. 2 (of an instrument) show
on a scale.
re-corder /ri'kD:d3(r)/ n [C] 1
judge in a borough or city. 2 ap-
paratus that records. C> tape re-
corder. 3 wooden musical in-
strument like a flute.
re-cord-ing /ri'kordiq/ n [C] pro-
gramme, piece of music, etc re-
corded on a disc, magnetic tape,
film, etc.
re-count /ri'kaunt/ vt (formal)
give a description of; teU.
re-count /,ri:'kaont/ vt/i count
again, n n [C] second count.
re-coup /ri'ku:p/ vt win back; re-
cover (esp money).
re-cover /ri'kAV3(r)/ vt/i 1 get
back (something lost, etc). 2 '^
from, become well again after
(eg an illness). 3 get control of
oneself again. re-cov-ery«[U]
rec-re-ation /,rekri'eijn/ n [C,U]
(form oO play or amusement.
re-cruit /ri'kru:t/ n [C] new
member of a society, etc esp a
new soldier, n vt/i get new mem-
bers for. ^mentn [U]
rec-tangle /'rektaeqgl/ n [C]
four-sided shape with four right
angles, rec-tangu-lar/rek'txr)-
giul^T)/ adj
rec-tify /'rektifai/ vt (pt.pp -led)
put right: ^
an error.
rec-tor /'rekt3(r)/ n [C] 1 clergy-
man in charge of a parish. C>
vicar. 2 head of certain universi-
ties,colleges, schools, rec-tory
n [C] (p/-ies) rector's residence.
rec-tum /'rektam/ n [C] (pi -^s)
(anat) lower part of the large in-
• testine.
re-cu-per-ate /n'kurpareit/ vt/i
become strong after illness.
re-cu-pe'r-ation Mn/ n [U]
re-cur /riTc3:(r)/ vi (-rr-) come,
happen, again: The error ^red
in his work. '>^rence /ri'kArans/
n [C,U] repetition. 'X/rent adj
recycle /|ri:'saikl/ vr treat (sub-
stances already used) so that
further use is possible.
red /red/ adj (-der, -dest) 1 of
the colour of fresh blood, see
record /refer
become angrv. 2 Soviet;
'V.,
Communist, a ^i 1 [C,U] red col-
our. 2 red clothes: dressed in -<-.
3 (informal) person favouring
Communism. 4 be/get into
the have/get
--w-, debts.
''^head, person having red
hair, j-^'herring, (esp) some-
thing irrelevant to take atten-
tion from the subject. |R'>^ 'In-
dian, N
American Indian. |'>^
'tape, excessive use of rules in
public business.
red-den /'redn/ vt/i make or be-
come red.
re-deem /n'di:m/ vt 1 get (some-
thing) back by payment. 2 com-
pensate: his 's^ing feature, one
that balances his faults, etc. the
R'^er, Jesus Christ, re-demp-
tion /ri'dempjn/ n [U]
re-dress /ri'dres/ vt 1 set (a
wrong) right again. -^ the ^ba-
lance, make things equal
again, d n [U] compensation.
re-duce /ri'dju:s/ v/1 make less;
make smaller. 2 bring to a
certain condition: ^^ a girl to
tears, make her cry. re-duc-
tion /ri'dAkJn/ n (a) [C,U] (in-
stance oQ reducing: Huge price
^5. (b) [C] small copy of a pic-
ture, map, etc.
re-dun-dant /ri'dAndant/ adj 1
not needed. 2 put out-of-work
because there is no work to do.
re-dun-dancy n [C,U]
reed /ri:d/ n 1 [C] (stem oO kinds
of coarse grasses growing in or
near water. 2 [C] (in some wind-
instruments) strip of metal, etc
that vibrates to produce sound.
reef^ /ri:f/ n [C] ridge of rock or
coral just below or above the
surface of the sea.
reek /ri:k/ n [U] strong, bad
smell, a vi '^ of. smell un-
pleasantly of.
reeP /ri:l/ n [C] 1 cylinder on
which thread, wire, film, mag-
netic tape, etc is wound. 2 length
of film rolled on one reel, a v/
wind (thread, etc) on to a reel. 2
-»- sth off. say something with-
out pause.
reeP /ri:l/ vi 1 be shaken by a
blow, a shock, etc. 2 walk un-
steadily; sway.
re-fec-tory /ri'fektari/ n [C] (pi
-ies) dining-hall (eg in a college).
re-fer /ri'f3:(r)/ vt/i (-rr-) 1 send,
take (to a person or thing) to be
dealt with, etc: I'll ^
you to my
secretary. 2 'y^ to. speak about;
referee /regalia
relate \o. I'^to your last
ref -eree n [C] 1 p)erson
/,rcf3'ri:/
to whom disputes are referred
for decision. 2 (in sport) person
who controls matches, etc.
umpire 3 person who gives a
reference (2). a vtji act as a
referee.
ref-er-ence /'refrans/ n 1 [C,U]
(instance oQ referring, ^terms
of ''>^, (of a commission, etc)
range given to an authority. 2
[C] statement about a person's
character or abihties. 3 fC] note,
etc where information
telling
may be found. 4 [U] in I with '^
to, concernmg; about. ''>^
book, one consulted for infor-
mation, eg a dictionary.
ref-er-en-dum /jrefa'rendam/ n
[C] (pi ~s, -da /-da/) direct vote
o( the electorate on a political
question.
re-fill /,ri:*fil/ vt fill again, a n [C]
/'ri:fil/ amount used to
rC'fine /ri'fain/ vt/i 1 free from
other substances. 2 cause to be-
come more cultured, ^^ment n
(a) [U] refining, (b) [U] good
education; taste, etc. (c) [CJ im-
provement; clever addition.
'x/ty n [C] place, building, etc
where something (eg oil, sugar)
is refined.
re-f lect /n'flekt/ vt/i 1 (of a sur-
face) throw back (light, heat,
sound); (of a mirror) send back
an image. 2 show: Her sad looks
'^edher thoughts. 3 '^ (up)on,
(of an action) injure the reputa-
tion of. 4 consider, '^^or n [C]
something that reflects heat,
light or sound.
re-flec-tion {GB also re-
flexion) /n'nekjn/ n 1 [U] ref-
lecting: the ~
of light. 2 [C]
something reflected, eg in a
mirror 3 on ^. after recon-
sidering the matter.
re-flex /'ri:neks/ n [C] (also ''>^
action) action that is involun-
tary, eg sneezing.
re-flexion /n'nekjn/ «
tion.
re-flex-ive /ri'fleksiv/ adj. n [C]
(gram) (of a) word showing that
the subject's action is on himself
or itself. '>^ pronoun, eg
myself, themselves, verb.'x/
having the same subject and ob-
ject, eg He cut himself.
re-form' /n'fo:m/ vt/i make or
become better by; improve: a ~
prisoner /one's character, a ^ [C,
3
letter. U] (instance oi) reforming.
'^er, person active in trying to
get reforms.
re-form' /,ri: 'form/ vt/i form
O again: The army '^ed and at-
tacked.
ref -or-ma-tion /jrefa'meijn/ n 1
(U) reforming; [C] improvement
in social, political or religious
2 the R~, 16th-century
affairs.
movement for reform resulting
in the establishment of the
Protestant Churches.
re-f ract /ri'fraekt/ vt cause (a ray
of light) to bend where it enters
water, glass, etc. re-frac-tion
/-In//»[U]
re-frain' /n'frem/ n [C] (formal)
= chorus(2).
re-f rain' /n'frem/vi -^ (from),
(formal) notdo something.
re-fresh give new
/n'frej/ vt 1
strength to. 2 ^
one's me-
mory, remember by referring
refill. to notes, etc. '^er course,
course providing instructions on
modem methods, fitc. 'x^ing adj
(a) strengthening, (b) welcome
and interesting because unex-
pected, 'x.ment n (a) [U] re-
freshing, (b) (pi) food and
drink.
re-frjg-er-ate /n'fndsareit/ vt
make cool or cold, re-frig-er-
ation /-'reijn/ n [U] (esp) the
freezing of food to preserve it.
re-frig-er-ator n [C] (abbr
fridge) apparatus in which
food and drinks are kept cold.
re-fuel /,ri:'fju:9l/ vt (-II-, t/5also
-I-) supply with more fuel.
ref-uge /'refju:d3/ n [C,U] (place
giving) protection from danger.
refu-gee /,refju'd3i:/ n [C] per-
son forced to flee from danger,
eg from floods, war.
re-fund /n'fAnd/ vt pay back
(money), a /'rirfAnd/ n [C,U] re-
payment.
re-fusal /n'fju:zl/ n 1 [C,U] (in-
stance oO refusing. 2 first '^.
right to accept something before
= reflec- it is offered to others.
ref -use' /'refju:s/ n [U] waste or
worthless objects; rubbish.
re-fuse' /n'fju:z/ vt/i say 'no' to;
not accept: ^
permission: '^ to
help.
re-gain /n'gem/ vt recover; get
back: '^ strength.
re-gal /'ri:gl/ adj of, fit for, a
monarch, '^lyadv
re-galia /n'geilia/ n pi symbols
(crown, sceptre, etc) of royalty.

re-sard^ /ri'ga:d/ n 1 [U] atten-
tion; concern: with no
safety. 2 [U] respect: hold
son in high kindly
-v.. 3 (pf)
wishes. 4 in /with '^ to, con-
cerning, '^^less adj '^/ess of.
paying no attention.
re-gard^ /n'ga:d/ vr 1 -^ sb/sth
as, consider to be: / '>^ him as a
fool, as '^s; '>^ing. with refer-
ence to; about.
re-gatta /ri'gaeta/ n [C]
meeting for boat-races.
re-gency /'ri:d33nsi/
-ies) the (period oO
regent.
re-gen-er-ate /ri'dsenoreit/ vtji
give new strength to. re-gen-
er-ation /-'reijn/ n [U]
re-gent /'ri:d33nt/ n [C] person
who governs for a ruler who is
too young, ill. etc: the Prince
/?~.
re*gime, re-gime /rei'3i:m/ n
[CTsystem of government.
regi-ment /'redsimant/ n
army unit commanded by a
onel. D vt discipline;
-^al /-mentl/ adj
re*gion /'riidsan/ n 1 [C] area or
division: desert '^s. 2 {pf) areas
outside the capital, ^x^al adj.
reg-is-ter^ /'red3ist3(r)/ n [C] 1
(book containing a) list of
names, etc. 2 range of the voice
or a musical instrument. cash
register.
reg-is-teH /'red3ist3(r)/
make a record of, in a list. 2 (of
instruments) indicate: The ther-
mometer '^s 15 Centigrade. 3
show (emotion, etc). 4 send (a
letter or parcel) by special post,
ensuring compensation if it is
lost.
reg-is-trar /,red3i'stra:(r)/ n [C]
person who keeps records, eg
for a town council.
reg-is-tra-tion /,red3i'streijn/ n
1 [U] registering; recording. 2
[C] entry; record of facts, ,'v,
number/plate, numbers and
letters on a motor-vehicle used
to identify it.
re-gret^ /ri'gret/ n [C,U] feeling
of being sorry at the loss of
something, or because some-
thing cannot be done. '>^f ul adj
sad; sorry.
re-gret* /'ri'gret/ vt
sorry for the loss of. 2 be sorry:
We ^ to .9a V that
'>^table /-abl/ adj to be regret-
ted, stably at/v
J regard /reject
reg-ular /'regjul3(r)/ adj 1 even-
-v- for my ly arranged; symmetrical. 2 hap-
a per- pening, done, at even intervals: a
^ customer. 3 full-time or
professional: '>-^ soldiers. 4 cor-
rect:-^ procedure I methods. 5
{gram) (of verbs, nouns, etc) hav-
ing normal inflections, d « [C] 1
soldier of the regular army. 2
{informal) frequent customer.
-^ity /-'laerati/ n [U] state of be-
{pi ~s) ing regular, on time. etc. o^ly
advdi frequent intervals.
n [C] {pi regu-late /'regjuleit/ vt 1 con-
office of a trol using rules. 2 adjust (an ap-
paratus) to get the desired re-
sult.
regu*la-tion /ireqjo'leijn/ n 1
[U] regulating. 2 [C] rule; order.
3 (as an adj) as required by rules.
re-ha-bili-tate /,ri:3'bihteit/ vt 1
restore (a person) to a former
position. 2 help (a disabled per-
son) to live a (more) normal life.
rehabiii'tation /-Jn/ n [U]
[C] re-hearse /ri'h3:s/ vtji practise
col- (a play, music, etc) for public
organize. performance, re-hearsai n [C,
U]
reign /rem/ n [C] (period oO rule
of a monarch, a vi 1 hold office
as a monarch. 2 exist: the '\^ing
champion.
re-im-burse /iri.im'bsrs/ vt pay
back (to a person the money he
O spent). 'N^ment n [C,U]
rein /rein/ n [C] (often pi) long,
vt/i 1 narrow strap for controlling a
horse, a vt control (as) with
reins.
re-in-car-nate /|ri:mka:'neit/ vt
give a new body to (a soul), a adj
/,ri:m'ka:n3t/ born again in a
new body, re-in-car'na-tion
/-Jn/ n [C, U]
rein-deer /'reindi3(r)/ n ICJ {pi
'V.) kind of large deer with ant-
lers, found in Lapland.
re-in-force /,ri:in'fD:s/ vt make
stronger by adding more men or
material. .«>^ment n [U] (a)
reinforcing, (b) (esp pf) (esp)
soldiers, ships, etc sent to rein-
force.
re-in-state /|ri:m'steit/ vt re-
place (a person) (in a former
position). '>^mentAj [C,U]
re-iter-ate /ri:'it3reit/ vt repeat
several times, re-ite'r-ation
(-tt-) 1 be /-Jn/ n [C, U]
re-ject /n'dsekt; vt 1 send back,
you lost throw away, as not good
enough. 2 refuse to accept, a
/'ri:d3ekt/ n [C] something
rejoice /remedy
rcicclcd. re'jec-tion /-Jn/ n (C,
U J (instance oQ rejecting.
re-joice /ri'dpis/ vi/i feel,
Keat happiness. re>joic-ing n
J] celebration; happiness.
re-ju-ven-ate /ri:'d3u:v3neit/ vtji
make young or active again, re-
ju-ve'n-ation /-Jn/ n [U]
re-lapse /n'laeps/ vi fall back
again (into bad ways, illness,
etc), a n [C] falling back (into ill-
ness).
re-late /n'leit/ vi/i 1 {formal) tell
(a story). 2 connect in thought.
3 '>^to. have reference (to); be
conected to. 4 be '>^d (to), be
connected by family (to).
re-la-tion/ri'leiJn//i1 [U] the act
ofrelating(1 ). 2 [U] connection:
the ~
between work and money.
in/ with '^ to. concerning. 3
ipf) affairs: business '^s. pub-
lic relations. 4 [C] relative(2).
'>^ship n [C] connection be-
tween one thing, person, idea,
etc and another.
rela-tive /'relstiv/ adj 1 compa-
rative: 'v, prices. 2 '^ to. refer-
ring to. a n[C]^ relative word,
esp a pronoun. 2 member of
one's family. ->- clause, one
joined by a relative pronoun or
adverb. 'V/ pronoun, eg who in
'the man who saw you', 'x^ly adv
comparatively: -^ly cheap food.
re-lax /ri'laeks/ v///1 allow to be-
come less tight, strict: one's
grip.2 become less active; stop
working, '-^^ation /-'seifn/ n (a)
[U] relaxing, (b) [C,U] recrea-
tion.
re-lay n [C] 1 group of
/'ri:lei/
men, etc, to replace tired ones. 2
(in broadcasting) device which
receives radio programmes, etc
and transmits them. 3 relay
race, a vt /ri'lei/ (pt.pp
receive and pass on (a message,
radio programme). ''>^ race,
one in which each member runs
one section of the totel distance.
re-lease /ri'lirs/ vt 1 allow to go;
unfasten. 2 allow (news, a film,
etc) to be published, a n [C,U]
act of releasing; something
released: his '-^fromjail.
rel-egate /'rehgeit/ vt put in a
lower or worse position,
e^a-tion /-Jn/ n lUj.
re- lent /ri'lent/ vi become less
severe; cruel, 'v/less adj without
pity: '^less persecution.
rel-evant adj con-
/'relavant/
nected with the topic, person.
31
etc receiving attention. '>^ly ad\
rel-evance/i[U]
show, re-li-able /ri'laiabl/ adj that ma>
be relied on. re-li-ably adv. re-
lia'bil-ityn[U]
re-li-ance /ri'laians/ n [U] trust
relj-anta<^y trusting.
relic /'relik/ n [C] 1 something
that belonged to a saint, kept as
an object of reverence. 2 some-
thing left from the past.
re-lief /ri'lirf/ n [U] 1 lessening
or ending of pain, distress, etc. 2
help given to those in need. 3 re-
placing of a person on duty; per-
son who replaces another.
re-lief^ /n'li:f/ n (C,U] (method
oQ carving, etc in which the de-
sign stands out from a flat sur-
face, 'x. map, one showing hills,
etc by shading or colour.
O re-lieve /ri'li:v/ vt 1 give or bring
relief to. 2 take one's turn on
duty. 3 ^
s/i of sth. (a) take
something from somebody, (b)
dismiss from (a job etc).
re-lig-ion /ri'lidsan/ n 1 [U] be-
lief in, worship of, a God or
supernatural ruling power. 2 [C]
system of faith and worship
based on such belief.
re-lig-ious /ri'lid33s/ flf^ 1 of re-
ligion. 2 (of a person) having
faith. '>-ly adv
re-lin-quish /n'hgkwij/ v/ give
up, surrender: 'n. power /one's
~ grip.
rel-ish /'relij/ n 1 [C,U] (some-
thing used to give a) special flav-
our or quality. 2 [U] liking (for).
a vt enjoy: / ~
the idea of staying
in bed.
re-luc-tant /ri'lAktant/ adj un-
willing to act. '>^ly adv. re-luc-
tance/j[U]
rely /ri'lai/ vi (pt.pp -lied) 'v.
^ed) (up)on. depend (on) with con-
fidence.
re-main /ri'mem/ vi 1 be still
present after a part has gone. 2
continue to be: '>^ silent. '>^der /i
[C,U] that which remains, re-
mains n pi (a) what is left, (b)
dead body.
re-mark /ri'mark/ vt/i 1 say
{that). 2 "^ (up)on. comment
on. D w 1 [U] notice: nothing
rel- worthy of ~. 2 [C] comment: a
few rude ~5. 'N^able /-abl/ adj
out of the ordinary. '>^ably adv
re-medial /ri'mirdial/ adj pro-
viding a remedy, help.
rem-edy /'remadi/ n [C,U] {pi
-ies) cure (for a disease, evil,
 315 remember/ repair
etc), method of putting some- work or services); reward, re-
thing right, a vt (pt.pp -ied) put mune'ration [C, Uj
/-Jn/
right; cure (evils, defects). payment, re-mun-er-ative
re'mem*ber /n'memb3(r)/ vt/i^ /-rativ/ adj profitable.
call back to mind the memory re-nais-sance /ri'neisns/ n 1
of. 2 keep in the mind: ''>^ to the R'>^, (period of) revival of
phone me'. 3 make a present to: / art and literature in Europe
hope you 'II ~
me in your will. 4 (14th 16th centuries). 2 [C] any
-^ sb to sb, convey greetings. similar revival.
re-mem-brance n
(a) [U] re-nai /'rirnl/ adj (anat) of the
remembering, (b) [G] some- kidneys.
thing given to remind one of a ren-der /'rend9(r)/ vt 1 give (a
person. «ervice, etc): a reward for ser-
re-mind /ri'mamd/ vt cause (a vices '^ed.2 send in (an account
person) to remember (to do) for payment). 3 cause to be: ^erf
something, '^er, something (eg helpless with laughter. 4 give a
a letter) that helps a person to performance of; translate.
remember something. '>^ing n [C] performance, trans-
remi-nisce /,renii'nis/ vi '^ lation, of something.
(about), think or talk (about ren-dez-vous /'rondivu:/ n [C]
past events), remi-nis-cence {pi •^) 1 (placedecided on for a)
/-sns/ n (a) [U] recaUing of past meeting. 2 place where people
experiences, (b) (pi) remem- often meet, a v/^neet at a rendez-
bered experiences, remi-nis- vous.
cent /-snt/ adj reminding one ren-di-tion /ren'dijn/ n [C] {for-
of. mat) interpretation or perfor-
re-mis-sion /n'mijn/ n 1 [U] mance (o/a song, etc).
forgiveness (of sins, by God). 2 ren-egade /'renigeid/ n [C] per-
[C,U] reduction of a prison sen- son who changes his religious
tence. beliefs, his political party.
re-mit excuse
/ri'mit/ vt/i (-tt-) 1 re-new /ri'nju:/ make (as
vt 1
payment (of a debt, a punish- good as) new. 2 get, make again:
ment). 2 send (money, etc) by -^ a contract /an attack. 3 re-
post, stance n [U] the sending place: '>^ one's supplies. '>^ai n
of money; [C] sum of money rc,u]
sent. re-nounce /ri'nauns/ vt 1 de-
rem-nant /'remnant/ n [C] small clare formally that one will no
part that remains. longer have anything to do with:
re-mon-strate /'remanstreit/ vi ^ one's faith. 2 agree to give up
'^ with sb. make a protest; (a claim, right).
complain. reno-vate /'renaveit/ vt restore,
re-morse /ri'mo-.s/ n [U] bitter eg old buildings, paintings, to a
regret for doing wrong. '>-ful good condition, reno'va-tion
adj feeling remorse, o^iess adj /-In/ n [C, U]
without mercy. re-nown /n'naun/ n [U] fame.
re-mote /n'maut/ adj (-r, -st) '^^ --•^ed adj
(from), 1 far away in space or renV /rent/ n [C,U] regular pay-
time. 2 far from: ideas too ~ ment for the use of land, a build-
from the subject 3 distant in ing, etc. D vt/i 1 use (land, build-
manner. 4 slight: a ~ possibility. ings, etc) for rent. 2 allow (land,
'N^ control, control of apparat- buildings, etc) to be used for
us, eg a rocket, by radio signals. rent. '>^al /'rentl/ n [C] amount
-^iy adv. o^ness n [U] of rent.
re-move /ri'mu:v/ vt/i 1 take off rent^ /rent/ n [C] torn place in
or away. 2 get rid of: ~
oil/ cloth, etc.
stains /doubts. 3 dismiss (from a re-nunci-ation /ri,nAnsi'eiJn/ n
job\ 4 go to live in another [U] act of renouncing.
house. 5 '^d from, distant re-or-gan-ize /ri:'D:g3naiz/ vt/i
from, re-mover n [C] some- organize in a different way.
thing that removes(2): a 'stain rep /rep/ n [C] (informal) (abbr
'^. re-mo vai n [C, U] (instance oO repertory (company) or
oQ removing. representative/? (2).
re-mun-er-ate /ri'mju:n3reit/ vt re-pair /n'pe3(r)/ vt restore to
(formal) pay (a person) (for good condition, an^ [U] repair-
 1

reparation/ republic 3

ing. 2 work or process of repair- count of (something seen, heard.

ing: road '^5. 3 (U) condition: in
good'^.
rep-aration /,rep3'reijn,
U] compensation for
mage
re-patri-ate /ri:'pxtrieit
send (a person) back to h.'s own
country, re-pat-ri'ation n [U]
re-pay /n'pei vi/i{pi.pp -paid) 1
pay back (money). 2 give m re-
turn: How can I -^ your AmJ-
/jf 55 '>^ment /I (C,U]
.'
done. etc). 2 '^ (up)on, give in-
formation concerning. an-
n (C. nounce that one is ready for
loss or da- work. etc. '>^ sb (to sb). make
a complaint against a person (to
v7 authorities), '-^ed speech, =
indirect speech '-s-er, person
who supplies news to a news-
paper, for radio or TV.
re-pose ri'pauz v/// (Jormaf)
rest. D n [U] (formaf) rest; sleep.
rep-re-sent irepri'zent, vt 1 be,

re-peal /ri'pi:!/ vi cancel (a law, make, a sign or example of:

etc),a n [C,U) act of repealing. symbols that ~
people. 2 declare
re-peat ;ri'pi:t; vi/i 1 say or do to be: He ~ft/ himself as an ex-
again. 2 say (what somebody pert. 3 act or speak.on behalf ot
else has said), d n [C] another ^a-tion /-'teijn/ n [C, U]
performance, etc. '>^ed-ly ad\ representative /,repri-
again and again. an ex-
'zentativ/ adj 1 serving as
re-pel ri'pel/ vi (-II-) 1 drive ample: a -^ sample. 2 consisting
back or away: -^ an invasion. 2 of elected deputies: gover- ~
cause a feeling of dislike in. ment. a n [C] ^ example (of). 2
'>i'lent adj unattractive, a n [C] person elected or appointed to
something that repels(1 ): 'insect represent others.
^Icni. re-press ri'pres vt keep down;
re-pent ri'pent/ vtii '\^ {of), be control: -^ emotions/a nation.
sorry for wrong).
(doing re-pres-sion -Jn, n [\J]. 'X/ive
'>^ance n [U] regret for doing adj
wrong. '>>^ar\X adj re-prieve ri'pri:v,delay vt 1
re-per-cus-sion /,ri:p3'kAjn/ n [)unishment (esp execution), a n
[C] (usually p[) far-reaching and C] (order for the) cancelling of
indirect effect (of an event, etc). punishment (esp execution).
rep-er-toire ;'rep3twQ:(r) n [C] re-pri-mand /,repri'ma:nd/ vt
all the plays, songs, etc which an express criticism to (a person).
>actor, musician, can perform. n 'repnma:nd [C] official ex-
rep-er-tory /'repatri n [C] {j)l pression of disapproval. •
-ies) = repertoire. ''^ re-prisal /ri'praizl/ n 1 [CU] act
company/theatre, (abbr of paying back injury with in-
rep) one in which the actors or jury.
plays are changed regularly. re-proach ri'prautj/ vt '>^ sb
rep-eti-tion /ireps'tijn/ n [C,U] (for sth). find fault with (a
(instance oO repeating, re- person), d « 1 [U] reproaching. 2
peti-tive /ri'petativ/ adj cha- [C] word, etc of reproach.
racterized by rep)eated action. above I beyond '^. perfect,
re-phrase rii'freiz/ vt say again blameless.
using different words. re-pro-duce /|ri:pr3'dju:s/ vtji 1
re-place /ri'pleis/ \t 1 put back cause to be seen, heard, etc
in its place. 2 take the place of. again; copy:-"^ copies of a speech.
"s^ment n [U] replacing; [C] per- 2 produce as offspring, re-pro-
son or thing that replaces. duc-tion /,ri:pr3'dAkJn/ n [C,
re-plen-ish /n'plenij/ vt {formal) U]. re-pro-duc-tiveaJ/
get a new supply of. rep-tile /'reptail/ n [C] cold-
rep-lica /'repUka/ n [C] {pi '^s) blooded animal that crawls and
exact copy. lays eggs eg a lizard, snake, rep-
re-ply /n'plai/ vtji (pt.pp -ied) til-ian /rep'tihan adj
give as an answer to. a n [C] act re-pub-lic /ri'pAblik; n [C]
of replying; what is replied. (country with a) government by
re-port^ /ri'pD:t/ n 1 [C] account elected representatives, and with
of, statement about, something an elected President. '>^an adj
heard, seen, done, etc. 2 [C,Uj of,supporting the principles of,
rumour; piece of gossip. 3 [C] a republic, a n [CJ (a) person
sound of an explosion. who favours republican govern-
re-port^ /ri'po:t/ v/// 1 give an ac- ment, (b) R"^, member of the

Republican party in the US.
re-pug-nant /ri'pAgnsnt/ adj
{formal) causing a feeling of dis-
like, re-pug-nance ai[IJJ
re-pulse drive back
/ri'pAls/ \t 1
(the enemy). 2 refuse to accept
(friendship), re-pul-sion /-Jn/
n[U] (a) feeling of dislike, (b)
(physics) tendency of bodies to
repel each other, re-pul-sive
adj
repu-table /'repjutabl/ adj of
good reputation.
repu-ta-tion /,repju'teijn/ n [U]
the general opinion about a per-
son or thing.
re-pute /n'pjurt/ vt be -^d to
be, be considered or reported
(to be), a n [\J] ^ reputation
(good or bad). 2 good reputa-
tion: a doctor of'\^. '-^d-ly /-adh/
a</v by reputation.
re-quest /ri'kwest/ n 1 [U] act of
asking for: -^.5 for help/more
money. 2 [C] thing asked for. a
vr make a request.
re-quire /ri'kwai3(r)/ vr 1 need:
My car '^s some attention. 2
(formal) order; demand: be '^ed
to pay a fine, 'x^ment n [C] (for-
mal) something needed.
requi.-site /'rekwizit/ n [C], adj
(thing) needed by circum-
stances.
res-cue /'reskju:/ vt make
ffrom danger, attack,etc). n n
C,U] (act oO saving from dan-
ger.
re-search /ri's3:tj/ n [C,U] in-
vestigation to discover new
facts, etc. D vi -y^ (into), investi-
gate (a problem, etc). '>^er, per-
son engaged in research.
re-sem-blance /ri'zembbns/ n
[C,U] (point of) Ukeness, simi-
larity.
re-semble /ri'zembl/ vt be like;
be similar to.
re-sent /n'zent/ vt feel bitter or
angry at: '>^ his success '^fu\ adj.
'>^ment/i[U]
res-er-va-tion /,rez3'veijn/ n 1
[C,U] limiting condition; doubt:
accept a plan with -^j. 2 [C] land
reserved for a special purpose:
the Indian '^s. 3 [C] arrange-
ment to keep something for
somebody, eg a seat in a train.
re-serve /ri'z3:v/ n 1 [C] some-
thing stored (for later use). 2
(sing or pi) (mil) military forces
kept back for use when needed.
3 [U] in '>^, kept back unused. 4
[C] land reserved for a special
317 repugnant/ resolute
purpose: a 'game '^, for animals.
5 [U] self-control. 6 (sport) play-
er who replaces an injured play-
er, a vt 1 keep back for a later
occasion. 2 secure the special
use of: ^
a seat on a train, re-
served adj slow to show feel-
ings or opinions; shy.
res-er-voir /'rez9vwa:(r)/ n [C]
artificial lake where water is
stored.
re-side /ri'zaid/ vi (formal) 1 '^
(in/at), live in. 2 '>^ in, (of
power, belong to.
etc)
resi-dence /'rezidans/ n (formal)
1 [U] residing, in '^, (a) (of an
official, etc) living in his official
house, (b) (ofstudents) living in
a college. 2 place where one
lives.
resi-dent /'rezidant/ adj living in
a place: the '^ population, a n\C]
person who lives in a place.
/-'denjl/ adj of, with, pri-
'>>'ial
vate houses: '^ial parts of town.
re-sid-ual /ri'zidjoal/ adj re-
maining.
resi-due /'rezidju:/ n [C] that
which remains after a part is
taken or used.
re-sign /ri'zam/ vtji 1 give up (a
2 'v/ oneself
post, claim, etc).
to sth, accept without com-
plaining, 'v/ed adj accepting
safe without complaint.
res-ig-na-tion /irezig'neijn/ n 1
[C,U] (instance of) resign-
ing(1 ); letter expressing this. 2
[Uj being resigned: accept failure
with'-^.
re-sil-ience /ri'zilisns/ n 1 [U]
quality of quickly recovering the
original shape after l^ing
pulled, crushed, etc. 2 (fig)
power of recovering quickly
(from illness, defeat, etc), re-
sil-ienta^
resin /'rezm/ n [C,U] sticky sub-
stance that flows out from most
plants when cut.
re-sist /ri'zist/ vt/i 1 oppose; use
force against. 2 be unaffected
by: glass that ^5 heat. 3 not sub-
mit to: ^
temptation. '>^ance n
(a) [U] (power oO resisting, (b)
(c) [U] opposing force: wind
'^ance. '>^ant adj offering resis-
tance.
re-sis-tor /ri'zist3(r)/ n [C] dev-
ice to reduce the power in an
electric circuit.
res-ol-ute /'rezsluit/ adj (formal)
determined; firm. '>^ly adv.
'^nessn[\J]
resolution / restrain
res-ol-ution /,rez3'lu:J"n/ n 1 [U]
quality of being determined. 2
[C] something decided by a
meeting. 3 [C] something one
decides to do. 4 [U] solution (of
a doubt, question, etc). Ore-
solve (3).
re-solve ri'zDlv/ vt/i 1 decide;
determine (to do). 2 (of a com-
mittee, meeting) decide by for-
mal vote (that). 3 put an end to
(doubts, difficulties, etc), a n [C]
something decided.
res-on-ant /'rezanant/ adj re-
sounding; echoing, res-on-
ance n [V] quality of being re-
sonant.
re-sort /ri'zort/ vi '>^ to. make
use of for help, a n^ in the/as
a last '^. when all else has
failed. 2 [C] place often visited: a
^seaside '^.
re-sound /n'zaund/ vtji (of a
sound, place) echo and re-echo.
'-v/ing adj (a) loud and clear:
~/>ig cheers, (b) great: a '^ing
success.
re-source /n'sD:s/ n 1 (p[)
wealth, raw materials. 2 Ic]
something which helps in doing
something. 3 [U] skill in solving
difficulties. '>^ful adj good at
solving difficulties, --v/fully adv
re-spect /n'spekt/ n 1 [U] admi-
ration. 2 [U] consideration:
show '>^ for his wishes. 3 iv/t/i "^
to, concerning: with '^ to your
request. 4 [C] detail, in some
'^s, with regard to some de-
tails). 5 (pf) greetings: give her
my '^s. a vt show respect for;
treat with consideration.
re-spect-able /ri'spektabl/af//!
deserving respect. 2 (of persons)
of good character and social
position. 3 (of clothes, appear-
ance, etc) decent. 4 of consider-
able size: a ^ income, re-
spect-ably adv
re-spect-ful /ri'spektfl/ adj (for-
mal) showing respect. 'N^ly adv
re-spect-ive /ri'spektiv/ adj for,
belonging to, each one: We went
to our ~homes, -^ly adv in the
order mentioned.
res-pi r-ation /,resp9'reijn/ n [U]
breathing; [C] single breath.
res-pite /'respait/ n [C] time of
relief or rest (from anything un-
pleasant).
re-splen-dent /ri'splendant/ adj
very bright; splendid. '>-ly adv
re-spond /ri'spond/ v/1 ^ (to),
answer. 2 react to the action of
318
another. 3 be affected (by): '^ to
treatment.
re-sponse /n'spons/ n 1 [C]
answer. 2 [C,Ij] reaction.
re-spon-sibil-ity /ri,spons3-
'bibti/ n (pi -ies) 1 [U] being re-
sponsible. 2 IC] something for
which a person is responsible;
duty.
re-spon-sible /n'sponssbl/ adj
1 (of a person) having to carry
out a duty. 2 to be blamed for
loss, failure, etc. 3 who can be
relied on: a ^
man. re-spon-
sibly adv.
re-spon-sive /ri'sponsiv/ adj
reacting to: ~
/o treatment.
rest^ /rest/ n 1 [U] being free
from activity; quiet; sleep, at '^,
(a) free from movement, (b)
dead. 2 [C] support: an ^arm-'^.
3 [C] (music) (sign marking a)
pause. '>-ful adj giving rest.
'>>'less adj never still; unable to
rest.
rest^ /rest/ vt/i 1 be still or quiet;
be free from activity. 2 give rest
to. 3 support (on/against).
rest /rest/ vj 1 continue to be:
You may '^ assured that.. ..2 '^
with, be the responsibility of:
The decision ~5 with you. 3 '^
(up Jon, depend on.
rest* /rest/ n (always the '>^)1
what remains. 2 (with a pi verb)
the others.
res-taur-ant /'restraint/ n [C]
place where meals can be bought
and eaten.
res-ti-tu-tion /iresti'tjuijn/ n [U]
1 restoring (of something stolen,
etc) to its owner. 2 = repara-
tion.
res-tive /'restiv/ adj (of a per-
son) reluctant to be controlled;
unable to be still, 'wly adv
res-to-ra-tion /.resta'reijn/ n 1
[U] restoring. 2 [C] building for-
merly ruined and now rebuilt.
re-stora-tive /ri'stocrstiv/ adj
restoring health and strength, a
n [C,U] restorative food, medi-
cine, etc.
re-store /ri'sto:(r)/ vt 1 give
back: ~stolen goods. 2 make
well or normal again. 3 repair;
rebuild as before. 4 bring back
to the former position, etc: the ^
monarchy, '^er, (esp) expert
who cleans old oil paintings.
re-strain /ri'strem/ vt hold back;
keep under control, '^ed adj
kept under control, re-straint
/7[C,U] control.

re-strict /n'stnkt/ vt put a limit
on. re'stric-tion /-Jn/ n [C,U].
'N^ive adj tending to restrict.
re-sult /n'zAlt/ vi 1 -x. (from),
happen as a natural conse-
quence. 2 'v/ #/i, bring about;
cause, a n\ [C,U] outcome; ef-
fect. 2 [C] answer (to a mathem-
atical problem, etc). 3 final
score (in a game), '^ant a^
coming as a result.
re-sume /n'zju:m/ vt 1 begin
again after stopping. 2 occupy
again:^o/ie'5 5ear.
re-sunne /'rezumei/ « [C]
mary.
re-sump-tion /ri'zAmpJn/
U] (instance oO resuming.
res-ur-rect /ireza'rekt/ vt/i bring
back into use. res-ur'rec-tion
/-Jn/ « [U] (a) the R-^ion, the
rising of Jesus from the tomb;
the rising of all the dead on the
Last Day. (b) revival from dis-
use, inactivity, etc.
re-sus-ci-tate /n'sASiteit/
bring back to consciousness.
resusci'tation /-Jn/ n [U]
re-tail /'ri:teil/ n [C] sale of goods
to the general public. C> whole-
sale.D adv by retail, a vt/i sell
(goods) by retail. '>^er, trades-
man who sells by retail; shop-
keeper.
re-tain /n'tem/ vt 1 keep; keep in
place. 2 obtain the services of
(esp a barrister) by payment.
'>-er n[C]{a) (legal) fee paid to,
eg a barrister, (b) {old use) ser-
vant.
re-tali-ate /n'taelieit/ vi return
ill-treatment that one has
received, re-tali'ation n [U]
re-tard /ri'tard/ vr check; hinder.
retch /ret J/ vi vomit but without
bringing up anything.
re-ten-tion /ri'tenjn/ n [U]
taining.
re-ten-tive /ri'tentiv/ adj retain-
ing(1 ) things: a '^^ memory.
reti-cent /'retisnt/ adj saying
little; not saying all that is
known, reti-cencen [C,Ul
ret-ina /'retms/ n [C] {pi ~s or
-nae /-ni:/) membrane at the
back of the eyeball, sensitive to
hght.
reti-nue /'retmju:/ n [C] staff, etc
travelling with a person of high
rank.
re-tire /ri'tai3(r)/ vt/i 1 with-
draw; go away. 2 {formal) go to
bed. 3 give up one's work, posi-
tion, etc. 4 cause (a f>erson) to
319 restrict/ revelation
retire(3). re-tired adj having
retired(3). re-tir-inga<;(/ avoid-
ing meeting people or talking,
--wment Ai [Uj
re-tort /ri'toit/ vt/i answer back
quickly or angrily (esp to an ac-
cusation). D nlCU] angry reply.
re-trace /ri:'treis/ vr 1 go back
over: --s^ one's steps. 2 go over
(past actions, etc) in the mind.
re-tract /n'traekt/ vt/i 1 take
back (a statement, offer, etc). 2
draw in or back: A cat can '>^ its
claws, 'x/able /-sbl/ adj ihai can
sum- be retracted, re'trac-tion /-Jn/
n[C,U]
/j [C, re-treat /ri'tri:t/ vi (esp of an
army) go back, an^ [C,U] act of
retreating. 2 [C] signal for this. 3
[C,U] (place for a) period of
quiet and rest.
ret-ri-bu-tion /jretri'bju:Jn/ n
[U] deserved punishment.
re-trieve /ri'tri:v/ vt/i 1 get pos-
session of again. 2 '>^ sth
vt/i (from), rescue (from). 3 (of
dogs) find and bring in (killed
birds, etc), re-trieval n [U] act
of retrieving, re-triever, breed
of dog used for retrieving(3)
retro-grade /'retragreid/ adj
likely to cause worse conditions.
retro-gres-sion /jretra'grejn/ n
[U] return to a worse state.
retro-gres-sive /-siv/ adj
retro-spect /'retraspekt/ n in
-v., looking back at past events,
etc. retro-spec-tion /-'spekjn/
n [C,U]. '>^ive /-'spektiv/ adj
re-turn' /ri'tam/ n 1 [C,U] re-
turning: our '^ from holiday in
(for), as repayment (for). 2
'-*-'
[C] (often ^/) profit on an invest-
ment. 3 [C] official report or
statement: one's tax -v.. "v
//// in
ticket, one giving a traveller
re- the right to go to a place and
back {US = round-trip ticket).
re-turn^ /ri't3:n/ vt/i 1 come or
go back. 2 go back (to a former
state). 3 give, put, send, back: '^
damaged goods to the shop. 4
elect (a person) as representa-
tive.
re-un-ion /|ri:'iu:ni3n/ n 1 [U]
reuniting. 2 [CJ (esp) meeting of
old friends, colleagues, etc.
re-veal /ri'vi:l/ vr 1 display;
show. 2 make known: '^ a se-
cret.
revel /'revl/ vj (-II-, US also -I-)
'v, in, take great delight in: ^ in
his success.
rev-el-ation /,rev9'leijn/ n 1 [U]
revenge /rhubarb X
making known of something re-vive /ri'vaiv/ vtji 1 come or
secret. 2 (C] that which is bring back to consciousness. 2
revealed. come or bring into use again: 'v,
re-venge /ri'vend3/ vt oelibe- old customs, re-vival n [C,U)
rately inflict injury in return for re-voke /ri'vaok/ vtji cancel;
injury inflicted on oneself. O withdraw (a decree, permission,
avenge, a n [U] deliberate mHic- etc).
tion of injury on thj person(s) re-volt /n'vault/ vtji 1 rise in
from whom injury has been rebellion. 2 '^ againstlati
received: take '^ on. from, be filled with disgust. 3
rev-enue /'revanju:/ n [U] in- fill with disgust, d n [CUTrebel-

come, esp of the State. C> Inland .lion. '>^ing aJy disgusting.
Revenue. rev-oi-ution /,reva'lu:Jn/ n 1 [C]
rever-berate /ri'varbareit/ vi/i movement in a circle around a
(esp of sound) send back again fixed point: 10 '>^s of a wheel. 2
and agam. re-verbe'r-ation [C,U] complete, usually violent
/-Jn/ n [U] reverberating; (pf) change (in conditions, esp of
consequences (of an event). government). '>^ary /-ri/ adj (a)
re-vere /ri'vi3(r)/ vt have deep of a revolution(2). (b) causing,
respect for. favouring, great (and perhaps
rev-er-ence /'revarsns/ n [U] violent) changes, d n [C] sup-
deep respect. porter of a (political) revolution.
rever-end /'revarand/ adj de- '>^ize /-aiz/ vt make a complete
serving to be treated with re- change in: ~/zf travel between
spect. D n the R'>^, (abbr Revd) countries.
title of a clergyman. re-volve /ri'volv/ vt/i (cause to)
rev-er-ent /'revarant/ adj feeling go round in a circle.
or showing reverence, -^ly adv re-volver /ri'vDlva(r)/ n [C] pis-
re-ver-sal /ri'vsrsl/ n [CU] (in- tol with a revolving mechanism.
stance oO reversing. re-vue /ri'vju:/ n [C,U] theatrical
re-verse /ri'v3:s/ adj contrary or entertainment, making fun of
opposite: in ~
order, a n ^ [U] current events, people etc.
(with the) opposite; contrary. 2 re-vul-sion /n'vAlfn/ n [U] feel-
[C] mechanism that reverses: '^ ing of hatred or horror.
gear, in a car. 3 [C] defeat; re-ward /ri'ward/ n 1 [U] recom-
change to bad fortune, d vHi pense for service or merit. 2 [C]
1 turn (something) the other something given in return for
way round. 2 (cause to) go work, a v7 give a reward to.
backwards: ~ a car. 3 cancel: rhap-sody. /'raepsadi/ n [C] (pi
^ a decision. -ies) 1 expression of delight. 2
re-vert ^
(to). 1 re-
/ri'vart/ vi (music) composition in irregular
turn (to a former state, etc). 2 form.
(legaf) (of property, rights, etc) rhet-oric /'retarik/ n [U] 1 (art
return (to an owner) under cer- oO using words impressively in
tain conditions. speech and writing. 'x/al
re-view /ri'vju:/ vt/i 1 consider /ri'tonkl/ adj designed to im-
or examme again: ~
the past /a press or persuade. '>^al ques-
decision. 2 inspect formally tion, one asked for effect, no
(troops, etc). 3 write an account answer being needed.
of (new books, etc) for news- rheu-ma-tism /'ru:matizam/ n
papers. D n 1 [C,U] (instance oO [U] painful disease with stiffness
reviewing(1 ). 2 [C] inspection and infiammation of the
of military forces. 3 [C] article muscles and joints, rheu-
that critically examines a new matic /rui'maetik/ ad/, n [C]
book, etc. 4 [C] periodical with rhino 'ramau/ n [C] (informal)
articles on current events, new (abbr oO rhinoceros.
books, etc. 'x^er, person who rhi-noc-eros rai'nosaras/ n [C]
writes reviews(3). (pi ~es or ~) thick-skinned,
re-vise /ri'vaiz/ v///1 reconsider: heavy animal with one or two
'>- an opinion. 2 study again: a ^ horns on the nose.
le.ssonjfor an exam, re-vi-sion rhu-barb /'ru;ba:b/ n [U] (gar-
/ri'vi3n/ n (a) [C,U] (instance den plant with/ thick, pink
oO revising, (b) [C] corrected stalks which are cooked and
version. eaten like fruit.
 321
rhyme /raim/ n 1 [U] sameness
of sound of the endings of two
or more words, eg say. play. 2
[C] word which provides a
rhyme. 3 [C] verse with rhyme.
C> nursery rhyme. 4 [U] the use
of rhyme, a vt/i 1 put together to
form a rhyme. 2 (of words) be in
rhyiae.
rhythm /'ridam/ n 1 [C,U] regu-
lar succession of weak and
strong sounds or movements (in
speech, music, etc). 2 [C,U]
regular recurrence of events,
processes, etc: the -^ of the tides.
'>^ic(al) /^n6mik(\) / adj
rib /rib/ n [C] 1 one of the curved
bones extending from the back-
bone to the chest. 2 something
like ^ rib, eg the vein of a leaf.
'^'bed a^' having ribs.
rib-bon /'riban/ n [C,U] long
strip of cotton or other material.
rice /rais/ n [U] (plant with)
white grain used as food.
rich /ritj/ adj (-er, -est) 1 having
much money. 2 (of clothes,
jewels, etc) costly. 3 -^^ in, pro-
ducmg or having much: a
country '^ in gold. 4 (of food)
containing a lot of fat, oil, eggs,
etc. 5'(of colours, sounds, etc)
full; deep, a n the '-^, rich
people. 'N^ly adv. '>^ness, qual-
ity of being rich (not in sense 1 ).
'x^es/i/?/ wealth.
rick-ety /'rikati/ a<// likely to col-
lapse.
rick-shaw n [C] two-
/'rikjo:/
wheeled carriage pulled by a
man.
rico-chet /'rikafei/ n [C,U]
movement (of a bullet, etc) after
hitting a solid substance, d vt/i
(-t- or -tt-) (of a shot, etc) (cause
to) rebound sharply.
rid /nd/ vt (pt. pp rid) '^ of.
make free: ^ a country of dis-
ease, be /get 'x^of, be /become
free of.
rid-dance /'ridns/ n [U] (usually
good '^) being rid of some-
thing unwanted.
rid-den /'ridn/ oppressed by: a
poUice-'^ state.
riddle^ /'rid!/ n [C] 1 difTicult or
amusing question or statement.
2 mysterious person, thing, si-
tuation, etc.
riddle^ /'ridl/ n [C] coarse sieve
(for stones, earth, etc), n vM
pass (soil, ashes, etc) through a
riddle. 2 make many holes in: a
body '^d with bullets.
rhyme /right
ride' /raid/ n [C] period of riding;
journey on horseback, on a
bicycle, bus, etc.
ride^ /raid/ vtji (pi rode /raod/;
pp ridden /'ridn/) 1 travel on a
horse, bicycle, etc. 2 be in a bus
or other vehicle. 3 float on: a
ship riding the waves, let sth 'w,
(informal) take no action on it. 4
ride up, eg of an article of
clothing, move upwards, rider
n [C] (a) person who rides, esp a
horse, (b) additional observa-
tion following a statement, etc.
ridge /rid3/ n [C] 1 raised line
where two sloping surfaces
meet. 2 long range of hills or
mountains.
ridi-cule /'ndikju:l/ n [U] being
made fun of. a vt make fun of.
rid-icu-lous /ri'dikjubs/ adj de-
serving to be laughed at; absurd.
•^ly adv
rife /raif/ a^^/ widespread.
rifle' /'raifl/ vt cut spiral grooves
in (a gun-barrel), a n [C] gun
with a long barrel, fired from the
shoulder.
rif le^ /'raifl/ vt search thoroughly
in order to steal from.
rift /rift/ n [C] 1 split or crack. 2
(fig) disagreement, ''-w- valley,
steep-sided valley caused by
sinking of the earth's crust.
rig' /ng/ vt (-gg-) 1 supply (a
ship) with masts, sails, etc. 2 '>^
sb out (with sth), provide (a
person) with necessary clothes,
equipment, etc. 3 '>^ sth up.
make, put together, quickly, d n
[C] 1 way in which a ship's
masts, sails, etc are arranged. 2
equipment put together for a
special purpose. C> oil-rig. ''>^-
out, (informal) person's
clothes, etc. 'N^ging n [U] ropes,
etcwhich support a ship's masts
and sails.
rig^ /riq/ vt (-gg-) arrange dis-
honestly for profit: --^^ an elec-
tion.
right' /rait/ adj (1 to 3 contrast-
ed with wrong) 1 (of conduct,
etc) just; morally good. 2 true;
correct: the ^
answer, put sth
'^, restore to order, good
health, etc. 3 most suitable: the
'^ man for the job. 4 healthy: Do
you feel all ^^ 5 (of an angle) of
90 '^ly adv justly; correctly.
.
'>^ness n[\J]
right^ /rait/ adv 1 exactly: Put it
'v, in the middle, 'v- away/ now,
at once. 2 all the way Go -v- to
:
 .
right/ rise
ihe end of this road. 3 justly; cor-
rectly It serves him
what he deserves, etc.
right^ /rait/ n 1 [U] that which is
good, just, true, etc be in the
'^. have justice and truth on
one's side. 2 [U] proper author-
ity or claim. 3 [C] something one
has by law, etc: human ~.s,
human, by '^(s), rightfully, in
one's fOwn '-^^ because of a
personal claim, qualification,
etc. ,-^^ of ^way. (a)
right to use a path, road, etc. (b)
(in road traffic) right to
before others, set/put things
to '^s, put them in order.
right* /rait/ v/ make right or up-
right: ~an injustice. The ship
'^ed herself
right' /rait/ adj (contrasted with
left) of the side of the body
which is toward the east when
person faces north, d adv to the
right side, n « [U] 1 side or direc-
tion on one's right hand. 2 (pol-
itics) the R-^. O
Right Wing.
,'>^-'handed adJ (of a person)
using the right hand more easily
than the left, the R'x, (Wing),
conservative political group(s),
party.
right-eous /'raitjss/ at^ 1 doing
what is morally right. 2 morally
justifiable: ~ anger. '>^ly adv.
'^nessniV]
right-ful /'raitfl/ adj according
to law and justice: the owner. ^ derly. '>^ous-ly adv
'>^ly adv. '-s^ness n [U]
rigid /'ridsid/ adj 1 stiff; that
cannot be bent. 2 strict; not
changing, -^ly adv. '>^ity
/ri'd3id3ti/Aj[U]
rig-or-ous /'rigsrss/ adj 1 strict;
determined: ~
discipline. 2
harsh: a -^ climate. '^\y adv
r\g'Our{US = rigor) /'rig3(r)/«
1 [U] sternness; strict enforce-
ment (of rules, etc). 2 (often pf)
severe conditions.
rim /rim/ n [C] edge, border: the
'^ of a cup. n vt (-mm-) form the
rim of.
rind /raind/ n [C,U] hard skin (of
some fruits, bacon and cheese).
ring^ /rig/ n [C] 1 circular metal
band worn on a finger, ear, etc:
an 'ear-*-.. 2 circular band of any
kind of material. 3 circle: a^^ of
light. 4 group of persons work-
ing together: a spy ~. 5 (also
^circus-^), circular enclosure for
circus performances. 6 roped
area for a boxing-match, d vt/i
322
(pt.pp ~ed) 1 surround. 2 put a
'>^. It is ring in the nose of (a bull, etc) or
on the leg of (a bird). 3 make a
ring round (something), eg with
a pencil, 'o^leader, person who
leads others in something
wrong, ''x/ road, road round a
large town.
O ring* /rii]/ vtji (pt rang /raerj/; pp
rung It\x)I) 1 give out a clear,
musical sound as when metal
vibrates. 2 '^ 'true, seem sin-
public cere. 3 cause a bell to sound. 4
resound: the room rang with
procede laughter. S '^ sb (up), call by
telephone (US = call up). '>^
off, end a telephone conversa-
tion. D /1 1 (sing only) sound pro-
duced by a bell. 2 (sing only) a
quality: a^ of truth. 3 [C] act of
ringing; sound of a bell. 4 tele-
phone call.
a ring-let /'right/ n [C] small curl
ofhair.
rink /rigk/ n [C] specially pre-
pared area of ice for skating.
rinse /rins/ vt wash with clean
water, a « [C] 1 act of rinsing. 2
liquid for colouring the hair.
riot /'raiat/ n 1 [C] violent distur-
bance in public. 2 [U] noisy,
uncontrolled behaviour, run
(a) lose all discipline, (b) (of
'v.,
plants) grow out of control. 3
bright display: a ~
of colour, a vi
take part in a riot(1,2). '>^ous
adj likely to cause a riot; disor-
rip /rip/ vt/i (-pp-) pull or tear
(something) quickly and with
force, a n [C] torn place; long
cut. ''>--cord, cord which opens
a parachute.
ripe /raip/ adj (-r, -st) 1 (of fruit,
grain, etc) ready to be gathered.
2 ready to be eaten or drunk: ^
cheese. 3 fully developed: a per-
son of ~years. 4 '>^ for, ready,
prepared. '>^ness n [U]
ripen /'raipsn/ vtji make or be-
come ripe,
ripple /'ripl/ n [C] (sound oO
waves D vtji (cause to) move in
ripples.
rise^ /raiz/ n [C] 1 small hill. 2 in-
crease (in value, temperature,
etc):a wage ~ (US = raise). 3
upward progress: a ~ in social
position. A give '^ to, cause.
rise^ /raiz/ vi (pt rose /rauz/; pp
risen /'rizn/) 1 (of the sun,
moon, stars) appear. C> set*(1 ).
2 stand up. 3 get out of bed. 4
go, come, up or higher: 77?^ river

has -^n two feet. Prices continue
to '^. 5 slope upwards: rising
ground. 6 get stronger. The wind
is rising. 7 make progress (in
one's profession, etc). 8 start;
begin: The river '>^s here. '>^ to
the occasion, deal with an
unexpected problem, etc.
against, rebel (against the
government, etc), ris-ing, (esp)
armed rebellion. C> uprising.
risk /risk/ n 1 [C,U] possibility of
meeting danger, suffering loss,
etc. at '^, threatened by danger,
loss, etc. run althe '^ of: take
'^s, be in a position where there
is risk. 2 [Cj person or thing in-
sured: a good/poor ~. a v/ 1 ex-
pose to risk. 2 take the chance
of: ^ getting wet. risky adj(-\ex,
-iest) full of danger.
ris-sole /'risaul/ n [C] fried ball
of minced meat, fish, etc.
rite /rait/ n [C] religious cere-
mony.
rit-ual /'ritjusl/ n [C,U] 1 system
of rites. 2 routine action, a adj
done as a rite; connected with ri-
tual.
ri-val /'raivl/ n [C] person
competes with another, a
US also -I-) be a rival of.
[C,U](/7/-ies)
river /'nv3(r)/ n [C]
stream of water flowing to the
sea. ''>^-bed, ground over which
a river flows.
rivet /'rivit/ n [C] metal pin for
fixing metal plates (eg in a ship's
sides), avt^ fasten with rivets. 2
(fig) fix (one's eyes, attention)
on.
road /raud/ n [C] 1 specially pre-
pared way between places for
vehicles, pedestrians, etc. 2 --v
to, way of getting: the ~
to ruin.
''vz-block, barrier placed across
a road, esp by the police.
'-^^hog, careless driver.
''>^worthy adj (of a motor-
vehicle, etc) fit for use on the
roads.
roam /raum/ vt/i wander with-
out any definite destination.
roar /r3:(r)/ n [C] loud, deep
sound made by lions, traffic, etc.
a vt/i 1 make such loud, deep
sounds. 2 '^ sth out, say, sing,
loudly. '>^ing adj (a)
rough, (b) very good: do a '^ing
trade, a adv very: '^ing drunk.
roast /raust/ vt/i (of meat, etc)
cook in a hot oven, a adj that
has been roasted, a n [C] joint of
323 risk/ rogue
roasted meat.
rob /rob/ vt (-bb-), take
property from (a person, place)
unlawfully, --^^ber, person who
robs, --^^bery n [C,UJ (pi -ries).
robe /raub/ n [C] 1 long, loose
dress: a ^bath'^. 2 (often/?/) long
9 »>- gown worn as a sign of office, d
vr put a robe on.
robin /'robin/ n [C] small, brown
bird with red breast-feathers.
ro-bot /'raubot/ n [C] machine
made to act like a man.
ro-bust /rau'bASt/ adj strong;
healthy, 'v.iy adv. '^ness n [U]
rock^ /rok/ n 1 [U] solid stony
part of the earth's crust. 2 [C,U]
mass of rock, on the '^s, (fig)
(a) (of a marriage) Ukely to end
in divorce, (b) (of a drink) with
ice. 3 [C] large stone. 4 {GB)
hard, sweet.
sticky ,'X/-
'bottom, lowest point, -"^^ery,
garden with rocks and plants.
rock^ /rok vt/i (cause to) sway
swing backwards and forwards.
-^ the boat, {Jig) upset the
smooth progress of something.
-^^er, (a) one of the curved
who pieces of wood on which a
\t{-\\-, rocking-chair rests, (b) =
-^ry n rocking-chair, (c) off one's
'^er, (si) mad. ''>^ing-chair,
natural one fitted with rockers on which
it rests.
rock^ /rok/ n [U] rhythmic popu-
lar music for dancing, d v/ dance
to this music.
rock-'n-roil /,rDk an 'raul/ n [U]
(also rock and roll) = rock^
rocket /'rokit/ n [C] tube filled
with fast-burning material,
which launches itself into the air
(as a firework, a missile), a vi go
up fast like a rocket: Prices are
-^ing.
rocky /'roki/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 of
rock; full of rocks. 2 (informal)
unstable: The table is rather ^.
rod /rod/ n [C] thin, straight
piece of wood or metal: a
Jishing-'^^.
rode/raud/p/ofride^.
ro-dent /'raudnt/ n [C] animal,
eg a rat, which gnaws.
ro-deo /'raudiau/ n [C] (pi -^s) 1
(in Western US) rounding up of
cattle. 2 contest of skill in lasso-
noisy; ing cattle, riding horses, etc.
roe' /rau/ n [C,U] eggs in a fe-
male fish.
roe^ /rau/ n [C] small kind of
deer, '^^^buck, male roe.
rogue /raug/ n [C] 1 scoundrel;
role /rot 324
dishonest person. 2 wild animal
living alone, ro-guish adv
role, role /raui/ n [C] 1 actor's
part m a play. 2 person's task in
an undertaking.
roll' raul/ n [C] 1 something
made into the shape of a cylind-
er: a '^ of film. 2 rolling move-
ment. 3 official list esp of names.
~
4 deep sound: the of thunder.
rolP /raul/ v///1 (cause to) move
along on wheels or like a ball. 2
make into a bali or a cylinder. 3
move in a rolling motion: The
clouds '^ed away. 4 make flat,
by pressing with a rolling cylind-
er: ->- a lawn. 5 (cause to) move
from side to side: The ship was
'y^ing heavily. 6 make deep, vib-
rating sounds: The thunder ^^ed
in the distance. 7 -^ in. come, ar-
rive, in large numbers or quanti-
ties, ro// up. (a) form into a
cylinder or ball: He ^ed up his
sleeves, (b) arrive: Two or three
late arrivals ~ ed up.
roller /'r3ul3(r) n [C] cylinder-
shaped object of wood, metal,
etc, for pressing, etc. '->^-skate,
skate with small wheels for use
on a smooth surface.
roll-ing /'raulir)/ adj rising and
falling: -v^ waves, ''x^'-pin,
cylinder of wood for rolling
pastry, etc.
Ro-man /'rsumsn/ adj, n [C] (ci-
tizen) of Rome, esp ancient
Rome. R'^ Catholic adj. n [C]
(member) of the Church which
has the Pope as its chief bishop.
I'X/ 'numeral, I, IV, XL, M, etc.
ro-mance n 1 [C]
/ra'maens/
story of adventure; love story. 2
[C] love-affair. 3 [U] love and
adventure: travel in search of'\^.
ro-man-tic /rs'raaentik/ adj'y (of
persons) not practical; fond of
romance. 2 of, Uke, suggesting,
romance. 3 (in art) preferring
passion, beauty, to order and
proportion, d n [C] person with
romantic ideals. '>^ally /-kh/
adv.
romp /romp/ vi 1 (esp of chil-
dren) play noisily and roughly.
a n [C] period of romping.
roof /ru:f/ n [C] {pi '^s) 1 top
covering of a building, car, etc. 2
top of something: the ^
of the
mouth, a vt (pp '>^ed /ru:ft/)
supply with a roof. '^ing.
material used for roofs.
rook' /ruk/ n [C] large black bird
like a crow, 'x^ery trees wh«re
many rooks have their nests.
rook^ /ruk/ vt (si) charge (a cus-
tomer) a very high price.
rook^ /rok/ n [C] chess piece
(also called a caj//e).
room /ru:m/ n 1 [C] part of a
house enclosed by walls and a
ceiling. 2 (/»/) apartment. 3 [U]
enough space: Is there ~
for me
in the car? 4 [U] scope: ^
for im-
provement, roomy adj (-ier,-
-iest) having plenty of space.
roost /ru:st/ n [C] branch, etc on
which a bird rests; hen-house.
rule the '^. be the leader, a vi
(of birds or persons) settle down
for the night's sleep.
rooster /'ru:st3(r)/ n [C] domes-
tic cock.
root' /ru:t/ n [C] 1 part of a plant
which is normally in the soil and
which takes water and food
from it. 2 base of a hair, tooth,
etc. 3 (Jig) basis; source: Is
money the ~ of all evil? 4 {gram)
form of a word on which other
forms are based. ''>- sign,
{maths) the symbol v
root^ /ru:t/ vtji 1 (of plants,
etc) (cause to) send out roots
and begin to grow. 2 cause to
stand unmoving: -^edto the spot
by fear. 3 (chiefly in pp) (of
ideas, etc) establish firmly. 4 -^^
sth out, get rid of (an evil, etc).
rope /raup/ n 1 [C,U] (piece oQ
thick strong cord. 2 give sb
(plenty of) '^. give him free-
dom of action, know the '^s.
know the rules, the procedure
(of an action), d vr 1 fasten with
rope. 2 '>^ sb in. persuade him
to help, ropey adj{st) very poor
in quality.
ro-sary /'rauzari/ n [C] {pl-\es) 1
form of prayer. 2 string of beads
for counting these prayers.
rose' /T3oz/ pt of rise^.
rose^ /rauz/ n 1 [C] (shrub with
thorns bearing a) colourful and
usually sweet-smelling flower. 2
[U] pinkish-red colour.
rO'Sette /rau'zet/ n [C] small
rose-shaped badge, ornament or
carving.
ros-trum /'rtjstram/ n [C] {pi 'n/S
or -tra /-tra/) platform for public
speaking.
rosy I^Tsozi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 of
the colour of red roses. 2 {fig)
good, bright: '^prospects.
rot /rot/ n [U] 1 decay. 2 non-
sense. D vt/i (-tt-) 1 decay; go
bad. 2 {fig) (of prisoners, etc)
 325 rota /rub

waste away. 3 cause to decay. contests, one stage: a

rota /'rauta/ n [C] (pi ^s) (GB)
list of persons who are to do
things in turn.
ro-tary /'rautan/ adj moving
round a central point.
ro'tate /rau'teit/ vtji 1 (cause to)
move round a central point. 2
(cause to) take turns or come in
succession: ^crops, ro'ta'tion
etc)
boxing-match of ten ^5. 4 one of
a set: a '^ of drinks, drinks for
every member of the group. 5
bullet: three 'v.5 of ammunition.
round' /raund/ prep 1 with a cir-
cular movement: The earth
moves '^ the sun. 2 (of move-
ment) changing direction: walk
'y^ a corner, 'x. the bend, (si)

(a) [U] rotating: the rotation of mad. 3 on all sides of: a fence '>-
the earth, (b) [C] one complete the field. 4 in all directions: He
turn. looked '\.^ the room.
ro-tor /'r3ut3(r)/ n [C] rotating round' /raund/ v//i 1 make
or
propellor of a helicopter. become round: stones 'y^ed by
rot-ten /'rotn/ adj 1 decayed. 2 the wind. 2 go round: He ^ed a
{st) very bad: What ~luck! corner. 3 'v. sth off. end it suc-
rouge /ru:3/ n [U] red powder for cessfully. 'V, up, bring together:
colouring the cheeks, a vt put -^ up cattle, 'x^ up (a figure),
rouge on. bring it to a whole number.
rough^ /rAf/ adj (-ex, -est) 1 (of round-about /'raundsbaut/ adj
surfaces) not level, smooth or not using the shortest route: a ^
polished. 2 not gentle; acting trip, a n\C] 1 revolving circular
violently. 3 not in detail; not ex- platform with wooden horses,
act: a ^ sketch. ^'^ and ^ready. etc on which children ride (at
not perfect or carefully made. 4 fairs, etc). 2 circular area at a
(of sounds) harsh, a adv in a road junction causing traffic to
rough manner, live ~, live in go round.
the 0f)en. n /i 1 [U] rough state roun-ders /'raundsz/ n pi game
or surface; unpleasantness. 2 similar to baseball.
[U] unfinished state: notes in '^. rouse /rauz/ (formal)^ wake
vtji

C> rough^(3). 'v/ly adv (a) in a up. 2 cause (a person) to be

rough manner, (b) approxi-
mately: It's '^ly 2 metres long,
'^ness n[\J].
rough^ /rAf/ vt ^ 'y^ sb up,
treat him roughly. 2 -^ it,
without comfort.
roughen /'rAfn/ vt/i make or be-
come rough.
rou-lette /rur'let/ n [U] gambling
game played with a small ball on
a revolving wheel.
round^ /raund/ adj^ shaped like
a circle or a ball. 2 going and re-
turning: 'v. trip. 3 full: a
dozen. ,'>^-'shouldered adj
having the shoulders bent for-
ward. '>^ness n [U]
round^ /rand/ adv 1 to face the
opposite way: Turn your chair
->-. 2 with a return to the
starting-point: the hands of a
clock ^o ~. 3 in a circle: A crowd
gathered '^; spin 'v.. 4 from one
(place, person, etc) to another:
Please hand these papers ^.
'^, supply everybody. 5 not by
the direct route: a long way ~. 6
to a person's house: Come --c. and
see me.
round^ /raond/ n [C] 1 some-
thing round in shape. 2 duties or
route: the postman's ^. 3 (in
more active, interested, etc.
rout /raut/ n [C] complete defeat.
a vr defeat completely.
(si) route /ru:t/ n [C] way from one
live place to another, a vt send by a
SF>ecific route.
rou-tine /ru:'ti:n/ n [C,U] regular
way of doing things.
row^ /rau/ n [C] line of persons
or things.
row^ /rau/ vtji move (a boat) us-
ing oars, a n [C] journey in a
rowing-boat, 'o^ing-boat, one
~ moved by oars.
row^ /rau/ n [C,U] noisy distur-
bance or quarrel, a vtji quarrel
noisily.
rowdy /'raudi/ adj (-ier, -lest)
rough and noisy, a n [C] (pi -ies)
rowdy person, row-dily adv.
row-di-nessAi[U]
royal /'roial/ adj of, suitable for,
belonging to, a king or queen.
'>^ly adv in a splendid manner.
go '>^ist n [C] supporter of a king
or queen.
roy-alty /'ro:i9lti/ n (pi -ies) 1
[U] royal persons. 2 [U] posi-
tion, power, etc of a royal per-
son. 3 [C] payment of money, eg
to the owner of a copyright.
rub^ /rAb/ n [C] act of rubbing.
rub/run 326

rub^ /FAb/ (-bb-) 1 move

vtji regulations and so slow down
(one thing) over the surface of output. 2 [C] habit, as a '^. usu-
(another); make (clean, dry, etc) ally. 3 [U] government: under
by doing this. 2 '>^ sb/ foreign ^. 4 [C] strip of wood,
oneselfla horse down, rub, metal, etc, used to measure, d
eg with a towel, to make dry and vtji 1 govern. 2 be guided or in-
clean. '^ sth down, make fluenced by. 3 give as a decision.
smooth by rubbing. sth inl ^ '>^ sth out. declare that it can-

into sth. (a) force (ointment, not be considered. 4 make (a

etc) mto eg the skin, by rubbing, line or lines) on paper (with a
(b) force (an unpleasant fact) ruler), ruler n [C] (a) person
into a person's mind. -^^ sth who rules, (b) length of wood,
out. remove (writing, etc) by plastic, etc used in drawing
rubbing. straight lines or for measuring.
rub-ber^ j^x\h^r)i n 1 [U] tough rul-ing n [C] (esp) decision
elasticsubstance used for mak- made by a judge.
mg 2 [C] piece of rub-
tyres, etc. rum /rAm/ n [C,U] alcoholic
ber for rubbing out pencil drink made from sugar-cane.
marks, etc. rumble /'rAmbl/ vtji make a
rub-beH /'rAb3(r)/ n [C] (in deep, heavy, continuous sound.
card-games) set of three games. a n [U] this sound: the of lor- ~
rub-bish /'rAbiJ/ n [U] 1 waste ries.
material. 2 nonsense, rub- rum-mage /'rArmd3/ vtji turn
bishy a^' worthless. things over while looking for
rubble /'rAbl/ n [U] bits of something.
broken stone or brickwork. ru-mour /'ru:m3(r)/ n 1 [U] gos-
ruby /'ru:bi/ n [C] {pi -ies) red 2 [C] (statement) which can-
sip.
precious stone, d adj, n [U] deep not be verified, a vt tell by way
red (colour). of rumour.
ruck-sack /'rAksaek/ n [C] can- rump /rAmp/ n [C] animal's but-
vas bag carried on the back tocks. I'xz-'steak, beefsteak cut
when walking. from near the rump.
rud-der /'rAd9(r)/ n [C] device for rumple /TAjnpl/ vr crease; crum-
steering a boat or aeroplane. ple.
ruddy /'rAdi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 rum-pus /'rAmpas/ n (sing only)
(of the face) red and healthy. 2 (informal) disturbance; noise.
red. run^ /rAn/ n [C] 1 act of running
rude /ru:d/ adj (-r, -st) 1impwl- on foot, on the '^. running
ite. 2 startling: get a '^ shock. away. 2 [C] journey in a car,
^ness n [U] train, etc. 3 [C] route taken by
ru-di-ment /'rurdmisnt/ n (pi) vehicles, etc. 4 period;
ships,
first stages (of an art or science). succession: a ^
of bad luck, in
'x.ary /-'mentn/ ot^' elementary. the ^long '^. in the end. 5 (en- \

ruff /rAf/ n [C] wide, stiff frill closed) space for domestic ani- \

worn as a collar. mals, fowls, etc. 6 (cricket, base-

ruf-fian /'rAfian/ n [C] violent, of scoring. 7 (informal)
bait) unit \

cruel young man. get!give sb the -^ of sth.

ruffle /'rAfl/ vt/i '^ (up), disturb the permission to use it. i-^-of-
the calm or smoothness of; an- the-'mill, ordinary; average. I

noy. run^ /rAn/ vtji (pt ran /raen/; pp ^)

\

•^g /rAg/ n [C] 1 thick mat (-nn-) 1 (of men and animals)
(smaller than a carpet). 2 thick move with quick steps, faster
blanket. than when walking. 2 escape by
rug-ged /'rAgid/ adj 1 uneven; going away. 3 practise running
rocky. 2 hard; strong-looking: a for exercise or as a sport. 4 ^ '

'^face. 'v/ly adv. '-^ness n [U] for. compete for (an elected of-
ruin /'ru:m/ n 1 [U] destruction. fice): ~
for President. 5 expose
2 [C] destroyed building etc: The oneself to: ~
the risk of losing. 6
house is in '^s. 3 [U] cause of go forward with a continuous
ruin: Drink was his ->^. A finan- motion: The train ran past the
cial collapse, n vt cause the ruin signal. ^aground, (of ships)
of. <-v/Ous /-3s/ a<^' causing ruin. sail onto the shore or rocks. 7 be
rule /ru:l/ n 1 [C] law or custom. in action: Don't leave the engine
work to '^. pay attention to ^ning. 8 (of buses, etc) journey

to and fro. 9 organize; manage:
'>-a business. 10 transport: I'll
-c.you back home. '^ arms,
convey them into a country un-
lawfully. 11 pass: a comb ^
through one's hair. 12 cause
(something) to penetrate or
come into contact with: to '^ a
car into a tree. 13 (of liquids,
sand, etc) flow; cause to flow: a
river that -^5 to the sea. 14 (of
dyes) spread. 15 become: Sup-
plies are ^ning short. 1 6 extend:
The play ran for six months. 1
have a tendency: Yellow hair '^s
in the family. 1 8 (of woven or
knitted material) become un-
woven. 19 ^
across sb/sth,
meet or find by chance. '>^ after
sb/sth, (a) try to catch, (b)
try to get the attention of: She 's
always '^ning men. 'V/
after
against sb, compete with him.
^ away, escape. -^
leave;
down, (a) (of a clock) stop,
(b) (of a battery) become ex-
hausted. Hence, '>^-down, (of a
person) exhausted from over-
work, mental strain, etc. '^ sbl
sth down, knock down. '^ in-
to sb, meet unexpectedly.
sth off, (a) cause to flow
away, (b) print: ~
off 20 copies
of a notice. -»- out, (a) go out.
(b) (of a period of time) come to
an end. (c) (of supplies) come to
an end. 'n^ over, overflow, -v/
over sb/ run sb over, (of a ve-
hicle) (knock down and) pass
over (a p>erson). '-^ to sth, (a)
reach (an amount, number, etc),
(b) (of money) be enough for:
My wages don -^ to a new car.
't
'^ sth up, (a) raise, (b) cause
to grow quickly: '-^ up a big bill.
^ up against sth, meet (ob-
stacles, danger).
rung^ /t\x]I n [C] step in a ladder.
rung^/rAq//>;7ofring^.
run-ner /'rAn3(r)/ n [C] 1 person,
animal, etc that runs. 2 mes-
senger. 3 smuggler: *gun-^s. 4
part on which something slides
or moves: the ~5 of a sledge.
i^-'up, person, animal, taking
second place in a race.
run-ning /'rAnir)/ n [U] act of a
person or animal that runs.
make the '^, set the pace d adj
1 done while running: a ^^^ jump.
2 continuous: a ~
fire of ques-
tions. 3 in succession: win three
times ^. 4 (of water) flowing.
run-way /'rAnwei/ n [C] surface
327 rung/S
along which aircraft take off
and land.
rup-ture /'rAptj3(r)/ n [C,U] (in-
stance of) breaking apart. 2 [C,
U] (instance of) ending of
friendly relations. 3 [C] hernia.
a vt/i break or burst, eg a
blood-vessel.
ru-ral /'ruaral/ adJ in, of, the
countryside. C> urban.
ruse /ru:z/ n [C] trick.
rush^ /rAj/ n 1 [C,U] rapid move-
ment; sudden advance. 2 [C]
sudden demand: the Christmas
'^, when crowds of people go
shopping, the ''>^-hour, when
crowds of people are travelling
to or from work.
rush^ /rAf/ n [C] marsh plant
with slender stems.
rusli^ /rAj/ vt/i 1 (cause to) go or
come, do something, quickly. 2
get through, into, etc by press-
ing eagerly or violently forward:
'>- the gates. 3 force into hasty
action: Don't '^ me.
rusk /rAsk/ n [C] piece of bread
baked hard and crisp.
rust /rASt/ n [U] reddish-brown
coating formed on metal by the
^ action of water and air. o vt/i
(cause to) become covered with
rust, rusty adj (-ier, -iest) (a)
covered with rust, (b) showing
lack of practice.
rustle /'rAsl/ vt/i 1 make a
gentle, light sound (like dry
leaves blown by the wind). 2 get
together, provide: '^ up some
food. 3 steal (cattle or horses), a
w[U] rustling sound.
rut /rAt/ n [C] track made by
wheel(s) in soft ground, be in/
get into a "w, be in/get into a
fixed (and boring) way of living.
a vt (-tt-) mark with ruts.
ruth-less /'ru:91is/ adj cruel;
without pity. '>^ly adv
rye n [U] 1 (plant with)
/rai/
grain used for making flour. 2
whisky made from rye.
Ss
S, s /es/ (pi S's, s's /'esiz/) the
19th letter of the English al-
phabet.
Sabbath / salami
Sab-bath /'sxbdO/ndayofrcst.
sabotage 'saebatarj/ n [U] de-
liberate damaging of machinery,
materials, etc by an enemy, a vi
perform an act of sabotage
against, sab-oteur /,sxb>
't3.(r)/ n [C] person who com-
mits sabotage.
sabre (US = sa-ber) /seib3(r)/
n [C] sword with a curved blade.
sachet /'saejei/ n [C] small plas-
tic bag for shampoo, etc.
sack^ /saek/ n [C] (quantity held
by a) large bag of strong cloth.
''>^cloth, coarse material made
of flax or hemp. 'X/ing, = sack-
cloth.
sack' /sack/ n (informal) (with
the) dismissal from employ-
ment. D vr dismiss.
sack^ /sack/ vt destroy (a cap-
tured city, etc), a n sacking of a
captured town, etc.
sac-ra-ment /'saekramant/ n [C]
solemn religious ceremony in
the Christian Church, ^^al
/-'menti/ adj
sacred /'seikrid/ adj 1 of God;
connected with religion. 2 (to
be) treated with great respect.
'^•ly adv. '^ness nt [U]
sac-ri-f ice /'saekrifais/ n 1 [C,U]
the offering of something to a
god. 2 [C,U] the giving up of
something of great value for a
special purpose, a vt/i make a
sacrifice: ^one 's life for a friend.
sac-ri-f i-cial /isaelcri'fijl/ acp
sac-ri-lege /'saeknlids/ n [Ujdis-
respectful treatment of some-
thing sacred, sac-ri'legious
adj
sad /saed/ adj (-der, -dest) 1 un-
happy; causing unhappy feel-
ings. 2 (of colours) dull. '>--ly
adv. '>^ness n [U]
sad-den /'ssedn/ vt/i make or be-
come sad.
saddle /'saedl/ n [C] 1 seat for a
rider on a horse or bicycle. 2
ridge of high land rising at each
end to a high point, a vt 1 put a
saddle on (a horse). 2 ^
sb
w/th sth, put a heavy responsi-
bility on. ''-w-bag, bag attached
to a saddle.
sa-dism /'seidizDm/ n [U] (love
oO excessive cruelty to other
persons, sa-dist, person guilty
of sadism, sa-dis-tic /sa'distik/
adj
sa-fari /sa'fairi/ n [C,U] hunting
expedition, overland journey,
esp in Africa.
328
safe^ /self/ adj (-r, -st) 1 ->-
(from), free from danger. 2 un-
hurt and undamaged: a '^jour-
ney. '>.' and sound, secure and
*
unharmed. 3 not causing harm
or danger. 4 (of a place, etc) giv-
ing security. 5 cautious: a '^
driver, '^^guard n [C] some-
thing that prevents harm, a vi
protect, guard, '^-'keeping,
care; custody, 'x^ly adv
safe' /serf/ n [C] strong box in
which valuables are kept.
safety /"seifti/ n [U] being safe;
security. ''>- belt, = seat belt.
''v/ pin, one with a cover for the
point which is bent back, ''n^
valve, (a) valve which releases
pressure when it becomes too
great, (b) (fig) way of releasing
feelings of anger, etc.
sag /saeg/ vi (-gg-) sink under
weight or pressure, a n [C]
(amount oQ sagging.
saga /'sa:g3/ nyC] (pi ~s) 1 old
story of heroic deeds. 2 long
narrative, eg about a family.
sage^ /seid3/ n [C] wise man. d
adj wise.
sage' /seid3/ n [U] herb with
green leaves, used to flavour
food.
sago /'seigau/ n [U] white,
starchy food used to make pud-
dings.
said /scd/ pt.pp of say.
sair /sell/ n 1 [C,U] sheet of can-
vas spread to catch the wind and
move a boat forward, set 'v.
(from /to /for), begin a voy-
age. 2 [C] arm of a windmill.
sail' /sell/ vt/i 1 move forward
across water by using sails or
engine-power. 2 begin a voyage.
3 travel across: ~
the sea. 4 (be
able to) control (a boat): Do you
'^? 5 (fig) move smoothly like a
ship. '>^or n [C] seaman; mem-
ber of a ship's crew.
saint /semt GB weak form: snt/ n
[C] 1 holy person. 2 (abbr St)
person declared by the Church
to have won a place in Heaven.
'v/ly adj(-6.\s>o ^like) very holy;
like, of, a saint.
sake /seik/ n for the '^ of. for
the benefit of.
salad n [C,U] (cold dish
/'saelad/
oQ sliced vegetables such as let-
tuce, cucumber, tomatoes. ''^-
dressing, mixture of oil,
vinegar, cream, etc used with sa-
lad.
sa-lami /S3'la:mi/ n [U] sausage

salted and flavoured with garlic.
sal-ary /'saebri/ n [C] (pi -ies)
(weekly, monthly) payment for
employment based on a total
amount for a year. c> wage.
sal-ar-iedac//
sale /sell/ n 1 [C,U] exchange of
goods for money; act of selling.
for '^, intended to be sold, on
'^. (of goods in shops, etc) of-
fered for purchase. 2 [C] the of-
fering of goods at low prices for
a period, 'sales-man, 'sales-
woman, person selling goods.
'sales-man-ship, skill
selling goods.
sa-line /'seilam/ adj containing
salt.
saMva n [U] the natu-
/sa'laiva/
ral liquid present in the mouth.
sal-low /'saebo/ adj (-er, -est)
(of the complexion) of an un-
healthy yellow colour.
salmon /'saeman/ n [C] {pi ~)
large fish, valued for food; [Uj
its flesh as food; the colour of its
orange-pink.
flesh,
salon /'sjelon/ n [C] 2 business
connected with fashion, etc.
sa-loon /S3'lu:n/ n [C] 1 room for
social use in a ship, hotel, etc. 2
{VS) bar. 3 {GB) (also '^-car)
motor-car for 4 passengers.
salt /s3:lt/ n 1 [U] white sub-
stance present in sea-water, used
to flavour and preserve food.
take sth with a pinch of '^,
doubt whether it is true. 2 [C]
{chem) compound of a metal
and" an acid. 3 {pi) medicine used
to empty the bowels, a vt put
salt on or in (food). ''>^-cellar,
small container for salt. |-v/-
'water adj of the sea. ^x/i-ness
n [U]. salty adj (-ier, -iest)
salt-petre {VS = -peter)
n [U] white powder
/sD:lt'pi:t3(r)/
used in making gunpowder.
sa-lute /s3'lu:t/ n [C] greeting or
sign of respect, esp (eg in the
armed forces) the raising of the
hand to the forehead, the firing
of guns, n vt/i 1 give a salute
(to). 2 greet.
sal-vage /'saelvids/ n [U] 1 the
saving of property from loss. 2
property saved. 3 (saving oQ
waste material that can be used
again, q vt save from loss,
wreck, etc.
sal-va-tion /sael'veijn/ n [U] 1
saving from sin. 2 that which
saves a person from loss, disas-
ter, etc.
329 salary/sane
sal-ver /'saElv9(r)/ n [C] (usually
tray on which servants
silver)
hand letters, drinks, etc.
salvo /'saelvau/ n [C] {pi ~s,
~es) the firing of a number of
guns together.
same /seim/ adj. pron 1 ident-
icdLunchanged: He's the '^ age as
his wife. 2 the same thing: We
must all say the '^. be all the ^
to, make no difference to. 3 al-
ready thought of, mentioned: /
was ill Monday. On that ^
day,
the office was bombed, a adv all
in the '^. O
all^. '>^ness, being
the same, (and so boring).
sample /'sa:mpl/ n [C] one of a
number, part of a whole, taken
to show what the rest is like, a vt
test a part of.
sana-tor-ium /,s£n3't3:ri3m/ n
[C] {pi ~s) place for the treat-
ment of people who are ill.
sanc-ti-moni-ous /,s£i)kti-
'maunias/ adj making a show of
being holy. '>^lya£/v
sanc-tion /'saegkjn/ n 1 [U] per-
mission; approval. 2 [C] penalty
against a country breaking
international law. a vt allow;
permit.
sanc-tity /'saeqktati/ n [C,U] {pi
-ies) holiness; sacredness.
sanc-tu-ary /'sajgktjuari/ n {pi
-ies) 1 [CJ holy place, esp a
church. 2 [C] place where a per-
son can take refuge. 3 [U] free-
dom from arrest: be offered'^. 4
[C] area where it is forbidden to
kill birds, animals, etc.
sand /saend/ n 1 [U] (mass of)
finely crushed rock as seen on
the sea-shore, deserts, etc. 2 (of-
ten pi) expanse of sand, d vr 1
cover with sand. 2 make smooth
by using sandpaper, '^x^bag,
bag filled with sand used as part
of a defensive wall. ''-^ dune,
hill of sand, '-v/paper, strong
paper with sand glued to it, used
for making surfaces smooth, a
vt make smooth with sandpap-
er. '^v/Stone, type of rock form-
ed of sand, sandy adj (-ier,
-iest) (a) covered with, of, sand.
(b) (of hair) yellowish-red.
san-dal /'saendl/ n [C] shoe made
of a sole with straps to hold it on
the foot.
sand-wich /'saEnwid3/ n [C] two
slicesof bread with meat, salad,
etc between, d vt put (one thing
or person) between two others.
sane /sem/ adj (-r, -st) 1 mental-
sang/savour 330

lyhealthy. 2 sensible. '>'ly adv revenge or compensation.

sang sar), prof sing. sat-is-fac-tory /,satis'fakt3ri
sani-tary /'sanitn adj ^ clean; adJ^ giving satisfaction. 2 good
freefrom infection. 2 concerned enough, sat-is-fac-torily £u/v
with the protection of health. sat-isfy /'satisfai/ vt/i (pt.pp
sani-tation isaeni'teijn; n [U] -ied) 1 make contented; give (a
protection of public health, esp person) what he wants or needs
the disposal of sewage. 2 be enough for (one's needs) 3
san-ity /'sanati/ n [U] 1 health of make free from doubt.
mind. 2 soundness of judge- satu-rate /'satjareit/ vt 1 make
ment. thoroughly wet. 2 fill complete-
sank /sxi)k./ pt of sink'. ly: The car market is '^d
sap^ /sap/ vt/i (-pp-) destroy or satu'ra-tionn[U]
weaken (a person's health, Sat-ur-day /'satadi/ n the
energy, confidence, etc). seventh day of the week.
sap' /sap/ n [U] liquid in a plant, sauce /SD3/ n 1 [C,U] liquid pre-
carrying food to all parts. paration served with food to
young tree.
'>^ling, give Havour. 2 [U] {informal) im-
sap-phire /'safai3(r)/ n 1 [C] pudence, saucy adj (-ier, -iest)
bright blue precious stone. 2 [U] impudent. %auc-'\Yy ad\
bright blue colour. sauce-pan /'s3:sp>dn/ n [C] deep
sar-casm /'sa:kazdm/ n [U] (use metal cooking f)ot with a lid and
00 remarks intended to hurt the handle.
feeUngs. sar'cas-ticot// saucer /'sD:s3(r)/ n [C] small dish
•lar-copha-gus /sar'kofagas/ n on which a cup stands.
[C] (pi -gi -gai/, -^es) stone cof- sauna /'sDma/ n [C] (pi '^s) steam
fin. bath.
sar-dine /sa:'dim/ n [C] small saun-ter /'s3mt9(r)/ vi walk in a
fish (usually tinned in oil). leisurely way. d n [C] slow walk.
sari /'sQTi/ n [C] of
(pi -^s) length saus-age /'sDsid3/ n [C,U]
cloth draped round the body, choppwi up meat, etc stuffed in-
worn by Indian women. to a tube of thin skin.
sa-rong /sa'ror)/ n [C] length of sav-age /'savid3/ adj 1 in a pri-
cloth worn round the middle of mitive state. 2 fierce, a n [C]
the body by Malays. member of a primitive tribe, d vt
sash^ /saj/ n [C] long strip of attack, bite: '^d by a dog. '^ly
cloth worn round the waist or adv. 's^rynlXi] the state of being
over one shoulder, -w win- savage.
dow, one with a frame that save^ /seiv/ vtfi 1 'v sb/sth
slides up and down on ropes. (from), make or keep safe
sat /sxt/ pt.pp of sit. (from loss, injury, etc). -^
Satan /'seitn/ n the Devil. '>^ic (one's) face, O face(2). 2 -w
/sa'tanik/ adj (up) (for) sth. keep (esp
satchel /'satjl/ n [C] bag with a money) for future use: ^ (up) to
long strap for carrying school buy a house 3 make unnecessary:
books. That will ~ you a lot of trouble, a
sat-el-lite /'satalait/ n [C] 1 n [C] (in football, etc) act of
small body moving in orbit preventing the scoring of a goal.
round a planet. 2 artificial ob- sav-ing adj (esp) that compen-
ject, eg a spacecraft put in orbit. sates: his saving grace, his only
3 (fig) person, state, depending good characteristic, an
(a) [C]
on another. way of saving; amount saved,
iatin /'satm/ n [U] silk material (b) (p[) money saved up. 'sav-
shiny on one side, a adj smooth ings account, one on which
like satin. interest is paid.
«at-ire /'satai9(r)/ n 1 [U] form save' /seiv/ (also sav-ing
of writing making a person, /'seivii)/) prep (dated) except: all
idea, appear foolish. 2 [C] piece died '^ him.
of writing that does this, sa- sav-iour(L'5 =
-ior) /'servi3(r)/
tiri-cal /sa'tinkl/ adj n [C] 1 person who saves a per-
sat-is-fac-tion /,satis'fakjn/ n son from danger. 2 The S'>-',
1 [U] the state of being satisfied; Jesus Christ.
act of satisfying. 2 [C] some- sa-vour (US = -or) /'sciva(r)/ n
thing that satisfies. 3 [U] IC,U] taste or flavour, d vi enjoy
 331 savoury/scarf

by tasting: a wine.
'>^ (music) series of notes arranged
sa-voury (US = -ory) /'seivan/ in order of pitch, a v/ 'v. up/
adj 1 having an appetizing taste down, increase/decrease by a
or smell. 2 having a salt taste, n certain proportion.
n [C] ipl-\es) savoury dish, etc. scale' /skeil/ n [C] 1 one of the
saw'' /so:/ pt of see\ two pans on a balance. 2 (pi, or a
saw^ /so:/ n [C] (kinds oO tool pair of ^5) instrument for
with a sharp-toothed edge, for weighing.
cutting wood, metal a vt/i (pt scale' /skeil/ vt climb up (a cliff,
'>^ed; pp '^n /som/ ) 1 cut with a etc).
saw. '^^ sth up, cut into pieces scaMop /'skobp/ n [C] kind of
with a saw. 2 be capable of being shellfish.
sawn: This wood '^s easily. scalp /skslp/ n [C] skin and hair
''%^dust, dust falling off when of the head, excluding the face, d
wood being sawn. ''>^-mlll,
is v/ cut the scalp off.
factory where wood is sawn. seal-pel /'skslpdl/ n [C] small
saxo-phone /'saeksafsun/ n [C] knife used by surgeons.
musical wind-instrument, made scam-per /'skaemp3(r)/ vi (of
ofbrass. small animals or children) nm
say /sei/ vt/i {pt.pp said /sed/) 1 quickly, a n [C] quick run.
make (a word or remark); use scampi /'skaempi/ n pi large
one's voice: Did you ^
anything? prawns.
go without '^ing, go O scan /skaen/ vt/i (-nn-) 1 look
without. 2 state: It ^5 here that over every part of. 2 glance at
he was killed. 3 give informa- quickly: ^
the newspapers. 3 test
tion: She spoke for an hour but the rhythm of (a line of verse). 4
didn't ^much. 4 give an opin- (of verse) have the correct
ion. 5 estimate: It's difficult to rhythm. 5 (radar) pass electron-
say where he is. be hard to '^. ic beams across an area in search
be difficult to estimate, d n of something.
have one's '^. express one's scan-dal /'skaendl/ n 1 [C,U] ac-
opinion. '>^ing n [C] remark of- tion, etc that offends or shocks
ten made; well-known phrase. people. 2 [U] talk which da-
scab /skaeb/ n [C] 1 dry crust mages a person's reputation.
formed over a wound. 2 {infor- ''X/ize /-aiz/ vt offend the moral
mal) workman who refuses to feelings of: His behaviour ^ized
join a strike. the village, '^^ous adj
scab-bard /'sksbsd/ n [C] scant /skffint/ adj (having) hard-
sheath for a sword, etc. ly enough, scanty at^' (-ier,
scaf -fold /'skaefauld/ n [C] plat- -iest) very small in size or
form on which criminals are exe- amount. '>->\\yadv
cuted. '>^ing /'skaefsldiq/ n [U] scape-goat /'skeipgaut/ n [C]
temporary structure of poles person blamed for the wrong
and boards for workmen ar- acts of another.
ound a building which is being scar /ska:(r)/ n [C] 1 mark re-
erected or repaired. maining on the surface (of skin)
scald /sko:ld/ vt bum with hot as the result of injury. 2 (fig)
liquid or steam, dn [C] injury to mark of suffering, etc. a vt
the skin from hot liquid or (-rr-) 1 mark with a scar. 2 (fig)
steam. affect with suffering, etc.
scale' /skeil/ n 1 [C] one of the scarce /skeas/ adj (-r, -st) not
thin pieces of hard material that available in sufficient quantity:
cover fish, etc. 2 [C] piece like a food was 'v in winter, 'x/ly adv
scale, eg of skin or rust, a vt/i barely; ahnost not: '^ly enough
scrape scales from (eg fish), food, scarc-ity n [C,Uj (pi -ies)
scaly a<(/(-ier,-iestJ occasion, state, of being scarce.
scale' /skeil/ n [C] 1 regular scare /ske3(r)/ vt/i frirfiten; be-
scries of marks for measuring. 2 come afraid, a n [C\ feeUng,
arrangement in steps or degrees: state, of fear, '-^crow, figure of
a 'V, of wages. 3 relation between a man dressed in old clod^es, to
something and the map, diag- scare birds away from crops.
ram, etc which represents it: a '>- scary /'skean/ adj (-ier, -iest)
of I inch to I mile. 4 relative size, (informal) causing fear.
extent, etc: war on a large ~. 5 scarf /ska:f/ n [C] (pi scarves
scarlet /scold
/ska:vz, or -^^s) long strip of
material worn round the neck or
over the hair.
scar-let 'ska:bt n [Uj. adj
bright red. ,'x. 'fever, infectious
disease with red marks on the
skin.
scath-ing 'skeidir)/ a^ (of criti-
cism, etc) severe, harsh, '^iy adv
scat-ter 'skact3(r)/ vt'i 1 send,
go, m different directions. 2
throw or put in various direc-
tions: '>^ seed, ''^-brain, person
who cannot concentrate for
long. Hence. ''>^-brained adj.
'^ed adj not situated together:
'^ed villages.
scav-enge 'skaevmds vf// act
as a scavenger scav-en-ger n
[C] (a) animal or bird, that lives
on decaying flesh, (b) person
who looks among rubbish for
food, etc.
scen-ario si'naxiau/ n [C] {pi
'x.s) written outline of a play, a
film, etc.
scene /si:n; n [C] 1 place of an
event. 2 incident in real life:
There were horrible ~5 during
the fire. 3 emotional outburst:
She made a ~. 4 view: The sun-
rise made a beautiful ~. 5 (abbr
Sc) division of a play, shorter
than an act. 6 place represented
on the stage of a theatre.
behind the '^s, (a) behind
the stage, (b) (fig) (of a person)
influencing events secretly. '>^ry
/-an/ n [UJ (a) natural features
of a district, eg mountains, (b)
the painted canvas, etc used on
the stage of a theatre, scenic
/'semk/ adj
scent /sent' n 1 [C,Ul smell, esp
of something pleasant: of
lavender. 2 [U] perfume. 3 [C]
smell left by an animal. 4 [U]
sense of smell (in dogs), a v/ 1
learn the presence of by smell. 2
suspect the existence of: a ~
crime. 3 make fragrant.
sceptic (US = skeptik)
/'skeptik/ n [C] person who
doubts the truth of a theory, be-
lief, etc. '>^al adj.
/'skeptisizam/ n [U]
state of mjnd.
sceptre (US = scepter)
/'sept3(r)/ n [C] rod carried by a
ruler as a symbol of power.
sched-ule /'Jedju:l/ n [C] list of
details, esp of times for doing
things;programme for work.
onl behind '>^. on/not on time.
332
a make, put in, a schedule.
vt
scheme ;Ski:m, n [C] 1 arrange-
ment: a ^colour ->-. 2 plan (for
work). 3 secret and dishonest
plan. D v//j make a (esp dis-
honest) scheme.
schizo-phrenia /,skitsdu-
'fri:ni3/ n [U] mental disorder
marked by separation of intel-
lectual processes and actions.
schizophrenic /-'frenik/ adj.
a n [C] person suffering from
schizophrenia.
schnor-kel /'snoikl/ n = snor-
kel
scholar /'skolaCr)/ n [C] 1
student who, after an examina-
tion, is awarded money to at-
tend school or college. 2 person
with great knowledge (of a sub-
ject), '^ly adj '^ship n (a) [U]
knowledge obtained by study,
(b) [C] payment of money to a
scholar(1 ).
schoor /sku:l/ n 1 [C] institution
for educating children. 2 atten-
dance in a school: Is he old
enough for ^^7 3 time when
teaching is given: 5~ begins at
9am. 4 (with the) all the pupils in
a school. 5 [C] department of a
university: medical '^. 6 [C] fol-
lowers of an artist, a philosoph-
er, etc: the ^Dutch -%. of painting.
a control, '-^master/
vt train;
mistress, teacher, ''^mate,
boy, the same school.
girl, at
school ,sku:l/ n [C] large num-
ber of fish swimming together.
schoo-ner /'sku:n3(r)/ n [C] 1
sailing-ship with two or more
masts. 2 tall drinking-glass.
science /'saisns/ n 1 [\J] know-
ledge arranged in an orderly
~ manner, obtained by observa-
tion and testing of facts. 2 [C,U]
branch of such knowledge, eg
physics. O art(2). i'^ 'fiction,
fiction deahng with imagined
scientific discoveries, scien-
tist /'saiantist/, expert in one of
the sciences. scien-ti-fic
/isai3n'tifik/at^
scin-til-late /'smtileit/ vi 1
'-v/ism sparkle. 2 (fig) talk cleverly.
doubting scis-sors /'sizsz/ «/7/(also a pair
of ^5) instrument with two
blades which cut as they come
together.
scoff /skof/ vi say disrespectful
things, eg about religion, a n [C]
scoffing remark.
scold /sksuld/ vt'i blame with
angry words.
 333 scollop /scrape

scoMop /'skobp/ = /I scallop. scoun-drei /'skaundral/ n [C]

scone /skon/ n [C] soft, flat cake
of oatmeal or flour.
scoop /sku:p/ n [C] 1 (sorts oO
small, short-handled shovel for
moving grain, flour, etc. 2 buck-
et of an earth-moving machine.
3 {informal) piece of news pub-
lished by one newspaper before
its competitors, a vr 1 '>^ sth
out/up, lift with, or as with, a
scoop. 2 make (a hole, etc) with,
or as with, a scoop.
scooter /'sku:t3(r)/ n [C] 1 (also
^motor-'\.) motor-bike with a
low seat and a small engine. 2
toy with small wheels, moved by
pushing one foot against the
ground.
scope yskaup/ n [U] 1 opportun-
ity: '>^ for improvement. 2 range
of action or observation.
scorch /skortj/ xtji bum the sur-
face of (something) by dry heat;
cause to dry up (and die), d n [C]
brown mark esp on cloth, made
by dry heat.
score^ /sko:(r)/ n [C] 1 cut,
scratch, made on a surface. 2
mark made by whipping. 3
pay I settle an old
one's revenge. 4 (record oO
points, goals, etc. 5 on ^that '^.
as far as that point is concerned.
6 copy of written music. 7 {dat-
ed) twenty.
score' /skD:(r)/ v/// 1 mark with
scratches, cuts, lines, etc. 2 keep
a record (esp for games). 3 make
as points in a game: 'v- a goal. '>^
an advantage over, win one.
4 write music for instrumental
or vocal parts, scorer, (a) per-
son who keeps a score^(4). (b)
player who scores goals, etc.
scorn /skorn/ n [UJfeeling that a
person or thing deserves no re-
spect, a vt feel or show disre-
spect for; refuse (to do some-
thing because it is unworthy).
'>^ful adj. <^fully ad-v
scor-pion /'sk3:pidn/ n [C] small
animal of the spider group with
a poisonous stine in its tail.
Scot /skot/ n [Cjnative of Scot-
land.
scot-free /,skDt 'fri:/
punished: He escaped '>^.
Scotch /skot J/ n [C,U] whisky.
Scots /skots/ adj of Scotland.
'S'>^-man, 'S'^/Woman, na-
tive of Scotland.
Scot-tish /'skotij/ adj of, from,
Scotland.
person who does wicked things.
scour make (a
/'skau3(r)/ vtji 1
dirty surface) clean, remove
(dirt),using a rough pad, etc. 2
(of a river) make a channel. 3
search for: -^^ the area for the
thief, a n [C] act of scouring (1 ).
-^er, pad of stiff nylon or wire
for cleaning pots.
scou rge /sk3:d3/ n [C] 1 {old use)
whip. 2 cause of suffering; the -^^
of war. a vf 1 {old use) whip. 2
cause suffering to.
scout /skaut/ n [C] 1 person,
ship or aircraft, sent out to get
information about the enemy. 2
S'>^ member of an organization
of boys intended to develop cha-
racter and self-reliance, a vi '^
about/around (for sb/sth),
go about looking for.
scowl /skaul/ n [C] bad-
tempered look. D vi 'V. (at).
look in a bad-tempered way.
scrabble /'skraebl/ vi ^ about
(for sth), grope about to find
or collect.
scram /skraem/ vi (-mm-) {si) go
away quickly.
'^. have scramble /'skraembl/ vtji 1
climb or crawl (with difficuUy).
2 ^ for sth, struggle with
others to get something. 3 beat
and cook (eggs). 4 make a mes-
sage sent by telephone, etc unin-
telligible. D n [Cj 1 walk, motor-
bike competition, over rough
ground, etc. 2 rough struggle: a
'^for seats on the train.
seraph /skraep/ n 1 [C] small
piece. 2 {jig) small amount: '^^
of information. 3 [U] waste ar-
ticles of value only for their
material, a vt (-pp-) thiowaway
as useless. *'>^book, book of
blank pages on which to paste
photographs, newspaper ar-
ticles. ""^^ heap, pile of waste
material, --^py adj (-ier, -lest)
not properly organized: a '^py
idea.
scrap' /skraep/ n [C] {informal)
fight. D vi (-PP-) fight; quarrel.
scrape /skreip/ vr/t 1 make clean
or level by pulling or pushing
adj un- something hard along the sur-
face; remove (mud, paint, etc) in
this way. 2 damage by rubbing,
etc: He '^d his arm on
the wall. 3
make by scraping: {out) a~
hole. 4 rub
against: branches
scraping against the window. 5 '^.'
sth together/up, obtain with
 m .
sc rappy / scu
cfforl: ~ up the money for a holi-
day, a n [C] ^ act or sound of
scraping. 2 place that is scraped.
3 awkward situation.
scrappy "skraepi/ adj O scrapV
scratch^ /skraetj/ n 1 [C] mark,
cut, sound, made by scratch-
ing(1). 2 (sing only) act of
scratching(3). 3 start from
'^. start at the beginning, up to
'^' if'g) good enough; accept-
able, scratchy adj (-ier, -iest)
making a scratching noise.
scratch^ /skraetj/ vt/i 1 make
lines on or in a surface with
something pointed, eg finger-
nails. 2 -^ sth out, draw a line
through a word. 3 scrape (the
skin), esp to stop itching.
make by scratching: 'n.
hole.
scrawl /skrorl/ v/// write
or carelessly; make meaningless
marks, a n [C,U] (piece oQ bad
writing.
scream /skri:m/ vt/i 1 give a
loud, sharp cry of fear or pain. 2
shout in a high voice. 3 (of the
wind, machines, etc) make a
loud, high noise, a n [C] loud,
high, cry or noise.
screech /skrirtj/ vt/i 1 make a
harsh, piercing sound. 2 scream
(as) in anger or pain, n n [C]
screeching cry or noise: a '^ of
brakes.
screen /skri:n/ n [C] 1
upright
framework, used to divide a
room, etc. 2 anything used to
give protection from observa-
tion, the weather, etc. 3 white
surface on to which films, etc are
projected. 4 surface on which an
image is seen (as in a television
set). 5 frame with fine wire net-
ting, a vt/i 1 shelter, protect,
with a screen. 2 investigate (a
person's) past, to judge his de-
pendability, etc. 3 show
etc)on a screen.
screw /skru:/ n [C] 1 metal
with a spiral groove cut round
its length, for fastening things
together. 2 action of turning;
turn. 3 propeller of a ship, a vt/i
1 fasten with a screw. 2 twist
round; make tight: -v. up one's
eyes, eg when in bright sunshine.
have one's head '^ed on
(right), be sensible. <-wdriver,
tool for turning a screw ( 1 )
scribble /'sknbl/ vt/i 1 write
2 make meaningless
carelessly.
marks on paper, etc. n n [U]
334
careless handwriting; [C] some-
thing scribbled.
scribe /skraib/ n [C] person who
made copies in writing.
script /skript/ n 1 [ufhandwrit-
ing. 2 [C] written form of a play,
speech etc, to be spoken.
''^writer, person who writes
scripts for radio, TV.
scrip-ture/'skriptj'3(r)/n1 The
(Holy) S^s. the Bible. 2 sac-
red book, scrip-tural adj
scroll /skraul/ n [C] 1 roll of
paper for writing on; ancient
book written on a scroll. 2 de-
sign cut in stone like a scroll.
scrounge /skraunds/ vt/i (infor-
mal) get what one wants by bor-
4 rowing or by trickery, scroun-
(out) a ger, person who scrounges.
scrub^ /'skrAb/ n [U] (land
quickly covered with) low trees and
bushes.
scrub^ /skrAb/ vt/i (-bb-) 1 clean
by rubbing hard, esp with a stifT
brush. 2 '^ (out), cancel: '^
plans to go abroad, a n [C] act of
scrubbing. ''>^bing-brush,
stiff brush for scrubbing floors,
etc.
scruff /skrAf/ n (only in) the '>^
of the neck, the back of the
neck.
scruffy /'skrAfi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
(informal) dirty and untidy.
scruple /'skru:pl/ n [C,U]
(doubt caused by a) feeUng that
one is doing wrong: have no '^s
about robbing him.
scru-pu-lous /'skrurpjubs/ adj
paying great attention to small
details; very honest. 'N-ly adv
scru-ti-nize /'skru:tmaiz/ vt
make a detailed examination of.
scru-tiny /'skru:tmi/ n (pi -ies)
[C,U] detailed examination.
scuff /skAf/ vt/i 1 walk scraping
the feet on the ground. 2 scrape
(a film, (shoes, etc) in this way.
scuffle /'skAfl/ vi. n [C] (take
peg part in a) rough struggle.
sculpt /skAlpt/ vt/i = sculpture.
sculp-tor /'skAlpt3(r)/ n [C] ar-
tist who sculptures, sculp-
tress /'skAlptns/ n [C] woman
who sculptures.
sculp-ture /'skAlptj3(r)/ n 1 [U]
art of making figures, statues,
etc, in stone, wood. 2 [C,U]
(piece of) such work, a vt rep-
resent in sculpture: ^ a figure in
marble.
scum /skAm/ n [U] 1 froth which
forms on the surface of some
 335
liquids. 2 the '^, (Jig) the worst
section (of the population, etc).
scurry /'skAny n {pt.pp -led)
hurry, d n [U] act or sound of
scurrying.
scurvy /'sk3:vi/ n [U] disease
caused by not eating enough
fresh vegetables and fruit.
scythe /sai6/ n [C] tool with a
curved blade on a long wooden
pole, for cutting long grass, etc.
D vt use a scythe.
sea /si:/ n 1 the '>^, salt water
that covers most of the earth's
surface. 2 (in proper names)
particular area of sea: the Cas-
pian S'^. 3 at '>^, away from the
land, completely at '^. (fig)
unable to understand, by '^. in
a ship, go to '^. become a sail-
. or. put to ^v/, leave port. 4
movement of the sea: a heavy
calm ~. 5 large amount: a '^ of
faces. ''>^faring /-fearig/ adj of
work or voyages on the sea.
''>^food, edible shellfish from
the sea. ''x,f ront, part of a town
facing the sea. ''>^-going adj(o(
ships) built for crossing the sea.
'"s^gull, common seabird. ''-v
horse, small fish with a head
like a horse. ''>^-level, level of
sea as the basis for measuring
height of land. ''>^ lion, large
sealV ''>^man, sailor. ''>^man-
ship, skill in controlling a boat
or ship. *'>^plane, aircraft de-
signed to come down on water.
''>-shore, land close to the sea.
''v/sick adj (feeling) sick from
the motion of a ship. ''>^side,
place by the sea, esp a holiday
resort. ''>^ward /-wad/ adj to-
wards the sea. ''>^weed, kinds
of plant growing in the sea.
''>-worthy at// (of a ship) fit for
a voyage.
sear /si:l/ n [C] kinds of large
sea-animal with fiippers. d vi
hunt seals. ''N^skin, skin of a
seal.
seaP /si:l/ n [C] 1 piece of wax,
etc stamped with a design, at-
tached to a document to show
that it is genuine. 2 piece of
metal, etc with a design used to
stamp the seal on wax, etc. 3 'x/
of, (Jig) guarantee; proof: Your
plan has the manager 's '^ of ap-
proval. 4 something that closes a
thing tight: an airtight '^. a vt^
put a seal(1 ) on. 2 'v. (up), fas-
ten tightly. 3 ^ off. enclose to
prevent entry or exit: The police
scurry/ seclude
'^ed off the building. 4 decide:
His fate is ^^ed! ''>^ing-wax,
wax used to seal letters, etc.
seam /si:m/ n [C] 1 line where
two edges, eg of cloth, are turn-
ed back and sewn together. 2
layer of coal, etc in a mine.
se-ance /'seia:ns/ n [C] meeting
for communicating with the
spirits of the dead.
search examine, look
/S3:tj/ vt/i
carefully through (to find
at,
something), d n [C,U] act of
searching, ''-flight, powerful
light that can be turned in any
direction. ''>^-warrant, official
authority to enter and search a
building, '-wing adj (a) (of a
look) taking in all details, (b)
(of a test, etc) thorough.
sea-son /'si:zn/ n [C] 1 one of the
divisions of the year according
to the weather, eg spring, sum-
mer, etc. 2 period suitable for
something: the ^holiday '^. in I
out of ^, (of fruit, etc)
available/not available, n vtji 1
make suitable for use: '^s.ed
wood. 2 fiavour (food) (with
salt, pepper, etc), '--v.-ticket,
one that can be used repeatedly
during a stated period of time.
^able /-abl/ adj (a) (of the
weather) expected at the time of
year, (b) (ofhelp, etc) coming at
the right time. '>.'al a^ changing
with the seasons: '^al trade.
'x^ally adv. o^ing, something
used to season food.
seat /si:t/ n [C] 1 something used
for sitting on, eg a chair, take a
'>^, sit down. 2 part of a chair,
etc on which one sits. 3 the but-
tocks; clothing covering them:
the ^ of his trousers. 4 centre; lo-
cation: the ^of government. 5
large house in the country. 6
place as a member: a ~
in Par-
liament, a v/ 1 (format) be '^ed,
sit down. 2 have seats for: The
cinema -^5 200 people. ''>'-belt,
strap for fastening across a pas-
senger in a car or aircraft.
seca-teurs /'sekstarz/ n pi
strong scissors for cutting
bushes, etc.
se-cede /si'si:d/ vi (of a group)
withdraw {from a state, federa-
tion, etc), se-ces-sion /si'sejn/
n [C,U] (instance oQ seceding.
se-clude /si'klurd/ vt keep (a
person, oneselQ away from the
company of others, se-cluded
adj (esp of a place) isolated, se-
second /seduce
clu-sion /-3n/ n [U] isolation;
privacy
sec-ond^ /'sekand/ adj (abbr
2ncf) 1 next after the first. 2 addi-
tional: Take a ~pair of shoes, u
adv in the second place: The En-
glish swimmer came (in) ~.
'best adj. n next after the best.
I'vr-'hand adj (a) previously
owned by someone else, (b) (of
news) obtained from others. |'>^
'nature, habit that has become
instinctive. ,'X/-'rate adj not of
the best quality. I'v. 'thoughts,
different decision reached after
careful thought, '^ly adv and a
second example is; furthermore.
sec-ond^ "sekand/ n [C] 1 per-
son or thing that comes next to
the first. 2 (pf) goods below the
best in quality. 3 supporter of a
boxer or wrestler.
sec-ond' /'sekand/ n [C] 1 six-
tieth part of a minute or a de-
gree. 2 moment: IVait a '^."'>^-
hand, hand m a watch or clock
recording seconds.
se-cond* /'sekand/ vi 1 support
(esp a boxer, wrestler). 2 (in a
debate, etc) support a proposal.
'^er, person who supports a
motion(3) at a meeting.
se-cond' /si'kond/ vt take (a per-
son) from his ordinary duty and
f;ive him special duty, -^^ment n
U]
sec-ond-ary /'sekandn/ adj 1
coming after: '^ schools, for chil-
dren over eleven. 2 less impor-
tant, etc: -^ symptoms.
se-crecy /'si:kr3Si/ n [U] keeping
of secrets; being secret.
se-cret /'si:krit/ adj 1 (to be)
kept from the knowledge or
view of others, keep sth '^.
(from), not talk to others
about it. 2 (of places) quiet and
unknown, d ^ 1 [C] something
that is secret, keep a '^. not tell
anyone else. 2 [C] hidden cause:
the ^ of success. 3 [U] in '^. se-
cretly. 4 [C] mystery. ^'^
'agent, member of the secret
service, the |'>^ 'service,
government department con-
cerned with spying, -v/ly adv
sec-re-tary /'sekrstn/ n [C] (pi
-ies) 1 employee who deals with
correspondence, makes
rangements for a member of
staff. 2 official in charge of the
correspondence, records, etc of
an organization. S'>- of State,
(a) (GB) head of a Government
336
department, (b) (t/S") chief and
foreign minister, sec-re-tar-ial
/(Sekra'tearial/tJi^
se-crete /si'kri:t/ vt 1 produce
by secretion (1 ). 2 hide (an ob-
ject).
I'v^- se-cre-tion /si'kri:J"n/ n [U] pro-
cess by which fluids in a body
are produced; [C] fluid so pro-
duced, eg 5a// va.
so-cret-ive /'siikrativ/ a^ hiding
one's thoughts, etc. 'x^ly adv
sect /sekt/ n [C] group of people
united by (esp religious) beliefs.
<-war-ian /sek'tcarian/ n [C], adj
(supporter) of a sect.
section /*sekjn/ n [C] 1 part of a
whole. 2 view or drawing of
something seen as if cut straight
through, ^al adj (a) made in
sections(l). (b) of sections of a
community, etc: '^al interests.
sec-tor /'sekt3(r)/ n [C] 1 divi-
sion of an area for controlling
(esp military) operations. 2
branch (of industry, etc): the
private Ipublic '>^.
secu-lar /'sekjul3(r)/ adj world-
ly, not religious or spiritual.
se-cure /si'kju3(r)/ adj (rarely -r,
-St) 1 free from anxiety. 2 cer-
tain: a ~
job/future. 3 unlikely
to break; firm; fastened tightly.
4 ^ (from /against), safe, a
vt 1 lock: ^ all the doors. 2 '>^
sth (against/from), make
secure. 3 succeed in getting: a ~
job. '>^ly adv
se-cur-ity /si'kjuarati/ n (pi -ies)
1 [C.U] (sortiething that pro-
vides) safety; freedom from
danger or anxiety. 2 [C,U]
something valuable given as a
guarantee, eg for the repayment
of a loan. 3 [C] document show-
ing ownership of property.
se-date /si'deit/ adj calm; seri-
ous. '>^\yadv
se-da-tion /si'deijn/ n [Ul treat-
ment using sedatives.
seda-tive /'sedativ/ n [C], adj
(medicine) tending to calm the
nerves.
sed-en-tary /'sedntri/ adj 1 (of
work) done sitting down. 2 (of
persons) spending much of their
time seated.
sedi-ment /'sedimant/ n [U]
ar- matter (eg sand) that settles to
the bottom of a liquid, -^^ary
/-^meutn/ adj
se-duce ,/si'dju:s/ vt 1 persuade
(a person) to do wrong. 2 per-
suade a person to have sexual in-
 337 see /self

tercourse. se-duc-tion plank with a person sitting on

/si'dAkJn/ n [C,U]. se-duc-tive each end wbJch can rise and fall.
/si'dAktiv/ adj attractive. 2 (fig) to-and-fro movement, a
see' /si:/ vtji (pt saw /sd:/; pp'^n vi 1 play on a seesaw. 2 (fig)
/si:n/) 1 (often with can, could) move up and down.
have the power of sight: // you seethe /si:d/ vt/i '^ (with), be
shut your eyes you can 7 ~. 2 (of- very excited or agitated.
ten with can, could) be aware of seg-ment /'segmant/ n [C] 1
by using the eyes: / saw him put part cut off or marked off. 2 sec-
the key in the lock, be '^ing tion: a '^ of an orange, n vt/i
things, think one sees things /seg'ment/ divide into segments.
that are not there. 3 {imperative) seg-re-gate /'segrigeit/ vt put
look (at): S'^ page 4. 4 under- apart from the rest: ^
boys from
stand: He didn't ~
the joke. 5 girls, seg-re'ga-tion /-Jn/n [U]
learn: / -^ that the Prime Minis- seis-mic /'saizmik/ a^ of earth-
ter is in China. 6 have experience quakes.
of: '^ life. 7 consult; visit:-^ a seize /si:z/ 1 take hold of,
vt/i
doctor.8 attend to: 5^ that the suddenly and with force. 2 see
windows are shut. 9 '^ about clearly and use: '^ an opportun-
sth. deal with it. -^ sb about ity. 3 (of machinery) become
sth, take advice. sb back/ ^ jammed (2).
home, accompany him. '>^ sb seiz-ure /'si:33(r)/ n 1 [C,U] (in-
off. go to a railway station, etc stance of) seizing. 2 [C] heart at-
with a person who is leaving. '^ tack.
through sb/sth. not be de- sel-dom /'seldam/ adv not often.
ceived by. i-^^ sth ^through. se-lect /si'lekt/ vt choose, a adj^
continue it until the end. '>^ to carefully chosen. 2 of a particul-
sth. attend to it. ar group of persons: a audi-^
see^ /si:/ n [C] district under a ence, se'lec-tion /-fn//i (a) [U]
bishop; bishop's position. choosing, (b) [Cj group of
seed /si:d/ n [C] (pi ^s or ~) 1 selected things; number of
part of a plant from which an- things from which to select.
other plant can grow, run/go '>^ive adj (a) having the power
tO'^. (a) stop flowering as seed to select, (b) choosing only the
is produced, (b) (fig) become best.
careless of one's appearance and self /self/ n (pi selves /selvz/) [U]
manners. 2 origin (of a. develop- person's nature; one's personal-
ment, etc). 3 (sport) seeded play- ity.
er. C> 3 below, a vr//'l (of a self- prefix of oneself or it-
/self/
plant) produce seed. 2 sow with self alone, independent. ,'>^-
seed. 3 (esp in tennis) separate 'confident adj confident of
the best players from the rest. one's own ability. ,'v»-

'V'ling, young plant grown 'conscious adj aware of one's

from a seed, seedy adj (-ier, own existence, actions and
-iest) (a) full of seed, (b) (infor- therefore, embarrassed. Hence,
mal) looking worn, neglected, I'v.-'consciousness n [U].
etc. 'K.ily adv ('xz-con'tained adj (a) (of a
seek /si:k/ vt (pt.pp sought person) not dependent on
/sort/) 1 look for. 2 ask for: ^ others, (b) (esp of a flat') com-
advice. 3 (much) sought plete in itself. |'>^-con'trol, con-
after, (much) in demand. trol of one's own feelings, be-
seem /si:m/ vi give the appear- haviour, etc. ,'>^-de'fence, de-
ance of: This book -^^s interest- fence of one's own body,
ing,o^ing a^/ apparent but per- property, etc. ,'>^-em'ployed
haps not real. '>^ing-ly adv adj working as an owner of a bu-
seem-ly /'si:mh/ adj (-ier. -iest) siness. ,'>^-'evident at// obvious
(of behaviour) proper or cor- without more evidence, i-^-
rect. im'portant adj having too high
seen /si:n/ pp of see^ . an opinion of oneself. Hence,
seep /si:p/ vi (of liquids) come i'v<-inn'portance n [U]. i*^-
out or through slowly. '>^age in'dulgent adj giving way to
/-id 3/ n [U] slow flow of liquid one's pleasures, etc. ,'^-
(from a container); leak. 'interest, one's own personal
see-saw /'si:so:/ n [C,Ul 1 long advantage, i^-s^-pos'sessed adj
 . .
selfish /sentence
calm, confident. |'>^-re'spect,
concern for one's own reputa-
tion. I'^^^-'righteous adj con-
vinced of one's own goodness
and that one is better than
others, ''^-same adj identical.
I'^i'-'service, (of a restaurant
shop) at which customers collect
what they want and then pay.
,'>^-'willed fl^ obstinate; refus-
ing advice.
self-ish /'selfij/ adj chiefly
thinking of oneself. '>^lv adv.
'^nessn[U]
sell /sel/ vtji {pt.pp sold /saold/)
1 give in exchange for money. 2
keep stocks for sale: Do you '^
needles? 3 persuade to accept: ~ ability to feel; feeling. 2 [C,U]
him an idea. ''\^ oneself, (a)
present oneself to others in a
convincmg way. (b) do some-
thing dishonourable for money.
4 -^^ off. sell cheaply.
selves /sel vz/ p/ of self
sem-an-tic /si'maentik/ a^" relat-
ing to meaning in language.
sem-an-tics n\\J] study of the
meanings of words.
sema-phore /'semsforCr)/ n [U]
system for sending signals, eg by
using flags held in the hands, d
vtji send (messages) by sema-
phore.
sem-blance /'sembbns/ n [C]
appearance.
se-men /'siiman/ n [U] fertilizing
fluid of male animals.
semi- /semi/ prefix half of; part-
ly, ''x/circle, half a circle. |'>^-
'colon the punctuation mark
(;). ,^-de'tached adj (of a
house) joined to another on one
side. I'^^-'final, match before
the final.
semo-lina /isema'lima/ n [U]
hard grains from wheat, used
for making pasta, etc.
sen-ate /'senst/ n [C] 1 Upper
House of the law-making as-
sembly in eg the US. 2 govern-
ing council of some universities.
sena-tor, member of sen-
ate(1).
send /send/ vt/i {pt.pp sent) 1
cause a person or thing to go or
be carried: ~ a letter /message.
C> take. 2 cause to become: This
noise is '^ing me crazy. 3 -y^ sb
ayt/ay. dismiss, 'y^ avi^ay for
sth. order (goods) by post. '>^
for sb/sth. ask or order a
person/thing to come. ^
sth
on. (a) send (eg luggage) in ad-
vance, (b) (of letters) put a new
address on and post again. '^
sth out. (a) give out: The sun
'^s out light, (b) produce: ;)/a/j/5
that ~ out shoots.
se-nile /'si:nail/ adj suffering
from weakness because of old
age. sen-il-ity /si'nibti/ n [U]
sen-ior /'si:ni3(r)/ adj (opp ofyu-
nior) 1 '^ (to), older in years;
higher in rank, etc. 2 (abbr Snr,
Sen or Sr) the father (used after
a person's name), d n [C] senior
person. |'>^ 'citizen, person
over the age of retirement, 'v/ity
/iSi:ni'Dr9ti/ n [U] condition of
being senior.
sen-sa-tion /sen'seijn/ n 1 [C,U]
quick and excited reaction. '>-al
adj (a) causing a sensation(2).
(b) (of newspaper articles, etc)
intended to cause sensation (2)
sense /sens/ n [C] 1 power by
which a person is conscious of
things (ie sight, hearing, smell,
taste and touch). 2 (pi) normal
stateof mind, bring sb to his
'^s. stop him behaving foolish-
ly,take Jeave of one's ''>^s,
become mad. 3 (not pt) under-
standing (oQ: a '^ oj humour. 4
[U] good judgement: There's no
^ in doing that. C> common
sense. 5 [Cj meaning, make -y-^.
have a meaning that can be un-
derstood. D v/ be aware of;
realize: ~ danger.
senseless /'senshs/ adj 1 fool-
ish:a 'N. idea. 2 unconscious: /a//
~. '^ly adv. <-«^ness n [U]
sen-sible /'sensabl/ adj having
good sense (4); practical: a -y^
person/idea, sen-sibly a^v
sen-si-tive /'sensstiv/ adj 1 'v*
(to), easily affected by some-
thing. 2 (of feelings) easily of-
fended. 3 (of instruments) able
to record small changes. 4 (of
film, etc) affected by light.
,sen-si>'tiv-ity n [U] quality,
degree, of being sensitive.
sen-si-tize /'sensita:iz/ vt make
(film, etc) sensitive to light.
sen-sual /'senjual/ adj 1 of the
pleasures of the senses. 2 enjoy-
ing physical pleasures, '^ity
/-'aebti/ n [U] love of sensual
pleasures.
sen-su-ous /'senjuss/ a<// affect-
ing, pleasing to, the senses (1 ).
sent /sent//7/,p;? of send.
sen>tence /'sentsns/ n 1 [C]
(statement by a judge, etc, of)
punishment: pass (on him).~2 •

(gram) number of words used to
express a statement, question,
etc. D v/ state (a person's) sen-
tence (1 ): '^ him to death.
sen-ti-ment /'sentmiant/ n 1
[C,U] mental feeling; what one
thinks and feels on a subject. 2
[U] (display oQ emotional feel-
ing. 3 (pt) opinions.
sen-ti-men-tai /,senti'mentl/ adj
1 emotional. 2 (of things) pro-
ducing (often excessive) feelings;
(of persons) having such exces-
sive feelings. '>^ity /-'taebti/ n
[U] the quality of being very sen-
timental. '^X^ ad\
sen-try /'sentri/ n [C] {pi -ies)
soldier keeping guard. ''>>'-box,
hut for a sentry.
sep-ar-ate^ /'seprat/at^' divided:
'>^ beds rooms, -^iy adv
I serve
sep-ar-ate^ /'separeit/ vtji 1
make separate. 2 (of a number
of people) leave each other.
sep-aration /-'reijn/ n [C,U]
Sep-tem-ber /sep'temb3(r)/
the ninth month of the year.
sep-tic /'septik/adj infected
(with disease germs). ,'>^ 'tank,
tank in which sewage is disposed
of and purified.
sep-ulchre {US =
-ul-cher)
/'sep3lk3(r)/ n [C] tomb, esp one
cut in rock.
se-quel /'si:kw3l/ n [C] 1 that
which follows (an earlier hap-
pening). 2 film, etc continuing
the story of an earlier one.
se-quence /'sitkwsns/ n [C,U]
succession of events, ideas, etc.
se-quin /'si:kwm/ n [C] shining
disc sewn on to cloth as an orna-
ment.
ser-en-ade /isera'neid/ n [C]
music (to be) sung or played
outdoors at night, a vt sing or
play a serenade to (a person).
ser^ene /si'ri:n/ adj clear and
calm. '>^iy adv. ser-en-ity
/si'renati/^iiU]
sergeant /'sa:d33nt/ n [C] 1
non-conunissioned army ofilc-
er. 2 police officer with rank be-
low an inspector.
set'ial /'siarial/ adj^ of, forming,
a series. 2 (of a story, etc) ap-
pearing in parts (on radio, TV
etc). D n [C] play, story, etc ap-
pearing in parts. '>^ize /-aiz/ vt
produce in serial form.
series /'siarirz/ n [C] {pi '^) num-
ber of things, events, etc each
related to the one before it.
seri-ous /'sianss/o^l thought-
339 sentiment / servile
ful;not funny: a -v- face. 2 im-
portant because of possible
danger: a ~
illness. 3 thought-
ful; sincere: a '>^ worker, 'x^ly
adv. '>^ness n [U]
ser-mon /'sarman/ n [C] speech
on a rehgious or moral subject,
esp one given in a church.
ser-pent /'sarpant/ n [C] snake.
serrated /se'reitid/ adj having
teeth on the edge like a saw.
serum /'siaram/ n {pi 'v.s) 1 [U]
thin, transparent part of blood.
2 [C,U] (dose oO such a fiuid
used for inoculations.
ser-vant /'saivant/ n [C] 1 person
who works in a household for
wages. 2 public 'X/, person who
works for the public, eg a police
officer. C> civil servant.
/S3:v/ vtji 1 be a servant to
(a person). 2 perform duties
(for): 'X. one's country. 3 attend
to (customers in a shop, etc);
place (food, etc) on the table for
n a meal. 4 '^ (for I as sth). be
satisfactory for a purpose. 5 '>^
one right, experience misfor-
tune which is deserved. 6 go
through a term of office: time ^
as a manager. 7 -v^ time. '^ a
sentence, undergo a period of
imprisonment. 8 {legal) deliver
(a summons, etc). 9 (in tennis,
etc) put the ball into play, a n [C]
(in tennis, etc) putting the ball
into play.
ser-vice /'S3:vis/ n 1 [U] being a
servant. 2 [C] department of
government. C> civil service. 3
[C] something done to help
others. 4 [U] benefit, use, advan-
tage: / am at your ^, ready to
help you. 5 [CJ system that sup-
plies pubhc needs: a *bus ^. 6 [C]
form of worship and prayer to
God. 7 [Cj complete set of
plates, etc: a dinner '^. 8 [U]
serving of food and drink (in
hotels, etc). 9 [U] maintenance
given after the sale of an article.
10 (in tennis, etc) act of serving
the ball, a vt maintain (a car,
machine, etc) after sale (C> 9
above). ''>^ charge, additional
charge for service(8). ''>^ sta-
tion, petrol station with repair
facilities. '>^able /-sbl/ adj (a)
suited for ordinary use. (b) cap-
able of giving good service.
ser-vi-ette /|S3:vi'et/ n [C] =
napkin.
servile /'ssrvail/ adj of or like a
slave.
session /severe 340

ses-sion /'sejan n (C) 1 (meet- Hence, '-x^-up n {informal) ar-

ing of a) law court, law-making rangement of an organization.
body, etc. 2 (Scot and US) uni- '^ (oneself) up as. (a) go in-
versity term. 3 meeting for a to business as. (b) claim to be.
purpose: a re^ cording ~. set-back /'setbak/ n [C] halt to
set^ /set/ n [C] 1 number of progress, or development.
things of the same kind: a '^ of set-square /'set skwe3(r)/ n [C]
spanners. 2 number of p)ersons triangular piece of wood, etc,
who have similar interests: the used for drawing lines at angles.
literary '^. 3 radio receiving ap- set-tee /se'ti:/nrC] = sofa.
paratus. 4 (in tennis, etc) group set-ter /'set3(r)/ n [C] (breeds oO
of six or more games. 5 scenery long-haired dog.
in a theatre or studio. set-ting /'setii]/ n [C] 1 frame-
sef /set/ vt/i {pt.pp -^j (-tt-) 1 work in which something is
(of the sun, moon) go down. 2 fixed. 2 surroundings. 3 descent
place; put: ~
pen to paper, ie (ofthesun, etc).
write. '^ light/fire to sth. settle /'setl/ vtji 1 make one's
cause it to begin bummg. 'v^ home in (permanently). 2 come
foot in. enter. 3 cause (a f)erson to rest (on): The bird -s^d on the
or thing) to be in a specified branch. 3 make calm: "^^ his
state. '>>' sb free, free (prison- nerves. 4 make an agreement
ers, etc), be all "o^. be ready. 4 about; decide: 'n^ an argument. 5
cause to begin: ^
machinery go- pay: '^ a bill. 6 (of particles in
ing. 5 lay, stand: She the food ~ the air, liquid) (cause to) sink. 7
on the table. 6 put forward as (a '^ dowfn. sit or lie comfortably.
an example, etc): / have ->-
task, 'v. (down) to stb. give one's

myself a task. fsb) an ex- ^ attention to. '^ for stb. accept,
ample, offer a good standard
for others to follow. 7 's^ one's
heart/bopes on stb, want
very much. '^ eyes on. see. 8
put in a certain state: '>- a
(broken) bone, fix the parts
together. '^ one's bair. ar-
range it (when damp) so that
when it is dried, it is waved. ^^
tbe scene, describe a place
and the people taking part
activity. ^ sail, begin a voyage.
9 one thing firmly in another:
fix
^ a diamond in gold. 1 -^ stb
(to stb): '^ words to music.
provide with music. 11 (cause
to) becomefirm, solid: The ce-
ment has -v-. 1 2 (pp) unchanging:
'>- in one's ways, having fixed
habits. 1 3 -^^ about stb. start
it. -v, sth back, (a) move back,
(b) place it at a distance from.
'^ sb/stb back, stop the pro-
gress of 'v^ in, start and seem
Ukely to continue. '^ off. start
(a journey, etc), 'v. stb off. (a)
explode a mine, etc. (b) ba-
lance: -«- off gains against losses.
'^ on sb. attack, be '^ on stb.
be determined to be or get. 's^
out. begin (a journey, etc). '^
out to do stb. have it
aim. -^ stb out. arrange: 'v out
flowers on a table, 'v. 'fo, begin
doing something. '\^ stb up.
(a) place something in p>osition.
(b) establish (a business, etc).
although not totally satisfac-
tory. '^ (sb) in. (help him to)
become established in a new
house, job, etc. '^ On/upon
stb. decide to have, 'v^ (up)
(witb sb). pay what one owes.
settled adj (a) fixed; unchang-
ing, (b) (of a bill) paid, '^^ment
n (a) [C,U] (instance oO settling
(a dispute, debt, etc), (b) [CJ
in an (statement oQ property given to
a person, (c) [C,U] (process of
settling people in a) new colony.
set-tier n [C] person who has
settled in a newly developed
country.
seven /'sevn/ adj. n [C](oO 7.
'x.th adj. n [C] (abbr 7th) (oQ
one of 7 parts or the next after 6.
seven-teen /,sevn'tim/ adj. n [C]
(oO 17. '^th adj. n [C] (abbr
17th) (oO one of 17 parts or the
next after 16.
sev-enty /'sevnti/ adj, n [C] (of)
70. seven-ti-eth' adj. n [CJ
(abbr 70th) (of) one of 70 parts
or the next after 69.
sever /'sev3(r)/ vt/i 1 cut. 'n. an
artery. 2 (fig) break off: '>^ rela-
tions, 'x^ance n [U]
sev-eral /'sevral/ adj 1 three or
as an more; some but not many. 2 sep-
arate: They went their -^ ways, u
pron a few. '>^ly adv
se-vere /si'vi3(r)/ adj 1 stem,
strict. 2 (of the weather, disease,
etc) strong, extreme. 'x*ly adv.

se>verity n (pi -ies)
/si'verati/
(formal) (a) [U] quality of being
severe, (b) (pi) severe treatment
or experiences.
sew /S3u/ vt/i (pt 'N.ed; pp ^r\
/S3un/) work with a needle and
thread; fasten with stitches.
sew-age /'sju:id3/ n [U] waste
organic matter, etc carried off in
sewers.
sewer /'sju:3(r)/ n [C] under-
ground channel (pipeline, etc) to
carry off sewage and rainwater.
sewn /sson/ pp of sew.
sex /scks/ n 1 [U] being male or
female. 2 [C] males or females as
a group. 3 [U] sexual activity.
sexy adj (-ier, -lest) sexually at-
tractive.
sex-tant /'sekstant/ n [C] instru-
ment for measuring the altitude
ofthesun,etc.
sex'ton /'sekstan/ n [C] man who
takes care of a church, grave-
yard.
sex-uai /'sekjoal/ adj of sex or
the sexes. '>^ 'intercourse,
physical union of male and fe-
male persons or animals to pro-
duce offspring, 'x.ity /-'aebti/
[U] sexual attraction.
shabby /'Jsbi/ adj (-ier, -lest) 1
in bad condition; poorly
dressed. 2 (of behaviour) mean.
shab-bilya</v.
shack /Jxk/ n [C] small, wooden
shed or house.
shackle n [C] 1 one of a
/'f aekl/
pair of iron rings joined by a
chain for fastening a prisoner's
wrists or ankles. 2 (fig) some-
thing that prevents freedom of
action, d vt put shackles on;
prevent from acting freely.
shade /Jeid/ n 1 [U] slight dark-
ness; shelter from direct rays
of light. 2 [Ul darker part(s)
of a picture, etc. 3 [C] depth of
colour: four '^s of blue. 4 [C] de-
gree of difference: ^5 of mean-
ing. 5 something that reduces
light: a Hamp'^. u vt/i 1 keep
direct light from: '>- one's eyes. 2
cover (a light) to reduce bright-
ness. 3 darken (parts of a draw-
ing, etc). 4 change by degrees:
green shading into blue.
shadow /'Jaedau/ n 1 [CI area of
shade caused by something
which cuts off the 2 (pi)
light.
partial darkness. 3 [C] dark
patch: '^s under the eyes. 4 very
small amount: beyond a '^ of
doubt. D vr 1 darken. 2 follow
341 sew /sham
closely and watch the move-
ments of. shad'Owy adj
shady adj (-ier, -lest) 1
/'Jeidi/
giving shade from sunlight; situ-
ated in shade. 2 of doubtful
honesty: a 'n. salesman.
shaft /'Ja:ft/ n [C] 1 (long stem of
an) arrow or spear. 2 handle of
an axe or other tool. 3 one of the
pair of bars between which a
horse is fastened to a vehicle. 4
long, vertical space, eg for des-
cending into a coalmine. 5 rod
joining parts of a machine. 6 ray
(oflight).
shaggy /'Jsgi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
(of hair) rough and untidy. 2
covered with rough, coarse hair.
shake' /Jeik/ n [C] act of shak-
ing.
shake' /Jeik/ vtji (pt shook
/Juk/; pp -^n Z'Jeikan/) 1 (cause
to) move from side to side, up
and down etc. 2 shock; trouble:
We were '^n by his death. 3 (of a
person's voice) tremble. 4 -^
sb/sth off, free oneself from.
'^ sth up, mix well by shaking.
'>^ sb up, awake from apathy or
n laziness. Hence, ''^-up n.
shaky adj (-Ier, -iest) (a) (of a
person) weak; unsteady, (b) un-
safe, shak-ily /-sli/ adv
shale /Jeil/ n [\J] soft rock that
splits easily.
shall /Jal strong form: Jael/ aux
verb (often shortened to 'II; shall
not is often shan't /Ja:nt/; pt
should /Jud weak form: jad/;
should not is often shouldn't
Z'Jodnt/) 1 (used to express the
future tense): We '^f We 'II arrive
tomorrow. 2 (used to express ob-
ligation): / say you ''>- do it. 3
(used to express a promise or a
threat): You shan't beat me so
easily next time. 4 (expressing
duty, command, and (in the neg)
prohibition): S'^ I open the win-
dow? You should have been more
careful. 5 (to express expecta-
tion): They should be there by
now.
shal-lot /Ja'lot/ n [C] sort of
small onion.
shaMow /'Jaelw/ adj (-ex. -est)
1 of little depth: a -^ river. 2 (fig)
not serious: a '\^ thinker, a n [C]
(often pi) shallow place in water.
sham /Jaem/ vtji (-mm-) pretend
to be: ^ illness, d n [C] 1 person
who shams; something intended
to deceive. 2 [U] pretence, a adj
pretended: a '^ fight.
 .

shamble/sheep 342

shamble 'Jxmbl/ vi walk drag- shrill. 5 quickly aware of things:

ging the feel,a n [C] shambling He 'sgot a ~
mtnd. 6 (of feelings,
walk. taste) producing a physical sen-
shambles 'Jaembiz/ n [U] scene sation like cutting or pricking. 7
ofmuddle or confusion. harsh: ->^ words. 8 (music) (of a
shame Jeim/ n [U] 1 loss of note) raised half a tone in pitch.
self-respect caused by doing a n [C] (music) sharp note; the
wrong. 2 ability to feel shame: symbol jf used to show this, d
He has no 'v,. 3 [U] dishonour: adv 1 punctually: at seven
bring -v on one's parents. 4 a (o'clock) ~. 2 abruptly: turn ->-
pity: It's I What a ~
you can't left. 'X/en v/// make sharp.
come with us. d vt 1 cause shame ^v^ener, thing that sharpens.
to. 2 '^ sb into doing sth. '>-'ly adv. '>^ness n [U]

frighten or force (a person to do shat-ter /'Jst3(r)/ vt/i break

something), ''^^faced adj look-
ing ashamed, --^ful adj causing
shame. 'V/fully /-fall/
'>^less adj without shame(2)
sham-poo /Jaem'pu:/ n [C,U]
suddenly into small pieces.
shave /Jeiv/ vt/i (pt.pp or. as~d
adv. an adj. ~n /'.feivn/) 1 cut (hair)
off the chin, etc with a razor. 2
'N^ st/i o/f, take off (a thin lay-

(liquid, etc for) washing the hair, er, etc). 3 pass very close to, al-
a v/ wash (the hair). most touching. D n [C] 1 shaving
sham-rock /'J"asmrDk/A?fC]plant (of the face). 2 a close '^. a
with three leaves on each stem narrow escape from injury, etc.
(the national emblem of Ire- shaver, electric razor, shav-
land). ings n pi thin pieces of wood
shandy /'Jaendi/ n [C,U] drink of which have been shaved (2) off.
beer and lemonade. shawl /\y\/ n [C] large piece of
shank /Jaeqk/ n [C] 1 leg, esp the material worn about the shoul-
part between the knee and the ders of a woman.
ankle. 2 shaft (of a tool). she /fi:/ pron (c> her; they) 1 fe-
shan't /Ja:nt/ = shall not. c> male person, animal, etc already
shall. mentioned: My sister says -^^ is
shanty /'Jaenti/ n [C] (pi -ies) going. 2 female: a *'^-goat.
poorly made hut. ''>^-town, sheaf /Ji:f/ n [C] (jjI sheaves
area of a town with shanties. /Ji:vz/) 1 corn, etc tied together
shape /Jeip/ n 1 [C,U] outer after reaping. 2 arrows, etc tied
form, take '^. become definite together.
in form. 2 (Jig) form: / had help shear /Ji3(r)/ vt (pt, '^ed; pp
in the ~
of a friend. 3 condition: shorn /fo:n/ or ~ecl) cut the
He's in good '^. a vt/i 1 give a wool off (a sheep) with shears.
shape to. 2 develop: Our plans shears /|i3z/ n pi (also a pair of
are shaping well. '>^ly adj (-ier, ~) large instrument like scis-
-iest) (esp of a person) having a sors.
pleasing shape. sheath /Ji:e/ n [C] (pi -^s /Ji:dz/)
share n 1 [C] part of
/Je3(r)/ cover for a blade.
something divided among sever- sheathe /Ji:d/ vt put into a
al persons. 2 [U] person's part, sheath.
eg of responsibility: your -x. of sheaves /Ji:vz/ c> sheaf.
the blame. 3 [C] one of the equal shed^ /Jed/ n [C] small building,
parts into which the capital of a usually of wood, used for stor-
company is divided, a vt/i 1 '^ ing things, etc.
sth (out), give a share of to
others. 2 -x, (with), have or use
shed^ /fed/ vt (pt.pp
let (leaves, etc) fall.
M
(-dd-) 1
'^ blood.
(with): '>-' a house with someone. (a) be wounded or
killed, (b)
3 ^ (in) sth, have a share. cause the blood of others to
''-^holder, owner of shares (3). flow. C> bloodshed. '^ tears.
shark /Ja:k/ n [C] 1 large and = cry. 2 throw or take off: ~
dangerous fish. 2 (fig) person clothes. 3 send out: ~
light, -x.

who cheats to gain money. //flr/ifo/i,(//g)C>light^(5).

sharp /Ja:p/ adj (-er. -est) 1 with she'd /Ji:d/ = she had; she
a fine cutting edge or point: a ~ would.
knife. 2 well-defined: a 'v- out- sheep n [C] (pi ~) grass-
/Ji:p/
line. 3 (of curves) changing eating animal kept for food
direction quickly. 4 (of sounds) (mutton) and its wool. ''>^dog.
 343
dog trained to look after sheep.
''^skin, rug or coat of a sheep's
skin with the wool on it. ''>^ish
adj (a) shy; self-conscious, (b)
(feeling) embarrassed because of
a fault.
sheer adj 1 complete: -^
/Ji3(r)/
nonsense. 2 (of cloth, etc) very
thin. 3 straight down: a -v. drop.
D adv straight down.
sheet /Ji:t/ n [C] 1 rectangular
piece of cotton cloth, used on a
bed. 2 flat, thin piece (of a
material). 3 wide expanse (of
water, ice, etc).
sheik(h) /Jeik/ n [C] Arab chief-
tain. -"N^domnLC]
shelf /Jelf/n [C] (pi shelves
/Jelvz/) 1 flat piece of wood, etc
fastened to a wall, etc, used to
stand things on. 2 piece of rock
on a cliff face, etc like a shelf.
shell /Jel/ n [C] 1 hard outer
covering of eggs, nuts, and of
some animals (eg snails). 2 out-
side walls, etc of an unfinished
building, ship, etc. 3 metal case
filled with explosive, to be fired
from a large gun. a v/// 1 take
out of a shell (1 ): -v. peas. 2 fire
shells(3) at. ''>^fish, kinds of
sea-animal (crabs, lobsters, etc)
withshells(l).
she'll /Ji:l/ = she will; she shall.
shel-ter /'Jelt9(r)/ n 1 [U] condi-
tion of being safe, eg from rain,
danger. 2 [C] something that
gives protection, n vtji 1 give
shelter to; protect. 2 take shelt-
er: '^from the rain under a tree.
shelve^ /Jelv/ vt 1 put (books,
etc) on a shelf. 2 (fig) (of prob-
lems, etc) postpone dealing
with.
shelve^ /felv/ vj (of land) slope
gently.
shelves /Jelvz//)/ of shelf.
shep-herd /'Jepad/ n [C] man
who takes care of sheep, a vt
guide (people) like sheep, -^^ess
n [C] woman shepherd.
sher-iff /'Jerif/ n [C] 1 (also High
of the Crown of
'^) chief officer
a county. 2 (US) chief law offic-
er of a county.
sherry /'Jen/ n [U] yellow or
brown wine from S Spain.
Cyprus, etc.
shied /Jaid/ O shy^.
shield /Ji:ld/ n [C] 1 piece of
metal, etc carried to protect the
body when fighting. 2 represen-
tation of a shield showing a coat
of arms. 3 (fig) person or thing
sheer/shock
that protects, a v/ protect.
shift' /Jift/ n [C] 1 change of
place or character. 2 [C] group
of workmen who start work as
another group finishes; period
of work. 3 woman's narrow
dress without a waistline.
shift^ /Jift/ vtji change position
or direction; transfer, shifty
adj (-\er, -lest) not to be trusted.
shi|.|ing/'Jilir)/Aj[C] (until 1971)
British coin worth twelve pen-
nies, one-twentieth of a pound.
shim-mer /'Jim3(r)/ vi. n [U]
(shine with an) unsteady soft
light.
shin /Jm/ n [C] front part of the
legbelow the knee, n v/ (-nn-) 'n^
up, climb up.
shine /Ja:m/ vt/i (pt.pp shone
/Jon/) 1 give out or reflect light.
2 (fig) show particular ability:
He ~5 in English. 3 (informal)
(pp '^d) polish: ~
shoes, a n
(sing only) polish: Give your
shoes a '^. shiny adj (-ier, -iest)
polished; bright.
shingle /'Jiqgl/ n [U] area of
small pebbles on the seashore.
shin-gly /-gli/fli^
ship' /Jip/ n [C] 1 large boat for
passengers or cargo. 2 large air-
craft or spacecraft. ''>^niate,
person belonging to the same
crew. ''>^shape adj tidy; in good
order, ''^^wreck n [C,U] loss or
destruction of a ship at sea. d vi
destroy by shipwreck. ''N^yard,
place where ships are built.
ship* /Jip/ vt/i (-PP-) 1 put, take,
send, in a ship. 2 take, send
(goods) by train, road, etc.
'>^ment n quantity of goods
shipped, '^per, person who ar-
ranges for goods to be shipped.
<-v/ping n [U] all the ships of a
country, port, etc.
shire /-J3(r)/ suffix (county):
Yorlc^.
shirk /J3:k/ vt/i try to avoid (do-
ing something, duty, etc). 'N^er,
person who shirks.
shirt /J3:t/ n [C] man's clothing
with sleeves worn under a jacket
or sweater, shirty adj (-ier,
-iest) (si) easily annoyed.
shiver /'Jiv3(r)/ vi tremble, esp
from cold or fear, d n [C] trem-
bling.
shoal /Jaul/ n [C] great number
of fish swimming together, a vi
form shoals.
shock /Jok/ n 1 [C] violent blow
(eg as caused by a collision). 2

shod /shot
[C] effect caused by electric cur-
rent passing through the body. 3
[C,U] sudden and strong distur-
bance of the fecHngs: his friend's
death was a great ^. o vr cause
shock(3) to. 'v.ing adj (a) very
bad: '^ing behaviour, (b) caus-
ing shock(3).
shod Jod, ;7/,;7;jofsho€.
shoddy "Jodi adj (-ier, -iest)
' of
poor quality: ~ work.
shoe Ju:, n [C] 1 outer covering
of leather, etc for the foot, which
docs not reach above the ankle.
2 = horseshoe 3 part of a
brake that presses against the
wheel, a vt (pi.pp shod Jod/) fit
with shoes. ''>^horn, device
with a curved blade for getting
the heel easily into a shoe.
''>^lace, cord for fastening a
shoe, '--^string, (US) = '^lace.
do sth on a '^string, do it
with a very small amount of
money.
shone / Jon/ /7/,pp of shine.
shoo /ju:/ int cry used for telling
children, birds, etc to go away, d
vt {pt.pp "^ed) make birds, etc
go away by making this cry.
shook /Juk/zjr of shake.
shoot^ /Ju:t/ n [C] 1 young
growth on a plant. 2 party of
people shooting for sport.
shoot^ /Ju:t/ vtji {pt, pp shot
/Jot/) 1 move, send, suddenly or
quickly: Pain shot up his arm. 2
(of plants) send out new twigs
from a stem. 3 aim and fire wi5i
a gun, bow and arrow, etc;
wound or kill by doing this. 4
photograph (a scene). 5 (foot-
half) attempt to score a goal.
i'>^ing 'star, meteor.
shop /Jop/ n [C] 1 (part of a)
building where goods are sold.
(US = store). 2 talk ^, talk
about one's work. 3 = work-
shop, n v/ (-pp-) go to shops to
buy things (usually go shopping).
''^-assistant, person who
serves in a shop. ''>^keeper,
owner of a (small) shop, ''-w--
lifter, person who steals things
from shops. Hence, '--'^-lifting
n [U]. ,»^-'steward, official of
a branch of a trade union elected
by the workers. '>^per, person
who is shopping, ^ping n [U].
do one 's -^ping.
shore' /jD:(r)/ n [C] stretch of
land bordering on the sea or a
lake.
shore' /J3:(r)/ v7 -^^ sth up. sup-
.
344
port,prop up (with a wooden
beam, etc).
shorn /J3:n/ O shear
short' llyXadj (-er, -est) 1 (opp
of long) measuring little from
end to end in space or time: a ~
stick Ijourney. 2 (opp of tail) be-
low the average hei^t: a -^ man.
3 less than the required number,
amount, etc: get '^ change. 'V/
of. (a) not enough of: ~ of
money, (b) distant from: five
miles ~ of the garage. 4 in ^.
briefiy. 5 (of pastry) easily
crumbling. ''>^bread, kind of
sweet biscuit. I'x.-'circuit n [C]
fault in wiring so that an electric
current Hows without going
through a complete circuit, n
vt/i make a short-circuit in. ''v,
cut, quicker way of getting
somewhere, doing something.
''>^hand, system of writing
quickly using sp)ecial symbols.
,'>^-'handed, having not
enough workers. ''^^ list, list of
candidates (eg for a job) from
which the final choice is to be
made. Hence, ''>^-list vt. j'x--
'lived adj lasting for a short
time. ^ sight, (a) inability to
see distant objects clearly, (b)
(fig) inability to forecast the ob-
vious. Hence, ,'>^-'sighted adj.
,'>^'tempered adj easily made
angry. ''>>'-term adj, n (for) a
short period of time, ''-s^wave,
(radio) wave of between 10 and
100 metres in length. '>^ly adv
(a) soon: iVe leave -^ly. (b)
briefiy. '^ness n [U]
short' /jDrt/ adv 1 abruptly: stop
~. -^ of. except: do anything 'v,
of murder. 2 fall'>^ of. be insuf-
ficient, disappointing. cut
sth/sb '^. interrupt it/him. go
-v. do without.
(of),
short-age /'fo:tid3/ n [C,U]
(amount oQ deficiency; condi-
tion of not having enough.
shorten /'Jortn/ vtji make short-
er: ^ a dress.
shorts /Jorts/ n (pi) short
trousers.
shot /Jot/ n 1 [C] (sound of the)
firing of a gun, etc. like a '^.
very quickly. 2 [C] attempt to do
something; throw, stroke, etc in
certain games, have a '^ (at
sth). try to do it. 3 [C] heavy
iron ball thrown in athletic com-
petition called the ''^-put. 4 [U]
(also lead^) tiny balls of lead in
the cartridge of a sporting gun. 5
 345 should/shrug

[C] person who shoots,
reference to his skill: He's a poor
'^. 6 [C] photograph; single part
of a film. 7 = injection (of a
drug). 8 a ^big '^, {si) an impor-
tant person. ''>--gun, sporting
gun firing cartridges containing
shot(4).
should /Jud weak form Jsd/ v c>
shall.
shoul-der /'J3uld9{r)/ n
part of the body of a human be-
ing or animal where an arm or
foreleg is joined to the trunk. 2
ipl) upper part of the back. 3
part of a bottle, tool, mountain,
etc like a shoulder. hard
shoulder, a v/ 1 accept; bear: -^
a burden jresponsibility. 2 push
with, carry the shoulder.
on,
'<-s^-blade, either of the flat
bones of the upper back.
shout /Jaut/ n [C] loud call or
cry. D vtji 1 speak or call out in a
loud voice: Don 't --^ at me! 2 say
in a loud voice: ~ (out) one's
orders.
shove /Jav/ vtji (informal) push.
D n [C] strong push.
shovel /'JavI/ n [C] tool
spade, used for moving coal,
sand, etc. a vt (-II-, US -I-) lift,
move, using a shovel.
show^ /Jau/ n 1 [U] showing:
vote by (a) ^
of hands. 2 [C] col-
lection of things publicly dis-
played, on '^. exhibited. 3 [C]
kind of public entertainment, eg
theatre, on TV, etc. 4 [C] {infor-
mal) performance: put up a good
~, do something well. 5 out-
ward appearance: a '^ of resis-
tance. 6 [U] something done
attract envy: She does
</>^-business, business of en-
tertaining the public. ''>^down,
(si) final settlement of a quarrel.
''>^-jumping, display of skill in
riding horses over fences, etc.
showy adj (-ier, -iest) intend-
ed to attract attention.
show^ /Jsu/ vt/i ipt '^ed; pp -^n
/Jaun/) 1 cause to be seen:
your ticket at the barrier. 2 allow
to be seen; be visible. 3 give: He
^ed me great kindness. 4 give
evidence of: She ^ed great cour-
age. 5 conduct; guide: S~ him in
6 make clear: He -^edme how to
do it. 7 '^^ off. make a display of
one's wealth, abilities, etc. '>^
sb/sth up, make the truth
about (a dishonest, etc person or
thing) known. '>^ up, (a) make
with visible: The lines -^ed up in the
light, (b) arrive: All the guests
'^ed up. '-^-off, person who
shows ofT. '%^ing n [C] (act of)
displaying; appearance.
shower /'Jau9(r)/ n [C] 1 brief
fall of rain; sudden sprinkle of
water. 2 (washing by using a)
device which sprays water from
above. 3 fall of a large number
[C] 1 of things: a '^ of stones, a v///
send or give, in a shower. 2 fall
in a shower. 3 have a shower(2).
show'ery adj (of the weather)
with frequent showers.
shown /j9un/p/7of show^.
O shrank /Jraegk//?/ of shrink.
shrap-nel /'Jraepnal/ n [U] frag-
ments of explosive shell.
shred /Jred/ n [C] 1 piece torn or
broken off something. 2 (Jig)
very small amount: not one '^ of
proof, a vt (-dd-) tear into
shreds.
shrewd /Jru:d/ adj {-ex, -est) 1
having sound judgement and
common sense. 2 likely to be
correct: a ^
guess. '>^ly
shriek /Jri:k/ vt/i^ scream. 2 say
like a in a screaming voice, d n [C]
scream.
shrill /Jril/ adj (-er, -est) (of
sounds) sharp; piercing. '>^ness
n[V]
shrimp /Jrunp/ n [C] small shell-
fish. D v/catch shrimps.
shrine /Jram/ n [C] 1 tomb con-
taining holy relics. 2 place asso-
ciated with a person deeply re-
spected.
shrink /Jrigk/ vtji {pt shrank
/Jraer)k/, or shrunk /JrAqk/; pp
to shrunk, or, as an adj shrunken
it for '>-. /'JrAqkan/) 1 make or become
less, smaller. 2 '>^ from! back.
move back from fear or unwill-
ingness. ''N^age /-ids/ f^ [U] pro-
cess, amount, of shrinking.
shrivel /'Jrivl/ vtji (-II-, USaXso
-I-) ^
(up), (cause to) become
dried or curled (through heat,
frost or old age).
~ shroud /Jraud/ n [C] 1 cloth
wrapped round a corpse. 2
something which covers: a '\^ of
mist. D v/ 1 wrap (a corpse) in a
shroud. 2 cover: '>^edin mystery.
shrub /JrAb/ n [C] plant with a
woody stem, lower than a tree.
'>^bery n [C] {pi -ies) place
planted with shrubs.
shrug /JrAg/ vr (-gg-) lift (the
shoulders) slightly (to show in-
difference, etc). '^ sth off, dis-
shrunk/sieve 346

miss It as not important, a n [C] (modern use) perverted: '^ jokes.

such a movement. ''v,-bay, medical centre on a
shrunk /'JrAr|k , shrunken ship, university etc.
'jrAfikan O shrink sicken /'siksn vt/i 1 '>^ (for
shud-der *l\d3(T) vt tremble sth), be in the first stages of (an
with fear or disgust, d n (C] un- illness). 2 cause to feel disgust-
controllable shaking. ed, -^ing Z'sikanir)/ ac/y disgust-
shuffle 'J,\fl v7 1 walk with-
/ ing: a ^ing murder.
out raising the feet properly. 2 sickle n [C] short tool with
/'sikl/
mix up the order of (playing- a curved blade for cutting grass
cards, etc), a n [C] ^ shuffling sick-ly 'sikli/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
movement. 2 change of relative often in poor health. 2 likely to
positions. cause sickness or distaste: a ~
shun ll\nl vt (-nn-) avoid: ~ taste atmosphere.
publicity /his company. sick-ness n 1 [C,U]
/'siknis/
shunt /jAnt/ vtji send (railway (an) illness or disease. 2 [U] ten-
wagons) from one track to an- dency to vomit.
other. side^ /said/ n [C] 1 fiat surface of
shut /jAt/ vt/i (pt.pp '^) (-tt-) 1 an object. 2 surface which is not
move (a door, etc) into position the top, bottom, front or back:
to stop an opening. '>^ one's the '>^ of the house. 3 (maths) one
eyes to, deliberately ignore. 2 of the lines of a figure such as a
become closed: The door won't rectangle. 4 one of the two
~. 3 -^^ (sth) down, (of a fac- halves of a person, or animal: sit
tory, etc) stop working. Hence, at my left '^. |'>^ by *'^, close
'^-down n [C]. sth off, ^ together. 5 part of an object
stop the supply of, eg gas. water. away from a central line: the
'^ sth up, (a) close and secure sunny ~ of the street, on/ from
allthe doors and windows, (b) all ~, in/from all directions.
put away for safety: --<- up one 's put sth on one '^. postpone
jewels. ^
fsb) up, (cause him dealing with it. 6 one of two op-

to) stop talking. posing groups of people (in

shut-ter /'J"At3(r)/ n [C] 1 mov-
able cover for a window, to keep
out light. 2 device that opens to
admit light through the lens of a
camera, p vt provide with, close
with, shutters.
shuttle /'jAtl/ n [C] 1 (in a loom)
pointed instrument by which
thread is carried between other
threads. 2 (in a sewing-machine)
sUding holder which carries the
lower thread, a vt/i (cause to)
move like a shuttle, '-^^cock,
cork with feathers in it. used in
the game of badminton. ''>^ ser-
vice, regular service of trains,
buses, etc.
games, politics, etc), take '^s
(with), support (a person) in a
dispute. C> side*. 7 aspect or
view: study all ~5 of a question.
''v.'board, table with drawers
and cupboards, to hold dishes,
etc. '^»^-burns/-boards, hair
on the side of a man's face. ''^
effect, indirect effect, eg of a
drug. ''>^line, occupation which
is not one's main work. ''>^-
road, minor road, '-^step n
[C] step taken to one side (eg to
avoid a blow), n vt/i (-pp-) (a)
avoid (a blow, etc) by stepping
to one side, (b) (Jig) avoid
answering (a question). •'>^-

shy^ /Jai/ adj (-er, -est) t (of per-
sons) self-conscious and uncom-
fortable in the presence of
others. 2 (of animals) easily
frightened. 3 ^
of, hesitating
about, -^ly adv. ^^ness n [U]
shy* /J"ai/ vi (pt.pp shied /Jaid )
(of a horse) turn aside in fear.
sick /sik/ adJ 1 be ~, throw up
food from the stomach. 2 un-
well; ill 3 ,-»- (and ^tired) of,
(informal) very tired of, disgust-
ed with: I'm ~
of your com-
plaints. 4 fee/ '>- at/about,
(informal) filled with regret. 5
track vt turn (a person's atten-
tion)from his work, '-v/walk,
(US) = pavement, '-^-^wards,
''>-ways adv to, from, the side.
side* /said/ vi -^ with, be on the
same side (as a person in an ar-
gument).
sid-ing /'saidir)/ n [C] short rail-
way track ofTthe main lines.
siege /si:d3/ n [C,U] (period, act
oO surrounding a town or fort-
ress in order to capture it. lay ~
to, surround.
sieve /siv/ n [C] frame with wire
network for separating finer

grains, etc from coarse grains,
etc. Dput through a sieve.
vt
sift separate by put-
/sift/ vt/i 1
ting through a sieve. 2 (fig) ex-
amine carefully: ^ the evidence.
sigh /sai/ vt/i 1 take a deep
breath (showing sadness, tired-
ness, relief, etc). 2 express with
sighs, a n [C] act of, sound of,
sighing.
sight /salt/ n 1 [U] power of
seeing. 2 [U] act of seeing, at
first ^. when first seen, catch
'^ of, begin to see. /ose -^ of,
no longer see. 3 [U] range of se-
eing: out of -v.. 4 [C] something
seen or worth seeing; (pf) fam-
ous buildings, etc of a place: see
the '^s of London. 5 [C] device
that helps to aim when using a
6 ridiculous spectacle:
rifle, etc.
You look a ~.' D vt get sight of,
esp by coming near. ''>--
seeing, visiting sights(4) as a
tourist.
sign /sam/ n[C] 1 mark, symbol,
used to represent something:
mathematical ^s, eg -I-, — 2
board to give a waning, or
directions: traffic . 3 some-^
thing that shows the existence of
something: the '^s of suffering
on his face. 4 signal (1 ). 5 name
displayed by shopkeepers and
public houses. ''>^post, post
placed at a road junction giving
directions, n vt/i write
name on (a letter, etc). '>^
(a) end (a letter, etc) with a sig-
nature, (b) (radio, TV) end
broadcasting. '^ sb on I up. (of
an employer, etc) employ.
sig-nal /'signal/ n [C] 1 move-
ment, light, etc giving a message;
order, warning, etc; the mes-
sage, etc sent. 2 event which is
the cause of something: His arri-
val was the '>^ to cheer. 3 sound
or TV image, transmitted or
received, n vt/i (-II-, US -I-)
make a signal to; send by signal.
''>--box, building on a railway
from which signals and trains
are controlled. ''>^man, person
who operates signals on a rail-
way.
sig-na-tory /'signatn/ n [C] {pi
-ies) (person, country, etc) that
has signed an agreement.
sig-na-ture /'sign3tj3(r)/ n [C]
person's name signed by him-
self.
sig-net /'signit/ n [C] private
seal. '^\--ring, finger ring with a
7 sift/ simile
signet.
sig-ni-fi-cance /sig'nifikans/ n
[U] meaning; importance, sig-
ni-fi-cant adj having a special
or important meaning, sig-ni-
fi-cant-lya^yv
sig-nify /'signifai/ vt/i {pt.pp
-ied) (formal) 1 make known
(one's views, intentions, etc); be
a sign of. 2 (formal) be of impor-
tance: It signifies little.
si-lence /'saibns/ n [U] 1 condi-
tion of being silent. 2 condition
of not speaking, answering
(questions), in ^v., silently, a vt
make (a person or thing) silent.
si-lencer, device that reduces
the noise of a petrol engine, a
gun, etc.
si-lent /'sQiibnt/ adj 1 making
no or little sound. 2 saying little
or nothing. 3 written but not
pronounced: a ~
letter, eg b in
doubt. '>^ly adv
sil-hou-ette /|Silu:'et/ n [C] out-
line of a person or object seen
against a light background, a vt
. (passive) show as a silhouette.
silk /silk/ n [U] fine, soft thread
from the cocoons of certain in-
sects; material made from this.
''>^worm, caterpillar that spins
silk, -^^en adj soft and smooth
or shining, silky adj (-ier, -iest)
soft, shiny, smooth, like silk.
sill /sil/ n [C] fiat shelf at the base
one's of a window.
off, silly /'sill/ adj (-ier, -iest) foolish.
silt /silt/ n [U] sand, mud, etc left
by moving water, d vt/i '^^ (sth)
up, (cause to) become blocked
with silt.
sil-ver /'silv9(r)/ n [U] 1 shining
white metal (symbol Ag). 2 sil-
ver articles, coins. 3 (as an adj)
of the colour of silver, n vt/i 1
coat with (something like) silver.
2 become silver in colour, ("v/
'paper, (informal) thin, light
foil (forpacking cigarettes, etc).
''>^plate, spoons, dishes, etc of
silveror copper coated in silver.
''>^snnith, manufacturer of sil-
ver articles, j-^ 'wedding, 25th
anniversary of a wedding,
silvery a<//like silver.
simi-lar of
/'simil9(r)/ adj like;
the same sort, ^wly adv
simi-lar-ity /iSimi'lserati/ n (pi
-ies) [U] state of being similar;
[C] point in which there is like-
ness.
sim-ile /'simili/ n [C,U] (use oO
comparison of one thing to an-
simmer/siren 348

other, eg He is as brave as a lion. slight burn (on cloth, etc).

sim-mer 'sim3(r)/ vt i 1 boil single /'siqgl adj ^ one only: a
gently. 2 '^ down. (Jig) become '^ ticket, for a journey to a
calm (after bemg angry). place, not back. 2 not married, 3
simple 'simpol ad/ (-r, -st) 1 for the use of one person: a >-
not mixed or divided; having bid a n [C] 1 game with one per-
only a small number of parts: a son on each side. 2 single ticket
-v, machine. 2 plain: ^
food. 3 a v7 'w sb/sth out. select from
not highly developed: -<- forms others (for special attention,
of life. 4 easily understood: y.rii- etc).I'-vz-'handed adj. adv done
ten in -^ tnglish. 5 innocent: as by one person without help.
'v-as a child. 6 easily deceived. ,'>^-'minded adJ having only
sim-ply adt- (a) in a simple(2) one purpose, sing-ly /'sirigli
manner, (b) absolutely: /simply adv one by one; by oneself.
refuse, (c) only: He is simply a sing-song /'siqsDr)/ n [C] meet-
workman. ing of friends to sing songs.
sim-plic-ity /sim'phsati/ n [U] sin-gu-lar /'sir)gjul3(r)/ adj 1
{formal) the state of being sim- (formal) outstanding: a man of
pie ~ courage. 2 (gram) referring to
sim-plify ,'simplifai/ v7 (pt.pp one person or thing, a n [C]
-led) inake simple, sim-pli-fi- (gram) the singular form, 'v^ly
ca-tion -fi'kei|n/ n [C.U] adv {formal) strangely.
simu-late 'simjuleit/ vt (formal) sin-is-ter ''sinistD(r)/ adj sug-
pretend to be or to have. gesting evil: a ~p/a/?.
simulation /7[C, U] sink^ siqk, n [CJ fixed basin (of
simulta neous /,sim3l'teini3S, china, steel, etc) with a drain,
adj happening or done at the usually in a kitchen.
same time, '^lyadv sink^ sir)k/ vt/i (pt sank /saer)k/;
sin /Sin,/ n 1 [U] breaking of pp sunk /SAijk and, as an adj.
.

God's laws. 2 [C] immoral act. a sunken /'sAqkan/) 1 go down,

vi (-nn-) commit sin; do wrong. esp below the horizon or the sur-
'^ner /'sin3(r)/, person who face of a liquid. 2 become lower
sins. '>^ful /-fl/ adJ wrong; or weaker. 3 make by digging: ~
wicked. '>^f ul-ness n [U] a well. 4 ~
in/into, (a) (of
since /sins/ adv (with the perfect liquids)go down deep, (b) (of
tenses) after a date, event, etc in warnings etc) be understood. 5
the past; before the present time: (Jig) lose faith, hope, etc: His
He left home in 1970 and has not heart sank. 6 invest (money) in.
been seen ~. ever '^. from then sinus /'sainas/ n [C] (pl^es) hol-
until now. a prep (with perfect low in a bone, esp in the bones
tenses) after: She hasn't been linked to the nostrils.
home ~her marriage, u conj 1 sip /sip/ vt/i (-pp-) drink in very
from the time when: How long is small quantities, n n [C] (quan-
it ~you were here? 2 as: S^ tity taken in a) sipping.
we 've no money, we can buy it. 't si-phon /'saifan/ n [C] 1 curved
sin-cere /sin'si3(r)/<3c//'1 (of feel- tube arranged so that liquid will
ings) genuine. 2 (of persons) flow up through it and then
honest; not deceiving, '^^ly adv down. 2 bottle from which
in a sincere manner. Yours soda-water can be forced out by
'xz/y,(used before a signature at the pressure of gas in it. a vt/i '^
the end of a letter), sin-cer-ity sth offlout, draw (liquid) out
/sm'serati/ n [U] through a syphon.
sinew /'sinju:/ n [C] tendon join- sir /S3:(r)/ n 1 polite form used in
ing a muscle to a bone, sin-ewy addressing a man (esp a school
a^ tough. teacher). 2 (used in letters); Dear
sing /siq/ vtji (pt sang /saeq/; pp 5~. 3 prefix to the name of a
sung /sAp/) 1 make musical knight or baronet: Sir Winston
,

sounds with the voice, produce 'Churchill.

words to a tune. 2 make a hum- sire /'sai3(r)/ n [C] male parent of
ming or ringing sound: The ket- an animal, a vt (esp of horses) be
tle was '^ing. ^er n [C]. person the sire of.
who sings, '^^ing n [U] si ren /'saiaran/ n [C] device for
singe /sind3/ vtji blacken the producing a loud noise (as a
surface of by burning, a n [C] warning, etc).

sir-loin /'S3:bm/ n [C,U] best
part of loin of beef.
sis-ter /'sist3(r)/ n [C] 1 daughter
of the same parents as oneself or
another person. 2 (GB) senior
hospital nurse. 3 member of a
religious society; nun. '>^hood n
[C] society of women who live
together in a religious order, etc.
'>^ly adjo{, like, a sister.
sit /sit/ vt/i{pt,pp sat /saet/) (-tt-)
1 take or be in a position in
which the body is upright and
supported by the buttocks. '^
tight, (a) remain in position,
(b) hold on to one's opinions. 2
(of Parliament, a law court, etc)
hold meetings. 3 (of clothes) fit:
The coat '^s badly across the
shoulders. 4 '^ down, take a
seat. 'V. for. (a) take (an exami-
nation), (b) pose (for one's
portrait). '^ in. (of workers,
students, etc) occupy a building
as a protest. Hence, ''X/-in n. -^
in on sth. attend (a discussion,
etc) as an observer. -^^ on sth.
be a member of (a committee,
etc). -^ up. not go to bed (until
later than usual). -^ (sb) up.
(cause to) take a sitting position.
site /sait/ n [C] place where
something is. n vt position;
place.
sit-ting n [C] 1 time dur-
/'sitiq/
ing which a court of law. Parlia-
ment, etc meets. 2 act of posing
for a portrait or photograph. 3
occasion of sitting down (for a
meal, etc), j-^ 'duck, an easy
target. ''>^-room, room for
general use.
situ-ated /'sitjueitid/ adj^ (of a
town, building, etc) placed. 2 (of
a person) in (certain) circum-
stances: I'm badly ->- at the mo-
ment.
situ-ation 7,sitju'eijn/ n [C] 1
position (of a town, building,
etc). 2 condition at a certain
time: the economic '^. 3 work,
employment: ^5 vacant.
six /siks/ adj, n [C] (oO 6. -^^th
/sikse/ adj. n [C] (abbr 6th) (of)
one of 6 parts or the next after 5.
six-teen /sik'stim/ adj. n [C] (oQ
16. 'v^th adj. n [C] (abbr 16th)
(oO one of 16 parts or the next
after 15.
sixty /'siksti/ adj, n [C] (oO 60.
six-ti-eth adj. n [C] (abbr 60th)
(oO one of 60 parts or the next
after 59.
size /sai3/ n 1 [U] degree of large-
} sirloin/skin
ness: the ^
of a car. 2 [C]
measurement of clothing: ^five
shoes, u vt ^ arrange according
to size. 2 '^ sb/sth up. {infor-
mal) form a judgement of.
''^^able /-abl/ a<// fairly large.
sizzle /'sizl/ vi, n [C] {informal)
(make the) hissing sound of
something cooking in fat.
skate /skeit/ n [Cj sharp-edged
steelblade fastened to a boot for
moving over ice. C> roller-skate.
a vi move on skates, 'skat-ing-
rink, specially prepared surface
for skating.
skel-eton /'skelitn/ n [C] 1 bony
framework of an animal body. 2
framework of a building, plan,
etc. ''>- key, one that opens a
number of different locks. '^
staff /crew/service, etc, re-
duced to the smallest possible
number.
sketch /sketj/ n [C] 1 rough,
quickly-made drawing. 2 short
description. 3 short, humorous
play. D vtji 1 make a sketch(1.
2) or sketches. '>^ sth out. give
a rough plan of. sketchy adj
(-ier, -iest) done roughly and
without detail.
skewer /'skju:9(r)/ n [C] pointed
stick of wood or metal for hold-
ing meat together while cook-
ing, a vt fasten with a skewer.
ski /ski:/ n [C] {pi '^- or '^s) nar-
row strip of wood, etc strapped
under the foot for moving over
snow. D vi {pt.pp '^'d, pres part
~lng) move on skis.
skid /skid/ n [C] 1 slipping move-
ment, often sideways, of a car,
etc on a slippery road. 2 piece of
wood or metal fixed under a
wheel to prevent it from turning,
a vi (-dd-) (of a car, etc) move or
slip sideways, etc.
skies /skaiz//?/ of sky.
skilful ((/5 = skillful) /'skiin/
adjhaw'mg skill. '>^ly adv
skill /skil/ n [C,U] 1 ability to do
something well. '>^ed adj
trained; experienced.
skim /skim/ vt/i (-mm-) 1 re-
move matter from (the surface
of a liquid). 2 move li^tly over
(a surface), not touching. 3 -^^
through sth. read quickly.
skin /skin/ n 1 [U] outer covering
of the body of a p)erson or ani-
mal, save one's '>^. escape
safely, by the i--*^
of one's
^ teeth, by a narrow margin. 2
[C] animal's skin. 3 [C,U] outer
skip/sledge
covering of a fruii. 4 [C,U]
layer that forms on boiled milk.
D vtji (-nn-) take the skm off.
,^-'deep adj (of beauty, feel-
ings, etc) not deep or
''N^-diving, sport of swimming
under the water with breathing
equipment, '--^flint, ^ miser
,'x/-'tight adj (of clothing)
ting closely to the body, 'v^ny
adj {-\er. -lest) thin.
skip' skip/ v( i (-PP-) 1 jump
lightly and quickly. 2 jump over
a rope which is swung under the
feet as one jumps. 3 leave quick-
ly: -v. ihe country. 4 change from
one subject to another when
talking. 5 miss out: ~
two chap-
ters of a book, a n [C] skipping
movement.
skip^ /skip/ n [C] large metal
container for refuse, etc.
skip-per 'skip3(r)/ n [C] captain
, ticular point of view, d « [C] 1
of a ship or team, a vt act as cap-
tain.
skirt /sk3:t/ n [C] woman's cloth-
ing that hangs from the waist, a
vt/i be on, pass along, the edge
of. ''>^ing-board, board round
the wall close to the floor.
skittles /'skitlz/ ai pi (game in
which a ball is thrown at) a num-
ber of bottle-shaped pieces of
wood.
skulk /skAlk/ vi hi^e,
about, trying to avoid
seen.
skull /skAl/ n [C] bony frame-
work of the head.
skunk /skAqk/ n [C] small
American animal that sends out
a strong smell when attacked.
sky /skai/ n [C] {pi skies /skaiz/)
the space above the earth, where
we see the sun, moon and stars.
''>^light, window in a sloping
roof. ''>^line, outline of hills,
buildings, etc, against the sky.
''v/lark, small bird that sings as
it flies up into the sky.
''>^scraper, very tall building.
slab /slaeb/ n [C] thick flat piece
of stone, etc.
slack' /slaek/ adj (-er, -est) 1 giv-
ing little care or attention to
one's work. 2 inactive: Trade is
'>^. 3 not tight: a ~
rope, d v/ 1 -^
(off), be lazy or careless in
one's work. 2 make (a rope, etc)
loose. '>^ness n [U]
slack^ /slaek/ n the '>^, slack part
of a rope.
slacken /'slaekan/ vt/i 1
slower, less active, etc.
3S0
thin loose(r).
slacks /slaeks/ n pi (dated)
trousers, worn informally.
slag /slteg/ n [U] waste matter re-
lasting. maining when metal has been
extracted from ore. '-^-heap,
hill of slag.
slam (-mm-) 1 shut
/slaem/ vt/i
fit- 2 throw or knock with
violently.
3 (informal) criticize, a n
force.
[C] noise of something being
slammed.
slan-der /'sla:nd3(r)/ n [C,U]
(making of a) false statement
that damages a person's reputa-
tion, a vt use slander, ^^ous adj
slang /slaer)/ n [U] words,
phrases, etc often used in con-
versation but not suitable for
formal occasions, a vt abuse.
slant /sla:nt/ vt/i 1 slope. 2
present information from a par-
slope. 2 (informal) point of viev.
slap /slaep/ vt (-pp-) 1 strike with
the palm of the hand. 2 put
down with a slapping noise, d n
[C] blow with the palm of the
hand, d adv straight: The car ran
~ into the wall, ''-s^dash adj. adv
''^-up adj (sf) first-
careless(ly).
a -\.-up dinner.
class:
slash /slaej/ vt/i 1 cut (some-
thing) with sweeping strokes. 2
move (informal) reduce greatly: '^
being prices, a n [C] act of slashing;
long cut.
slat /slaet/ n [C] thin, narrow
piece of wood, metal etc.
N slate /sleit/ n [C, U] kind of
blue-grey stone that splits easily
into thin, flat layers; [C] thin
pieces of this used for making
roofs, a clean ^. a good record
of behaviour, a vf 1 cover (a
roof, etc) with slates. 2 (infor-
mal) criticize severely.
slaugh-ter /'sb:t3(r)/ /J [U]1 kil-
ling of animals (esp for food). 2
killing of inany people at once, n
vt kill (animals, p)eople) in large
numbers. ''>^-house, place
where animals are killed for
food.
slave /sleiv/ n [C] 1 person who
is owned by another. 2 person
compelled to work very hard for
another. 3 person controlled by
a habit, etc: a '^ to drink, a vi 'v-
(away) (at sth). work hard.
'>^ry n [U]
sled /sled/ n = sledge.
make sledge /sleds/ " [C] vehicle with
2 make strips of wood or metal instead

of wheels, used on snow, a
travel by sledge.
sledge-hammer
haemsCr)/ n [C] heavy hammer
with a long handle.
sleek /sli:k/ adj (-er,-est) 1 (of
hair, fur) soft, smooth and
glossy. 2 having such
cat. 3 smooth and shiny, a
make sleek.
sleeps /sli:p/ n 1 [U] condition of
the body at rest as
every night. 2 period of sleep. 3
go to '^, fall asleep.
sleeps /sH:p/ vt/i ipp,pt
2 -^ sth
/slept/) 1 rest in sleep.
off, recover from (a headache,
etc)by sleeping. ^
on, continue
to sleep. '^ on sth, leave a
problem, etc to the next day. '>^
through sth, not be
by (a noise). '>^ with sb, have
sexual intercourse with, '^er n
[C] (a) person who sleeps, (b)
heavy beam of wood on a rail-
way track, etc supporting the
rails, (c) (berth in a) sleeping-
car. ''>^ing-car, railway coach
fitted with beds. ''>^less, with-
out sleep, sleepy adj (-ier,
-lest) (a) needing, ready for,
sleep, (b) (of places, etc) quiet;
inactive, ^ilyfl^v
sleet /sli:t/ n [U] falling snow
mixed with rain, d vi (of sleet)
fall.
sleeve n [C] 1 part of
/sli:v/
clothing that covers the arm.
have sth up one's '^, have a
secret idea, plan, etc. 2 stiff en-
velope for a record.
sleigh /slei/ n [C] sledge, esp one
pulled by a horse.
sleight /slait/ n '^ of hand,
skill with the hand(s) in per-
forming tricks, etc.
slen-der /'slend3(r)/ adj {-ex,
-est) 1 small in width compared
with height. 2 (of persons) slim.
3 small: have a '^ chance.
slept /slept/ pt,pp of sleep.
slice /slais/ n [C] 1 thin, flat piece
cut off something, esp bread or
meat. 2 part or share: take a
of the credit. 3 utensil with a
wide blade for cutting or lifting
(eg cooked fish), a vt/i '>^ (up),
cut into slices.
slick /shk/ adj {informal) 1
smooth; slippery. 2 done (too)
smoothly and efficiently. 3 (of a
person) doing things in a slick
way. C> oil slick.
351 sledge-hammer/slip
vt/i slide' /slaid/ n [C] 1 act of slid-
ing(1). 2 smooth slope down
/'sled3 which persons or things can
slide. 3 picture for projecting
onto a screen. 4 glass plate on
which something is examined
under a microscope. 5 = land-
hair: a '^ slide.
v/ slide^ /slaid/ vt/i {pt.pp slid
/slid/) 1 (cause to) move
smoothly over a polished sur-
happens face. 2 (cause to) move unseen:
He slid out of the room, ''^-rule,
device of two rulers, used for
slept calculating quickly.
slight' /slait/ adj {-ex. -est) 1
slim; frail-looking. 2 not serious
or important: a '^ headache.
'>^ly adv (a) slenderly: a '^ly
built boy. (b) to a small degree:
woken up feel ^ly better, ^ness n [U]
slight^ /slait/ vt treat without
proper respect, d n [C] failure to
show respect.
slim /slim/ adj {-xr\ex, -mest) 1
slender. 2 {informal) small: a ~
chance of success, a vi (-mm-)
eat less, etc to reduce one's
weight, ^ness n [U]
slime /slaim/ n [U] 1 soft, thick,
sticky mud. 2 sticky substance
from snails, etc. slimy adj (-ier,
-iest) (a) of, like, slime, (b)
{fig) disgustingly dishonest, flat-
tering, etc: a slimy young man.
sling /shi}/ /? [C] 1 band of
material looped round an ob-
ject, eg a broken arm, to support
or lift it. 2 strip of leather used to
throw stones. 3 act of throwing.
a vt/i {pt.pp slung /sIai)/) throw
with force: We slung him out of
the bar.
slink /sligk/ vi {pt.pp slunk
/sUgk/) go or move in a secret
way, as if ashamed.
slip' /slip/ n [C] 1 act of slipping;
false step; slight error. 2 =
pillow-slip. 3 loose sleeveless
clothing worn under a dress. 4
young, slender person: a '^ of a
girl. 5 {pi) sloping surface on
which ships are built. ''>^-road,
road for joining or leaving a mo-
~ torway. ''Xz-stream, stream of
air from the engine of an air-
craft. ''>^-up, {informal) mis-
take.
slip^ /slip/ vt/i (-PP-) 1 slide and
(almost) fall as the result of los-
ing one's balance. 2 move quiet-
ly or quickly, without being
seen. 3 move, escape, fall, eg by
being difficult to hold: The plate
slipper/small 352

'>^pedjrom my hand, let sth -v.. quick; taking a long time. 2 not
(a) allow it to fall or be neglect- quick to learn. 3 not acting im-
ed, (b) accidentally reveal (a mediately: ~
to anger. 4 (of
secret, etc). ^ one's mind, (of clocks) behind the correct time.
a name, message, etc) be forgot- 5 not interesting: a '^film.
ten. 4 pull on or off, quickly; '>- a slow' /sbu/ adv (-er, -est) slow
coal on. 5 allow (small mistakes, ly. go '>". (of workers) work
etc) to enter. '-^ up. {informal) slowly as a protest. Hence, ,go-
make a mistake.
slip-pcr /'slip9(r)/ n [C] loose- slow^ /sbu/ vt/i ^ up/ down.
fitting shoe worn in the house. (cause to) go, work, etc at a
slip-pery /'slipari/ adj (-ier, iest) slower speed.
1 (of a surface) smooth, wet, dif- sludge /sUds/ n [U] thick,
ficult to hold or move on. 2 (Jig) greasy mud.
(of persons) not to be trusted. slug /sUg/ n [C] slow-moving
slit /sht n [C] narrow cut. tear or creature like a snail but without
opening, a vt (pt.pp '^) (-tt-) a shell.
make a slit in. slug-gish /'sUgiJ/ adj inactive;
slither /'slid3(r)/ vi slide un- slow-moving.
steadily. sluice /slu:s/ n [C] 1 device for
sliver /'shv3(r)/ n fC] small, thin controlling the How of water in a
strip, eig of broken glass. canal, etc. 2 artificial water
slog /slog/ vt/i (-gg-) walk, channel, eg for rinsing gold
work, etc long and hard, d n [U] from dirt. ''>'-gate, =
(informal) hard work. sluice (1 ).

slo-gan /'sbugan/ n [C] easily slum /sUm/ n [C] street of dirty,

remembered phrase used in ad- crowded houses; such a house, a
vertising. vi (-mm-) (informal) live very
slop /slop/ (-PP-) 1 (of
vi/i cheaply. '>>/my adj
liquids) spill over the edge. 2 slum-be r /'slAmb3(r)/ vt/i (lit)
cause to spill. 3 make a mess sleep peacefully, d n [C] sleep.
with: '-^ paint all over the floor, o slump /sUmp/ v/ 1 fall heavily. 2
n 1 (pi) dirty waste water. 2 [U] (of prices, trade) fall steeply, a n
swill (for pigs). [C] fall in prices, trade.
slope /sbop/ n 1 [C,U] slanting slung /s\m)/ pt.pp of sling.
line. 2 area of rising or falling Slunk /sUi^k/ pt.pp of sWnk.
ground, d vt/i have, cause to slur /sl3:(r)/ vt/i (-rr-) join
have, a slop>e. (sounds, words) so that they are
sloppy /'slopi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 indistinct, a « [C] 1 damaging
(informal) not done with care. 3 remark: a'^on his name. 2 act of
(informal) sentimental: a love ~ slurring sounds: speak in a ~.
story, slop-pily adv in a care- slush /sIaJ/ n [U] 1 melting, dirty
less manner, slop-pi-ness n snow. 2 (fig) foohsh sentiment.
[U] '>- fund, money used for
slosh /sIdJ/ vt/i 1 (si) hit. 2 bribes.
splash about. '>^ed adj (infor- slut /slAt/ n [C] inmioral woman.
mal) drunk. 'N./tish adj
slot /slot/ n [C] 1 narrow open- sly /slai/ adj (-er. -est) deceitful;
ing. 2 groove into which some- doing things secretly, 'x/ly adv.
thing fits. 3 (informal) suitable '>^nessn[U]
place in a plan, programme: ~5 smack /'smsek/ n \C] (sound of
for advertisements on TV. a vt a) blow given with the open
(-tt-) make a slot in; put in a hand, avt^ strike with the open
slot. hand. 2 open the lips with a
sloth /sbue/ n 1 [U] laziness. 2 smacking sound, a adv with
[C] S American mammal which force; directly: hit '^ in the eye.
lives in trees and moves very smack' /'smack/ n [C] small
slowly. -^^fu I a^ fishing-boat.
slouch /slautj/ vj stand, sit or smack^ /'smaek/ vi 'x, of, have a
move, in a lazy way. d n [C] lazy slight flavour or suggestion (of).
way of walking. small /smDd/ adj (-er, -est) (op-
sloven-ly /'slAvnli/ adj untidy, posite of large) 1 not large in de-
dirty. gree, size, etc. 2 not doing things
slow^ /sbu/ adj (-er. -est) 1 not on a large scale: 'v. farmers. 3
 353 smart/ snake

unimportant: a ^ problem, n n smoke, etc.

slenderest part: the ~ of the smoke^ /smauk/ n 1 [U] vapour
back. ''>^-arms n pi weapons with particles of carbon, etc
carried in the hand, ''-^hold- coming from a burning sub-
ing, (in GB) piece of land under stance. 2 [C] (act of smoking^ a
fifty acres in size, the '^ hours cigarette, etc. ''>^-screen, (a)
n pi the three or four hours after clouds of smoke made to hide
midnight, '-^.'pox n [U] contag- military operations, (b) (fig) ex-
ious disease which leaves per- planation, etc designed to mis-
manent marks on the skin. ''^ lead, smoky acT/ (-ier, -iest).
talk, talk about everyday social smoke^ /smauk/ vt/i 1 give out
matters. '>^ness n [U] smoke. 2 breathe the smoke of
smart^ /sma:t/ adj (-er, -est) 1 burning tobacco: ~
a pipe. 3
bright; clean; well-dressed. 2 preserve (meat, fish) with
fashionable. 3 clever. 4 quick: a smoke. 4 darken with smoke:
~ pace. 5 hard: a ~
slap. '>^ly '^d glass, smoker, person who
adv. -^^ness/jlU] smokes tobacco.
smart=^ /sma:t/ vt. n [U] (feel) a smooth^ /smu:d/ adj (-er, -est)
sharp pain. 1 having a surface like glass. 2
smarten /'sma:tn/ vt/i make or (of movement) free from bump-
become smart (1,4). ing, etc. 3 (of a liquid) free from
smash /smaej"/ vt/i 1break with lumps. 4 free from harshness of
force into small pieces: ~
a cup sound or taste. 5 (of a person)
on the floor. 2 rush, force a way flattering, polite, a vt/i make
{into, through, etc). 3 defeat smooth. '^\y adv. '<wness n [U]
thoroughly. 4 (tennis) hit (a ball) smother /'smAd9(r)/ vt 1 kill by
hard, a n [C] 1 breaking to stopping the breath of. 2 put out
pieces. 2 (tennis) hard, down- (a fire) by covering. 3 '>^ sth
ward stroke, a adv with a smash: (in), cover with: bread '^ed in
drive '^ into a wall. '-N^-up, colli- butter. 4 suppress: '>^ a yawn.
sion (of cars, trains, etc). smoul-der (US = smol-)
smat-ter-ing /'smaetarirj/ n /'sm3uld9(r)/ v; 1 bum slowly
slight knowledge (of a. subject). without fiame. 2 (fig) (of feel-
smear /smi3(r)/ vt/i^ cover with ings, etc) exist but be
something 2 (fig)
oily or sticky. suppressed, d n [U] slow burn-
injure (a d n [C]
reputation), ing.
mark made by smearing. smudge /smAd3/ n [C] dirty
smell^ /smel/ n 1 [U] that sense mark, n vt/i 1 make a smudge
special to the nose. 2 [C,U] that on. 2 (of ink, etc) become
which is noticed by means of the blurred.
nose. 3actofsmelling(2). smug /smAg/ adj (-ger, -gest)
smell^ /smel/ vt/i (pt.pp snnelt too easily satisfied with oneself.
/smelt/) 1 (often with can. could) --v/ly adv. '>^ness n [U]

be aware of through the sense of smuggle /'smAgl/ vt 1 get

smell. ^ a rat. C> rat(2). 2 use (goods) illegally (into, out of, a
one's sense of smell: -^ the flow- country. 2 take (a person or
ers. 3 have the sense of smell: thing) secretly: '^ a letter into a
Can fishes '^7 4 give out a smell: prison, smug-gler /'smAgb(r)/,
That food '^s good 5 give out a person who smuggles.
bad smell: your feet '^. smelly smut /snut/ n 1 [C] (mark made
adj (-ier, -iest) (informal) having by a) bit of soot, dirt, etc. 2 [U]
a bad smell. obscene words, topics, smutty
smelt^ /smelt/ vt separate adj
(metal) from ore by melting. snack /snaek/ n [C] light meal (of
smelt' pp.pt of smelP. sandwiches, etc).
smile /small/ n [C] amused ex- snag /suaeg/ n [C] (informal) un-
pression on the face, with the expected difficulty.
comers of the mouth turned up. snail /sneil/ n [C] animal with a
a vr/j give a smile. soft body, no limbs and with a
smirk /smark/ vi. n [C] (give a) spiral shell.
silly, satisfied smile. snake /sneik/ n [C] 1 long rep-
smock /smok/ n [C] loose shirt tile. 2 (fig) insincere, harmful
an overall.
like person, a vi move in twists and
smog /smog/ n [U] fog with glides.
 ) .

snap/ snug 354

snap /snaep/ vt/i (-pp-) 1 's- af snivel /'snivl/ vi (-II-, US -I-)

sth. (try to) catch with the complain, cry, in a miserable

teeth. 2 (Jig) (try to) catch quick- way.
ly, -v. sth up. buy
eagerly. 3 snob /snob/ n [C] person who
break, open or close, with a pays too much respect to social
sharp crack. 4 say (something) position or wealth, '-v/bish adj
quickly, sharply. '^ at sb. '^bery, state of being snobbish
speak to him in a sharp voice. 5 snooker /'snu:k3(r), n [U] game
take a photograph of. 6 '^ out played with red and coloured
of it. get out of a mood, habit, balls on a billiard-table.
etc. a /J 1 [C] act or sound of snoop /snu:p/ v/ enquire into an
snapping. 2 [C] = snapshot other person's affairs.
''^shot, quickly taken photo- snooze /snurz/ vi. n [C] (infor-
graph. '>^py adj (-ier, -iest) (a) mal) (take a) short sleep (esp m
lively, (b) irritable. the daytime).
snare ,sne3(r)/ n [C] trap for snore /snD:(r)/ vi breathe noisil>
catching small animals and while sleeping, d n [C] sound ot
birds. D vt catch in a snare. snoring.
snarl^ /sna:l/ vtji 1 (of dogs) snorkel, schnorkel /'snoikl
show the teeth and growl (at). 2 n [C] tube for a submarme,
(of persons) speak in an angry swimmer, to take in air while un-
voice. D n [C] act of snarling. der water.
snarP /snarl/ vtji (cause to) be- snort force air out
'snDit/ vt/i 1
come tangled or confused: The violently through the nose. 2 ex-
traffic was -^ed up. Hence, ^'^- press by snorting, a n [C] act or
up n [C] sound of snorting.
snatch /snaetj"/ vtji 1 put out the snout /snaut/ n [C] nose of an
hand suddenly and take. 2 get animal (esp a pig).
quickly: ~
a kiss, an [C] 1 act of snow^ /snao/ /? fU] frozen
snatching. 2 short piece: '^es of water falling from the sky in
conversation. soft, white flakes; mass of such
sneak /sni:k/ vt/i go, take, quiet- flakes on the ground, etc.
ly and n n [C] {informal)
secretly, ''>^ball n [C] ball of snow, d vt/i
cowardly, harmful person. grow quickly in size, impor-
'-wing adj (a) secret: have a tance, etc. ''>^drift, snow
'^ing respect for him. (b) vague: heaped up by the wind.
a '•^ing suspicion. '^wdrop, bulb plant with small
sneer /sni9(r)/ vi ^ fat), show white flowers growing in spring.
contempt by looks and words, d '-N^man, figure of a man made
n [C] sneering look, smile, etc. of snow. ''>^-plough, (US =
sneeze /sni:z/ n [C] uncontroll- -plow) device for pushing snov.
able outburst of air through the from roads, etc.
nose and mouth, a vi make a snow^ /snau/ vt/i 1 (of snow)
sneeze. come down from the sky. be
sniff /snif/ vt/i 1 breathe in loud- '^ed inlup. be prevented by
ly through the nose. 2 sniff (1 heavy snow from going out. 2 ^
to show disapproval. 3 'v. (at) under, overwhelm: ~e^ under
sth. smell (a scent), d « [C] 1 act with presents, snowy adj (-ier,
or sound of sniffing. 2 some- -iest).
thing sniffed: a '^ of gas. snub /snAb/ vt (-bb-) ignore;
snig-ger /'snig3(r)/ n [C] short, reject (an offer), d n [C] snub-
quiet laugh, a vi laugh in this bing words or behaviour.
way. snub nose /'snAb nauz/ n [C]
snip /snip/ vt/i (-pp-) cut with short, turned up nose, ''v.-
scissors or shears, esp in short, nosed adj
quick strokes, a /i [C] 1 cut made snuff ^
/snAf/ n [U] powdered to-
by snipping. 2 (informal) bar- bacco to be taken up into the
gain. nose.
snipe /snaip/ vt/i fire shots (at) snuff* /snAf/ vt/i extinguish or
from a hiding-place, sniper, cut the end ofT(a candle).
person who snipes. snug /snAg/ adj (-gg-) 1 warm
snip-pet /'snipit/ n [C] 1 small and comfortable. 2 neat and
piece cut ofT. 2 (pf) small pieces tidy: a -^ cabin. 3 closely fitting:
(of news, etc). a '^jacket, -^^ly adv
 5 snuggle/soften

snuggle /'snAgl/ vt/i lie or get conditions of individuals.

cial
(close to a person) for warmth ^*^ly adv
or affection. so-cial-ism /'saujalizsm/ n [U]
so^ /S3u/ adv to such an extent: // political and economic theory
is not '^ big as I thought. that land, industries, etc should
so^ /s3u/ adv of manner 1 in this be owned by the State, so-cial-
(that) way: Kick the ball^. and \st adj. n[C]
'-^ on, and other things of the so-ciety /s3'sa:i9ti/ n {pi -ies) 1
same kind. 2 '>^ that, (a) in [U] system in which people live
order that: Shout ^ that they in organized communities. 2 [C]
hear you. (b) with the result social community. 3 [U] wealthy
that:Nothing was heard of him. people in a place, country, etc.
"^ was
that people thought he O
high society. 4 [C] organiza-
dead. -^ as to, in order to. 3 tion of persons formed with a
(used to replace a phrase): / told purpose; club.
you ^! 4 (used to express agree- so-ci-ol-ogy /isausi'oladsi/ n [U]
ment): A: 'It was cold yesterday. science of the nature and growth
B: 'S'^ it was. 5 also: You are
' of society and social behaviour.
young and ~ am I. 6 very: He's so-ci-ol-ogist n [C] expert in
~ tired. ''>^-called, named this sociology. so-cio'logi-cal
but perhaps wrongly: '^-called /-'lDd3ikl/a^7
friends. '>^-and--v/ /'sau n sao/. sock^ /sok/ n [C] woollen, cot-
person not needing to be named. ton, etc covering for the foot
so^ /S9u/ conj therefore: He was and ankle, puff one's '>^s up,
hurt ^
I helped him. make an effort to improve.
soak /s3uk/ vt/i 1 become com- sock^ /sok/ n [C] (sf) blow with
pletely wet by being in liquid. 2 the fist, a vt (sf) give (a person)
cause something to absorb as such a blow.
much liquid as possible. 3 (of socket /'sokit/ n [C] hollow in
rain, etc) make very wet. d n [C] which something fits or turns.
act of soaking. sod /sod/ n [C,Uj (piece oO earth
soap /S3up/ n [U] substance with grass on it.
made of fat or oil, etc, used for soda /'sauda/ n [U] substance
washing, a vt apply soap, used to make soap, glass etc.
soapy at// (-ier, -iest) 'soda-water, water contain-
soar /so:(r)/ vi 1 (of birds) fly or ing a gas to make it bubble.
go up high in the air. 2 (fig) rise sod-den /'sodn/ adj soaked
high: Prices are '^ing. through.
sob /sob/ vt/i (-bb-) 1 draw in so-dium /'saudiam/ n [U] silver-
the breath irregularly while cry- white metal (symbol Na).
ing. 2 '^ sth out, tell while sob- sofa /'saufa/ n [C] long seat with
bing. D n [C] act or sound of sob- raised ends and back, on which
bing. several persons can sit.
so-ber/'s3ub3(r)/a^y1 serious in soft /soft/ adj (-er, -est) 1
thought, etc: a ~
decision. 2 not changing shape easily when
drunk, a vt/i 1 (sb) ^ pressed: a ~ pillow. 2 (of sur-
(down), make or become faces) smooth and delicate: ~
sober (1). 2 'v. (sb) up, make cotton. 3 (of light, colours) rest-
or become sober(2). '>^ly adv ful to the eyes. 4 (of sounds) not
soc-cer /'sDk3(r)/ n [U] associa- loud. 5 (of outlines) indistinct. 6
tion football. (of answers, words, etc) not
so-ciable /'ssujsbl/ adj friendly; angry; gentle. 7 (of water) free
liking company, so-ciably ac/v from mineral salts. 8 (of certain
so-cial /'ssujl/ adj 1 Hving in sounds): C is ^
in 'city' and hard
groups. 2 of relations between in 'cat'. 9 easy: have a '^job. 10
persons and communities: -^ not having strength and deter-
customs. 3 of or in society: one's mination. ''^ drink, non-
'V. equals. 4
companionship:
for alcoholic drink,
i-^^-'hearted
a '~ club. 5 = sociable, n n [C] ac^' sympathetic; kind. ''>^ware,
social gathering. |'>^ se'curity, (computers) data, programmes,
government money for helping etc. C> hardware, "^ly adv.
people who are unemployed, '^nessn[U]
disabled, etc. ^-^ worker, per- sof-ten /^sofn/ vt/i 1 make soft.
son who works to improve so- 2 make (something) easier to
soggy/ somersault 3'

bear. music (to be) performed by one

soggy 'sogi adj (-ler, -lest) person. 2 any performance by
(esp of ground) heavy with one person, '-^ist, person who
v^ater. sog-gi-nessn[U] givesasolo(1 ).
soil SDil n [C.U] the upper layer sol-stice 'solstis n [C] time at
of earih in which plants grow, a which the sun is farthest north
v7 /make dirty. or south of the equator. equi- O
so-lar 'S3ul3<r)/ udj of the sun. nox.
the ''>- system, the sun and its sol-uble can
'soljubl/ adj 1 that
planets. be dissolved. 2 ^ solvable
sold S3uld pt.ppoiseW. solu'bility/2[U]
sol-der 'solddir) n [U] easily sol-ution ;S3'lu:|n, n 1 [C]
melted alloy used to join harder answer (to a question, etc); wa>
metals, etc. a v7 join with solder. of dealing with a difficulty. 2 [L]
''>^ing-iron, tool used for this ftrocess of finding an answer. 3
work. U] process of dissolving a solid
sol-dier 'S3uld33(r)/ n [C] mem-
,
in liquid. 4 [C,U] liquid that re-
ber of an army, a vi serve as a sults from this.
soldier. ^^ 'on, continue in spite solv-able /'solvabl/ adj that can
of difficulties. be solved: the problem is '^.
sole' S3ul n [C] flat sea-fish. solve sdIv, v7 find the answer to
sole^/S3ul ^ [C] under surface of (a problem, etc).
a human foot, shoe, etc. a v/ put sol-vent 'solvant' adj able to
a sole on (a shoe, etc). pay one's debts, a n [C] liquid
sole^ S3ul, adj one and only: the able to dissolve another sub-
~ owner, ^ly adv alone; only. stance, sol-vency n [U] being
sol-emn adj 1 done
'solam solvent.
with ceremony; serious, formal. sombre (US = som-bcr)
2 serious-looking, 's^ly adv. 'sDmb3(r), adj dark-coloured;
'^nessn[\J] gloomy, "^ly adv. '^^ness n [U]
sol-em-nity sa'lemnati, n {pi some' SAm weak form sam, adj
-ies) (formaf) 1 [U] seriousness. 1 (showing amount or quantity)
2 [Cj solemn ceremony. a certain number (more than
sol-icit yss'lisit, vtii 1 ask (for) two): PL'ase give me '^ milk.
seriously; beg for. 2 (of a prosti- There are '^ children outside. O
tute) offer oneself for sex (to). any. 2 (used in questions if the
sol-ici-tor S3'lisit3(r)/ n [C] speaker expects an afTirmative
(GB) lawyer who prepares legal answer): Aren't there ~
stamps
documents, advises clients, etc. in that drawer? 3 (used in invita-
C> barrister. tions): IVill you have ~
cake? 4
solid 'sohd; adj 1 not in the unknown or not named: He's
form of a liquid or gas. 2 not living at ~place in East Africa. 5
hollow. 3 of strong material or approximately: ~
twenty years
construction. 4 that can be de- ago. 6 large amount of: for '^
pended on: '^ arguments. 5 of time.
the same substance throughout: some^ /SAm pron a certain
~ gold. 6 continuous: sleep ten quantity or number: 5~ of these
hours ~. 7 (maths) having three books are quite useful.
dimensions. an[C]^ solid body somebody /'sAmbsdi/, some-
or substance. 2 (maths) figure of one /'sAmwAn/ pron 1 a person
three dimensions. '>^ly adv. (unknown or unnamed): There's
--wity /sa'lidstiTi [U] -^ at the door. (Note: anybody or
soli-dar-ity isoli'daerati/ n [U] anyone in questions, negative
unity because of common in- sentences). 2 a person of some
terests. importance: become ^
(in one's
sol-id-ify /sa'hdifai/ vt/i (pt.pp country, town, etc).
-ied) make or become solid or some-how /'sAmhau/ adv in
firm. some way (or other): We shall
soli-tary adj 1 (living)
/'solitri/ ~.
get there
alone; lonely. 2 only one: a -^ vj- some-one /'sAmwAn/ n =
sitor. 3 seldom visited. somebody.
soli-tude 'solitjuid, n [U] being som-er-sault /'sAmasDrlt/ n [C]
without companions. leap in which one turns over
solo /'s3ubu/ n [C] (pi ~s) 1 completely before landing, a vi
 357 something / sound

turn a somersault. highest singing voice of women.

some-thing /'sAmBig/ pron a sor-cerer /'sD:s9r3(r)/ n [C] man
thing, event, etc (unknown, un- who practises magic, sor-cer-
named, etc): / want ^ to eat. ess -IS, n [C] woman sorcerer.
{Note: anything in questions, sor-cery n {pi -ies) [U] witch-
negative sentences). craft.
some-time /'sAmtaim/ adv at a sor-did 'sD:di:d adj^ (of condi-
point in time: / saw him in ^ tions) poor, dirty. 2 (of persons)
May. without respect or honour -^^ly
some-times /'sAmtaimz/ adv adv. '-wness n [U]
from time to time: / ~ receive sore /sD:(r)/ adj (-r, -st) 1 (of a
letters from him. part of the body) tender and
some-what /'sAmwot/ adv very; painful. 2 causing sorrow or an-
quite: / was ~ surprised. noyance, a '^ point, one that
some-where /'sAmwesir)/ adv hurts the feelings when talked
in, at, to, a place (unknown, un- about. 3 annoyed; angry: feel ->-.
named, etc): // must be '^ near D n [C] sore place on the body.
here. {Note: anywhere in ques- --N^ly adv greatly: ~/v needed.

tions, negative sentences.) '>^nessAj[U]

son /SAn/ n [C] male child of a sor-row /'sorau/ n [C.U] (cause
parent, '-^^-in-law n [C] {pi ~s- oQ sadness; regret, a vi feel grief
in-law) husband of one's daugh- {at /for lover), --^^ful adj.
ter. sorry 'son adj 1 feeling regret
so-nata /sa'naita/ n [C] {pi -^s) or sadness, be/ fee/ "^^ for sb,
music for one or two instru- feel sympathy or pity. 2 (used as
ments, normally with three or an apology): Can you lend me a
four movements. pound?' —'S'^. but 1 can't.' 3
song /soq/ n 1 [U] singing. 2 [C] (-ier, -iest) pitiful: in a ~
state.
short poem set to music and in- sort^ /so:t/ n [C] group of persons
tended to be sung. ''>^bird, bird or things which are alike in some
noted for its musical sound. way.
sonic /'sonik/ adj relating to sort^ /S3:t, vt/i '>^ sth (out), ar-
sound or the speed of sound. O range in groups. ^-^^ sth out,
supersonic. {informal) (a) put in good ord-
son-net /'sonit/ n [C] poem con- er: ~
out a drawer, (b) solve: ~
taining 14 lines. out a problem, (c) clear up
soon /su:n/ adv {-ex, -est) 1 not misunderstandings.
long after the present time or the souf-fle /'surflei/ n [C] {Fr) dish
time in question: We shall -^ be ofeggs. milk, etc.
home. 2 early: How ~
can you be soul /S9ul/ n [C] 1 non-material
ready? 3 as ^
as, at the mo- part of a person, believed to ex-
ment that; when: He started as ist for ever. 2 emotional and in-
'^ as he received the news. 4 (to tellectual energy: put ^ into
show comparatives): The ^^er one 's work. 3 person regarded as
the better. '^er...than. rather an ideal: the ^
of honour. 4 spirit
than: He would '^er die than of a dead person. 5 person: not a
marry you. '^ to be seen, --^ful adj showing
soot /sut/ n [U] black powder deep feeling, -wfully adv.
left by smoke on surfaces, d vt '>^less adj without pity.
cover with soot, sooty adj (-ier, sound^ /saund/ adj (-er, -est) 1
-iest) black with soot. healthy; in good condition. 2 de-
soothe /su:d/ vt 1 make (a per- pendable: a ~
worker. 3 thor-
son) quiet or calm. 2 make ough; deep: be a'\^ sleeper, n adv
(pains) less severe, sooth-ing deeply, --^^ly adv in a deep, thor-
adj ough manner, '-s^ness n [U]
soph-is-ti-cated /sa'fistikeitid sound^ /saund/ n [C,U] 1 that
adj 1 having experience of the which is heard. 2 {sing only) ef-
world; cultured. 2 with the latest fect of something stated: / don't
improvements: -^^ weapons. like the ~
of it. ''>^ barrier,
soph-is-ti'ca-tion /-Jn/ «[U] point at which an aircraft's
soppy /'sopi/ adj (-ier, -iest) (/>i- speed equals that of sound. ''>.'-
formal) very sentimental. track, music, etc used in a cine-
so-prano /sa'prainau/ n [C] {pi ma film, ''%^-wave, vibrations
~s), adj (person having the) made in the air by which sound
sound /spark 358

IS carried. spa ;spa:/ n [C] (pi ~s) (place

sound' saund/ v/// 1 produce with a) spring of mineral water
sound from. 2 pronounce: Don't space /speis/ n 1 [U] the whole
->- the b in dumb
' 3 give notice
'. of the universe: travel into 'v,. 2
of: -^ the alarm. 4 (fig) give an (CU] distance between objects
impression: His explanation '^s 3 [C,U] area of land. 4 [U] unoc-
all right. cupied area; room(3): There \

sound* /saund/ vt/i 1 test the not enough ^

here. 5 period o!
depth of (the sea. etc) with a time: within the '^ of a day. o \ i

weighted line 2 ^^ sb (out) '^ sth out, put regular spaces

(about /on sth), try to learn a between. '^-rocket/ship
person's views, etc. -suit, of the kind needed foi
sound' /saund/ n [C] narrow travel beyond the earth's atmo-
passage of water joining two sphere.
larger areas of water. spa-cious /'speijas/ adj having
soup su:p' n [U] liquid food much space. '>^ness n [U]
made by cooking meat, vege- spade /speid/ n [C] 1 tool with
tables, etc in water. flat blade and a sharp edge for
sour /'sau3(r); adj 1 having a digging. 2 playing-card with
sharp taste
(like vinegar). 2 tast- black shapes like hearts upside
ing bad: -^ milk. 3 {fig) bad- down, a vi dig with a spade.
tempered. D vtji turn sour. '>^lv ''>^work, (fig) hard, basic,
af/v.'x/ness/i[U] work.
source /sd:s/ n [C] starting- spa-ghetti /spa'geti/ n [U] pasta
point: the '^ of a river /idea' in narrow long rods.
disease. span /spaen/ n [C] 1 distance be-
south /sau9/ n 1 the '^, point of tween the tips of a persons's
the compass, on the right of a thumb and little finger. 2 dis-
person facing the sunrise; part tance between the supports of
of a country in this direction. 2 an arch. 3 time from beginning
(as an adj) situated in, of, com- to end: the life^^ of man. a vt
ing from, the south, d adv to- (-nn-) extend across (from side
wards the south. ,'>^'east, to side).
I'x.'west (abbr SE, SW), n. spangle /'spaeqgl/ n [C] tiny disc
adj.adv (regions) midway be- of shining metal, as an orna-
tween south and east or south ment on a dress, etc. a vt cover
and west, -^^er-ly /'sAdah/ adj, with, or as with, spangles.
adv from, towards, in the south. span-iel /'spaenial/ n [C] sorts of
'>^ern /'sAdsn/ adj of, from, in dog with drooping ears.
large,
the south part of the world, a spank vt/i punish (a
/spaerjk/
country, etc. '>^ward /-wad/ adj child) by slapping him on the
towards the south, awards buttocks. 'V/ing n [C]
adv span-ner /'spaen3(r)/ (US =
sou-venir /,su:v3'ni9(r)/ n [C] wrench) n [Cj tool for gripping
something kept as a reminder of and turning nuts on bolts, etc.
a person, place or event. spar^ /spa:(r)/ n [C] wooden or
sov-er-eign /'sovrm/ adj (of metal pole used as a mast, etc.
power) supreme; (of a nation, spar^ /spo:(r)/ vi (-xr-) 1 practise
ruler) having sovereign power, d in boxing. 2 (fig) argue.
« [C] 1 a king or queen. 2 former spare^ /spe3(r)/ adjy additional
GB coin (worth one pound). to what is needed; (of time) free
'X/ty, sovereignpower. from work. 2 (of persons) thin.
so-viet /'sauviat/ n [C] council of a n [C] spare part (for a ma-
workers, etc in a district of the chine, etc).
USSR (the Union of S^ Social- spare^ /spe3(r)/ vtji 1 (decide to)
ist Republics). not hurt, damage or destroy: '^
sow^ /sau/ n [C] adult female a prisoner 's life. 2 be able to give
pig- (time, money, etc) for a purpose:
sow^ /S3u/ Vt/i ipt ~ed; pp ~n Can you ~me a few minutes? '^
/saun/ or ~ed) put (seed) on or a thought for, consider when
in soil; plant (land with seed). making a decision, spar-ing adj
soya /sDia/ n [U] (also 'soya- economical, careful (oQ- spar-
bean) plant grown as food and ing-ly a^v
for its oil. spark /spa:k/ n [C] 1 tiny glow

from a burning substance or the
breaking of an electric current. 2
(fig) sign of life, energy, etc. d
vt/i 1 give out sparks. 2 '^ sth
off, (fig) be the immediate
cause of. ''^ing-plug, device
for igniting the fuel in an engine.
sparkle /'spa:kl/ vi send out
flashes of light, a n [C] glitter;
gleam. '>^ling /'spa:klir)/ adj
spar-row /'spaerau/ n [C] com-
mon, small brownish-grey bird.
sparse /spa:s/ adj 1 not crowd-
ed: '^population. 2 not thick:
'-^ness n [U]
grass. 'N^ly adv.
spasm /'spaezam/ n [C] 1 sudden
and involuntary tightening of a
muscle. 2 sudden burst (of
energy), --^odic /spaez'modik/
adj (a) done at irregular inter-
vals, (b) caused by, affected by,
spasms. '^odi'Cally ac/v
spas-tic /'spaestik/ n [C], adj
(person) physically disabled be-
cause of damage to the brain
and motor nerves, causing
spasms.
spat /spa^t/ pt.pp of spit.
spate /speit/ n [C,U] 1 strong
flood of water (in a river). 2 sud-
den rush (of business, etc).
spa-tial /'speijl/ adj of, in rela-
tion to, space. '>^ly adv
spat-ter /'spaet3(r)/ vf// splash in
drips. D n [C] shower: a '^ of
rain.
spat-ula /'spaetjub/ n [C] (pi
tool with a flat, flexible blade
used for mixing or spreading.
spawn /spD:n/ n [Uj eggs of fish
and frogs, d vt/i 1 produce
spawn. 2 (fig) produce in great
numbers.
speak /spi:k/ vt/i (pt
/spauk/; pp spoken /'spaukan/)
1 use language in an ordinary
voice: / was '^ing to him about
my plans. '^ for sb, (a) state
the views, etc of. (b) give
evidence for. 2 express ideas:
Actions louder than words. 3
'-<-'
be able to use (a language): 'v.
French. 4 make a speech. 5 make
known: '^ the truth, '^er, (a)
person who makes speeches, (b)
(short for) loudspeaker.
spear /spia(r)/ n [C] weapon with
a metal point on a long shaft, a
vt pierce with a spear, ''x/head n
tC] (fig) individual or group
chosen to lead an attack, a vt act
as spearhead for.
spear-mint /'spiammt/ n
mint used for flavouring.
359 sparkle/ speech
spe-cial adj 1 of a parti-
/'spejl/
cular sort; not common; of or
for a certain person or purpose.
2 exceptional in amount, de-
gree, etc: ~
treatment, a n [C]
special train, edition, etc. '>^ly
adv particularly: / came '^ly to
see you. '>^ist, person who is an
expert in a profession.
spe-ci-al-ity /,speji'aslati/ n [C]
(pi -ies) 1 special quality. 2 thing
for which a person, company etc
is well known.
~ spe-cial-ize /'spejalaiz/ vt/i be
or become a specialist; give
special attention to. spe-cial-
iz-ation /-'zeijn/ n [C,U]
spe-cies /'spi:J'i:z/ n [C] (pi '^) 1
group of animals having similar
characteristics. 2 sort; type.
spe-ci-fic /spa'sifik/ adj 1 de-
tailed and precise: -^ orders. 2
relating to one particular thing,
etc: for a ~ purpose, -s^ally /-kli/
adv
specifi-ca-tion /,spesifi'keijn/
n 1 [U] specifying. 2 [C] (often
pi) details, etc of the design,
materials, of something.
spec-if y /'spesifai/ vt (pt,pp -led)
name a particular one, type. etc.
speci-men /'spesimm/ n [C] 1
one as an example of a class. 2
part taken to represent the
whole: a 'v. of his work. 3 some-
thing to be tested: a ~
of urine.
~s) speck /spek/ n [C] 1 small spot
(of dirt, etc). 2 (fig) small spot.
speckle /'spekl/ n [C] small spot,
esp one of many, on feathers,
etc. speckled a^
spec-tacle /'spektakl/ n [C] 1
public display, etc. 2 something
spoke seen, esp something grand. 3 (pf)
(also a pair of '>^s) pair of lenses
in a frame, resting on the nose,
to help the eyesight.
spec-tacu-lar /spek'taekjola(r)/
adj very impressive, '^ly adv
spec-ta-tor n [C]
/spek'teita(r)/
person looking at (a show or
game).
spec-trum /'spektram/ n [C] (pi
-tra /-tra/) 1 image of a band of
colours (as seen in a rainbow). 2
(fig) wide range: a ~
of opinions.
specu-late /'spekjuleit/ vi 1
form opinions (without having
complete knowledge). 2 buy and
sell goods, shares, etc with risk
of loss,specu'la-tion /-Jn/ n
[C, Ul. specu-lat-ive adj
[U] sped /sped/ /7/.PP of speed.
speech /spi:tj/ n 1 [U] power.
speed /spirit
act, of speaking. 2 [C] talk given
in public. '>^less adj unable to
speak, esp because of deep feel-
ing
speed spi:d/ n 1 (U] Quickness
of movement. 2 (C.Uj rate of
motion, n vt'i 1 (pt.pp sped) go
quickly. 2 (pt.pp ~ed) ->- (sth)
up. increase the speed (oQ: up
production. '>^om-eter spi:-
'dDmitD(r) instrument showing
'.
the speed of a motor-vehicle,
etc speedy adj (-ier, -iest)
quick.
spell^ /spel/ n [C] 1 words sup-
posed to have magic power. 2
attraction exercised by a person,
occupation, etc. '--wbound adj
with the attention held by a
spell.
spelP /spel/ n [C] period of time.
spelP 'spel/ vtU {pt.pp ~ed
/speld/ or spelt /spelt/) 1 name
or write the letters of (a word). 2
~ sth out. make it easy to un-
derstand. 3 have as a conse-
quence: Does laziness always
failure'^ -^ing, way a word is
spelt.
spelt C> spelP.
spend /spend/ vtji (pt.pp spent
/spent/) 1 pay out (money) for
goods, services, etc. 2 use up:
Tkeir ammunition was spent. 3
pass time, ''-^thrift, person
who wastes money.
sperm /sp3:m/ n [U] fertilizing
fluid of a male animal.
spew /spju:/ vtii = vomit.
sphere /sfi3(r)/ n [C] 1 shape of a
globe. 2 range of interests, acti-
vities, influence, etc. spheri-
cal /'sferikl/ ai^ circular.
spice /spais/ n 1 [C,U] sub-
stance, eg nutmeg, cinnamon,
used to flavour food. 2 [U] (Jig)
interest; excitement: add '^ to a
story. D vt add flavour to.
adj (a) of spice, (b)
(-ier, -iest)
(fig) exciting because a little im-
moral.
spick /spik/ adj (only in) |^ and
*span. bright, clean and tidy.
spi-der /'spaidD(r)/ n [C] type of
creature with eight legs, esp one
that spins a web. spid-ery adj
(of handwriting) with long, thin
strokes.
spied /spaid//7r,/7Dof spy.
spike /spaik/ n [C] 1 sharp point.
2 pointed cluster of flowers or
grain on a single stem, n vt
pierce with a spike, spiky adj
(-ier, -iest)
360
spill spil, vt/i (pt.pp spWx /spilt/
or 'v.ed) (of liquid or powder)
(allow to) run over the side of
the container, a n [C] fall from a
horse, etc.
spin /spm/ v///(/7/spun /spAn/or
span spaen /7/)spun), (-nn-) 1
;
form (thread) by twisting wool,
~ cotton, etc. 2 form by means of
threads: spiders ~
wehs. 3 (fig)
compose (a story). ~ sth out.
make it last as long as possible. 4
(cause something to) go round
and round, a n ^ [U] spinning
motion. 2 [C] short ride in a
motor-car. i^^-'drier, device
that spins (clothes) to dry them.
''-^ning-wheel, machine for
spinning thread turned by a
large wheel.
spin-ach /'spmids/ n [U] plant
with small green leaves, cooked
and eaten as a vegetable.
spi-nal /'spaml/ adj(anat) of the
spine.
spindle /'spmdl/ n [C] 1 (in spin-
~ ning) thin rod for winding
thread by hand. 2 bar on which
something turns round, spin-
dly /'spmdli/ adj (-ier, -iest)
long and thin: spindly legs.
spine /spam/ « [C] 1 = back-
bone. 2 sharp point on some
plants and animals, eg a porcu-
pine. 3 part of a book's cover
that can be seen when it is on a
shelf, '-^less adj (a) having no
spine(l). (b) (fig) without
(moral) couiage. spiny adj
(-ier, -iest) having spines(2).
spin-ster /'spmst3(r)/ n [C] un-
married (older) woman.
spi-ral /'spaiaral/ adj, n [C] (in
the form of a) curve winding up-
wards round a central point: A
^. a vi (-II-, US
.snail's shell is
also -I-) move in a spiral.
spicy spire /'spai9(r)/ n [C] pointed
tower (esp of a church).
spirit /'spirit/ n 1 [C,U] soul; in-
tellectual or moral part of man.
2 [C] a being without a body;
ghost. 3 [Cj person: What a
generous ~/ 4 [V] courage, live-
liness: Put more ~
into your
work. 5 (sing only) mental or
moral attitude: It depends on the
'^ in which it was done. 6 [U] real
meaning: obey the ~, not the let-
ter, of the law. 7 (pf) state of
mind: in high ~5, cheerful. 8
(usually pi) strong alcoholic
drink (eg whisky), a vt '^ sth/
sb away /off, take a person or

thing quickly or mysteriously.
'^ed adj (a) full of spirit (4).
(b) having the kind of spirits(7)
shown: high/low '^ed.
spiri-tual /'spirit Jual/ adj 1 of
the spirit (1 ) or soul; of religion.
2 of spirits(2); supernatural, a n
[C] religious song as sung by Ne-
groes in the US. '>^ly adv
spirt /sp3:t/ vin[C] = spurt.
spit^ /spit/ n [C] 1 metal spike on
which to fix meat, etc for roast-
ing. 2 narrow point of land run-
ning out into a sea, etc.
spit^ /spit/ vt/i(pt.pp spat /spaet/)
(-tt-) 1 send liquid (saliva) out
from the mouth. 2 'X/
(out), send (out) from the
mouth. 3 (of rain) fall lightly, d
n 1 [U] = saliva. 2 the '^ting
image of, exact likeness of.
spite /spait/ n [U] desire to an-
noy, to cause pain, in '%^ of, not
to be prevented by; although:
They went out in -^^ of the rain, d
vt injure or annoy because of
spite. '>^fula<^'
splash /splaej/ vt/i 1 (cause a
liquid to) be fiung about in
drops. 2 display: ~
his name all
over the newspapers, a n [C]
(sound, mark, made by) splash-
ing.
splen-did /'splendid/ adj 1 mag-
nificent. 2 {informal) excellent: a
'^performance, -x^ly adv
splendour (US = -dor)
/'splend3(r)/ n [U] magnificence;
brightness.
splice /splais/ vt 1 join (two ends
of rope) by twisting the threads
together. 2 join (two pieces of
wood, magnetic tape) by fasten-
ing them. D n [C] joint made by
splicing.
splint /splint/ n [C] stripof
wood, etc strapped to an arm,
etc to keep a broken bone
position.
splin-ter /'splint3(r)/ n [C] sharp
piece (of wood, glass,
broken off a larger piece,
break into splinters. ''>^ group,
(in group of persons
politics)
who have broken away from
their party.
split /spht/ vtii ipt.pp ~) (-tt-) 1
break open or into parts, esp
from end to end. 2 -^ hairs,
make very fine distinctions (in
an argument, etc). -^ one's
sides, shake with laughter. -^^
up, separate. 3 divide: argu-
ments ~the party, a n [C] 1
361 spiritual /spore
(crack or tear made by) split-
ting. 2 separation or division. 3
the ^s, feat of sitting on the
fioor with legs stretched out in a
line, i--^ 'second, a brief mo-
ment.
splut-ter/'splAt9(r)/ vr/tl speak
confusedly (from excitement,
etc). 2 make a spitting sound:
the fire '^ed and died, d n [U]
spluttenng sound.
spoil /spoil/ vtji (pt.pp '^X or
-v/ed) 1 make useless or unsatis-
factory. 2 harm the character of
(children) by lack of discipline.
3 (of food, etc) become bad. a n
sth pi stolen goods; profit.
''-wsport, person who ruins the
enjoyment of other people.
spoke^ /spauk/ n [C] rod con-
necting the centre of a wheel
with the rim.
spoke^, spoken /spauk,
spaukan/ c> speak.
spokes-man /'spauksman/ n
[C] (pi -men /-man/) person
speaking as the representative of
a group.
sponge /spAnds/ n 1 [C] kinds of
simple sea-animal; its body, full
of holes, able to absorb water
easily. 2 one of these, or some-
thing similar, used for cleaning
or wiping. 3 = sponge-cake, d
vt/i 1 wipe with a sponge. 2 ''>^
on/off sb, (informal) obtain
money from a person, without
giving anything in return. ''>'-
cake, soft cake like a sponge.
sponger, person who
sponges(2). spongy adj (-ier,
-lest)
spon-sor /'spDns3(r)/ n [C] 1
person (eg a godfather) making
himself responsible for another.
2 person who pays for an event.
D vt act as a sponsor for.
in spon-ta-neous /spon'teinias/
adj done from natural impulse,
not suggested. '>^ly adv. spon-
etc) ta-neity /jsponta'neiati/ n [U]
a vtji spool /spu:l/ n [C] reel (for
thread, film, tape, etc).
spoon /spurn/ n [C] utensil with
a shallow bowl on a handle,
used for taking up food, a vt
take with a spoon. ''>^feed vt
give (a person) too much help or
teaching.
sporadic /spa'raedik/ adj occur-
ring only occasionally. '>^ally
l-kh/adv
spore /spD:(r)/ n [C] seed of a
flowerless plant (eg a fern).
sport /spurn 362

sport /sport/ n 1 (C,U] activity by unfolding it. 2 put (a sub-

engaged in for amusement and stance) on a surface: ~
butter on
exercise. 2 (/>/) meeting for ath- bread. 3 (cause to) become more
letic contests. 3 (informal) unsel- widely extended: ~ knowledge/
fish, kind person, a vi/i 1 play disease.4 extend in space or
about. 2 (informal) have or wear time. an[C]^ extent. 2 spread-
proudly: He came in '^^ing a new ing(3). 3 (informal) table with
suit, 'sportscar, motor-car de- good things to eat. 4 paste (to
signed for high speeds, 'sports- be) spread on bread, etc. '-x/-
man, person who is fond of eagle vt (reflexive) lie with arms
sjKtrt. Hence, 'sportsman- and legs extended to form a
ship n [U] fair, generous, be- cross.
haviour. '>i'ing adj (a) of, in- spright-ly /'spraitli/ adj (-ier,
terested in, sport, (b) involving -iest) lively; brisk, spright-li-
a risk of losing: a '^ing chance. ness n [U]
'N'ing-ly ot/v spring^ /spriq/ n [C] 1 act of
spot /spot/ n [C] 1 small (esp springing up. 2 (place where
round) mark different in colour. there is) water coming up from
2 dirty mark. 3 small, red place the ground. 3 device of coiled
on the skin. 4 small amount: a ->- wire which returns to its shape
of tea. 5 place: the ->- where he after being pulled or pressed. 4
died, on the '>^. (a) at the place [U] elastic quality, springy adj
where one is needed, (b) imme- (-ier, -iest)
diately: killed on the ^. a vtji spring' /spni]/ n [C] season of
(-tt-) 1 mark with spots. 2 re- the year in which vegetation be-
cognize, see. '>^ted adj marked gins (between winter and sum-
wi^ spots. '>.'less adj clean. mer). I'X'-'clean vt clean (a
'x/ty adj (-ier, iest) marked house) thoroughly. Hence, |'>^-

with spots (on the skin). 'cleaningn

spot-light /'spotlait/ n [C] (lamp spring' /spni)/ vt/i (pt sprang
used for sending a) strong light /spraeq/; pp sprung" /sprAi)/) 1
directed on to a particular place. jump or move suddenly. 2 '>^
n vt direct a spotlight on to. (up), grow up quickly from the
spouse /spaus/ n [C] (legal) hus- ground. 3 appear suddenly. 4 '>^
band or wife. sth on sb, produce suddenly:
spout /spaut/ n [C] 1 pipe He sprang a surprise on me. 5
through which liquid pours, eg cause to operate: '>^ a trap. 6 '^
from a teapot. 2 stream of a leak, (of a ship, etc) crack so
Uquid. D nji 1 (of liquid) come that water enters.
out with great force. 2 (informal) sprinkle /'spngkl/ vt scatter
speak (verses, etc) pompously. (liquid, dust, etc) on to (a sur-
sprain /sprem/ vt injure (a joint, face),sprink-ler /-kld(r)/, (esp)
eg in the ankle) by twisting apparatus for sprinkling water
violently, a n [C] injury so (eg on to a lawn).
caused. sprint /sprint/ vi run at full
sprang /spraer)//?/ of spring^ speed. D n [C] fast run.
sprat /spraet/ n [C] small Euro- sprout /spraut/ vt/i 1 put out
pean sea-fish. leaves; begin to grow. 2 develop,
sprawl /spro:!/ vi 1 sit or lie with n /I [C] 1 new part of a plant. 2
the arms and legs spread out. 2 = Brussels sprout.
(of plants, towns) spread out ir- sprung /sprAij/pp of spring'.
regularly, a n [C] sprawling posi- spun /sp\n/ppotspin.
tion or area. spur /sp3:(r)/ n [C] 1 sharp-
spray^ /sprei/ n [C] small bra^ch toothed wheel worn on the heel
of a tree or plant, esp as an orna- and used to make the horse go
ment. faster. 2 (fig) something that
spray' /sprei/ n 1 [U] liquid sent urges a person on to greater ac-
through the air in tiny drops. 2 tivity, on the '^ of the mo-
(C,U] liquid, eg a perfume, in the ment, on a sudden impulse. 3
form of spray. 3 [C] device that ridge extending from a moun-
sprays (perfume, etc), a vt put tain. D vt/i (-rr-) 's^ sb (on).
spray on. urge on with, or as with, spurs.
spread /spred/ vtji (pt.pp 'n.) 1 spurn /sp3:n/ vt reject or refuse
extend the surface of something (an offer).

spurt /sp3:t/ vj 1 (of liquids,
flame, etc)come out in a sudden
burst. 2 make a sudden, violent
effort,esp in a race, a n [C] sud-
den burst of energy.
sput-ter /'spAt3(r)/ vi make a
series of spitting sounds.
spy /spai/ n [C] (pi spies) 1 per-
son who tries to get secret infor-
mation, esp about an enemy. 2
f>erson who keeps a secret watch
on others, d vt/i 1 -v/ o/i sth/
sb. act as a spy on, watch secret-
ly. 2 observe; see.
squabble /'skwobl/ vi, n [C]
(take part in) a small or noisy
quarrel.
squad /skwod/ n [C] small group
of persons, eg soldiers.
squad-ron /'skwodrsn/ n [C] 1
unit of a regiment. 2 number of
warships or military aircraft.
squalid /'skwolid/ adj dirty,
poor, uncared for. 'x/ly adv
squall /skworl/ n [C] 1 loud cry
(esp from a baby). 2 sudden
violent wind, a vi utter
squalls(l).
squalor /'skwDb(r)/ n [U] squal-
id state.
squan-der /'skwDnd3(r)/
waste (time, money).
square^ /skwed(r)/ adj 1 having
the shape of a square(l). 2
forming a right angle: a -^ c/im.
3 of a number multiplied by it-
self: The '^ of 3 is 9. A a
meat, one that is big enough. 5
honest: '>^ dealings. 6 (of a per-
son) conventional, old-
fashioned, a// '^^f with equal
scores, a adv in a square(2)
manner, -^^ly adv (a) so as to
form a right angle, (b) honestly,
(c) directly: / looked him '^ly in
the eye. '^ness n [U]
square' /skwe3(r)/ n [C] 1 shape,
area, with four equal sides and
four right angles (a). 2 anything
having the shape of a square. 3
four-sided open area, eg in a
town. 4 result when a number is
multiplied by itself. 5 square
(6) person.
square^ /skwe3(r)/ vt/i 1 make
square. 2 cause one hne to make
a right angle with another. 3
multiply a number by itself. 4 '>^
sth off, mark (off) in squares.
5 '>- (up) (with sb), settle, ba-
lance (accounts).
squash^ /skwoj/ vt/i 1 press flat
or into a small space. 2 squeeze
or crowd. 3 (informal) silence (a
363 spurt/squirt
person) with a clever reply. 4 (in-
formal) defeat (a rebellion), a n
[C] 1 crowd of persons squashed
together. 2 [C,U] drink made
from fruit juice.
squash' /skwoJ/ n [U] (also '~
rackets) game played with rack-
ets and a rubber ball in a walled
court.
squat /skwDt/ vt (-tt-) 1 sit on
one's heels. 2 occupy empty
buildings, land, without author-
ity, a fl^^ short and thick, 'x/ter,
person who squats(2)
squaw /skw3:/ n [C] North
American Indian woman.
squawk /skw3:k/ vi, n [C] (chief-
ly of birds) (make a) loud, harsh
cry.
squeak /skwiik/ n {C] 1 short,
shrill noise or cry. 2 a narrow
'\^. a narrow escape from dan-
ger. vt/i make a squeak.
squeaky adj (-ier, -iest)
squeal /skwi:l/ n [C] shrill cry
longer and louder than a
squeak, a vt/i make a squeal.
squeam-ish /'skwi:mij/a^' hav-
ing a delicate stomach and easily
made sick; feeling sick. '>^ly adv.
vt '>^ness n [U]
squeeze /skwi:z/ vt/i 1 press on
from the opposite side or from
all sides. 2 -^^ sth (from/out
of), get (water, juice, etc) out of
something by pressing hard. 3
^ force (a person, oneselO into a
small space. 4 '>^ sth out of
sb. get by force, etc. a /i [C] 1 act
of squeezing; condition of being
squeezed. 2 [U] (^informal)
period of financial difficulty.
squelch /skweltj/ vt/i make a
sucking sound as wheo feet are
lifted from mud. a n [C] squelch-
ing sound or act.
squid /skwid/ n [C] kind of sea-
animal with ten long arms
round the mouth.
squint /skwmt/ vi 1 have eyes
that look in different directions
at once. 2 look at with half-shut
eyes, a n [C] squinting position
of the eyes.
squirm /skw3:m/ vi twist the
body (from discomfort or em-
barrassment), a n [C] squirming
movement.
squirrel /'skwiral/ n [C] (kinds
of) small, bushy-tailed animal
with red or grey fur.
squirt /skw3:t/ vt/i (of liquid,
powder) force out in a thin
stream, a n [C] thin stream or jet
 . .

stab /stamina 364

(of liquid, powder, etc). stain /stem/ vt/i 1(of liquids)

stab /staeb/ vtH (-bb-) 1 pierce make coloured patches or dirty
or wound with a sharp-pointed marks on. 2 colour (wood, fab-
weapon, eg a knife. 2 produce a rics, etc), a n ^ [U] liquid used
sensation of being stabbed: a for staining wood, etc. 2 [C]
'^bing pain, a n [C] ^ stabbing stained place, '^ed glass, glass
blow; pain caused by this. 2 (in- coloured during manufacture.
formaf) attempt: have a'y^at it. 'N^less adj (esp of steel) that re-
stable^ /'steibl/ adj (-er, -est) sists rust.
firm; steady. sta-bil-ity stair /ste9(r)/ n [C] (one of a)
/sta'bibti/ n [U] sta-bil-ize of fixed steps leading from
series
/'steibalaiz/ vt make stable, sta- one fioor of a building to an-
bi-lizer, person or thing that other, a flight of -^s. a set of
stabilizes. stairs. O downstairs, upstairs.
stable^ /'steibl/ n [C] building in ''>^case/way, series of stairs
which horses are kept, a vt put in inside a building.
a stable. stake /steric/ n [C] 1 strong,
stack /stsk/ n [C] 1 pild of hay, pointed length of wood driven
straw, etc, for storage in the into the ground. 2 (hist) post to
open. 2 heap (of books, wood, which a person was tied to be
etc). 3 (brickwork enclosing a) burnt to death. 3 sum of money
number of chimneys, a vt make risked when gambling, at '^. to
into a stack. be won or lost; risked. 4 interest
sta-dium /'steidiam/ n [C] (pi or concern: / have a in her fu- ~
~s) enclosed area of land for ture, n vr 1 support with a stake.
sports, with seats for spectators. 2 mark (an area) with stakes: ^
staff /sta:f/ n [C] 1 strong stick out a claim (to land). 3 risk
used as a support when walking. (money, etc).
2 pole serving as a support: a stale /steil/ adj 1 (of food) not
flag's^. 3 group of assistants
^
fresh. 2 uninteresting: jokes. 3 ^
working together under a ma- (of athletes, musicians, etc) not
nager. 4 group of senior army able to perform well because of
officers. 5 (music) (pi staves too much practice, etc. a vi be-
/'steivz/) set of five parallel lines come stale. '>^ness n [U]
on which notes are written, n vt stale-mate /'steilmeit/ n [C,U] 1
provide with a staff (3) (chess) position from which no
stag /staeg/ n [C] male deer. further move is possible. 2 (fig)
stage /steids/ n [C] 1 (in a stage at which further action
theatre) raised platform on seems impossible.
which the actors appear. 2 be/ stalks /stD:k/ n [C] part of a plant
go on the '^. be/become an ac- that supports a flower, leaves or
tor. 3 (Jig) place where events fruit.
occur. 4 period or step in deve- stalk^ /st3:k/ vt/i 1 walk with
lopment. 5 distance between slow, stifT strides, esp in a proud
two stopping-places along a way. 2 move quietly and cau-
route; such a stopping-place, d tiously towards (wild animals,
vt put on the stage (1 ): '^ a play. etc): ~
deer, 'ver, person who
'xz-coach, horse-drawn vehicle stalks animals.
formerly carrying passengers. stall /st3:l/ n [C] 1 compartment
stag-ger /'staeg3(r)/ v//i 1 walk for one animal in a stable. 2
unsteadily. 2 (of news, etc) table or small, open shop, etc
shock deeply. 3 arrange (events) used by a trader. 3 (pi) seats in
at different times: '^ed holidays. the part of a theatre nearest to
a n (sing) staggering movement. the stage, n vt/i 1 (eg of a car en-
stag-nant /'staegnsnt/ adj 1 (of gine) fail to keep going. 2 (of an
water) without current. 2 (fig) aircraft) become out of control
unchanging; inactive. through loss of speed. 3 avoid
stag-nate /staeg'neit/ vi 1 be giving an answer, doing some-
stagnant. 2 (fig) become dull thing (to get more time)
through inactivity, etc. staMion /'staelian/ n [C] male
stag'na-tion /-Jn/ n [U] horse, esp used for breeding.
staid /steid/ adj (of appearance, stanri'ina /'staemina/ n [U]
behaviour, etc) conservative, energy and strength to work
quiet and serious. 'X/ly adv hard for a long time, to survive

illness, etc.
stam-mer /'staem9(r)/ vtji
speak with a tendency to repeat
rapidly the same sound. 2 '^
sth (out), say something m
this halting way. n [C] (ten-
dency to) stammering talk.
stamps /stamp/ n [C] 1 act of
stamping with the foot. 2 device
with which a mark is made on a
surface. 3 word(s), etc made by
stamping on a surface. 4 piece of
printed paper stuck on enve-
lopes (also ^postage 'v-), docu-
ments, etc to show the postage,
duty, paid. ''x/-album,
etc,
book in which to keep postage
stamps.
stamp^ /staemp/ vtji 1 put (one's
foot) down with force (on some-
thing). 2 '>^ sth out, crush, des-
troy it. 3 '^ sth on I with sth.
print (a design, the date, etc)
paper or other surface. 4 put a
stamp(4) on (a letter, etc). 5
(Jig) impress: to ~ one's perso-
nality on something.
stam-pede n [C]
/staem'pi:d/
sudden rush of frightened
people or animals, a vtji take
part in a stampede; cause to do
this.
stance n [C] (in golf,
/staens/
cricket) position taken for a
stroke.
stand^ /staend/ n [C] 1 maAe a
'^. be ready to resist or fight. 2
piece of furniture on which
things are placed: a ^music"^. 3
structure from which things are
sold or exhibited. 4 building
where people stand or sit to
watch sports-meetings, etc. 5
{VS) = witness-box. '--^point,
point of view,
stand^ /staend/ vtji (pt.pp stood
/stud/) 1 have, take, keep, an
upright position; support the
body on the feet. 2 -^ (up), rise
to the feet. 3 remain without
change: my decision '>^s. '^
firm/fast, not give way,
change one's views, etc. 4 be in a
certain situation: As affairs
~. 5 place in an upright posi-
tion: 5^ the ladder against the
wall. 6 put up with; bear: He
can't ->.. hot weather. 7 pay for:
~ a friend a good dinner. 8 It
^s to reason (that). t>
reason'(3). 11 -»^ by. (a) look
on withoxit doing anything. C>
bystander, (b) be ready for ac-
tion. -^ by sb. support him. '^
365 stammer/ starboard
by sth, be Faithful to (a pro-
1 mise, etc). Hence, ''>^by n (a)
state of readiness, (b) person or
thing that one may depend on.
'>^ for sth. (a) represent: PO
-^sfor Post Office, (b) {GB) be a
candidate for: '^for Parliament.
(c) {informal) tolerate: She
doesn 7 ~
for disobedience, 'v, in
(for sb). take the place of.
Hence, '-^-in n [C]. ^
off. re-
main at a distance. '>^ out. (a)
be easily seen among others. c>
outstanding, (b) continue to
resist: ~out against the enemy.
-^ up. O 2 above. -^ sb up.
(informal) not keep an appoint-
ment. '>^ up for sb, support;
take the side of. ^
up to sth,
(of materials) remain in good
condition after hard use, etc.
staii'dard /'staendsd/ n[C] 1 dis-
on tinctive flag. 2 something used
as a measure: a high '^ of living;
a '^ metre. ''>- lamp, tall lamp
with its base on the floor. 'V/ize
/-daiz/ vt make of one size,
shape, quality, etc according to
fixed standards.
stand-ing /'staendir)/ n 1 [U] du-
ration: debts of long '^. 2 [C,U]
position or reputation, a adj es-
tablished and permanent; ready
for use: a -^ing army.
stank /staer)k//7r of stink.
stan-za /'staenza/ n [C] {pi -^s)
group of lines in a poem.
staple' /'steipl/ n [Cj 1 U-shaped
metal pin hammered into a sur-
face to hold something. 2 bent
piece of wire to hold sheets of
paper together, d vt fasten or fit
with a staple, stapler n [C] dev-
ice for putting in staples (2)
staple^ /'steipl/ n 1 [C] chief ar-
ticle or product. 2 [U] fibre of
cotton, wool, etc. 3 (as an adj)
forming the chief part: ^ diet
{ = principal food).
star /sta:(r)/ n [CJ 1 one of the
bodies seen in the sky at night as
points of light. 2 figure with
points round it, resembling a
now star. 3 person famous as a sing-
er, actor, etc. d vt/i (-rr-) 1 mark
or decorate with stars. 2 be a
star(3) {in a film, etc), '-^dom
/-dam/, status of being a star (3)
''>-fish, sea-animal shaped like
astar. '>^ryai^
star-board /'sta:bo:d/ n [U] right
side of a ship or aircraft for a
pwrson looking forward. c>
port^.
starch /steady
starch n (U) 1 white,
/sta:tj/
tasteless food substance, as in
potatoes. 2 this substance used
to stifTen cotton clothes, etc. d vi
make stifTwith starch, starchy
a<^(-ier, -lest)
stare /ste3(r)/ vt/i ->- fat), look
fixedly; (of eyes) be wide open, a
n[C] staring look.
stark /stai/ adj complete:
madness, a adv completely:
naked. .•
star-liiig /'starlir)/ n [C] common
small bird with dark plumage.
starry /'slain/ O star.
start^ /sla:t/ n [C] 1 beginning of
a journey, activity, etc. 2 {sing
only) time or distance by which
one f>erson starts in front of
competitors. 3 sudden move-
ment of surprise, fear, etc.
start^ /start/ v/// 1 '^ (out).
2 begin. 3 make a
leave; set out.
sudden movement (from sur-
prise, fear, etc). 4 set going; ori-
ginate: -^ a business. 5 's^
begin to move. '>^ out (to do
sth). {informal) begin. ^ sth
up. put (an engine, etc) in mo-
tion. '>^er, (a) device to start
engine, (b) {informaf) first
course of a meal, (c) person
who starts a race.
startle /'sta:tl/ vt give a shock or
surprise to.
starve /sta:v/ vt/i 1(cause to)
suffer or die from hunger, be
-y^d of. {fig) be in great need of.
2 feel hungry: I'm starving.
star-va-tion /-'veijn/ n [U]
state^ /steit/ n [C] 1 condition of
a person or thing is: in a poor ->-
of health. 2 (often S'^) organ-
ized political community; part
of this: The United States. 3 [U]
civil government: Church and
S'^. 4 [U] ceremony; formality:
received in '^. B (as an adj) of or
for ceremony: the 'v- apartments.
'^ly adj (-ier, -iest) impressive;
dignifiexi.
state' /steit/ vt express in words,
esp fully and clearly, '^ment,
(a) [C] stating of facts, views,
etc; report, (b) financial report:
a bank '\^ment.
states-man /'steitsman/ n [C]
{pi -men) person taking an im-
portant part in State affairs.
''>^ship n [U] skill and wisdom
in public affairs.
static /'staetik/ adj not moving:
~ electricity, a n [U] atmo-
spheric disturbance affecting
366
radio broadcasts.
sta-tion /'steijn/ n [C] 1 build-
ing, etc where a service is organ-
ized: apoUicel^bus-'^. 2 stopping
place for trams. 3 social posi-
tion, a vt put (eg a guard) at a
certain place. ''>^-wagon, es-
tate car.
sta-tion-ary /'steijann/ adj 1
~ not intended to be moved: a 'n.
~ engine. O
mobile(l). 2 not
moving.
sta-tioner /'steijn3(r)/ n [C]
dealer in stationery. sta*tion-
ery n [U] paper, envelopes, etc
for writing.
stat-is-tics /sta'tistiks/ n 1 {pf)
collection of information shown
in numbers. 2 [U] the science of
statistics, stat-is-ti-cal /-kl/
adj. stat-is-ti-cian /,staeti'sti-
f n/n [C] expert in statistics.
statue /'staetju:/ n [C] figure of a
person in wood, stone, bronze,
etc. '>^tte /iStaetJu'et/, small
off. statue.
stat-ure /'staetf3(r)/ n [U] 1 (per-
son's) size, height. 2 {fig) impor-
tance gained by ability.
an status /'steitss/ n [U] person's
legal, social or professional pos-
ition. '-^ symbol, evidence of
social rank, wealth, etc, eg a
large car.
stat-ute /'staetju:t/ n [C] (writ-
ten) law passed by Parliament.
statu-tory /-tri/ adj fixed, re-
quired, by statute.
staunch /storntj/ adj (of a sup-
porter, etc) loyal. '>^ly adv
stave ^
/steiv/ n [C] 1 curved
piece of wood used for the side
ofa barrel. 2 (mu5/c) = staff (5).
stave' /steiv/ vt/i (pt.pp 'v.d or
stove /stauv/) 1 -x. sth in.
break, make a hole in. 2 '^ sth
off. keep off, delay (danger,
etc).
stay' /stei/ vt/i 1 be, remain, in a
place or condition: ~ at home;
~ sober. '^ up. not go to bed. 2
^ 'p*/f. {informal) remain
where placed. 3 stop, delay: '>^
the progress of a disease. 4 be
able to continue (work, etc):
''v./wg power. D M [C] 1 period of
staying (1 ): a long 'v- in hospital.
2 (legal) delay; postponement: a
of execution.
'>^
stay' /stei/ n [C] rope supporting
a mast, pole, etc.
stead-fast /'stedfarst/ adj firm
and unchanging. '>^ly adv
steady /'stedi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
 367 steak /stew

Affinly fixed or supported; ba- etc printed through a d

stencil,
lanced. 2 regular in movement, vt (-II-, US also -I-) produce
speed, etc: a -c- speed. 3 reliable: (wording, etc) with a stencil.
a 'V, worker. 4 unchanging: a -v. step^ /step/ n 1 act of stepping
purpose, a adv = steadily, d vt/i once; distance covered by doing
make, become, steady, stead- ,^ by
this. *'>". gradually.
ily adv in a regular manner. watch one's '^. be careful. 2
steak /steik/ n [C,U] (thick slice manner or noise of walking. 3
oO meat or fish. be/get in /out of (with). ^
steal /sti:l/ vt/i (pt stole /staul/; (a) put/not put the same foot to
pp stolen /'staulan/) 1 take (a the ground as others (in eg danc-
person's property) without per- ing), (b) conform/not conform
mission. 2 obtain by surprise or with other members of a group.
a trick: '^ a kiss. 3 move secretly 4 one of a series of actions to do
and quietly. something: take '^s to increase
steam /sti:m/ n [U] 1 vapour output. 5 place for the foot when
which rises from boiling water. going from one level to another.
2 power obtainwi from steam. 3 6 grade; promotion. 7 (pt) =
(fig) (informal) energy, tet off step-ladder, ''x^ladder, fold-
'^, release energy or emotion, d ing ladder with steps, not rungs.
vt/i1 give out steam. 2 move, step' /step/ vt/i (-pp-) 1 move
work, etc under the power of the foot as when walking: 'v.
steam.3 cook by steam. 4 -^^ across a stream. 2 'v, aside.
up. become misty with con- (fig) let another person take
densed steam. ''>'-engine, one one's place. '^ down, (fig) re-
worked by steam. ''>^ship, ship sign, 'v/ in. (fig) intervene, 'v.
driven by steam. '>^er, (a) = sth up. increase it. ''>^ping-
steamship, (b) vessel in which stone, stones in a shallow
food is steamed, steamy adj stream, so that it can be crossed.
(-ier, -iest) step- /step/ prefix (used to show
steel /sti:l/ n [U] hard alloy of a relationship by a later mar-
iron and carbon, used for riage): ''x/son/daughter.
knives, machinery, etc. d vt har- stereo /'steriau/ adj, n (pi -^s) 1
den: '>^ oneself (against pity). [U] (abbr oQ stereophonic. 2
steep^ /sti:p/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of [C] stereophonic record-player.
a slope) rising or falling sharply. stereo-phonic /iSteria'fonik/
2 (informal) excessive: -^^ prices. adj (of recordings, etc using two
'v«ly adv. ^ness n [U] loudspeakers) giving the effect
steep' /sti:p/ vt/i 1 soak in of naturally distributed sound.
Uquid. 2 (fig) get a thorough stereo-type /'stenataip/ n, [C]
knowledge of. typical example: the ~ of a good
steeple /'sti:pl/ n [C] high tower husband.
with a spire, above a church. sterile /'sterail/ adj 1 not able to
''x/chase, race with obstacles produce seeds or offspring. 2 (of
such as fences and ditches. land) barren. 3 (fig) having no
''N/jack, man who repairs result: a ~
argument. 4 free from
steeples, tall chimneys, etc. living germs. ste-ril-ity
steer /sti3(r)/ vt/i direct the /sta'ribti/ n [U]. ster-il-ize
course of (a boat, car, etc). '^ /'steralaiz/ vt make sterile.
clear of. (fig) avoid. ''>^ing- sterling /'stsrluj/ adj^ (of gold
wheel, wheel used to control and silver) of standard purity. 2
the direction of a car. (fig) of solid worth, d n [U] Brit-
stem^ /stem/ n [C] 1 part of a ish money.
plant coming up from the roots. stern^ /starn/ adj (-er, -est)
2 part Uke a stem, eg on a wine- severe; strict, -x/ly adv.
glass. D vi (-mm-) '%^ from. stern' /st3:n/ n [C] rear end of a
have as origin. ship.
stem' /stem/ vt (-mm-) stop, stetho-scope /'steOssksup/ n
dam (a flow of Uquid, etc). [C] instrument for listening to
stench /stentj/ n [C] horrid the beating of the heart, etc.
smell. stew cook in water or
/stju:/ vt/i
sten-cil /'stensl/ n [C] thin sheet a closed pan, etc.
juice, slowly in
of metal, etc with letters or de- D /I [C,U] (dish oO stewed
1
signs cut through it; lettering. meat, etc. 2 be in a '^, (infor-
 )
steward /stock
maf) nervous, excited.
feci
steM/-ard 'stju:9d n [C] 1 man
who attends to the passengers in
a ship or airhner 2 man re-
sponsible for organizing a racc-
mectmg. dance, etc.
stew-ard-ess ,stju:3'des/ n [C]
woman steward (esp 1
stick^ 'stik, n [C] 1 thin branch,
broken or fallen from a tree. etc.
2 rod of wood: a 'walking"^. 3
slender piece (of chalk, etc).
stick' stik vtH {pt.pp stuck
/stAk/)1 push (something point-
ed) {into, through, etc). 2 (cause
to) be fastened as with glue. 3
{informal) put (in some poix-
tion), esp quickly or carelessly:
He stuck his hands in his pockets.
4 be or become fixed; fail to
work properly: The key stuck in
the lock. 5 {informal) bear; toler-
ate: / can t -<^ it. 6 '*^ around.
{informal) stay in or near a
place. ->- at sth. keep on with.
'^ sth out, (cause to) project:
'^ one's tongue out. '^ out for
sth. refuse to give way until one
gets. '^ to sb/sth, be faithful
to (one's ideals, a friend, etc). '>^
up, project upwards (and out
oO- '^ sb/sth up, {sf) threaten
to shoot in order to rob. Hence,
'-^-up n [C]. '>-' up for sbl
oneselfI sth. defend, support.
'^BT n [C] adhesive label. '>^ing
plas-ter « [C,U] C> plaster(2).
sticky adj (-ier, -iest) (a) that
sticks (2). (b) {informal) difTi-
cuk: a '^y situation.
stiff /stif/ adj (-er, -est) 1 not
easily bent. 2 hard to stir, move,
etc. 3 difficult: a ~
climb. 4 (of
manners) formal, unfriendly. 5
strong: a -v. breezeidrink. o adv
thoroughly: scared '^. -^ly adv.
-N-nesswiU]
stif -fen /'stifn/ vtii make
come stiff(1, 2)
stifle /'staifl/ vtU 1 give the feel-
ing that breathing is difficult. 2
keep back; suppress: '\, a yawn /a
rebellion.
stigma /'stigms/ n [C] {pi '^s)
{fig) mark of disgrace.
stile n [C] step used to
/stall/
climb over a fence, etc.
stiir /stil/ adj. adv without
movement or sound, a vt make
calm, ^ness- n [U]. ''-w-born
adj (a) (of a child) dead at birth,
(b) {fig) (of an idea, etc) never
acted on.
stilP /stil/ adv 1 even to
368
that time: He is -^ busy. 2 even:
Tom is tall but Mary is ~ taller.
3 nevertheless.
still' stil' n (C) apparatus for
making liquors (whisky, etc).
stilt /stilt/ n [C] one of two poles
with a support for the foot, used
to raise the user from the
ground, '^ed adj (of talk,
behaviour, etc) stiff and unnatu-
ral.
stimu-lant /'stimjubnt/ n [C]
drink drug, etc that increases
bodily or mental activity.
stimulate /'stimjuleit/ vr excite;
increase: ~ interest in a new car.
stimu-lat-ing a<//
stimu-lus ''stimjul9s/rt(C](^/-li
/-lai/) something that stimu-
lates: a /o hard work.
'>^
sting^ /stir)/ n 1 [C] sharp, often
poisonous organ of some insects
(eg bees). 2 hairs on some plants
(esp ^'y^ing-nettles), which cause
pain when touched. 3 [C] sharp
pain.
sting' /stir) vt/i {pt.pp stung
/stAi]/) 1 pnck with a sting. 2
cause sudden, strong pain (to).
stingy 'stind3i/ adj (-ier, -iest)
spending or giving money, etc
unwillingly, stin-gily /-ah/ adv.
stink /stii)k/ vtji (pt stank
staeqk/ or stunk /stAqk/; pp
stunk) 1 have an offensive smell.
2 '>^ sth out. fill a place with a
stink. D n [C] horrid smell.
stint stmt/ vtIi '^ sb (of sth),
restrict (a person) to a small al-
lowance. D n [C] fixed amount
(of work).
stipu-late /'stipjuleit/ vt/i state
as a necessary condition.
stipu'la-tion n [C] condition.
stir /st3:(r)/ vtU (-n"-) 1 be mov-
ing; cause to move. 2 mix (a
liquid) with a spoon, etc. 3 ex-
or be- cite: speakers ^ring up the
crowd. D n confusion; excite-
ment, -^ring a</> exciting.
stirrup /'stirap/ n [C] foot sup-
poTi, hanging down from the
saddle of a horse.
stitch /stitj/ n 1 [C] the passing
of a needle and thread in and out
of cloth, etc to join or decorate.
2 the thread, etc between two
holes made by a needle. 3 sharp
pain in the side (as when run-
ning). D vt/i put stitches in.
stoat staut/ n [C] small, furry
animal larger than a rat.
stock' /stok/ n 1 (C,U] goods
this or available for sale or use. in/out

of '>", available/not available.
take -^ of, (fig) review (a situa-
tion). 2 [C,Ur supply of any-
thing. 3 [U] = livestock. 4 [C,
U] money lent to a government
or company. 5 [U] liquid in
which bones, etc have been
stewed, used for soup, etc.
''>^broker, man who buys and
sells stock (4). '^ exchange,
place where stocks (4) and
shares are bought and sold.
''v.holder, (chiefly US) =
shareholder, '-w market, (bu-
siness at the) stock exchange.
''>^pile VI reserve large quanti-
ties of materials, etc. I'x/'still
adv motionless, ''^taking, ex-
amination and recording of
stock (1).
stock^ /stok/ nsupply with
stock; have a stock of.
stock-ade /sto'keid/ n [C] wall
of upright stakes, built as a de-
fence.
stock-ings /'stokiqz/ n pi tight-
fitting coverings of nylon, wool,
etc for the foot and leg.
stocky /'stoki/ adj (-ier, -iest)
short, strong and fat. stock-ily
ad\
stodge /stods/ n [U] (5/) heavy
and solid food, stodgy adj
heavy and sohd; uninteresting.
stoic /'stauik/ n [C] person who
suffers without complaint. '>^a\
adj. <x<ally /-kb/ ad\. "s^ism
/'stauisizam/ n [U] patient en-
durance of suffering, etc.
stoke /stauk/ vtji 'v. sth up. put
(coal, etc) on the fire of (an en-
gine, etc).
stole^ /staul/ n [C] strip of
material worn over the shoul-
ders.
stole^, stolen pt.pp of steal
stom-ach /'stArask/ n 1 [C] or-
gan like a bag into which food
passes to be digested. 2 [U] ap-
petite, have no '^ for sth. dis-
like it. a vt endure; bear.
stone /staon/ n 1 [U] solid
mineral matter which is not me-
tallic; rock. 2 [C] piece of stone.
within a ''v.'s throw (of).
very close (to). 3 [C] (also ^pre-
cious '^) = jewel. 4 [C] piece of
stone, for a special purpose: a
^grave'^. 5 [C] hard seed of such
fruits as the cherry. 6 (j)l '^)
of weight, 14 lb. D v/ 1 throw
stones at. 2 take the stone out of
(fruit). 'S'>- Age, period in his-
tory when tools, etc were made
369 stock /stork
of stone. ,'>^-'deaf adj com-
pletely deaf '-^ware, pottery
made from clay and flint.
stoned /staund/ adj (informal) 1
under the influence of drugs. 2
drunk.
stony /'stauni/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
having many stones. 2 hard and
unsympathetic: a '-^ face/look,
ston-ily /-sh/ adv
stood /stud/ /7r,/7p of stand*.
stool /stu:l/ n [C] small seat with-
out a back.
stoop /stu:p/ vt/i 1 bend the
body forwards and downwards.
2 '^ to sth. (fig) lower oneself
morally: -^^ to begging for food, a
n [C] stooping position of the
body.
stop^ /stop/ n [C] 1 stopping: He
came to a '^. 2 place at which
buses, etc stop regularly. 3 (mu-
sic) in an organ, knob regulating
the flow of air to a pipe. 4 = full
stop, put a ^
to. end.
''>^cock, valve to regulate the
flow of hquid through a pipe.
'^gap, temporary substitute.
''>--press, latest news inserted
in a newspaper.
stop* /stop/ vt/i (-pp-) 1 put an
end to (movement, progress
etc). 2 ^
s/» (from) (doing
sth). prevent. 3 discontinue
(doing something). 4 halt. 5 fill
(a hole, etc). 6 refuse to give
(something normally supplied):
'>^ (payment of) a cheque. 7 '>^
off (at I in): ^
over, break a
journey and stay for a short
period. Hence, ''>^-over n [C].
'^page /-pids/ n [C] (a) ob-
struction, (b) interruption of
work, -^-per n [C] object which
closes an opening.
stor-age /'stD:rid3/ n [U] (space
used for) storing goods.
store /stD:(r)/ n 1 [C] quantity of
something kept for use as need-
ed. 2 [U] in '^. (a) kept ready
for use. (b) destined (for):
What's in '-^ for us today? 3 [C]
E)lace where goods are stored. 4
C] shop selling many different
goods. 5 [U] set great/not
much '^ by. consider of great/
little value, u vt '>>' sth (up). 1
collect and keep for future use. 2
put (furniture, etc) in a ware-
unit house, etc, for safe keeping.
storey (US = story) /'stoji/ n
(pi 'vs,) floor in a building.
stork /sto:k/ n [C] large, long-
legged wading-bird.
storm /stray 370

storm /stD:m/ n 1 [C] occasion of trouble: in terrible ~5.

violent weather. 2 violent out- strait-jacket /'streit d3aekit/ n
burst of feeling. 3 take by '^, [C] jacket with long sleeves tied
capture by a violent attack, d round a violent person to
vt/i 1 use violence and anger. 2 prevent movement q vt use a
capture (a place) by violent at- strait-jacket on.
tack, stormy adj (-ier, -iest) strait-laced /,streit adj
'leisd/
story' /'siD-.ri/ n [C] (pi -\es) 1 ac- conservative, serious.
strict,
count of past events. 2 account strand' /straend/ vt/i^ (of a ship)
of imaginary events. (cause to) run aground. 2 be
story^ /'stDtri/ ^ (L'S) ^ storey. (left) '^ed. (fig) (of a person)
stout /staut/ adj (-er, -est) 1 be left without transport,
strong, thick. 2 determined and money, etc.
brave. Hence, j-^-'hearted adj. strand' /straend/ n [C] 1 one of
3 (of a person) fat. d n [U] the threads, etc twisted together
strong, dark beer. '^\y adv. into a rope or cloth. 2 (fig) line
stove' /stsuv/ n [C] closed appa- of development (in a slory, etc).
ratus burning wood, coal, etc strange /streinds/ adj (-r, -st) 1
used for cooking, etc. not previously known, seen or
stove^ /stsuv/ pi, pp of stave^. heard of; surprising. 2 -v. fo
stow /stau/ v; "^ sth (away). sth. new to: He was to city ~
pack, esp carefully and closely. life, -^^ly adv. ^ness n [UJ.
''x/away, person who hides in a -x^er n [C] person one does not
ship or aircraft to avoid paying. know; person in an unfamiliar
straddle /'straedl/ vt/i sit or place.
stand across (something) with strangle /'straeqgl/ vt kill by
the legs on either side. squeezing the throat, ''v/hold,
straight' /streit/ adj^ without a (usually fig) tight grip: They
bend or curve. 2 level. 3 in good have a -y^holdon the economy.
order; tidy. 4 (of a person) strap n [C] strip of leath-
/straep/
honest, frank. 5 keep a '^ er, plastic fasten or keep
to
face, refrain from smiling. 6 (of something n vt (-pp-) 1
in place,
alcoholic drinks) without water, fasten or hold in place with a
etc. ^ness n [U] strap. 2 hit with a belt.
straight^ /streit/ adv 1 directly; strata /'stro:t3/ C> stratum.
not in a curve: Keep ~ow. 2 by a stra-tegic(al) /str3'ti:d3ik(l)/
direct route; without delay: adj of, by strategy. -»^ally /-kh/
Come 'V' home. 3 1'>^ a' way, im- adv
mediately. strat-egy /'straetadsi/ n 1 [U] the
straight^ /streit/ n [C] straight art of planning operations, esp
part of, esp a race-course. of armies and navies. 2 [U] skill
straighten /'streitn/ vtji make in organizing something. 3 [C]
or become straight (1,2,3). general plan of action, strat-
straight-for-ward /streit- egist, person skilled in
'fo:w3d/ adj 1 honest. 2 easy to strategy.
understand or do. 'N^ly adv strato-sphere /'straet9sfi9(r)/ n
strain' /strem/ n 1 [C,U] condi- [C] layer of the atmosphere be-
tion of being stretched; the force tween about 10 and 60 above km
used: put '^ on a rope. 2 [C,U] the earth.
something that tests one's stra-tum /'stra:t3m/ n [C] (pi -ta
j)owers. 3 [U] exhaustion: suf- /-ta/) 1 horizontal layer of rock,
fering from ~. 4 [C] = sprain. 5 etc in the earth. 2 social division.
breed (of animals, insects, etc). straw /stro:/ n 1 [U] dry, cut
strain^ /strem/ vt/i 1 stretch stalks of wheat, barley, etc. 2 [C]
tightly by pulling (at). 2 make single stalk of straw, the Jast
the greatest possible use of: 'v '-v., addition to a task, etc, that

every nerve (to do it). 3 injure by makes it intolerable. 3 [C] thin

straining(1 ). 4 pass (liquid)
through a sieve, cloth, etc. 5 (pp)
(esp of behaviour) (as iO forced:
a '^ed laugh. '>^er. sieve.
strait /streit/ n [C] 1 narrow pas-
sage of water connecting two
seas: the S~5 ofGilbraltar. 2 (pi)
tube for sucking up liquid.
straw-berry /'strorbri/ n [C] (pi
-ies) (plant having) juicy red
fruit with tiny seeds on its sur-
face.
stray /strei/ vi (pt.pp ~ed) move
away (from the right path, etc).
 1 streak /strip

Dfi strayed animal. /'stndn/) 1 walk with long steps.

streak n [C] 1 long, thin
/stri:k/ 2 ^ over/across sth, pass
line. 2 trace a '^ of cruelty.
{of): over in one step, n /i [C] a long
3 brief period; a ~
of good luck. step, take sth in one's ^, do
D mark with streaks. 2 {in-
vtji 1 it without effort.

formal) move very fast. strife /straif/ n [U] state of con-

streaky adj (-ier, -lest) mark- fiict.

ed with streaks. strike^ /straik/ n [C] 1 act of

stream /stri:m/ n small
[C] 1 striking(5). be (out) on '>^, be
river or brook. 2 current: caught engaged in a strike. C> general
in the 'v.. 3 steady flow (of liquid, strike. 2 act of finding (oil, etc)
persons, things, etc): a of ab-^ in the earth.
use. 4
level of ability of pupils, a strike^ /straik/ vtji {pt.pp struck
vi 1 flow freely or continuously. /strAk/) 1 hit. 2 produce (a light)
2 float (in the wind). ''>-line vt by striking: ~
a match. 3 discov-
make more efficient (by sim- er (by mining, drilling, etc): '^
plifying, etc), ''-alined adj (a) oil. '>^ it rich, win wealth sud-

having a shape that offers least denly. 4 (cause to) sound: The
resistance to the flow of air, wat- clock struck (four). 5 (of work-
er, etc. (b) very etTicient. '^er. ers, etc) stop working (to get
long narrow ribbon of paper. more pay or as a protest). C>
street /stritt/ n [C] road with strike^ (1 6 impress: He -^5 me
).

houses on one side or both, the as a clever boy. 7 produce by

i/nan in the *'^, typical citizen, stamping: ~ a medal. 8 achieve:
'-v/s ahead of, (informal) far bargain, reach an agreement.
-""^

ahead of. ^'^-car.luS) = tram. 9 '^ (out), go (in a certain

strength /strei)9/ n [U] 1 quality direction). 10 cause (a person)
of being strong, on the 'y^ of, to be, suddenly: be struck blind.
because of: buy it on the of his ^ 11 ^ camp, pack up tents, etc.
advice. 2 power measured by 12 -^^ sth off (sth), remove.
number of persons available: ^^ out, (a) aim wild blows, (b)
The army is below '^. '^en vt/i follow a new path.
make or become strong(er). strik-ing /'stra:ikiq/ adj attract-
strenu-ous /'strenjuss/ adj us- ing attention, ^s^ly adv
mg or needing great effort. '>^ly string' /striq/ n 1 [C,U] (length
adv.'^ness n [U] oO fine cord for tying things,
stress /stres/ n 1 [U] condition etc. 2 [C] stretched length of gut
causing depression, mental ill- or wire, eg in a violin: -^^ instru-
ness, etc. 2 [U] emphasis: put ~ ments. 3 [C] (usually pi) string
on the need to improve. 3 [C,U] used for causing puppets to
extra force, used in speaking, on move, pull '^s, use one's influ-
a particular word or syllable, d ence (to do something), with
vt put stress or emphasis on. no '^s (attached), (informal)
stretch /stretj/ vt/i 1 make wid- (of help) without conditions. 4
er, longer or tighter, by pulling. [C] series of things threaded on a
2 ^ out, lie on at full length. 3 string: a '^ of beads. 5 series of
make (a word, law, etc) include things: a ^
of curses /accidents.
more than is 4 use
strictly right. stringy adj (-ier, -iest) like
fully: '^ one's powers. 5 extend: string.
fielih 'y^ing for miles, a n [C] 1 string^ /strir)/ vtji (pt.pp strung
act of stretching. 2 continuous /strAp/) 1 put a string on (violin,
period of time or extent of tennis racket, etc). 2 (pp)
country, etc: twelve hours ata'^. strung (up), (of person) a
stretcher /'stretj9(r)/ n [C] made tense, ready, etc. 3 put
frame covered with canvas for (pearls, etc) on a string. 4 tie or
carrying a wounded person. hang on a string, etc. 5 '>^ out,
stricken /'strikan/ adj affected spread out at intervals in a line.
or overcome: Uerror"^. strip /strip/ vtji (-pp-) 1 take off
strict /strikt/ adj {-er, -est) 1 de- (coverings, clothes, parts, etc).
manding obedience. 2 exactly ^ sth down, (eg of an engine)
defined: the -^^ sense of a word. remove detachable parts (for
'^ly adv. 'x/ness n [U] 2 '^ sb of sth,
servicing, etc).
stride /straid/ vt/i (pt strode deprive of property, etc. a n [C]
/straud/; pp (rare) stridden long narrow piece (of material.
stripe/ stuff 372

land. etc). O airstrip, comic guitar) badly, a n [C] sound of

strip, cartoon, cartoon
'v. strununing.
made up of a number of draw- strung /strAq/ pt.op of string^.
ings in a row. ,'>^- 'tease, enter- strut^ /strAt/ n (CJ piece of wood
tainment which a woman
in or metal to strengthen a frame-
takes off her clothes one by one. work.
'x^per, woman who performs a strut' /strAt/ vi (-tt-) walk in a
strip-tease. proud, angry, etc way. d n [C]
stripe /straip/ n [C] 1 long, nar- such a way of walking.
row band on a surface, different stub /stAb/ n [C] 1 short remain-
in colour, material, etc. 2 (often ing end of a pencil, cigarette, etc.
a V-shaped) badge worn on a 2 counterfoil of a cheque, d \t
uniform, showing rank. (-bb-) 1 ~
one's toe, hit it
striped adj having stripes (1 ). against something. 2 '>^ sth
stripy adj out. extinguish (esp a cigarette)
strive /straiv/ vj (pt strove by pressing.
/strauv/; pp striven /'strivn/) 1 stubble /'stAbl/ n [U] 1 stalks of
'>-' wUhlagainst. struggle. 2 grain plants left in the ground
'\' for I to do 5th. make great after harvest. 2 short growth,
efforts. esp of beard, stub-bly /'stAbli/
strode /straud/ pt of stride. adj
stroke^ /strauk/ n [C] 1 (act of stub-born /'stAbsn/ adj obsti-
striking a) blow. 2 a regularly nate; determined, '^ly ad\.
repeated movement, eg as in '^ness/i[U]
swimming. 3 manner of hitting stubby /'stAbi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
the ball, eg in tennis, cricket. 4 short and thick.
at a '^. with one effort and im- stuck /stAk/p/,Dp of stick'.
mediately. 5 (mark made by a) stud^ /stAd/ n [C] small device
single movement of a pen or put through button-holes to fas-
brush. 6 sound made by a bell. 7 ten a collar, etc. a vt (-dd-) (usu-
sudden attack of illness in the ally pp) having (something) set
brain. C> also sunstroke. in the surface.
stroke^ /strauk/ vt pass the hand stud' /stAd/ n [C] number of
along a surface, n n [C] act of herses kept for esp breeding or
stroking. racing.
stroll /strsul/ n [C] quiet, unhur- stu-dent /'stju:dnt/ n [C] 1 (GB)
ried walk, a VI walk slowly. person who is studying at a col-
strong /stroi)/ adj (-er, -est) 1 lege or university. 2 anyone who
having power to resist; not easi- studies.
ly hurt, broken, etc; having stu-dio /'stju:di3u/ n [C] {pi '>^s)
great p>ower. 2 having a lot of 1 workroom of a painter, photo-
the flavour: -^ coffee. 3 going grapher, etc. 2 room(s) where
-xr, (informal) continuing with films or radio or TV pro-
energy, in good health. 4 in grammes are made.
number: an army 2000 ^. ''>-- stu>di'Ous /'stjurdias/ adj {for-
box, one strongly built for mal) devoted to learning, 'v/ly
keeping valuables. '>- drink, adv
one containing alcohol. study^ /'stAdi/ n {pi -ies) 1 [U
''^hold, (a) fort, (b) (//g) place and pt\ devotion of time and
where a cause has a strong sup- thought to getting knowledge. 2
port, '^ly ad\ [C] subject studiwl. 3 [C] room
strove /strauv/ prof strive. used for reading, writing, etc. 4
struck /strAk/;?/,/?/? of strike^. [C] sketch, etc made for practice;
struc-tural of
/'strAktJaral/ adj piece of music played as an exer-
a structure, esp the framework. cise.
I
-^-ly ad\. study' /'stAdi/ vr// {pt.pp -led) 1 ^

struc-ture /'strAktj3(r)/ « 1 [U] give time and attention to learn- [

way in which something is put ing something: '%.- medicine. 2 ex-

together, organized, etc. 2 [C] amine carefully: '^ the map.
framework of a building, etc. stuffs /stAf/ n 1 [C,U] material of
struggle /'strAgl/ \i fi^t; move which something is made. 2 [U] •

violently, d n [C] fight. {fig) type: the '^ heroes are made
strum /strAm/ vtji (-nnm-) 'v. of. 3 lU] any material. 4 things;
(on), play music (usually on a possessions: Put your ~
in your '

room, know one's '^, be ex-
pert in something.
stuff /stAf/ vt 1 fill tightly with.
2 put flavoured food into
bird, etc) before cooking it. 3 fill
the carcass of (an animal, etc)
with material to give it the origi-
nal shape. '>^ing n [U] material
for stuffing cushions, birds, etc.
stuffy /'stAfi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
(of a room) ba^ly ventilated. 2
(informal) (of a person) easily
shocked; formal, stuffily /-ah/
adv. stuff i-ness n [U]
stumble /'stAmbl/ vj 1 hit the
foot against something and (al-
most) fall. ^ across/on/
upon sth. (fig) find it unexpec-
tedly.2 speak in a hesitating
way, with mistakes, a rt [C] act
of stumbling, 'stum-bling
block, something that prevents
progress.
stump /stAmp/ n [C] 1 part of a
tree remaining in the ground
when the trunk has fallen. 2 any-
thing remaining after the main
part has been cut or broken off.
3 (cricket) one of the three up-
right pieces of wood at which
the ball is bowled, a vt/i 1 walk
with stiff, heavy movements. 2
(informal) be too difficult for.
stumpy adj (-ier, -iest) short
and thick.
stun /stAn/ vt (-nn-) 1 make un-
conscious by a blow. 2 shock.
'>^ning adj (informal) splendid.
stung /sUr)/pr,p/)of sting^.
stunk /stAr)k//?/> of stink.
stunt^ /stAnt/ n [C] (informal)
something done to attract atten-
tion. ''>^ man, person employed
to perform stunts (involving
risk, etc) in place of an actor in
films, etc.
stunt' /stAnt/ vr halt or slow the
growth of.
stU'pen'dous /stju:'i)endds/ adj
amazing (in size, degree). '>^ly
adv
stu-pid /'stju:pid/ adj unintel-
Hgent; foolish. '>-ly adv. '%-ity
/-'pid9ti/n[C,U]
stu-por /'stju:p9(r)/ n [C,U] al-
most unconscious condition
caused by shock, drink, etc.
sturdy /'st3:di/ adj (-ier, -iest)
strong and solid, stur-dily
/-all/ adv
stut-ter /'stAt3(r)/ vr//, n =
stammer.
sty' /stai/ n [C] (pi sties) =
pigsty.
373 stuff / submission
sty=^ (also stye) /stai/ n [C] (pi
sties, styes) inflamed swelling
of the eyelid.
(a style /stall/ n 1 [C,U] manner of
writing or speaking; manner of
doing anything. 2 [U] superior,
quality of something. 3 [C,U]
(esp) fashion in dress or design.
D vt design, styl-ish adj
fashionable, sty- list n [C] (a)
writer with a good literary style,
(b) p>erson concerned with
creating styles(3). sty'lis-tic
ai/;ofstyle(1).
sty-lus /'staibs/ n [C] (pi ~es)
part like a needle used to repro-
duce sound from records.
suave /swa:v/ adj smooth and
polite (often insincerely).
sub-con-scious /iSAb'konJss/
adj of those mental activites of
which we are not aware, d n the
'^, subconscious thoughts, etc.
'>^iy adv. <>^ness n [U]
sub-di-vide /jSAbdi'vaid/ vr/z di-
vide into smaller parts, sub-di-
vi-sion /-di'vijp/ n IC,U]
sub-due /sab'dju:/ vr 1 bring un-
der control. 2 make quieter,
softer: '^dlighting.
subject' /'sAbd3ikt/ adj, adv 'v.
to. 1 owing obedience (to): ^ to
the law. 2 conditional(ly) on: -^
to confirmation.
sub-ject' /'sAbd3ikt/ n [C] 1 any
member of a State except the
ruler. 2 something (to be) talked
or written about or studied. 3
(gram) word(s) in a sentence
which is described, which does
something, etc, eg book in 'The
book is green'.
sub-jec^ /sab'dsekt/ vt 1 bring
(a nation, person) under con-
2 cause to experience: 'v, a
trol.
man to torture, sub-jec-tion
Hnln[U]
sub-jec-tive /sab'dsektiv/ adj
(of ideas, feelings, etc) existing
in the mind, not produced by
things outside. c> objective.
-^^ly adv. sub-jec'tiv-ity n [U]
sub-lime /sa'blaim/ adj of the
greatest and highest sort: -v. hap-
piness. '>^ly adv
sub-mar-ine /,SAbm9'ri:n/ adj
under the surface of the sea. d n
[C] ship which can operate un-
der water.
sub-merge /S3b'm3:d3/ vt/i 1
put, go, under water. 2 sink out
of sight. sub-mer-sion
/S3b'm3:jn/ n [U] submerging.
sub-mis-sion /sab'mijan/ n 1

submissive / such
[U] act of submitiing. 2 (U) obe-
dience. 3 [C.U] (legaf) sugges-
tion
sub-missive s^b'misiv/ adj
yielding to the authority of an-
other, 'v/ly adv. 'x.ness n [U]
sub-mit /sab'nut/ vii (-tt-) 1 put
(oncselQ under the control of
another. 2 put forward for dis-
cussion, etc. 3 (legal) suggest. 4
'>^ (to), surrender.
sub-or-di-nate s^'bordinst/ adj
junior in position; less impor-
tant. D n [C] person in a junior
position. D vt /s3'bo:dineit/ treat
as less important.
sub-scribe /sdb'skraib/ vi/i 1
(agree to) pay (a sum of money)
(to a cause). 2 '^ to sth. (a)
take (a periodical, etc) regularly
(b) agree with, share (an opin-
ion, vievy, etc), sub-scriber n
[C] person who subscribes.
sub-scrip-tion /s3b'skrif>J'n/
(a) [U] subscribing, (b) [C]
money paid (to charity, for
receiving a magazine, "tetc.)
sub-se-quent /'sAbsikwant/ adj
-^ (to), later; following. '>^ly
a</v afterwards.
sub-ser-vi-ent /S3b's3:vi3nt/ adj
giving too much respect to.
sub-side /sab'said/ vt 1 (of flood
water) sink to the normal level.
2 (of land) sink. 3 (of buildings)
settle lower in the ground. 4 (of
winds, etc) become quiet(er).
sub-sid-ence /sdb'saidns/ n
[C,U] (instance oQ subsid-
ing(2,3).
sub-sidi-ary /sab'sidisn/ adj
supporting; not of major impor-
tance: a '^ role/industry, a n [C]
ipl -ies) company controlled by
a larger one.
sub-si-dize /'sAbsidaiz/ vt give a
subsidy to.
sub-sidy /'sAbssdi/ n [C] (pi -ies)
money granted, esp by a govern-
ment, to an industry, or to keep
prices down.
sub-stance /'sAbstans/ n 1 [C,
U] (particular kind oO matter. 2
[U] most important part, real
meaning, of something. 3 [U]
firmness. 4 [U] wealth: a man of
'V.. sub-stan-tial /sab'staenjl/
adj (a) solidly made, (b) large:
a substantial meal, (c) possess-
ing considerable finance, re-
sources: a substantial business.
sub-stan-tially adv
sub-stan-ti-ate /sab'stanjieit/
vt give facts to support (a claim.
)
374
etc). sub-stan-ti'ation/t[U]
sub-sti-tute /'sAbstitjurt/ n [C]
person or thing taking the place
of another, d vt/i use, serve, as a
substitute, sub-sti'tu-tion n
(C,U1
sub-ter-ranean /,SAbt3'reini3n
adjijormcil) = underground(1
sub-title n [C] 1 se-
/'sAbtaitl/
condary (of a book). 2
title
translation of a
foreign lan-
guage film, printed on the film.
subtle /'sAtl/ adj 1 difficult to
perceive or describe: a differ- ~
ence. 2 clever: a '^ joke. '>^ty n
[C,V](pl-ies).
sub-tract /sdb'trxkt/ vt take (a
number, quantity) away from
(another number, etc), sub-
trac-tion/-Jn/n[C,U]
sub-urb /'sAb3:b/ n [C] residen-
round a town,
tial district ^an
/S3'b3:b3n/ adj. '>^ia /sa'bsrbia/ n
n [U] (life lived by people in) su-
burbs.
sub-vert /sAb'vsrt/ vt destroy,
overthrow (a government) by
weakening people's confidence.
sub-ver-sion /-Jn/ n [U]. sub-
vers-ive at^ tending to subvert.
sub-way /'sAbwei/«iC]1 under-
ground passage or tunnel. 2
(US) = underground n(^ ).
suc-ceed /sak'sird/ vt/i 1 'y^
(in), do what one is trying to
do. 2 come next after: Who '^ed
Kennedy as President? 3 '^ (to),
inherit (a title, etc).
suc-cess /sak'ses/ n 1 [C,U] suc-
ceeding. 2 [U] prosperity. 3 [C]
person or thing that succeeds.
'>^ful adj. 'v/fully adv
suc-ces-sion /sak'sejn/ n 1 [U]
the coming of one thing after an-
other, in ^, one after the other.
2 [C] number of things in succes-
sion. 3 [U] (right oO succeeding
to a title, etc. suc-cess-ive adj
coming one after the other.
suc-ces-sor n [C] person or
thing that succeeds another.
suc-cinct /ssk'siijkt/ adj
expressed briefly and clearly.
'v.ly adv. '-wness n [U]
suc-cu-lent /'sAkjubnt/ adj 1
(of fruit and meat) juicy; tasting
good. 2 (of plants) thick and
fleshy.
suc-cumb /sa'kAm/ vi '^ to,
yield; jive in (to death, tempta-
tion, etc).
such /sAtJ/ adj 1 of the same
kind or degree (as): poets '^ as
Keats and Shelley. 2 (...) ^

that: His behaviour was that^
everyone disliked him. 3 so great;
Don 't be in -v. a hurry, g pron 1
this, that, these, those: S'\^ were
his words, as '^. in this form.
suck /sAk/ vtji 1 draw (Uquid) in-
to the mouth by the use of the lip
muscles. 2 hold (something) in
the mouth and lick with the
tongue. 3 ~
sth up, absorb. 4
pull in: The strong current '^ed
him under the water, a n [C] act
of sucking, '^er n [C] (a) organ
of some animals that holds on a
surface by suction, (b) rubber
disc used to fix an object to a
surface, (c) (informal) person
easily deceived.
suckle /'sAkl/ vr feed with milk
from the breast or udder.
suc-tion /'sAkJn/ n [U] 1 action
of sucking. 2 process producing
a vacuum that causes two sur-
faces to be held together.
sud-den /'sAdn/ adj happening
unexpectedly, quickly. '>^lv adv.
'x/ness n [C]
suds /sAdz/ n pi mass of
bubbles on soapy water.
sue /sju:/ vt/i '>^ for, 1
legal claim against. 2 beg
suede, suede /sweid/ n [U]
leather without a shining sur-
face.
suet /'su:it/ n [U] hard animal
fat, used in cooking.
suf'fer /'sAf3(r)/ vt\i 1 feel pain,
loss, etc. 2 experience (some-
thing unpleasant). 3 tolerate;
endure: / can 't '^ his insolence.
suf-fi-cient /sa'fijnt/ adj
enough, 'v/ly adv. suf-fi-
ciency /-nsi/ n sufficient quan-
tity.
suf .f ix n [C] letter(s) ad-
/'sAfiks/
ded at the end of a word to make
another word, eg -able.
suf-fo-cate /'sAfakeit/
cause difficulty in breathing. 2
kill by making breathing impos-
sible, suf-fo'ca-tion nlU]
sugar /'Jug3(r)/ n [U] sweet sub-
stance obtained from various
plants. D vt sweeten with sugar,
''x/ beet, white beet used in
making sugar, sugary adj
sug-gest /sa'dsest/ vi 1 put for-
ward for consideration. 2 bring
(an idea) into the mind, sug-
ges-tion /-tfn/ n (a) [U] sug-
gesting, (b) [C] idea, plan, etc
that is suggested, 'v/ive a^^ tend-
ing to suggest (2) something in-
decent. '>-ly adv
375 suck /summit
sui-cide /'sjuasaid/ n 1 [C,U]
murder of oneself: commit '>^;
[C] person who does this. 2 [U]
action destructive to one's wel-
fare. sui-cidalaJ/
suit' /su:t/ n [C] jacket and
trousers (or skirt) of the same
material, any of the four sets of
playing cards (spades, hearts,
diamonds, clubs), follow '^.
(fig) do what somebody else has
done, ''x^case, portable case for
clothes.
suit^ /surt/ vt/i 1 satisfy; be con-
venient to. -^ oneself, act ac-
cording to one's own wishes. 2
(esp of clothes) look well That
hat '^s you. 3 be '^ed (to/
for), have the right qualities.
^able /abl/ adj right for the
purpose, '^^ably adv. 'x^a'bil-
ity«[U].
suite /swi:t/ n [C] 1 set of match-
ing articles of furniture. 2 set of
rooms (eg in a hotel).
sulk /sAlk/ vi be in a bad temper
and refuse to talk, sulky adj
tiny (-ier,-iest)
suMen /'sAbn/ adj silent and
make a angry. '>-ly adv. 'X/ness n [U]
for. sulphur (US = sulfur)
soft /'sAlf3(r)/ n [U] yellow element
that burns with a bright flame
(symbol S). '>-ic /sAl'fjuarik/ adj
sul-tan /'sAltan/ n [C] Muslim
ruler.
sul-tana /sAl'tania/ n [C] (pi '^s)
kind of small seedless raisin.
sul-try /'sAltri/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
(of the weather) hot and oppres-
sive. 2 (of a person) passionate.
sul-trilya</v
sum /sAm/ n [C] 1 (also ^
total)
total obtained by adding to-
gether numbers or amounts. 2
problem in arithmetic. 3
amount of money, d vt/i (-mm-)
vt/i 1 '^ (sb/sth) up, 1 give the total
of. 2 express briefly (the chief
points). 3 form a judgement of.
sum-mary /'sAmari/ adj (formal)
1 brief; giving the chief points
only. 2 done without delay: a ^
execution, a n [C] (pi -ies) brief
account giving the chief points.
sum-mar-ize /-raiz/ vt make a
summary of.
sum-mer /'sAm9(r)/ n [C,U] the
warmest season of the year.
sum*mery adj like, suitable
for, summer.
sum-mit /'sAmit/ n [C] highest
point. '--^ talks/meeting, be-
tween heads of States.
 1

summon /suppose 376

sum-mon 'sAman/ v/ 1 ->- sb. son of higher rank, etc, or who is

order to appear. 2 's- sth up.
gather together: ->- up courage.
suHfi-mons 'sAmanz, n [C] {pi
-^es) order to appear in court, d
vt serve a summons on.
sun /SAn, n 1 the '>-, the heaven-
ly body from which the earth
gets warmth and light. 2 the '>-,
Ught and warmth from the sun.
3 [C] any fixed star with satel-
Utcs. a VI (-nn-) put in the rays
of the sun. ''^^bathe
one's body to
''>^beam, ray of sunshine.
''>-burn, painful red skin
caused by exposure to the sun
Hence, ''>^burnt adj.
device that shows the time by
the sun producing a shadow on
a marked surface, '^shade,
shade an umbrella; to keep
(like
off the sun. '^^shine, light of
the sun. ''>^stroke,
caused by too much exposure
the sun. ''x.tan, browning of the
skin from exposure to sunlight.
--^ny adj (-ier, -iest) (a) bright
with sunlight, (b) cheerful.
Sun-day /'sAndi/ n the first day
of the week.
sun-dries /'sAndriz/ n p/ various
small items.
sung /SAr)/p/> of sing.
sunk /sAi)k/p/,^/7of sink^.
sunk-en /'sAgkan/p/j of sink^.
super /'su:p3(r)/ adj (informaf)
excellent.
su-perb /su:'p3:b/ adj magnif-
icent; first class, '^^ly adv
super-fi-cial /,su:p3'fijl/a<^1 of
or on the surface only. 2 not
thorough or deep: a know- ^
ledge of.'^ly adv
su-per-flu-ous /su:'p3:nu3s/ adj
more than is needed or wanted.
'^lyadv
super-hu-man /|Su:p3'hju:m3n/
adj exceeding ordinary human
power, size.
fuper-im-pose /,su:p3rmi-
'pauz/ vt put (one thing) on top
of something else: ^ two photo-
graphs.
super-in-tend /,su:p3rm'tend/
vt/i watch and direct (work, etc).
'>^ent n [C] (a) person who
superintends, (b) senior police
officer.
su-per-ior /S3*pi3ri3(r)/ adj 1
better than the average. 2 great-
er in number. 3 -x. to, (a) better
than, (b) higher in position
than. 4 snobbish. an[C]^ per-
better, than another. 2 (in titles)
the Father S'^, abbot. '>-ity
/-'Dr3ti//i[U]
super-la-ti ve /su:'p3:btiv/ adj 1
of the highest degree or quality.
2 {gram) the '^ degree, the form
of an adjective or adverb ex-
pressing the highest degree, eg
highest, most foolish{ly). c n (CJ
superlative form of an adjective
or adverb.
vi expose super-mar-ket /'surpsmarkit/ n
sunlight. [C] large self-service store selling
food, household goods, etc.
super-natu-ral /,su:p3'nxtjr3l/
adj spiritual; not explained by
''V/dial, physical laws.
super-sede /,su:p3'si:d/ vt take
the place of.
super-sonic /,su:p3'sonik/ adj
faster than the speed of sound.
super-sti-tion /,su:p3'stijn/ n
illness [C,U] (idea, practice, etc based
to on) belief in magic, etc. super-
stitiousa<//
super-vise 'surpavaiz/ vtji
watch over and direct (work,
workers). super-vi-sion
/,su:p3'vi3n/, supervising.
super-vi-sor/][Cl.
sup-per /'sAp3(r)/ n [C,U] last
meal of the day.
supple /'sApl/ adj (-r, -st) easily
bent; not stiff.
supple-ment /'sAphraant/ n [C]
1 something added later to im-
prove or complete. 2 addition to
a newspaper or other periodical.
D vt /'sApbment/ make an addi-
tion to. '>^ary /-'mentri/ adj ad-
ditional.
supply /ss'plai/ vt (pt.pp -ied) 1
provide (something needed or
asked for). 2 meet (a need), d «
[U] supplymg; [C] (pl-\es) some-
thing supplied. 2 (pf) (esp) stores
necessary for some public need.
sup-lier, person or company
that supplies.
sup-port /s3'po:t/ vt 1 bear the
weight of; hold up. 2 provide a
person with what is necessary:
^ a family. 3 encourage; ap-
prove of: '^ a motion Ipolitical
party, a ai 1 [U] supporting. 2 [C]
person or thing that supports.
sup-portern[C].
sup-pose /s3'p>9uz/ vt 1 accept
as a fact; Let us ~
(.thai) the news
is true. 2 guess; think: Do you ^
he's gone? 3 be '>^d to. (a) be
expected or required to (by
duty, etc), (b) {informal) (in the
 377 su pposition / suspect

negative) not be allowed to: for, surgery, --s^ly /-kli/ adv

You're not ^d to leave early. sur-ly /'s3:li/ adj (-ier, -iest)
sup-pos-ing conj if. '>^d-ly bad-tempered and unfriendly.
adv according to what
/-idli/ is sur-mount /sa'maunt/ vt 1
supposed (2). overcome (difficulties). 2 be
sup-position /iSApa'ziJn/ n 1 '^ed by I with, have on the
[U] supposing. 2 [C] guess. top: a church '^edby a tower.
sup-press /sa'pres/ v.' 1 put an sur-name /'s3:neim/ n [C] per-
end to the activity of. 2 prevent son's hereditary family name. O
from being known: ->- the truth. first name. Christian name.
suppression ;-Jn/ n [U] sur-pass /sa'pais/ vt {formal) do
su-preme /su'priim/ adj 1 or be better than.
highest in rank or authority. 2 sur-plus /'s3:pbs/ n 1 [C]
greatest: make the ~ sacrifice, amount (of money) that remains
die. ^v/ly adv extremely, su- after needs have been supplied.
prem-acy /su'premasi/ n [U] 2 amount (of anything) in excess
sur-charge /'S3:tja:d3/ n [C] of requirements.
payment demanded in addition sur-prise /sa'praiz/ n lC,U]
to the usual charge, a vt demand (feeling caused by) something
a surcharge. sudden or unexpected, n vr 1
sure /J"u3(r)/ adj 1 free from give a feeling of surprise to. 2 ex-
doubt; having confidence: / perience surprise: We were ~c/
think he's coming, but I'm not to learn...: 3 discover suddenly:
quite ~. be I feel ^^ (about ~ a burgL". sur-pris-ing adj.
sth), have no doubts (about). surpris-ing-ly a^v
be '^ to, don't fail to. 2 reli- sur-ren-der /S3'rend3(r)/ vtji 1
able: a ~
cure for colds. '^\y adv "^ (to), hand over, give up
(a) with certainty: slowly but (oneself, a town, etc) to the
'>^ly. (b) (expressing hope, dis- enemy, the police", etc. 2 give up
belieO: S'^lyyou know him. possession of. 3 ->- (oneself)
surety /'juarsti/ n [C,U] {pi -ies) to. give way to (a habit, emo-
1 (something given as a) guaran- tion, etc), a n [U] surrendering.
tee. 2 person responsible for the sur-round /sa'raond vt be, go,
conduct or debt(s) of another all round; shut in on all sides: A
person. river ~5 the city, a n [C] edge, eg
surf /S3:f/ n [U] waves breaking of a fioor. ""wing adj. '^^ings n
in white foam on the shore, {pi) everything around a place.
rocks, etc. ''^^-board. board sur-veil-lance /S3:'veilens/ n [U]
used for surfing. '>^ing, sport of close watch kept on persons sus-
riding on a long narrow board in pected of doing wrong, etc: u/i-
heavy surf. der'^.
sur-face /'s3:fis/ n [CJ 1 the out- sur-vey /sa'vei/ v/1 take a gener-
side of any object, etc. 2 top of a al view of. 2 measure and map
liquid. 3 outward appearance. 4 out (an area of land, etc). 3 ex-
(as an adj) of the surface only. O amine the condition of (a build-
superficial, a vtii 1 give a sur- ing, etc), a n 's3:vei/ [C] 1 gener-
face to: surfacing the roads. 2 (of al view. 2 (map, record oO
a submarine, etc) (cause to) measuring of land, -^^or
come to the surface, ''-w mail, /S3'vei3(r)/>/ [C]
sent by land or sea. sur-vival /ss'vaivl/ n [C,U] fact
sur-feit /'ssfit/ n [C] too much of surviving; something that
of anything, esp food and drink. survives.
surge /S3:d3/ vi move forward sur-vive /sa'vaiv vt/i continue
like waves, n n [C] forward or to live or exist; live or exist long-
upward movement. er than: 'v. an earthquake. She
sur-geon /'s3:d33n/ n [C] doctor '^d her husband, sur-vivor,
who performs medical opera- person who has survived.
tions. sus-cep-tible /ss'septabl' adj ^
sur-gery /'s3:d33n/ n {pi -ies) 1 easily infiuenced by feelings. 2
[U] the science and practice of ^ to, easily affected by: to ~
treating injuries and disease by cold, sus-cepti'bility n [C,U]
operations. 2 [C] {GB) doctor's {pl-\es)
or dentist's consulting room. suspect sa'spekt; vt 1 think
sur-gi-cal /'s3:d3ikl/ adj of, by. something is possible: IVe '>-
suspend /sweep 378

thai he's dead. 2 feel doubt necked, white bird, a vi (-nn-)

about: '^^ the truth of an account. (informal) move in a aimless
2 '^ sb (of sth). feel that a manner. ''>^-song, last perfor-
person may be guilty (oO ^' mance, work before death of a
/'sAspekt [C] person suspected poet, musician, etc.
of doing wrong, etc. d adj swap swop/ vt/i (-pp-) =
/'sAspekt of doubtful character.
' swop.
sus-pend sd'spend vt 1 hang swarm /swoim/ n [C] large num-
up (from). 2 (of particles, in air ber of insects, etc. a v/1 (of bees)
or liquid) float. 3 delay: ->. move in large numbers. 2 (of
judgement. 4 prevent (a person) places) be crowded: The beaches
from performing his duties, etc were '^ing with people. 3 move in
for a time: They '^ed two boys large numbers: The crowds '^ed
from school. into the cinemas.
sus-penders sa'spendaz/ n pi swat /swot/ vt (-tt-) kill with a
(also a pair of ~) 1 (GB) elastic flat object: ^ a fly. a n [C] imple-
band for keeping up stockings ment with a handle for swatting
orsocks. 2(ty5^ = braces^S). (flies, etc).
sus-pense /ss'spens/ n [U] un- sway /swei/ vtii 1 (cause to)
certainty (about news, deci- move from side to side. 2 con-
sions, etc). trolor influence: a speech that
sus-pen-sion /sa'spenjn/ n [U] ^ed the voters, n n [Uj 1 swaying
suspending. '>^ bridge, bridge movement. 2 control; influence:
hanging on steel cables support- under the '^ offriends.
ed from towers. swear /swe3(r)/ vtji (pt swore
sus-pi-cion /sa'spiln/ n 1 [C,UJ /swD:(r)/; pp sworn /sw3:n/) 1
suspecting; feeling that some- say solemnly or emphatically:
thing is wrong: He was arrested He swore to tell the truth. 2
on ~ of murder. 2 slight sugges- (cause (a person) to) take an
tion: a '\. of sadness, sus-pi- oath. 2 '^ by sth, use and have
cious adj having or causing great confidence in: He ~5 by
suspicion, sus-pi-cious-lya^r strictness for discipline. 4 use
sus-tain /sa'stein/ vt 1 keep bad language. ''>--word, vulgar
from falling. 2 enable to conti- word.
nue: '^ing food, that gives sweat /swet/ n 1 [U] moisture
strength. 3 suffer: ^ an injury. given off by the body through
sus-ten-ance /'sAStmsns/ n [U] the skin: wipe the off one's~
{formal) (nourishing quality oO brow. 2 action of sweating: be in
food or drink. a ~. D vt/i give out sweat. |'>^ed
swab swob/ n [C] 1 mop or pad 'labour, hard work for little

for cleaning, eg floors. 2 piece of sweaty adj (-ier, -iest)

pay.
absorbent material, etc for med- damp with sweat.
(making)
ical use. a vt (-bb-) clean with a sweater /'swet3(r)/ n [C] knitted
swab. jacket or jersey, usually of thick
swag-ger /'swaeg3(r)/ v/ walk or wool.
behave in a self-important man- swede /swird/ n [C,U] kind of
ner, a n [C] swaggering walk. turnip.
swaMo^A^^ /'swobu/ n [C] kinds sweep^ /swirp/ n [C] 1 act of
of small bird with a forked tail. sweeping: Give the room a good
swal-low^ /'swobu/ vt|i^ cause ~. make a clean '^ of sth,
to go down the throat. 2 '>- remove what is unwanted com-
(up), cause to disappear; use pletely. 2 sweeping movement:
up: earnings '^ed up by bills. 3 with one '^ of his arm. 3 range:
(fig): ->- an insult, accept it with- The radar has a^
of 100 miles. 4
out complaining, d n [C] act of long curve on a road, etc, or of
swallowing; amount swallowed. land: a fine ~
of country. 5
swam /swxm/ pt of swim. strong fiow: the ~
of the tide. 6
swamp /swomp/ n [C,U] (area = chimney-sweep. '--v/Stake,
oO soft wet land; marsh, a vt ^ form of gambling on horse-
flood with water. 2 (fig) over- races (the winners taking all the
whelm: '\^ed with requests. money gambled).
swampy adj (-ier, -iest) hav- sweep^ /swi:p/ vtli (pt.pp swept
ing swamps. /swept/) 1 clear (dust, dirt, etc)
swan /swon/ n [C] large, long- away with a brush or broom;
 379
clean by doing this; ~ the floor:
~
up the crumbs. 2 carry, move
along: The current swept the logs
along. '^ sb off his feet, fill
with passion, enthusiasm. 3 pass
over or along: A huge wave swept
over the deck. 4 move in a proud
manner. 5 extend ina curve: The
coast ~5 northwards, '^er, per-
son or thing that sweeps: ^street
'^ers. '>^ing adj (a) far-
reaching: '^ing change^ I reforms.
(b) too general: a -^ing state-
ment.
sweet /swi:t/ adj {-er, -est) 1
tasting like sugar, have a ^ (money, etc) by cheating a n [C]
tooth, like things that taste
sweet. 2 fresh and pure: keep a
room clean and '^. 3 having a
fragrant smell: Don't the roses
smell ~.' 4 pleasant or attractive:
a ~face. an[C]^ small piece of
something sweet (boiled sugar,
chocolate, etc). 2 dish of sweet
food, '^bread, pancreas of a
calf or lamb used as food.
''>^heart, (dated) one of a pair
of lovers: John and his ^heart.
'^\y adv. '>^ness n [U]. '>^en
vt/i make or become sweet.
swell /swel/ vt/i{pt ~ed /sweld/:
pp swollen Z'swaubn/) 1 (cause
to) become greater in volume,
thickness or force: Wood often
~5 when wet. 2 (cause to) have a
curved surface: The wind ">^ed
the sails, a n (sing only) slow rise
and fall of the sea's surface.
'>^ng, (esp) swollen place on
the body.
swel-ter /'swelt3(r)/ vi be un-
comfortably warm.
swept /swept//7/,/j/? of sweeps.
swerve /swsrv/ vt/i (cause to)
•
change direction suddenly: The
car '^d to avoid the boy. a n [C]
swerving movement.
swift^ /swift/ adj (-er, -est)
quick; fast; prompt: a -^ reply.
--v/ly adv. '^txess n [U]
swift^ /swift/ n [C] small bird
similar to a swallow.
swill /swil/ vtji 1 rinse by pour-
ing liquid over: ^out a dirty tub.
2 {informal) drink greedily: The
workmen were -^ing tea. a /j 1
[C] act of rinsing. 2 [U] waste
food for pigs.
swim /swim/ vt/i (pt swam
/swsm/; pp swum /swAm/)
(-mm-) 1 move the body
through water using arms, legs,
fins, etc: Fishes ~. 2 cross by
swimming: ~ the English Chan-
ȴveet / swoop
nel.3 be covered (with): meat
'^ming in gravy. 4 seem to move
round and round: His head
swam. D n [C] act or period of
swimming: have /go for a ^. be
in the '^. be aware of what is
happening, -^^mer, person who
swims. ''>^ming bath/pool,
pool for swimming in. ''>>'ming
costume, '--^-suit, clothing
worn by women and girls for
swimming, '--s^ming-trunks n
pi shorts worn by boys and men
for swimming.
swindle /'swindl/ vt/i cheat; get
act of swindling, swin-dler,
person who gets money, etc by
cheating.
swing /swig/ vt/i {pt.pp swung
/swAi)/) 1 (of something having
one end fixed) (cause to) move,
forwards and backwards: His
arms swung as he walked. 2
(cause to) turn: -^ round the
corner. on[C]^ swinging move-
ment: the -^ of the pendulum. 2
strong rhythm, in full ^, fully
active. 3 seat held by ropes or
chains for swinging on.
swipe /swaip/ vt {si) 1 hit hard.
2 {si) steal, a n [C] swinging
blow: take a'^at the ball.
swirl /sw3:l/ vt/i (of water, air,
etc) (cause to) move or flow with
twists and turns: dust •^ing
about the streets, o n [C] swirling
movement.
swish /swij/ vt/i move (some-
thing) through the air with a
hissing sound, a n [C] swishing
sound.
switch /switj/ n [C] 1 device to
allow trains to go from one
track to another. 2 device for
making and breaking an electric
circuit: a Hight-'^. 3 transfer;
change: a '^ from Liberal to Lab-
our, a vt/i 1 use a switch (2): ^
the light/radio on. 2 move (a
train, etc) on
to another track. 3
shift; change: '-^ to a Socialist
Government.
swivel /'swivl/ n [C] device join-
ing two parts so that one part
can turn without the other, d vt/i
(-II-, US also -I-) turn on a
swivel: He '^led round in his
chair.
swob /swob/ n, vt (-bb-) =
swab.
swoMen /'swaubn/p/? of swell:
a ^ ankle.
swoop /swu:p/ v/ come down on
 .

swop/T 380

with a rush: The eagle •^eddown (building used for an) assembly
on the rabbit, a n [C] sudden at- of .lews for religious teaching
tack and worship.
swop (also swap) swop/ vti syn-chron-ize 'sirikranaiz/ vt;i
(-PP-) {informaf) exchange by (cause to) happen at the same
bargaining: '^foreign stamps. '>^ time, agree in time, speeds, etc:
places with sb. exchange ~ clocks.
seals, jobs, etc. d n [C] exchange. syn-di-cate /'smdikat/ n [C] 1
sword so:d n [C] weapon with organization that supplies ar-
a long steel blade fixed in a hilt ticles, etc to periodicals. 2 com-
''N-fish, large sea-fish with a bination of commercial firms
long upper jaw like a sword. with a common interest, a vt
swore, sworn O swear 'sindikeit publish (articles, etc)
'

swum swAm p/? of swim. in numerous periodicals

swung swAr)/p/./7p of swing. through a syndicate ( 1 )
syca-more 'sikamDiCr)/ n [C] syn-drome /'smdraom/ n [C]
type of large tree; [U] its hard {med) number of symptoms
wood. which indicate an illness, etc.
syl-lable 'silsbl/ w [C] minimum syn-onym "sinanim; n [C] word
unit of rythm of speech or wrii- with the same meaning as an-
ten language. Arithmetic' has other. '>^ous /si'nDnimas/ adj
four '^s. syl-labic /srlaebik/ adj syn-op-sis /si'nopsis n [C] {pi
syl-ia-bus /'sibbas n [C] (pi -opses /-si:zO summary or out-
~es) summary of a course of line (of a book. play. etc).
studies; programme of lessons. syn-tax /'sintaeks/ n [U] (linguis-
sym-bol n [C] sign,
/'simbl/ tics) (rules for) building sen-
mark, object, etc representing tences, syn-tac-tic /sm'taektik/
something: mathematical ^5, eg at^ of syntax.
X, ^, +, — 'v-ic /sim'bolik
. syn-thesis /'sinOasis n [C,U] {pi
adj of, used as, a symbol, ^^^i- -theses /-si:z/) combination of
cally adv. '^\ze /'siimbalaiz/ vt separate parts into a whole or
be a symbol of. into a system; that which results
sym-me-try /'smiatn/ n [U] from this. syn-thetic
(beauty in the) harmony or ba- /sm'Getik/ adj
lance (in size, design, etc) be- syphons = siphon.
tween parts: mathematical ~. syr-inge /si'rmds/ n [C] device
sym-met-ric(al) /si'metrik(l)/ for injecting liquids into the
adj body, etc: a hypodermic ~. d vt
sym-path-etic /,smip3'9etik/ clean, inject liquid into, with a
adj having or showing syringe.
sympathy: -.- looks/words. '>^al- syrup /'strap/ n [U] thick sweet
\y adv liquid made from sugar-cane
sym-path-ize /'simpsGaiz/ vi and water.
feel or express sympathy (with). sys-tem /'sistam/ n [C] 1 group
sym-pathizer, person who of parts working together: th^
sympathizes, eg one who sup- ^nervous '^: a ^railway ^y^. 2 or-
ports a political party. dered set of ideas, etc: a '^ of
sym-pathy /'simpaOi/ n {pi -ies) government. 3 [U] organization:
1 {UJ (capacity for) sharing the work with ^. '>^atic /-'maetik/
feelings (troubles) of others: adj based on a system: a '^atic
send her a letter of '^. 2 [pt) ag- analysis. '>^ati'CSi\{:^juiv
reement: My sympathies arf
with the miners in this dispute.
sym-phony /'simfsni/ n [C] {pi
-ies) (long) musical composition
for an orchestra, sym-phonic
/smi'fDnik/a^
symp-tom
change
/'simptam/ n [C] 1
in the body's condition
that is a sign of illness: -^5 of
Tt
measles. 2 sign: ^s of political
discontent, ^^^^atic /-'maetik/ adj T, t /ti:/ (piTs, t's /ti:z/) the 20th
serving as a symptom. letter of the English alphabet.
syna-gogue /'smagog/ n [C] 'T-shirt, short-sleeved, cotton

shirt like a 'T-square, T-
vest.
shapcd instrument for drawing
right angles.
ta /ta:/ int {informat) thank you.
tab /taeb/ n [C] small piece of
cloth, etc fixed to a coat, etc to
identify or hang it. keep '^s
on. keep under observation.
table /'teibl/ n [C] 1 piece of fur-
niture with a flat top and (usual-
ly four) legs. 2 people seated at a
table: jokes that amused the
whole 3 list of facts, informa-
'^.
tion, etc arranged in rows and
columns. 4 turn the '>^s on
sb. gain an advantage after be-
ing defeated, a v/ 1 put forward
for discussion: ->- a motion. 2 put
in the form of a table (3).
''>^cloth, one spread on a table.
''>^mat, one placed under a hot
dish on a table. ''>^spoon, large
spoon for serving food.
'^spoon-ful, as much as a
tablespoon holds. ''>^ tennis,
game similar to tennis played on
a table. ''>^ware, dishes, silver,
cutlery, etc used for meals.
tab-let /'taeblit/ n [C] 1 fiat piece
of stone, etc with words cut on
it. 2 piece of hard soap. 3 small
piece of compressed medicine:
two aspirin ^s.
ta-boo /ta'bu:/ n [C.U] some-
thing which religion or custom
regards as forbidden, a adj for-
bidden: Unkind gossip ought to
be '^. o \'t forbid, esp on moral
or rehgious grounds.
tabu-late /'taebjuleit/ vt
(facts, figures, etc) in tabies(3).
tabu'la-tion -fn/ n [Uj
tacit /'taesit/ adj understood
without being said: consent ^ train, bus, etc. ^^less adj.
agreement, --v/ly adv
tack n [C] 1 small, fiat-
/taek/
headed nail. 2 long, loose stitch
used to fasten pieces of cloth
together. 3 sailing-ship's direc-
tion fixed by the wind and the
position of the sails, on the
right /wrong tack, (Jig) fol-
lowing a wise/unwise course of
action, d vt/i^ fasten with tacks.
2 change the course (of a
saihng-ship).
tackle /'taekl/ n 1 [C,U] set of
ropes and pulleys for lifting
weights, etc. 2 [U] equipment,
apparatus: Jishine '^, a rod.
line, hooks, etc. 3 [C] act of tak-
ing the ball from an opponent
(in football), a vt/i 1 deal with (a
problem, a piece of
381 ta/take
tackle sb about I over sth.
speak to him frankly. 2 seize, eg
a thief: ~ an intruder. 3 take the
ball from (an opponent, in foot-
ball).
tact /taekt; n [U] ability to deal
with people v/ithout causing of-
fence: show have great ^. '>.ful
I
/-fi/ adj having or showing tact.
'^^fully adv. '>-less adj lacking
tact, -^less-ly flf/v
tac-tic /'taektik n [C] 1 means of
achieving an aim. 2 (/?/) art of
moving fighting forces during
battle, "v-al -kl/ a^' of tactics: a
'^al error.
tac-ti-cian taek'tijn/ n [C] ex-
pert in tactics.
tad-pole /'taedpaol, n [C] early
form of a frog or toad.
tag tasg, n [C] 1 metal or plastic
end of a shoelace, string, etc. 2
label (eg for showing prices, ad-
dresses). 3 [U] game in which
one child chases and tries to
touch another, n v/;/ (-gg-) 1
fasten a tag(2) to. 2 ^ along/
behind /after, follow closely.
tail /teil/ n [C] 1 long movable
part at the end of the body of
some animals, fish or reptiles:
Dogs wag their 'y^s. turn '^. run
away. 2 something like a tail: the
^ of an aircraft. 3 (pi) side of a
coin opposite the head. O
head^(2). 4 (informal) person
employed to follow, eg a sus-
pected criminal, a vt/i 1 '^ sb,
follow him closely. 3 tail off/
arrange away, (a) become smaller, (b)
(of remarks, etc) end in a hesi-
tating way. ,-^-'end, final part.
'-"vz-light, light at the back of a
tailor /'teib(r), n [C] maker of
coats, suits, etc. a vt ^ cut out
and sew: a well-^edsuit. 2 adapt
for a purpose, (--^-'niade adj
(a) made to fit a particular per-
son, (b) (fig) suitable: He is ~-
madefor the job.
taint temt/ n [C,U] trace of de-
cay or infection: a '^ of insanity
in the family, a vt/i make or be-
come infected with decay.
take^ /teik/ vr//(;7rtook /tuk/;/)p
taken /'teiksn/) 1 get or hold: -^
her hand; He took her in his
arms, embraced her. 2 capture;
win (in a contest, etc): a town.^
in war. He took the first prize.
be '^n ill. become ill. 3 use
without permission or by mis-
work). take; steal: Who has ^n my bicy-

take/talk
cle' 4carry; cause to go: '>- let-
ters to the post: '^ a friend home.
5 get, have; eat or drink; a ~
holiday a hath. T'^ sugar in cof-
fee. 6 accept; receive: IV ill you
£450 for the car'' T'^ advice/
orders be able to -^ it:
it. be able to endure sufTering,
punishment, attack, etc. 7
receive regularly: Which news-
papers do you '^'.* 8 make a re-
cord of: ~
notes la photograph. 9
need, require: The work took
four hours. '^ one's time
(over sth). use as much time
as one needs. 10 consider to be:
~
Do you me for a fool'' 1 1 test;
measure: The doctor took my
temperature. 1 2 act in a certain
way: -^ it 'things easy, not work
too hard. 1 3 be in charge of: a ~
class. 14 be successful: That
smallpox injection did not ->-. 1
use as transport: / always the
bus to work, be '^/i aback,
aback. -^ after sb, resemble
(esp a parent or relation). '>^ sth
apart, separate it into pieces. -^^
away, (a) (maths) minus: 4 '^
away 2 is 2. (b) take (a meal) out
of a restaurant to eat at home.
Hence, ''>--away adj:
meals. '^ sth/sb away,
move. ~
sth back, (a) admit
an error in what one has said.
(b) agree to receive back: Shops
usually ~ back damaged goods.
'^ sb back (to), cause to think
of an earlier period. -^ sth
down, (a) writedown, (b) get
into separate parts: down a~
building. -^ sth in, (a) receive
(work) for payment: She earns
money by taking in sewing, (b)
reduce the size of: ~
in a dress.
(c) include, (d) understand,
(e) see at once: She took in every
detail of the scene. '^^ sb in, de-
ceive: Don't be ~rt in by him. '^
off, (of an aircraft) leave the
ground. Hence, ''>^-off n [C]. '^
sth off, (a) remove: '^ off
one's hat. (b) withdraw (a train,
etc) (from service), (c) deduct:
'^ 50p off the price. '>^ sb off,
(a) lead away: He was ^« off to
prison, (b) imitate: Alice is clev-
er at taking off the headmistress.
^ sth on. (a) accept (work,
etc), (b) put on (a quality, ap-
pearance). '^ sb on, (a) accept
as an opponent, (b) employ,
(c) (of a train, etc) allow to ent-
er: The bus stopped to on some~
5
382
children. -^ sth out. (a) ex-
tract;remove: have a tooth -^n
out. (b) obtam: ->^ out an insur-
ance policy. -^ sb out, accom-
^ pany: ->- the children out for a
walk. -^ it out ofsb. leave him
can '->^ weak and exhausted '>^ it out
on sb. show one's disappoint-
ment, etc by being angry, etc
with somebody else. -^ sth
over, assume control of.
Hence, ''^over n [C] 'v. over
(from sb). accept his duties,
responsibilities, etc. '>^ to sth.
(a) adopt as a practice or
hobby: ~ to gardening when one
retires (b) use as a means of es-
cap>e: ~
to the woods to avoid
capture. ^
to sth/sb, begin to
like. '>^ sth up. (a) pick up;
raise, (b) interest oneself in: ~
up photography, (c) continue
(something unfinished), (d) oc-
~ cupy (time, space): This table 'v-v
O up too much space, (e) accept
(an offer). -^ sth up with sb.
speak or write to him about. '>-
sth upon oneself, assume re-
sponsibility.
take^ /teik/ n 1 [C] amount (of
money) taken. 2 (cinema film)
'^away scene to be photographed.
re- tak-ing /'teikir)/ at^' attractive, a
n (pi) money taken in business;
receipts.
talcum powder /'taelksm
paod3(r)/ n [C] perfumed pow-
der for the skin.
tale /teil/ n [C] 1 story: ~5 of ad-
venture. 2 report; account, tell
'>>'S, tell something secret. 3 un-
true story.
tal-ent /'taebnt/ n [C,U] natural
ability to do something well:
have a ~
for music. '>^ed adj
having talent; skilled.
talk^ /tD:k/ n 1 [C,U] conversa-
tion. c> small talk. 2 [C] infor-
mal speech. 3 gossip.
talk^ /tDik/ vtji 1 say things;
speak to give mformation: He
was '^ing to 'a friend, be -^ed
about, be the subject of gossip.
"^ down to sb, talk in a
superior way. '>^ sth over, dis-
cuss it. '^ round sth, discuss a
subject without reaching the
main point. 2 have the power of
speech: Can the baby ~
yet? 3 be
able to use (a language): ~
English/Spanish. 4 discuss: We
^ed music all evening. 5 '>^ s/»
into/ out of doing sth, per-
suade him to do/not to do it. 6
 383 tall/tar

gossip. 7 give information un- Don't ~ with Peter— he's bigger

willingly: Has the prisoner ^ed than you.
yet? ''v/ing point, topic for dis- tango /'tasqgsu n [C] (pi ~s)
cussion, '-^ing-to, scolding. (music for a) S American dance.
'-^a-tive a^fond of talking. tank /taerjk n [C] 1 large con-
tall /tD:l/ adj (-er, -est) 1 of more tainer for liquid or gas. 2 ar-
than average height: She is '^er moured fighting vehicle with
than her sister. 2 of a specified guns, moving on endless belts.
height: Tom is six foot ~. 3 a -^ --N^er, ship, road vehicle, aircraft
order, a task difficult to per- for carrying liquids.
form, a '^ story, one that it is tank-ard 'tarjksd/ n [C] large
difficult to believe. drinking mug.
tally /'taeli/ vi (pt.pp -ied) corre- tanner, tannery, c> tan.
spond: The two lists do not ~. tan-ta-lize /'taentalaiz/ vt make
talon /"taebn/ n [C] large claw of (a person) suffer by offering
a bird. something that cannot be
tam-bour-ine /jtaemba'riin/ n reached.
[C] small, shallow drum with tan-trum /'taentram/ n [C] (pi
metal discs in the side. ~s) fit of anger.
tame /teim/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of tap^ n device for control-
/taep/
animals) trained to live with hu- ling the fiow of liquid or gas
man beings; not wild or fierce: a from a pipe, barrel, etc. on '^.
-^ monkey. 2 (of a person) easily (fig) available when needed, d vt
controlled: Her husband is a ->- (-pp-) 1 draw out liquid
little man. 3 dull: The film has a through a tap. 2 cut (the bark of
~ ending, a vt make tame: -^ a a tree) and get (the sap, etc). 3
lion, tamer, person who tames extract or obtain: ~
a country's
animals: a Hion-'^r. '>^ly adv. resources. ^
a telephone, lis-
'>^nessA7[U] ten without permission.
tam-per /'t2emp9(r)/ vi interfere tap2 /tzep/ n [C] 1 quick, light
with: ~ with the lock. blow. D vtji (-pp-) give a tap or
tan /tsn/ n [C], adj yellowish- taps (to): 'v. a man on the shoul-
brown; brown colour of sun- der. ''>>/-dancing, with
burnt skin: -^ leather shoes: get a rhythmical tapping of the foot.
good ~. n vtji (-nn-) 1 make tape /teip/ n [C,U] 1 (piece,
(animal skins) into leather. '^ length of) narrow strip of
sb's hide, {si)him a good
give material. C> magnetic tape, red
beating. 2 become brown with tape. 2 length of tape stretched
sunburn: Some people ~ quick- between the winning-posts on a
ly. '>^ner, workman who tans race-track, a vt 1 fasten with
skins. 'X/nery /'taenari/, place tape. 2 record (sound) on mag-
where skins are tanned. 3 have sth/sb -^d,
netic tape.
tan-dem /'taendam/ n [C] bicycle (informal) understand it/him.
made for two persons, d adv one ''>^-measure, length of thin
behind the other: ride '>-. metal or cloth, marked for
tang /taeq/ n [C] sharp taste or measuring things, ''-v/ record-
flavour. er, apparatus for recording and
tan-gent /'taendsant/ n [C] playing back sound on magnetic
straight line touching a curve. tape.
go I fly off at <> '>^, (fig) change taper' /'teip3(r)/ n [C] very thin
suddenly from one line of candle.
thought, action, etc to another. taper^ /'teip3(r)/ vt/i become
tan-ger-ine /,taEnd33'ri:n/ n [C] narrower towards one end.
small, sweet-scented, orange. tap-es-try /'taepistri/ n [C,U] (pi
tan-gifole /'taendsabl/ adj 1 that -ies) (piece oQ cloth into which
can be known by touch. 2 clear patterns are woven by hand,
and definite: ~ proof, tan- used for covering walls.
gibly /-9bli/a</v tapi-oca itaepi'auka/ n [U] food
tangle n [C] 1 confused
/'taerjgl/ (hard, white grains) obtained
mass (of string, hair, etc). 2 con- from cassava.
fused state: The traffic was in a tar ta:(r)/ n [U] black substance,
,

~. D vt/i 1 make or become con- hard when cold, thick and sticky
fused, disordered: ^dhair. 2 (in- when warm etc used to preserve
formal) fight or quarrel with: timber, in making roads, etc. a
tarantula/tea
VI (-rr-) cover with lar. f'^red
with the ,same 'brush, hav-
ing the same ''x^mac.
faults,
mixture of tar and gravel, used
for road surfaces.
ta-ran-tula ta'ra^ntjub n [C]
large, poisonous spider of S
Europe.
tar-get 'ia:gil n 1 something to
be aimed at in shooting. 2 object
of criticism. 3 total (of savings,
production, etc) which it is de-
sired to reach.
tar-iff 'laerif/ n [C] 1 list of
prices, eg for meals, rooms. 2 Ust
of taxes on goods imported.
tar-mac ;'ta:maek, n c> tar.
tarn /ta:n/ n [C] small mountain
lake.
tar-nish /'tarnij/ vti 1 (esp of
metal surfaces) (cause to) lose
brightness: Brass '^es easily. 2
(Jig) lessen the quality of: His re-
putation is ^ed. D n [U] dullness.
tarpau-lin /ta:'pD:Un n [C,U]
sheet of waterproof canvas.
tart^ /ta:t, adj 1 sharp in taste: a
->. flavour. 2 (Jig) bitter: a
reply -x-ly adv. 'x-^ness n [U]
. the same thing in different ways.
tart^ /ta:t/ n [C] pie cooked with
fruit or jam on it.
tart^ /ta:t/ n [C] (si) immoral girl
or woman, a v: '^ sth/sb up,
(informat) dress, decorate, (too)
brightly.
tar-tan ;'ta:tn/ n [U] Scottish
woollen fabric woven with
crossing stripes; [C] this pattern,
eg ofa Scottish clan.
tartar ;ita:t3(r); n [U] 1 chalk-
like substance deposited on the
teeth. 2 substance deposited on
the sides of wine casks.
task /ta:sk/ n [C] piece of work
(to be) done, take sb to -^
(about/for sth), scold him.
''>^-force, special unit (of po-
lice, master/
etc). ''>^-
-mistress, person who decides
on work to be done, esp strictly.
tas-sel /'taesl/ n [C] bunch of
threads hanging (from a flag,
etc) as an ornament.
taste^ /teist/ n 1 [U] sense by
which flavour is known: sweet!
sour to the ~. 2 [C,U] quality of
a substance made known by this
sense: Sugar has a sweet '^. 3
small quantity. 4 [C,U] judge-
ment; choice: good ^s^ in music/
clothes. '>^ful a<^ showing good
taste(4). '>^fully adv. 'x^less
adJ (a) (of food) having no flav-
our, (b) without taste(4).
'>^less-ly adv. tasty adj (-ler,
-lest) having a pleasant flavour.
taste^ ;teist, vt/i 1 be aware ofa
taste: Can you ~ anything
strange in 2 ha\e a
this soup.'
flavour: >- sour/bitter. 3 test the
taste of: She '^d the soup. 4 ex-
perience: happiness freedom.
->^ i
tat-ters 'taetaz/ n pi torn pieces
ofcloth, paper, etc.
tat-too' /ta'tu:/ n [C] (pi '^s) 1
beating of drum(s) to call sol-
diers back to quarters. 2 [C] con-
tinuous tapping. 3 [C] public en-
tertainment by soldiers.
tat-too' ta'tu:, vt mark (a per
son's skin) by pricking it and
putting in dyes, q n [C\(pl ~S)
mark or design of this kind.
taught /tD:t/ pt.pp oixeach.
taunt /tDint n [C] cruel or insult-
ing remark, d vt attack (a per-
son) with taunts.
taut t3:t; adj (of ropes, nerves
,
etc) tightly stretched: pull a rope
~. '>-ly adv. '^^ness n [U]
taut-ol-ogy /tD:'tDl3d3i/ n [C,U]
~ (pl-ies) unnecessary saying of
tauto-logi-cal ;-'lod^k\i adj
tav-ern 'taevan/ n [C] (old use)
public house; inn.
tawny /'tDini, adj brownish-
yellow.
tax /taeks/ n 1 [C,U] money paid
by citizens to the government
for public purposes: income ~. 2
a '^^ on, a burden or strain: a -^
on one's patience, a vr 1 put a tax
on; require (a person) to pay a
tax: ~
rich and poor alike. 2 be a
burden on: ~
my patience, i'*^-
'f ree adj not subject to taxation.
''>^-collector, official who col-
lects taxes, ''x^-payer, person
who pays taxes, ^-^^able /-shlj
adj to be taxed: '^able income.
"wation /taek'seijn/ n [Uj
(system of) raising money by
taxes; taxes paid.
taxi /'taeksi; n [C] (pi ^s) motor-
car, esp one with a meter, which
may be hired, a vtji (of an air-
craft) (cause to) move along the
ground, '-x^-cab, (abbr 'ca^) =
taxi. ''N- rank, place where taxis
wait to be hired.
tea /ti:/ n 1 [U] (dried leaves ofa)
shrub of eastern Asia, India, etc;
drink made from these leaves.
not my
cup of '-^, not the sort
of thing I like. 2 [C,U] early
evening meal. C> high tea. '-x/
bag, small paper bag contain-
 385 teach/telecommunications

ing tea-leaves. ''>^-cadcly, small cat, eg by pulling its tail. 3 sep-

box in which to keep tea. ''>^- arate, loosen, into separate
chest, large wooden box in fibres: ^
flax, a n [C] person
which tea is packed. ''>-cloth, who teases, teaser, person who
cloth used for drying cups, etc. often teases.
''^cup, cup in which tea is serv- teat /ti:t/ n [C] nipple (esp an ar-
ed, a fStorm in a ^'^cup. a lot tificial one).
of fuss about something unim- tech-ni-cal /'teknikl/ aaj 1 of,
portant, ''v.pot, vessel in which from, technique. 2 of, connected
tea is made. ''x/-service/-set, with, skills: a ''^ college. '>-ly
set of cups, saucers, plates, etc. /-k\i/ adv
''^spoon, small spoon for stir- tech-ni-cal-ity /itekni'kaebti/ n
ring tea. ''>^spoon-ful, as [C] (pi -ies) technical word,
much as a teaspoon can hold. phrase, detail, etc: legal technic-
''x.-strainer, device for sieving alities.
tea. ''>^-time, time at which tea tech-ni-cian /tek'nijn/ n [C] ex-
is served. pert in a technique; highly
teach /ti:tj/ vtji {pt.pp taught skilled craftsman or mechanic.
/tD:t/) give instruction to (a per- tech-nique /tek'ni:k/ n 1 [U]
son); give a person (knowledge, skill in art, music, etc. 2 [C]
skill, etc); give lessons: 'v. method of doing something ex-
French /history: -^ a child (how) pertly.
to swim. '>^er, person who tech-nol-ogy /tek'nDl9d3i/ n [U]
teaches, 'x.ing, (a) [U] work of study and use of science and
a teacher: earn a living by '^ing. manufacturing methods in in-
(b) (pi) that which is taught; the dustry, tech-no-logi-cal
'^ings of Jesus. /itekna'lodjikl/ adj. tech'nol-
teak /ti:k/ n [C] tall tree of India, ogistn[Cl
Malaysia, etc; [U] itshard wood. tedi-ous /'ti:di3s/ adj causing
team /ti:m/ n [C] 1 two or m.ore tiredness; uninteresting: a ~ lec-
animals pulling a cart, etc ture; ^
work. 'N./ly adv
together. 2 number of persons tee /ti:/ n [C] (golf) place from
playing or working together: a which a player starts at each
football '^; a '^ of surgeons, n vi hole: piece of wood or rubber
^ up (with), (informal) work used for this, a vtji 1 '>^ (up).
together (with). ''>^-work, put the ball on a tee(1). 2 '^
combinedeffort, ''^-mate, fel- off. hit the ball from a tee.
low member of a team (2). ,'>^ teem^ /ti:m/ vi 1 be present in
'spirit, willingness to work for large numbers: Fish '^ in this
the success of a team. river. 2 '>^ witft. have in great
tear' /ti3(r)/ n [C] drop of salty numbers: ^ing with ideas.
water coming from the eye: teem^ /ti:m/ vi (of rain) fall
burst into '^s, began to cry. ''>^- heavily; pour.
drop, single tear, '^-gas, gas teen-age adj for per-
/'ti:neid3/
that causes watering of the eyes sons in their teens: '^fashions.
(used against rioters), ^ful adj teen-ager /'ti:neid39(r)/ n [C]
crying: a '\^fulface. '>^f ully adv boy or girl in his or her teens.
tear" /te3(r)/ vt/i (pt tore /t3:(r)/; teens /timz/ n pi the ages 1 3 to
pp torn /torn/) 1 pull apart or to 19: girls in their 'y^.

pieces; damage by pulling tee-shirt /'ti: Jart/ n [C] = T-

sharply: '>- a sheet of paper. '^ shirt.
sth up. tear it into small pieces. tee-ter /'ti:t9(r)/ v/ stand or walk
2 remove by pulling: ^
a page unsteadily.
out of a book. 3 destroy the teeth /ti:9//>/ of tooth.
peace of: a country torn by civil teethe /ti:d/ vi (of a baby) get its
war. torn between, unable to first teeth. 'teething
choose between. 4 become torn: troubles, (fig) problems which
Paper ~5 easily. 5 rush; hurry: occur when first using a new
He tore home, a n [C] torn place. system.
'o^away n [C] violent youth. tee-to-tal /tir'tautl/ adj never
tease /ti:z/ vt 1 make fun of (a drinking, opposed to the drink-
person) playfully or unkindly: ing of, alcohol. '>^ler n [C]
She "^^d him about his beard. 2 tele-com-muni-ca-tions
annoy: Molly was teasing the /itehk3,mjunii'keijnz/ n pi com-
telegram/ tempo 3

municalions by cable, iclegraph, clock, etc: Can you ^ me what

telephone, radio or TV. tune it IS? there is no ^^^ing. it
tele-gram 'teligrxm/ n [C] mes- is impossible or difficult to
sage sent by telegraph. know. 6 '^ sb off. (informal)
tele-graph 'teligrai"/ n [C] criticize, blame him 7 have an
means of, apparatus for, send- effect on: All this hard work is
ing messages along wires or by '^ing on him, is affecting his
radio, a vtii send (news, etc) by health. 8 (informal) inform
telegraph '>^ic ,,teli'gracfik/ adj against: John told on his sister. 9
sent by, of, the telegraph. tell a secret; You promised not to
telepa-thy ti'lepaOi/ n [U] '^. '>^er, (a) person who
transfer of thoughts from one receives and pays out money
mind to another without using over a bank counter, (b) man
speech, signs, etc. telepathic who counu votes. '>^ing adj ef-
(teh'pacGik aJy fective: a '^ing argument /blow.
tele-phone /'telifdun/ n (abbr tell-tale /'telteil/ n [C] person
phone) [C,Uj means of trans- who tells a secret, etc. a adj that
mitting the human voice by elec- makes something known: a
tric current, usually through 'y^ tale blush.
wires: answer the '^. a v/,/ send telly 'teU/ n (informal) (abbr for)
/

(a message) by telephone. ''>^ television.

booth, (also ^call-box), small tem-per^ /'temp3(r)/ n [C] 1 state
enclosure with a public tele- of the mind: in a good/bad ~. 2
phone. '->.' directory, {informal angry state of mind, get /fly in-
= phone book) list of names
^ to a '^. become very angry.
with telephone numbers and ad- keep/ lose one s "<'. keep/fail
dresses, ''-w exchange, place to keep one's temper under con-
where telephone connections trol. 3 [C] (of steel, etc) degree of
are made. strength, hardness, etc.
tel-ephonist /ti'lefamst/ n [C] -tem-pered /'tempad/ suffix
operator in a telephone ex- having a certain temper: a ,bad-
change. '^^ed^man.
tele-scope /'tehsksup/ n [C] tem-per^ /'temp3(r)/ vt/i 1 give
long instrument with lenses for (metal, etc) the required temp-
making distant objects appear er (3). 2 soften or modify: '^jus-
nearer and larger, a vtij make or tice with mercy.
become shorter by sliding one tem-pera-ment /'temprsmsnt/
section within another: When /j1 [C,U] person's personality or
the trains collided, the first two nature: a girl with a nervous ~. 2
cars were '\^d. tele-scopic [U] easily excited personality.
/iteli'skopik/ adj 'x.al y-'mentl/ adj (a) caused by
tele-vi-sion /'telivi3n/ n (abbr temperament: a '^al dislike for
TV) 1 [U] process of trans- study, (b) having quickly
mitting pictures and sound by changing moods: a '^al tennis
radio waves. 2 [C] (also '~ set) player. '^allyadv
apparatus for receiving and tem-per-ate /'tempsrst/ adj 1
showing these pictures and moderate in behaviour, drink-
sound, tele-vise /'telivaiz/ v/ ing of alcohol, etc. 2 (of climate)
send by television. free from extremes of heat and
telex /'teleks/ n 1 \\J\ telegraphic cold.'>^lyat/v
means of sending written mes- tem-pera-ture /'tempr3tja(r)/ n
sages 2 [C] message sent by telex. [C,U] degree of heat and cold:
tell /tel/ vtIi (pt.pp told /tauld/) 1 The nurse took my 'w. have/
make known in words; give in- run a 's^, have a fever.
formation: / told him my name. I tem-pest /'tempist/ n [C] violent
told you so, I warned you that storm.
this would happen. 2 express temple^ /'tempi/ n [C] building
with words: '^ a lie/story. '^ used for the worship of a god;
tales. O
tale (2). 3 order; church.
him to wait. 4 iden-
direct: T-v. temple' /'tempi/ n [C] flat part
tify: '^ Tom from his
Can you of either side of the forehead.
twin brother? 5 know: How do tempo /'tempau/ n [C] (pi '^s) 1
you '^ which key to use? the ^ rate of movement or activity: the
time, read the time from a 'N, of city life. 2 speed at which

music is played.
tem-poral /'temparal/ adj (for-
mal) 1 of, existing in, time. 2 of
earthly life, not spiritual.
tem-por-ary /'tempran/ a^ last-
ing for a short time only: --^ em-
ployment, a --w bridge, tem-
por-ar-ily /'temprarali/ adv
tempt /tempt/ vt 1 (try to) per-
suade (a person) to do some-
thing wrong: Nothing could
him 2 attract (a per-
to tell lies.
son) to do something: The warm
weather '^ed us to go for a swim.
'>^ing adj attractive: a '^^ing of-
fer.
temp-ta-tion /temp'teijn/ n 1
[U] tempting: yield/give way to
~. 2 [C] that which tempts.
ten /ten/ n [C], adj (oO the num-
ber 10. ''>-fold adv ten times as
many or much. ''>^pence n [C,
U] (GB coin with the) value of
ten pennies, tenth /ten8/ n [C],
adj (abbr 10th) (of) one of 10
equal parts or the next after 9.
ten-able /'tenabl/ adj 1 that can
be defended: His theory is not -s..
2 (of an office or position) that
can be held: The lectureship is '^
for three years.
ten-acious /ti'neijas/ adj (for-
mal) holding tightly; strong: a -^
memory, ten-ac-ity /ti'naesati/ n
[U]
ten-ancy /'tenansi/ n [U] 1 use of
land, etc as a tenant. 2 length of
time during which a tenant uses
land, etc: hold a Hife '^^ of a
house, 'ten-ant n [C] person
who pays rent for the use of
land, etc.
tend' /tend/ v/ look after:
shepherds '^ing their flocks.
tend^ /tend/ vi 1 have as a direc-
tion: Prices are '^ing upwards. 2
be likely to: He -^s to make too
many mistakes.
ten-dency /'tendansi/ n [C] (pi
-ies) turning or incUnation:
to improve.
ten-der' /'tend3(r)/ adj
-est) 1 delicate; easily hurt or
damaged: '>^ flowers; a -^ heart,
easily moved 2 (of meat)
to pity.
easily chewed; not tough: a -^
steak. 3 kind, loving: --w looks.
-^ly adv. '>^ness n [U]
ten-der' /'tend3(r)/ vt/i 1 offer;
present: He '>^edhis resignation.
2 make an offer at a stated price:
'>^ for the construction of a
motorway, a n [C] offer to do
something: invite ^5 for a new
387 tomporal / terminal
bridge. O legal tender.
ten -don /'tendan/ n [C] strong
cord that joins muscle to bone.
ten-ement /'tenamant/ n [C]
large house for the use of many
families at low rents.
ten-nis /'terns/ n [U] game for
two or four players who hit a
ball across a net. ''x/-court,
area on which tennis is played.
~ tenor /'ten3(r)/ n [C] 1 (music
for, singer with, the) highest
normal adult male voice. 2 (of
instruments) with a range of the
tenor voice: a '^ saxophone.
tense' /tens/ adj (-r, -st) tightly
stretched or strained: ^
nerves:
a '^ moment, a vtji make or be-
come tense: He '^d his muscles
for the effort, -x^ly adv
tense' /tens/ n [C,U] (gram) verb
form that shows time: the
present /past /future '^.
ten-sion /'tenjn/ n [U] 1 state of,
degree of, being stretched: the ->-
of the rope. 2 mental, emotional
or nervous strain. 3 condition
when feelings, relations are
tense: political'^. 4 voltage: high
~ wires.
tent /tent/ n [C] shelter made of
canvas supported by poles and
ropes.
ten-tacle /'tentakl/ n [C] long,
slender growth on certain ani-
mals (eg octopus) used for
touching, feeling, etc.
ten-ta-tive /'tentativ/ adj made
or done as a trial: make a ^ of-
fer, 'x/ly adv
tenth /tenO/ n.adjO ten.
tenu-ous /'tenjuas/ adj (formal)
1 thin; slender: the -^ web of a
spider. 2 (of opinions, differ-
ences) without much meaning.
tepid /'tepid/ adj s]\^i\y warm.
term /taan/ n [C] 1 fixed period
of time: a long '^ of imprison-
ment; ^
of office. 2 division of
a -^^ the school or university year:
end-of-'^ exams. 3 (pi) condi-
(-er, tions offered: ~j of surrender /of
a contract. O
referenco(1 ).
come to ^s (with sb), reach
an agreement, come to -^s
with sth. accept finally: come
to '^s with a difficult situation. 4
be on good'^s (with sb), be
friendly, etc.5 words with a spe-
cialized meaning: technical '^s.
6 (pi) way of expression: speak in
new abusive 'y^s? a vt name; apply a
term to: '^^ him a professor.
ter-minal /'tarmml/ adj^ of, tak-

terminMe/ textile
ing place, each tcrm(1,2):
examinations/accounts. 2 of the
end: ^cancer, incurable, a n [C]
1 end of a railway line, bus
route, etc; centre (in a town) for
passengers using an airport. 2
connection in an electric circuit:
the ~J of a battery. 'N.-ly adv
ter-min-ate /'*.3:minett/ vt/t
bring, come to an end: his ~
contract, ter-mi'na-tion /-Jn/ n
(C, U] ending: the termination of
a contract.
termi-nol-ogy /,td:.-ni'nDl3d3i/
n (C,U) (/»/ -ies) terms used in a
science or art: medical 'v-.
ter-mi-nus /'tarmmas/ n [C] (pi
-ni /-nai/ or ~es) station at the
end of a railway line, bus route,
etc.
ter-mite /'taimait/ n [C] insect
which makes large hills of hard
earth.
ter-race /'terss/ n [C] 1 level(led)
area of ground with a sloping
front; a series of these on a hill-
side. 2 flight of wide, shallow
steps (eg in a football stadium).
3 long row of houses, d vt form
into terraces: a ~</ lawn; '^d
houses.
terrain /te'rem/ n [C] area of
land: difficult'^ for walking.
ter-res-trial /ti'restnal/ adj 1 of
the earth or land: the -^ parts of
the world. 2 (opposite of celes-
tial) of tht earth.
ter-rible /'terabl/ adj 1 causing
greai discomfort or horror: a
war/accident. 2 (informal) ex-
tremely bad: What '^ food! ter-
ribly adv (informal) extremely:
How terribly boring!
ter-rier /'ten3(r>/ n [C] kinds of
small, lively dog.
ter-rific /td'fjfik/ adj 1 causing
fear. 2 (informal) very great:
driving at a ^ pace. '>^ally adv
extremely.
ter-rify /'tenfai/ vt (pt.pp -led)
fiH wiUi fear: He was terrified of
dogs.
ter-ri-torial /,ten'tDTi9l/ adj of
land, esp forming part of a
country: 'x possessions. '^
'waters, the sea near a
country's coast, for which
special rights are claimed, eg for
fishing.
ter-ri'tory /'tentn/ n (pi -ies) 1
[C,U] (area of) land, esp under
one Government: Is this Ameri-
can '^? 2 [U] extent of land be-
longing to one person or animal:
.
388
^ a salesman 's I lion 's -v
ter-ror /'ter3(r)/ n 1 [U] great
fear: run away in '^. 2 [C] thing
that causes great fear: have a ->-
of fire. ''>^i8m l-Tvi:iml n [U] use
of violence and fear, esp for pol-
itical purposes, ''v.jst n [C]
''>^ize l-vdLizI vt fill with terror
by threats or violence.
terse /tars/ adj (of speech) brief
and to the pomt. ^v-ly adv
'>^nessn[U]
test /test/ n [C] examination or
trial(of a person or thing) to
find its quality, value, etc: a
^blood ~, a ^driving '>^. a vt ex-
amine; make a trial of: have
one's eyes '^ed. The long climb
'^ed our strength. ''>^ flight,
night to judge the performance
of a new aircraft. ^'^ match, in-
ternational cricket or rugby
game. ''>^-tube, slender glass
tube, closed at one end, used in
chemical experiments.
tes-ta-ment /'testamant/ n 1 [C]
(often last Will and T-J)
= wilP(5). 2 Old T^. New
T'>^, the two main divisions of
the Bible.
tes-ticle /'testikl/ n [C] each of
the two glands of the male sex
organ that secrete sperm.
tes-tif y /'testifai/ vt\i (pt.pp -led)
1 give evidence: He testified un-
der oath that he had not stolen the
bike. 2 be evidence of: Her tears
testified her grief.
^ tes-ti-mO'iiial /,testi'm3unidl/ n
[C] 1 written statement testify-
ing to a person's abilities, qualif-
ications, etc. 2 something given
to a person to show apprecia-
tion.
tes-ti-mony /'testimani/ n [U]
declaration of truth, esp in a law
court;
tether /'ted3(r)/ n [C] rope or
chain to fasten an animal, at
the end of one's '^. (Jig) at
the end of one's patience, etc. g
vt fasten with a tether: He '^ed
his horse to the fence.
text /tekst/ n 1 [U] printed words
in a book. 2 [C] original words
of an author. 3 [C] short passage
of the Bible, etc, as the subject of
a sermon, 'x/book, book used
to learn a subject: an algebra
'^book. 'x.ual /'teksjual/ adjoi,
in, a text: '^ual errors.
tex-tile /'tekstail/ adj of the
making of cloth: the -->- industry.
a n[C] cloth.
 389 texture /theory

tex'ture /'tekstj3(r)/ n [C,U] 1 names): Mediterranean, -v

'>^

the arrangement of the threads Atlantic (Ocean): '>- Suez Canal.

in a cloth: cloth with a loose '^. 2 4 (to indicate a group or class):
quality of a substance, felt by '>^ rich: ^
dead. 5 (with musical
touching: the -^ of a mineral. instruments): play '^ piano/'^
than /dan strong form: daen/ conj violinj'^ guitar, but not with
introducing the second part of a games: play tennis Ifootball. 6
comparison: John is taller '^ me. (with nouns expressing a unit):
sooner than, O soon (4). thirty miles to ^ gallon, ie to
thank /Gaeqk/ vt express grati- each gallon of petrol, a adv by
tude: ^
a person for his help. that amount: T^ more he has '^
T^ you, words used to ac- more he wants.
cept something or express the-atre (US = theater)
thanks. No, -^ you, words /'ei3t3(r)/ n [C] 1 building for the
used to reject an ofTer. d n {pi) performance of plays. 2 hall or
(expression oQ gratitude: give room for lectures, etc. 3 room
~5 to God. '^s to, as the used for surgical operations. 4
result of: T'>^s to you, we won. scene of important events: a ^
,'>^s'giving, (a) expression of of war. 5 the writing and acting
gratitude, esp to God. (b) {US) of plays: the Greek '^. ''>^-goer,
(also yT'^s^ giving Day) day set person who (often) visits
apart each year to thank God theatres, the-atri-cal /Gi'ae-
for His goodness. '>^ful adj adj (a) of, for, the theatre,
trikl/
grateful: be '^ful that you have (b) not natural: theatrical be-
escaped, -x/f ully adv. ^vless adj haviour.
not appreciated: a '^less task. theft /eeft/ n [C,U] (act of, in-
that' /daet/ adj. pron (pi those stance oO stealing.
/dauz/) the person or thing their /d«3(r)/ fl<^ belonging to
pointed to or named: Look at -^ them: They have lost '>^ dog.
man/ those men. a adv (informal) theirs /deaz/ possessive pron be-
to such a degree; so: / can 't walk longing to them: That dog is ~
^far. not ours.
that^ /dat strong form: daet/ conj them /dam strong form: dem/
1 (introducing various clauses): personal pron (object form of
She said ('\^) she would come. they): Give '^ to me. It was kind
The play was so bad -^ we left 2 of^.
so '^; in order '^: Bring theme /9i:m/ n [C] 1 subject of a
it nearer so-^ I can see it better. talk, book, etc. 2 (mtdsic) repeat-
that* /dat strong form: daet/ rela- ed melody in a symphony, etc.
tive pron (pi ~) 1 (as the subject ''x/ song, one often repeated in
of the verb ): You're the only per- a musical play, fihn, etc.
son '^ can help me. 2 (as the ob- them-seJ ves /dam'selvz/ pron 1
ject of the verb): The pen (^) you (reflexive): They hurt 'v-. They
gave me is very nice. kept some for '^. (all) by '^.
thatch /GaetJ/ n [U] roof cover- (a) without help, (b) alone. 2
ing of dried straw, reeds, etc. a vt (used for emphasis): They -^
cover (a roof, etc) with thatch. have often made that mistake.
thaw /9d:/ vt/i 1 (of snow and then /den/ adv 1 at the time: /
ice) begin to melt. 2 cause to be- was still unmarried ->^. (every)
come liquid or soft again: -^ /lowand^then, O now(2).2
frozen food. 3 (of persons, their (after a preposition): until 'v;
behaviour) become less formal: since ^. 3 next: We stayed in
After a good dinner he began to Rome and -v. in Naples. 4 in that
'^. u n (weather causing) thaw- case: A: 'It isn't here.'—B: 'T^
ing: Let's go skating before n ^ it must be in the next room.' 5
sets in. and also.
the /fta strong form: fti:/ definite the-oi-ogy n [U]
/Gir'nladsi/
article 1 (to refer to a particular study of religious belief, theo-
person or thing) Please close ^ lo-gian /,9t'bud33n/ n [C].
window, ie the window that is theo-logi-cal /.eiia'lod'ikl/ adj
open; -^ sun; ^
moon; year ^ the-ory n (pl-\es) 1 [C.U]
/'Giari/
1989: ^
universe. 2 (with a general principles of an art or
superlative): -v- best way to get science (contrasted with prac-
there. 3 (before geographical tice): The ^
of music. 2 [C]
tharapeu«*e/ thing
reasoned account oflcred to ex-
plain facts or events: Darwin s 'v,
of evolution. 3 [C] idea; opinion.
the-or-etic(al) /-'retikl/
adj.
thera-peutic /|9er3'pju:tik/ aJj
of the cure of disease.
thar-apy /'Oerapi/ n [U] treat-
ment of illness, thera-pist n [C]
there^ /6es(t)/ adv of place and
direction 1 in, at or to, that
place: Wi; shall soon be '>^. 2 (to
call attention): T'^.'s the bell for
lunch. 3 at that point (in a story,
etc): Don't stop '^! 4 here and
'^. O here (3). '^ and back, to
a place and back again: Can I go
-^ and back in one day?
there^ lbc^x)j adv (introducing
a sentence when the verb, esp
'be' comes before the subject):
T'\^'s a man at the door. r~
seems {to be) no doubt about it.
there^ /de3(r)/ int 1 (used to
comfort): T^! r~.' You'll soon
feel better. 2 (used to suggest
agreement, triumph, dismay,
etc): T'^, now! You've upset the
ink! ''X/a'bout(s) adv near that
place, number, etc: in 1978 or
'^abouts. 'v/'aftor adv {format)
= afterwards. '>^by adv (for-
mal) by that means. ''>-fore adv
for that reason.
thermal /'Gaiml/ a<^ of heat.
[C] rising current of warm air.
ther-mom-eter /6d'mDmit3(r)/
n [C] instrument for measuring
temperature.
thermo-stat /*d3:m3st£t/ n [C]
device for automatic&Uy regu-
lating temperature.
ther-mos /'Gacmss/ n [C]
'N^es) (also ^'^ flask) (P) vacuum
flask.
the-sau-rus /Gi'sDiras/ n [C]
~es or /-rai/) (esp) a book of
-ri
words, phrases grouped to-
gether according to their mean-
mgs.
these /di:z/p/of this.
the-sis /'ei:sis/ n [C] {pi theses
statement or theory sup-
/-si:z/)
ported by arguments, esp one
submitted for a university de-
gree.
they pron 1 (sub-
/dei/ personal
ject pi, of he, she, it): T'^ came
home late. 2 people in general:
T'v- say that the goverrm\ent will
resign. [> them.
thick /9ik/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (op-
posite of thin) of great or a cer-
tain distance across, from side to
3<
side:a ~
line: ice three metres '>^.
2 close together: '\, hair; a '\^
forest. 3 (of liquids) semi-solid:
~ soup; (of the air, etc) not
clear, dense: a ~ fog. 4 (infor-
mal) stupid. S lay it on '^.
f>raise or criticize toe much, a n
U] 1 most crowded or active
part: in the ^
of the battle.
through y'^ and ^thin. under
any conditions. 2 thick part: the
'^ of the thumb, a adv tl^iickly:
You spread the butter too '^.
,'>.'-'headed adj stupid. ,'^-
'skinned adj (fig) not sensitive
to criticism, etc. '>/ly adv.
''^ness, (a) lU] quality or de-
gree of being thick: four cen-
timetres in '^ness. (b) [C] layer:
two '^nesses of cloth.
thicken /'Gikan/ vtji make or be-
come thick: -^ the gravy.
thicket /'Gikit/ n [C] thick group
of trees, shrubs.
thief /Gi:f/ n [C] (pi thieves
/Gi:vz/) person who steals.
thieve /Gi:v/ v/// steal.
thigh /Gai/ n [C] part of the leg
between the knee and the hip.
thimble /'Gmibl/ n [C] metal cap
to protect the end of the finger
when pushing a needle through
cloth, etc.
thin /9m/ adj (-ner. -nest) 1 (op-
n posite of thick) having opposite
surfaces close together: a ^
sheet of paper. 2 not close
together: 'v- hair, a --^ audience. 3
(opposite of fat) having not
much Hesh: '^ in the face. 4 (of
liquids) weak; watery: soup; ^
'^ blood; (of the air, etc) not
{pi dense: a ^ mist. 5 poor in qual-
ity: a '^^ excuse; a '^ disguise, o
adv thinly: You've spread the
{pi a vtji (-nn-) make
butter very '^.
or become thin: At last the crowd
'^ned. ('vz-'skinned adj (fig)
sensitive to criticism, etc. '%/ly
adv in a thin manner: Sow the
seed^ly. 'X/ness n [U]
thing /Gu)/ n [C] 1 any raiiterial
object: fVhat are those '.-s on the
table? 2 (pi) belongings; clothes;
equipment: Bring your swim- '
mirg '^s. 3 subject: There's an-
other / want to ask you about.
*>./
4 situation; event: That only
makes '^s worse, for *one '^,
(introducing a reason): For one
^. / haven't any money; for an-
other. 5 (of a person or an ani-
. .
mal): She's a sweet little '>... 6
what is necessary: A holiday will

be the very 'y^ for you. 7 (phrases)
the i'>^ '/s, the question to be
considered is. a near '^. a nar-
row escape.
think^ /Oii)k/ vtji {pt.pp thought
use the mind: Do you '^
/9D:t/) 1
in English when you speak En-
glish? '^ aloud, say one's
thoughts as they occur. 2 con-
sider; '.>€ of the opinion: Do you
y it mil rain? ^ fit. Ofit' (2). 3
imagine: / can't '^ what you
mean. 4 intend: / 'v- I'll go for a
swim. 5 reflect: She was -^ing
about her life. 6 exjject: / thought
he would arrive. -^ about sth,
examine, consider (esp a plan).
'>^ of sth. (a) consider: We're
'^ing of going to Venice, (b)
imagine: Just '^ of the cost/
danger! (c) remember: / can 't '^
of his name. '>^ nothing of,
consider insignificant, -v, sth
out. consider carefully. '>^ sth
over, consider further before
reaching a decision. '^ sth up.
invent, devise (a scheme, etc).
think^ /Qii}k/ n (informal) occa-
sion of thinking.
thinker /'6ir)k3(r)/ n [C] person
who thinks: a grear ~.
think-ing /'9ii)ku)/ adj who
think: all ^ men. a n [U]
thought; way of reasoning: do
some hard'^, think deeply.
third /e3:d/ adj. n [C] (abbr 3rd)
(oO one of three equal parts or
the next after 2. |^ de'gree,
prolonged or hard questioning,
use of torture. ,'^ 'party, a
third person: y>^-party in^sur-
once, of/to a person other than
the person insured and the in-
surance company. ,'x.-'rate adj
of poor quality, the ,T'X/
'World, the developing coun-
tries not supporting Communist
or Western countries, -^ly adv
thirst /Gaist/ n [U] 1 great desire
to drink; sufliering caused by
this: They died of ^. 2 (Jig)
strong desire (Jor): a '^for know-
ledge, a vt ^ have thirst. 2 be
eager (for): ~ for revenge.
thirsty adj (-ier, -lest) having
or causing thirst: be /feel ^y.
thir-teen /,e3:'ti:n/ adj, n [C] (of)
13. thir-teenth /,e3:'ti:ne/ adj.
n [C] (abbr 13th) (oO one of 13
equal parts or the next after 12.
thirty /'Garti/ adj. n [C] (oQ 30.
thir-ti-eth /'GartiaG/ adj. n [C]
(abbr 30th) (oQ one of 30 equal
parts or the next after 29.
1 think/thrash
this /6is/ pron (pi these
adj,
/5i:z/) 1 the person or thing
nearby, named or understood:
Look at '^ box/these boxes. 2 a
certain: Then 'v/ man came in. n
adv (informal) so: It's about '>^
high.
thistle /'Gisl/ n [C] (sorts oQ wild
plant with prickly leaves and esp
purple flowers.
thong /Gor)/ n [C] narrow strip of
leather, eg as a fastening, a
whip.
thorn /Gain/ n 1 [C] pointed
growth on the stem of a plant, a
'^ in one's flesh/ side, (fig)
constant source of irritation. 2
[C,U] kinds of shrub or tree with
thorns, thorny adj (-ier, -iest)
(a) having thorns, (b) (fig) dif-
ficult: a '^y problem.
thor-ough /'9A.r3/ adj complete;
careful; detailed: a ->- worker.
''-^-going adj complete: a ,'v,-
going reh'ision. ^v.|y adv.
-^^ness^LU]
thor-ough-bred /'GArabred/ n
(animal, esp a horse) of
[C], adj
pure breed.
thor-ough-far6 /'GAr3fe3(r)/ n
[C] road or street.
those /53oz/p/ of that. .
though /dau/ conj 1 (also al-
though /3:l'd3u/) in spite of the
fact that: T^^ they are poor, they
are happy. 2 and yet; but: /'// try
to come. '^ I don 7 think I can. a
adv however: He said he would
come: he didn't,'^.
thought' /Qo:i/ pt,pp of think'.
thought' /GD:t/ n 1 [U] (power,
process oO thinking: He was
lost/deep in '^. 2 [UJcare, con-
sideration: He often acts without
^. 3 [C,U] idea, intention, food
for '^. O
food (2) on second
.
'^s. after further consideration.
give sth a '^. think about be-
fore deciding, -^ful adj (a) full
of, showing, thought: ^/u/
looks, (b) considerate: // was
'^ful of you to help me. 'N^^fully
adv. '^'less adj careless; incon-
siderate: It was '-^less of you to
leave without me. ^v/fess-ly adv
thou -sand /'Gauznd/ adj, n [C] 1
(oO 1000. 2 great number: A ^
thanks, one in a '>^. of rare
quality, ^th /'GauzanG/ adj. n
[C] (abbr 1000th) (oQ one of
1000 parts or the next after 999.
.thrash /GraeJ/ vt/i 1 beat with a
stick, whip, etc. 2 (informal) de-
feat (a team, etc) in a contesf. 3
thread /throw 392

-^^ sth out. (a) solve (a prob- headache.

lem, etc) by discussion, (b) ar- throne /Graun/ n [C] 1 scat of a
rive at (a solution, etc) by dis- king, queen, bishop, etc. 2 the
cussion. 4 move violently: She ~, royal authority: come to the
-^ed about in ihe water, ^v/ing, ~, become king/queen.
(a) beating, (b) defeat. throng /Grnt)/ n [C] crowd, d vt;i
thread Gred; n 1 (C.U] (single make, be, a crowd: People '^ed
length oO cotton, silk, etc: a to see him.
needle and ^
2 something like a throttle /'Grotl/ vtji 1 kill by
thread: A -^ of light 3 [C] line squeezing the throat. 2 control
(of a story, etc): lose the of ~ the flow of fuel in an engine, a n
one's argument. 4 spiral ridge [C] valve controlling the flow of
round a screw or bolt, a v/ 1 pass fuel in an engine.
a thread through the eye of (a through' {US = thru) /Gru:
needle); put (beads, pearls, etc) adv 1 from end to end, side to
on a thread. 2 '>- one's way side: He slept the whole night ~
through, make one's way The nail went '^ the wood. all'>^.
(through a crowd, etc), 'o^bare all the time. 2 to the very end. be
o^ (of cloth) worn. -^ (with), (a) finish, (b) (in-
threat /9ret/ n [C] 1 statement of formal) be tired of: I'm '^ with
an intention to punish or hurt a this job. (c) (informal) no longer
pei-son: carry out a ^. 2 sign of be in love: I'm '^ with her. |'>^
coming trouble, danger, etc. 3 and ^'^. completely: He's a reli-
source of danger: He is a -^ to able man ~
and ~. 3 all the way
society. to: This train goes -v- to Paris. 4
threaten /'9retn/ vt/i 1 use (as an adj): a ~
train to Paris; --w
threats. 2 give warning of: The traffic, road traffic going
clouds '^ed rain. 3 seem pos- through a place. 5 connected: I
sible: danger ~eJ. 4 be a threat: will put you '>-, connect you by
Terrorism '>^s our society. '>^ing telephone.
adj. a -^ingsky. ^>^ing-ly adv through^ (US = thru) /Gru:/
three /8ri:/ adj. n [C] (of; 3. ,'x.- prep 1 (of places) from end to
di'mensional adj having end or side to side of: look a ^
length, breadth and depth. telescope. 2 (of time) from be-
thresh /8reJ/ vt/i beat (the grain ginning to end of: He won 't live
out oQ wheat, etc: 'v- corn by ~ the night. 3 because of: The
hand. accident happened 'n. no fault of
thresh-old /'Grejhauld/ n [C] 1 yours. 4 without stopping: Drive
stone or plank under a doorway: '^^ a red light.
cross the ^. 2 (fig) start, begin- through-out /Grur'aot/ adv in
ning: the 'V- of his career. every part: The house needs
threw /6ru;//7/ of throwV painting ~. a prep from end to
thrift /Grift/ n [U] care, eco- end of: ~
the country! the year.
nomy, with money thrifty adj throw' /Gr9u/ v/// (pt threw
(-ier, -iest) using thrift. /Gru:/; pp thrown /Graun/) 1
thrill /Gnl/ n [C] feeling of excite- cause (something) to go through
ment: a ^of joy Ipleasure! the air: Don't -^ stones! 2 put
horror, u vt/i cause, feel, a thrill: (clothing) (on, off) quickly: on ~
The film '>^edthe audience. '>-er, a coat. 3 move energetically: ^
novel, play or fihn full of excite- one's head back. 4 cause to fall:
ment. The horse threw its jockey. 5 (fig)
thrive /Graiv/ vi prosper; grow direct: He threw me an angry
strong: Children -^ on goodfood. look. 6 (informal) ^ a party,
A thriving business. give a party. 7 -^ sth about,
throat /Graut/ n [C] 1 front part scatter it. ^ money about.
of the neck. 2 passage in the spend it carelessly, -v. sth
(fig)
neck through which food and a^May. (a) waste: away an ~
air pass, stick in one's ^, opportunity, (b) dispose of: ^
(fig) be unacceptable. away old clothes. -^ oneself
throb /Grob/ (-bb-) (of the
vi down, lie down
(eg to avoid
heart, pulse, etc) beat, esp more danger). ^
sth in. give some-
quickly than usual, d n [C] thing extra. -^ in the towel.
throbbing or vibration, ^bing (informal) admit defeat. '^
adj that throbs: a '^bing oneself into sth. begin to

work hard at it. -^^ sb/sth off,
become free from. '>- oneself
on. put one's trust in: oneself ~
on the mercy of the court. '>^ sth
out, (a) reject (a proposal, an
idea. etc), (b) force (a person) to
leave; dispose of (things). '>^
over, desert, abandon:
over ~ gland) gland in the neck which
one's girlfriend. -^ sth to-
gether, assemble quickly.
sth up, (a) vomit (food), (b)
resign from: ^
up one's Joh.
^ up one's hands (in
horror), express horror by do-
ing this. '^ oneself upon, =
throw oneself on,
throw^ /Grau/ n [C] throwing;
distance thrown: a 'y^ of 70
metres, within a stone's '>^
(of),C>sxone{2).
thrush /GrAj"/ n [C] sorts of song-
bird, esp the 'song"^.
thrust /GrASt/ vt/i ipt.pp 'n.)
suddenly or violently; make a
forward stroke with a sword,
etc. a /1 1 [C] act of thrusting. 2
[C] (in war) strong attack. 3 lU]
force: the '^ of a jet-engine.
thud /GAd/ n lC]"dull sound as of
a blow on something soft, d vi
(-dd-) strike, fall, with a thud.
thug /Gaq/ n [C] violent and dan-
gerous person.
thumb /GAm/ n [C] short, thick
finger set apart from the other
four, under sb 's ^, under his
control, rule of ^, method or
procedure based on experience.
D vr 1 turn over (pages, etc);
make dirty by doing this: '^ the
pages of a dictionary. 2 '>^ a lift,
= hitch-hike.
thump /GAmp/ vt/i 1 strike
heavily; hit with the fists: He
^ed (on) the door. 2 beat (6)
heavily: His heart '^ed with ex-
citement.D n [C] (noise of a)
heavy blow: Give him a friendly
'^ on the back.
thun-der /'GAnd3(r) n [U] 1 noise
which usually follows a flash of
lightning. 2 loud noise like
thunder: the '^
of the guns.
steal sb 's '>^, spoil his attempt
to be impressive by doing what
he intended to do. a vt/i^: It was
'^ing and lightening. 2 make a
noise like thunder. 3 speak in a
loud voice. ''>^bolt, (a) flash of
lightning with a crash of thund-
er, (b) (fig) sudden terrible
event, ''^clap, sudden noise of
thunder. ''>^storm, storm of
thunder, lightning and heavy
393 throw/tie
rain, ^ous adj Hke thunder:
'^ous applause.
Thurs-day /'Gaizdi/ n fifth day of
the week.
thus /Sas/ adv in this way; so.
thyme /taim/ n [U] kind of herb.
sb thy-roid /'Gairoid/ n [C] (also '^
affects the body's growth.
^ ti-ara /ti'aira/ n [CT(p/ ~s) 1 co-
ronet for a woman. 2 crown
worn by the Pope.
tick' /tik/ n [C] 1 regular, sharp
sound, esp of a clock or watch. 2
(informal) moment: /'// be with
you in a '^. 3 small mark (often
y) to show that something is
correct, d vtji 1 (of a clock, etc)
make ticks(1 ). 2 put a tick(3)
against: -^ off a name. sb^
off, (informal scold him.
tick^ /tik/ n [C] small parasite
push that sucks blood.
ticker /'tik3(r)/ n [C] 1 telegraph
that prints news on paper tape
(called '^-tape). 2 (si) heart.
ticket /'tikit/ n [C] 1 printed
piece of card or paper giving the
holder the right to travel in a
train, etc or enter a cinema, etc.
2 piece of card or paper giving
the price, size of something. 3
printed notice of (eg a parking
offence), n vr put a ticket (2) on.
''xz-collecter, person who col-
lects (railway) tickets.
tickle /'tikl/'vr// 1 touch the skin
lightly,so as to cause laughter. 2
amuse. 3 have, feel, an itching
sensation: My nose ^5.
tick-lish /'tikhj/ adj (a) (of a
person) easily made to laugh,
(b) (of a problem, etc) difficult.
ti-dal /'taidl/ adj ot a. tide or tides.
''>^ wave, great ocean wave.
tide /taid/ n 1 [C,U] regular rise
and fall in the level of the sea. 2
[C] flow or tendency (of public
opinion, feeling, etc), a vt '>-^ sb
over (sth), help him to survive
(a period of difficulty, etc): a
loan to ^
me over until pay-day.
''N^mark, highest point reached
by a tide on a beach.
tid-ings /'taidii)z/ n pi (lit) news:
glad^.
tidy /'taidi/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
neat; orderly: a ^
room/boy. 2
(informal) large: a '^ sum of
money, a n [C] (pi -ies) recep-
tacle for small things, a vt/i
make tidy: ~ (up) the room, ti-
dily adv. ti-di-ness n [U]
tie' /tai/ n [C] 1 something (rope.
tie/ time 394

ribbon) used for fastening. 2 to turn the rudder of a small

(fig)something that unites: fam- boat.
ily '^5.3 something that Unuts tilt /tilt; vt/i (cause to) come into

one's freedom. Small children a sloping position (as by lifting

can be a '^. A equal
score jn a one end), tip: Don 7 ~ the table.
game, etc. 5 = neck-tie a n [C] sloping position, at full
tie' /tai, vtii ipres pari tying, '>^. at top speed.

pt.pp tied) 1 fasten or bmd (with tim-ber /'timb3(r) n 1 [U] wood

string, rope, wire, etc): a mart ~ prepared for use in building, etc.
up. '^ on a label. 2 arrange (a 2 [0] growing trees: acres of '^.
ribbon, etc) m a bow or knot: '^ 3 (C) wooden support. '^^A adj.
one's shoelaces; 'v, a knot. 3 be time^ taim/ n 1 [U] all the days
fastened: Does this dress in ~ of the past, present and future:
front^ 4 make the same score: The world exists m space and'^.
The teams '^d. '>^ sb
two 2 [U] portion or measure of
do^n. hmi. be --^d up
restrict time: What a (long) ^
you have
(with sth/sb), be, get, mvolv- been! all the '^. during the
ed (with it, him). whole period: It rained all the ~
tier /ti3(r)/ n [C] row (esp of we were out. behind '^. late
scats) rising above another. for the '^ being. O beM3)
tiff n [Cj slight quarrel.
tif/ on not late, punctual(ly). in
'>^.

ti-ger n [C] large, fierce

/'taig3(r), no '>".very soon, very quickly.
animal of the cat family, play for '^. delay doing some-
yellow-skinned with black thing in the hope that the situa-
stripes. tion will improve. 3 [U] point of
ti-gress /'taigns/ n [C] female time: What ~ is it^ 4 [U] time

tiger. taken to do something: The win-

tight /tait/ adj (-er, -est) 1 fas- ner's 'v was 11 seconds, pass
tened, held, closely: a knot. 2 ^ the ^of day (with...), talk
completely closed: ^water-Z^air- to briefly. 5 [C,U] point of time
''^. 3 completely full: The bags for a certain event: It's Hunch-'^.
are packed ^. 4 (informal) It's 'v< for me to go. at the
drunk: He gets •^ every pay-day. same ^, (a) together, (b)
5 a 'x- rope. 6 fit-
fully stretched: however: He's mad, but at the
ting too closely: a -^ shirt, in a same -^ / like him. from -^ to
"^ corner I spot, (fig) in a diffi- -x.; at '^s. occasionally; now
cult situation, a '>^ squeeie. and then, at all '>^s. always, in
condition of being very crowd- --w, (a) not late, (b) sooner or
ed. 7 (of money) not easily ob- later: You will learn how to do it
tainable, a ad\ tightly: squeeze; in ~. do '>". (informal) go to pri-
hold it '^. s/f -*^, C> sit(1 ). ,'>^- son. 6 [C] occasion: this/that/
'fisted, miserly. ''>-rope, next /another ^. '^ and again.
stretchwi rope on which acro- repeatedly. 7 (pf) (used to show
bats perform, -^ly adv. ^ness multiplication): Three ~5 five
/i[U] is /are fifteen. 8 [C] (often pi)

tighten /'taitn/ vtji make or be- period of time; age: in ancient/

come tight(er): ~ (up) the prehistoric ^s. 9 [C] (often pt)
screws. the conditions of life of a period:
tights n pi close-fitting
/taits/ The terrible ~5 during the war.
(usually nylon) clothing cover- behind the ^s, old-
ing the hips, legs and feet. fashioned, have a sgood '^,
tile /tail/ n [CJ usually square, enjoy oneself, the ,'>^ of one 's
plate of baked clay for covering life, (informal) a period of ex-
roofs, walls, etc. be (out) on ceptional happiness. 10 (music)
the '^s, (st) be out celebrating speed of a piece of music: beat
etc. a vt cover (a roof, etc) with '^. ''x^-bomb, designed to ex-
tiles. plode at a certain time.
until //m'til/) conj,
till' /til/ (also ''>^- limit, limited period of time

prep up to the time when: Wait to do something, '-^-signal,

'>- /arrive!. signal for telling the time (in a
till' /til/ n [C] drawer in a cash- radio programme). ^'>^-

register. switch, switch set to operate at

tilP /til/ vt cultivate (land). a desired time, 'stable, list
tiller /'til3(r)/ n [C] handle used showing times esp at which

trains, buses, etc will arrive
depart.
time^ /taim/ v/ 1 choose the time
or moment for: He '^d his jour-
ney so that he arrived early. 2
measure the time taken to do
something.
time-ly /'tamili/ adj (-ier, -iest)
occurring at the right time.
timid /'timid/ adj easily fright-
ened; He's as '^ as a rabbit.
--wity /ti'midati/ n [U]. '>^ly adv
tin /tm/ n 1 [U] soft, white metal
(symbol Sn). 2 [C] metal con-
tainer for food: a ^
of beans, d
vt (-nn-) 1 put a coating of tin
on. 2 (= can) pack in tins(2):
'^ned peaches, '"-s^foil, tin in
thin sheets, used for wrapping
cigarettes, etc. ''>^-opener, dev-
ice for opening tins, -wny adj
(-ier, -iest) of or like tin (eg in
sonndy.a'^piano.
tinge /tmds/ vt 1 colour slightly
(with red, etc). 2 {fig) affect
slightly: admiration '^d with
envy, a n [C] slight colour or
mixture (of): a ^
of sadness in
her voice.
tingle have a prick-
/'tiqgl/ vi 1
ing feeling in the skin: His fing-
ers ^dwith the cold. 2 feel excit-
ed.D n [C] tingling feeling.
tinkle /'tujkl/ vt/i (cause
make light, ringing sounds, d n
(sing) such sounds: the -^ of a
bell.
tint /tmt/ n [C] (esp pale) shade
of colour. D vt give a tint to.
tiny /tami/ adj (-ier, -iest) very
small.
tip' /tip/ n [C] 1 thin end of some-
thing: the ^finger-'^s. (have
sth) on the ,^ of one's
'tongue, (be) just about to
remember (it). 2 small piece put
at the end: cigarettes with filter-
-^s. a vt (-pp-) supply with a
tip(2): '^ped cigarettes. ''>^toe
adv on '^toe, on the tips of
one's toes, a vi walk on tiptoe:
She '^toed out. |'>^-'top adj,
{informal) first-rate; excellent.
tip^ /tip/ vtji (-PP-) 1 (sth)^
up. (cause to) lean on one side:
The table '^ped up. 'v. sth
(over), (cause to) overturn. '>^
the scale, (a) {fig) be the de-
ciding factor (for or against),
(c) weigh: He '^ped the scale at
70 kilos. 2 empty (the contents
of something) out of/into, a n
[C] 1 place where rubbish may
be tipped (2); a 'refuse '^. 2 hill
395 time/to
and of waste from a coalmine, etc. 3
{informal) untidy place.
tip^ /tip/ vt (-pp-) 1 touch or
strike lightly. 2 give a tip (1 be-
low) to: ~
the waiter. '^ sb off.
{informal) give him a warning,
information. Hence, ''^^-off n
[C] hint or warning, n n [C] 1 gift
of money to a porter, waiter, etc.
2 piece of advice, information. 3
tapd).
tipple /'tipl/ n [U] drink: My fav-
ourite ^ is sherry.
tipsy /'tipsi/ adj {informal)
slightly drunk.
tire /'tai3(r)/ v/// make or be-
come weary: The long walk '^ed
him out. be
'>^d of, be bored
with: be '^d of boiled eggs, tired
adj weary in body or mind.
'>^less adj (a) not easily tired.
{b) continuing a long time:
^less energy. ''>^sonie adj
troublesome; annoying.
tis-sue /'tiju:/ n 1 [C.U] mass of
cells inan animal body: 'muscul-
ar ^. 2 [C,U] (also '^ paper)
thin, soft paper. 3 [C,U] woven
fabric. 4 [C] {fig) series: a '^ of
lies.
tit' /tit/ n [C] kinds of small bird.
tit^ /tit/ n (only in) -^ for tat.
blow for blow.
to) tit^ /tit/ n A {si) nipple; woman's
breast.
tit-bit /'titbit/ n [C] attractive bit
(o/food, news).
titi-vate (also titti-) /'titiveit/
vt/i {informal) make smart: im-
prove.
title /'taitl/ n 1 [C] name of a
book, poem, picture, etc. 2 [C]
word used to show a person's
rank, eg Lord. Prince. 3 [C,U]
{legal) right or claim: Has he any
-^ to the land? ''X/-role, part in a
play that gives the play its name.
''>.'-deed, document proving a
title (3). titled a</y having a title
of nobiUty: a 's.dlady.
tit-ter /'tit3(r)/ vt. n [C] (give a)
adv silly little laugh.
TNT /,ti: en 'ti:/ n [U] powerful
explosive.
to' /tu:/ adv in position: Push the
door'^.
to^ /to strong form: tu:/ participle
1 (marking the infinitive): He
wanfs -^ go. 2 (showing pur-
pose, result): They came {in ord-
er) '^ help me. He lived ^^.^ be 90.
3 (used for the infinitive): We
didn 't want to go but we had'^.
to^ /t3 strong form: tu:/ prep 1 to-
 .

toad /tone 396

wards: walk ~
work. 2 (intro- toilet /'tDilit/ n [C] 1 process of

ducing the indirect object): I ^ave dressing, arranging the hair, etc.
it -^ Peter. 3 as far as: from be- 2 (room with) receptacle for
ginning ->- end. 4 before: a quart- waste matter from the body
er 5 until: stay '>- the end.
'\^ si.x. '-^^-paper, for use in a lavatory.
6 (of comparison, ratio): /prefer '~-roll, roll of toilet-paper.
walking ->- climbing. Wc won by to-ken 'taokan; n [C] 1 sign or
six goals'^ three. mark: a my affection.
-^ of O
toad t3ud n [C] animal like a book token. 2 (as an adj) acting
frog, '-^stool, kinds of fungus, as a sign or symbol: a ~
pay-
some of them poisonous. ment, i-^^ 'strike, for a few
toast^ tsust n [U] (slice oO hours only (as a warning to em-
bread made brown by heating, d ployers).
V///1(ofbread) make or become told tsuld /7/,p/?ofteil.
brown by heating. 2 warm toi-er-ance "tobrans/ n [U]
(oneselO before a fire, -^er, quality of tolerating opinions,
electric device for toasting etc different from one's own:
bread. religious 'racial ~. tol-er-ant
toast^ /taust' vt drink to the adJ showing tolerance, tol-er-
happiness, success, etc of: 'v. the ant'\y adv
bride and bridegroom, a n [C] act tol-erate "tolareit/ vt 1 accept,
of toasting; person toasted: allow, without protest: / won't
propose drink a ~. ~ your impudence. 2 accept the
to-bacco ts'baeksu/ n [U] (plant
,
company of: How can you -^
having) leaves used for smoking that girP tol-er-able /'tobrabi
(in pipes, cigars, cigarettes) or as adj (formal) that can be tolerat-
snuff, 'v/nist, shop, person, sel- ed; fairly good: tolerable food
ling tobacco, cigarettes, etc. tol-erably adv. tol-eration
to-bog-gan to'bogsn/ n [C] /-'reijn/, tolerance.
long, narrow sledge, d vi travel, toir /taul/ n [C] 1 payment for
move on a toboggan. the use of a road, bridge, etc. 2
to-day /ta'dei/ adv. n [U] 1 (on) (fig) cost; loss: The war took a
this day: r~ is Sunday. 2 (at) heavy ^. ''>^-bar/-gate, bar/
this present age: the writers/ gate across a road at which a toll
young people of '^ is payable.

toddle walk with un-

"todl/ vi tolP /taul/ vt/i ring (a bell) with
steady steps as a- baby does. slow, regular strokes, a n (sing
tod-dler /'tDdl9(r)/, baby who only) tolling sound.
can toddle. tom-ato /ta'mactsu/ n [C] (pi
toe /tsu/ n [C] 1 each of the five ~es) (plant with a) soft, red
divisions of the front part of the fruit.
foot; front of an animal's foot. tomb /tu:m/ n [C] hole dug in the
tread/ step on sb's ^s, (fig) ground for a dead body.
offend him. on one's -^s, (fig) '-^-stone, inscribed stone over
alert, ready for action. 2 front a tomb.
part of a sock, shoe, etc. n vt tom-boy /'tomboi/ n [C] girl who
touch, reach, with the toes. '^ likes rough, noisy games.
the tine, (fig) obey orders. tom-cat /'tomkaet/ n [C] male
of the toe.
''>^nail, nail cat.
tof fee n [C,U] (piece oQ
/'tofi/ to-mor-row /ta'morau/ adv. n
hard, sticky sweet made from [C,U] (on) the day after today.
sugar, butter, etc. ton /tAn/ n [C] 1 measure of
to-gether /t3'ge59(r)/ adv 1 in weight (2240 lb in GB); metric
company: They went for a walk ton(\Qm kg). 2 (informal) large
'^. '^ with, in addition to. 2 so weight, quantity: ^5 of money.
as to be in contact: Tie the ends tone^ /taun/ n 1 [C] sound, esp its
'>-. put your/our heads ^, quality: the sweet -^(s) of a viol-
consult with each other. 3 at the in; a serious ~of voice. 2 (sing
same time: All his troubles hap- only) genial spirit, character:
pened ~. '>^ness n [U] friend- The ~of the school is excellent.
ship; unity. 3 [C] shade (of colour); degree
toil /toil/ vi work hard; move (of light). 4 \C\ (music) one of
with difficulty, d n [U] hard the five larger intervals between
work: after long ~. one note and the next. 5 [U] con-
 7 tone/torment

dition of the body: good muscul- part of a comb, saw or rake like
ar '-^. '^less adj not having col- a tooth. ''>^ache, ache in a
our, spirit, etc; dull. tooth or teeth, '^-^^brush, one
tone^ /taun/ vt/i 1 give a parti- for cleaning the teeth.
cular tone of sound or colour to. '"^^paste/powder, for clean-
2 '^ (sth) down, make or be- ing the teeth. ''>.'pick, short,
come less intense. 3 '>^ (sth) pointed piece of wood, etc, for
up. make or become more removing bits of food from be-
healthy, intense. tween the teeth. '>^less adj
tongs /toqz/ n pi (also a pair of without teeth: a '^lessgrin.
r^^) U-shaped tool for holding top^ /top/ n 1 highest part or
something: sugar '^.
^ point: at the ^
of the hill, on ^
tongue /tAg/ n 1 [C] movable or- of. (a) over, resting on. (b) in
gan in the mouth, used in talk- addition to. front ^'^ to *bot-
ing, tasting, licking, etc. have tom. completely. 2 [C] upper
one 's ^ in one 's cheek, say surface: the '^ of a table, on '^
something that one does not in- of things/ one's work, (in-
tend to be taken seriously, ho/d formal) able to manage. 3 [C]
one's '^. be silent. 2 [C] lan- highest rank or place: '>- of the
guage: one's mother -<-. 3 [C,U] class, reach/be at the '^ of
animal's tongue as food. 4 the ladder/ tree, the highest
something like a tongue in shape position in a profession, career,
or use. ''>^-tied adj unable or etc. 4 [C] greatest height or de-
unwilling to speak. ''>^- gree: at the ~ of one 's voice. 5 (as
twister, series of words diffi- an adj) highest in position: at -^
cult to say. speed: charge '^ prices. I'v/
tonic /'tonik/ n [C], adj'y (some- 'brass, (informal) senior ma-
thing, eg medicine) giving nagement, '-^-coat, overcoat.
strength or energy. 2 = tonic ,'>^ 'dog, (sf) master; winner,

water: a gin and '-^. ''>^ water,
(bottled) water with quinine.
to-night /ts'nait/ adv. n [U] (on)
the night of today.
ton-nage /'tAnids/ n [U] 1 inter-
nal capacity of a ship. 2 total
tonnage(1 ) of a country's mer-
chant shipping.
ton-sil /'tonsl/ n [C] either of two
lumps of tissue at the sides of the
throat. '>^itis /-'aitis/ n [U] in-
etc. i-^ 'hat, tall silk hat. j-^-
'hea vy adj too heavy at the top.
'-^most adj highest. ,'-«w/ 'se-
cret, needing to be secret be-
cause very important. ''>^ soil,
soil on the surface of the land.
'>^less adj (of a woman's
clothes) leaving the breasts bare.
top^ /top/ vt (-PP-) 1 provide a
top for: a cake -^ped with icing. 2
's^ (sth) up. fill up (a partly

flammation of the tonsils. empty container): -^^ up with oil;

too /tu:/ adv 1 in addition: /, '>^, '•^ up a drink. 3 be higher than:

have been to Paris. 2 moreover: Our exports have just '^ped

There was frost last night, and in £80000. 4 cut the tops off: ~
May ^.' 3 more than is required, carrots.
etc: You 're driving ^
fast, all "^ top^ /top/ n [C] toy that spins on
soon/quickly, etc. sooner, a point, sleep like a '^. sleep
more quickly, etc than is de- deeply.
sired. topic /'topik/ n [C] subject for
took /tuk/;>/oftakeV discussion. '^a\ /-k\/ adj of in-
tool /tu:l/ n fC] 1 instrument (eg terest now: '^alnews.
a spade, spanner) held in the topple /'tolpl/ vt/i (cause to) fall
hand(s). 2 person controlled by (over): (fig) ~ the government.
another. torch n [C] 1 electric light
/tD:tJ/
tooth /tu:e/ n [C] (pi teeth /ti:9/) held in the hand. 2 piece of
1 each of the hard, white, struc- wood, etc soaked in oil, etc for
tures in the mouth, used for bit- carrying as a light, '^v/light,
ing, in the teeth of. in opposi- light of a torch: a 'flight proces-
tion to. armed to the teeth. sion.
completely armed, long in the tore /io:(T)/ pt of tear'.
'v/, old; experienced, fight j-v^ tor-ment /'torment/ n [C,U]
and ^nail. fiercely, with a great (cause oO severe pain or suffer-
effort, get one's teeth into ing. D cause severe
vt /tor'ment/
sth. attack (a job) vigorously. 2 suffering to; annoy: -^ed with
torn /tour 398

pain/hunger, '^or, person who, hng: The tree '^ed and then fell.
that which, torments. touch' /tAtJ/n 1 [C] act of touch-
torn /tD:n/ pp of tear'. ing: I felt a '^ on my arm. 2 [U]
tor-nado /tor'neidao/ n [C] {pi (sense giving) feeling by touch-
'v.es) violent and destructive ing: soft to the '^. 3 [C] stroke
whirlwind. made with a brush, pen, etc. 4
tor-pedo /to:'pi:d»u/ n [C] {pi [C] small quantity: a ~
of frost in
'>^s) long shell filled with explo- the air. 5 [C] manner of doing
sives and travelhng below the something: have a light '^ on a
sea, used to attack ships, a vt at- piano, in/out of fv^ithj, ^
tack or destroy with a torpedo. in/not in conununication (with);
tor-rent /'torant/ n [C] 1 violent having/not having information
stream of liquid: mountain '^s. 2 about, lose '>^ (with), lose
{fig) violent outburst; a of ab- ~ contact with. 6 {foot ball) part of
use. '>^ial /ta'renjl/ adj of, like, a the pitch outside the side-lines:
torrent; ~ta//-a/n. The ball is in'^. ,'>^-and-'go adj
tor-toise /'to:t3s/ n [C] four- risky; uncertain.
legged land varieties of turtle touch' /tAtJ/ vt/i 1 (cause to) be
with a hard shell. in contact with: A branch is '^ing
tor-tu-ous adj 1 full
/'tD:tJu3S/ the water. His hand '^ed mine. '^
of twists: a ~
path. 2 (fig) not y^ood, touch something made
straightforward: a argument.~ of wood to avoid bad luck. 2
compare with; No one can '>- him
tor-ture /'t3:tj"3(r)/ vt cause as an actor. 3 take (food, drink):
severe suffering to. a n 1 [U] in- He hasn '^ed food for two days.
't

fliction of severe suffering: in- 4 afTect (a person or his feel-

struments of '•^. 2 [C,U] extreme ings);. concern: The sad story
pain, '-v.er, person who tortures. '^ed us/our hearts. 5 have to do
Tory /'tD:ri/ n [C] {pi -ies) = with: / refuse to '>^ that kind of
Conservative. work. 6 injure slightly. TtU
toss /tos VS. tD:s/ vf/j 1 throw house was not '\^ed by the fire. 7
into the air: He ~e</ the beggar a {pp '^ed) shghtly mad: He
coin. The horse ^ed its head, 's^ seems to be a bit '\^ed. 8 deal
sb for sth. send a coin spin- with: Nothing will -^ (= re-
ning up in the air and guess move) these grease spots, 'w
which side will be on top when it down, (of aircraft) come down
falls: Who 's to pay for the drinks? to land. Hence, ''x.-down n [CJ.
Let's '^ forit. 2 (cause to) move '^ sth off. {fig) cause to start:
restlessly:The ship {was) '^ed His action '^ed off a riot. on ^
about on the stormy sea. an[C]^ sth. mention briefly. '^ sth
tossing movement: a '^ of the up. make small changes in (a
head. 2 win I lose the ^, guess picture) to improve it.
correctly/incorrectly when a touch-ing /'tAtJiq/ adj pathetic;
coin is tossed. ''>-'-up, tossing of causing sympathy: a ~ request.
a coin; (hence) something touchy /'tAtJi/ adj (-ier, -iest)
doubtful. easily offended.
tot^ /tot/ n [C] 1 very small child. tough /tAf/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of
2 {informal) small glass of liqu- meat) hard to chew. 2 not easily
or. cut, broken: as '>^ as leather. 3
tot^ /tot/ vtji (-tt-) '^ (sth) up. strong; able to endure hard-
{informal) add up (figures). ships: ^ soldiers. 4 (of persons)
to-tal adj complete; en-
/'tautl/ rough and violent: a '>^ criminal.
tire: ^ a n [C] total
silence, 5 stubborn; unyielding: The em-
amount: a '^ of £20. a vt/i (-II-) ployers got ~ with their workers.
find, reach, the total of: The 6 difficult: a ~ job/problem, ,'x.

number of visitors --^led 15000. 'luck, {informal) bad luck, '^ly

'>^ly adv completely; '^ly blind.
'>^\ti /tdu'taelati/ n [UJ whole
amount.
to-tali-tar-ian /,t3u,tali'te3n3n/
adj of a system with only one
political party.
tot-ter /'tDt3(r)/ vj 1 walk with
unsteady steps. 2 be almost fal-
adv.'^ness n [U]
toughen /'tAfn/ vt/i make or be-
come tough.
tou'pee /'tu:pei/ n [C] false hair
worn on a bald part of the head.
tour /tu3(r)/ n [C] 1 journey dur-
ing which many places are visit-
ed: a round-the-world '\^. 2 brief

visit: w^ oj the palace. 3 period
of duty (overseas): a '^ of three
years in Africa, a vtji make a
tour (of): "^ western Europe.
'N'ing n, adj. a ^'^ing party.
tour-ism /'tuarizam/ n [U] or-
ganized touring, tour-ist n [C]
person making a tour for
pleasure: a ''>^ agency.
tour-r i-ment /'tuanamant/ n
[C] series of contests of skill: a
Uennispchess'^.
tourni-quet /'tusnikei/ n [C]
device for stopping a flow of
blood through an artery by
twisting something tightly ar-
ound a limb.
tout /taut/ n [C] person who en-
courages others to buy some-
thing, use his services, etc: a
ticket ^. a vi act as a tout.
tow /tsu/ vt pull along by a rope
or chain: '^ a damaged car to the
garage, a n [C,U] towing: Can
we give you a '^? in '^. {infor-
mal) also with (a person), on '^,
being towed.
to-ward(s) /t3'wD:d(z)/ prep 1
approaching; in the direction of:
walking ^
the sea. 2 in relation
to: my feelings -^^ the plan. 3 for
the purpose of: save money '^
the children's education. 4 (of
time) near: ^
noon.
towel /'taual/ n [C] piece of
cloth, etc for drying something
(eg one's hands or body): a
^bath-'^. throw in
t> thrown 7). D vt (-II-,
dry (oneself) with a towel.
'^/iing n [U] material for towels.
tower /'tau9(r)/ n [C] 1 tall,
row building 2 a '^ of
strength, (Jig) person who can
be relied on for protection, a vi
rise to a great height. '>^
sb, (fig) greatly exceed (a per-
son) in ability, ''^/-block, high
block of flats or offices.
town /taun/ n 1 [C] centre of
population larger than a village.
paint the 'x. red, paint. O
2 (UJ the busmess, shopping, etc
part of a town. c> downtown.
go out on the '^,
oneself in a town (especially at
night), go
to '^, (si) behave,
without inhibitions, eg by
spending money. 3 [U] the chief
city or town; capital: He's gone
up to ^
for the weekend. 4 [U]
the people of a town: The whole
'w knew. 5 the '>>^, towns in
general: Farm workers leave the
399 tourism /traction
country to work in the '^. ,'^
'clerk, official who keeps town
or city records, i'n^ 'council,
governing body of a town. ,'>^
'hall, building with ofTices of lo-
cal government, 'towns-folk,
people who live in town.
toy /toi/ n [C] 1 something for a
child to play with. 2 (as an adj):
'^ dog/spaniel, small kinds kept
as pets, a v/ 1 think not very seri-
ously about: He -^ed with the
idea. 2 play with: '^ing with a
pencil, ''x^shop, shop where
toys are sold.
trace^ /treis/ n [C] 1 mark, sign,
etc showing that a person or
thing has been present: '^s of an
ancient civilization. 2 very small
amount: There were ^5 of poi-
son in his blood.
trace^ /treis/ vt/i 1 draw the
course, outline, etc of: tracing
(out) one's route on a map. 2
copy (something), eg by draw-
ing on transparent paper the
lines of a map, etc placed under-
neath. 3 follow, find (a person
or thing) by looking at tracks,
etc: / cannot -w the letter. 4 find
the origin of. trac-ing, copy (of
a map, design, etc) made by
tracing (2).
tra-chea /tra'kia/ n [C] (pi '^e
l-kii/)(anat) = windpipe.
track /traek/ n [C] 1 line or series
of marks left by a vehicle, per-
the '^ son, animal, etc: '^s in the snow.
VS-\-) cover one's '>^s, hide one's
movements, keep I lose '^ of
sblsth, follow/fail to follow
nar- the course or development of.
make '^s, leave (quickly), off
the 'V., (fig) following a wrong
line of action. O
beaten. 2
above course; line: the '^ of a storm/
spacecraft. 3 set of rails for
trains, etc: The train left the '^.4
path prepared for racing. 5 =
caterpillar(2). a vt follow the
track of: ~ an animal, 'v. sb/
sth down, find by searching.
''>^ suit, loose warm suit worn
by an athlete, ^'^ing station,
enjoy one which maintains contact
with space-vehicles, etc. "^er,
person who tracks wild animals.
tract /traekt/ n [C] 1 stretch of
land: wide ~5 of desert. 2 system
of related parts in an animal
body: the digestive '^.
trac-tion /'iraekjn/ n [U] (power
used in) pulling something over
a surface: electric/steam -^.
tractor/transatlantic 4C

tractor 'trsekt3(r)/ n [C] together: 'passenger /^goods ~5,

motor-vehicle used for pulling travel by '^. 2 number of per-
heavy equipment, eg on a farm. sons, animals, etc in a line. 3
trade^ Incid/ n^ [C,U] exchange series or chain: ~
of thought. 4
of goods for money or other part of a long dress that trails on
gooNds: 7"~ was good last year. the ground.
He s in the 'furniture '^. 2 fCU] train' /trem/ vt/i 1 give teaching
occupation; craft: He's a car- and practice to (eg a child, a sol-
penter hy^. '--wniark, (a) man- dier, an animal): ^
a horse/
ufacturer's mark on goods. *'^ football team. 2 cause to grow in
name, name given to a manu- a required direction: roses ~
factured article, 'trades-man, against a wall. 3 point, aim: 'v. a
shopkeeper. |~(s)-'union, or- gun on the enemy, 'v/ee /trei'ni:/,
ganized association of workers. person being trained, 'x^er, per-
i'>^-'unionist, member of a son who trains (esp athletes,
trade-union. race-horses, etc). '>-ing, prepa-
trade^ /treid vt/i 1 engage in ration; practice.
trade(l): Britain ~5 with trait /treit/ n [C] distinguishing
Europe 2 exchange: The boy '^d quality.
his skates for a hall. 3 '^ sth in. trai-tor /'treit3(r)/ n [C] person
give in part payment for a new who betrays a friend, his
purchase. 4 take advantage of: country, etc.
~ on her sympathy, trader, per- tram /traem/ n [C] (US = 'street-
son who trades (1 ). car) (also '~cflr) public trans-
tra>di-tion tra'dijn/ n 1 [U] port vehicle that runs on rails in
(passing from generation to the road surface.
generation oO opinions, beliefs, tramp /traemp/ vt/i 1 walk with
customs, etc. 2 [C] belief, cus- heavy steps. 2 walk a long dis-
tom, etc passed, -^al adj. tance: ~ through the mountains
traf-fic /'traefik n [U] 1 (move- n n^ sound of heavy footsteps
ment of) people and vehicles or the ~of marching soldiers. 2 [C]
aircraft. 2 transport business long walk. 3 [C] person who
done by a railway, airline, etc. 3 goes from place to place and
illegal trading: the ^drug ~. a v; does no work. ''>--steamer,
(-ck-) trade: '^king in drugs. ''^ cargo boat with no fixed route
island, platform in the centre trample /'traempl/ vt/i 1 tread
of a busy road, for pedestrians. heavily on. 2 (fig) affect badly;
''x.-light(s), coloured lights ~ on his feelings, a n [Cj sound,
controlhng traffic. '-^^ warden, act, of trampling.
official controlling the parking tram-po-line /'traempalim/ n [C]
of cars. strong canvas on a spring frame,
tra-gedy /'traedsadi/ n {pi -ies) 1 used by gymnasts for acrobatic
[C] serious play with a sad end- leaps.
ing. 2 [U] branch of the drama trance /trams/ n [C] uncon-
with this kind of play. 3 [C,U] scious condition like sleep: bej
very sad event, action, ex- fall /go into a '^.
perience, etc. tran-quil /'traerjkwil/ adj (for-
tra-gic /'traedjik/ a^^ of tragedy: mal) calm; quiet: a ~
life, '^ly
a ~ actor I accident, ^v^ally adv adv. ^lity /traeg'kwilati/ n [U]
trail /treil/ n [C] 1 series of marks calm, quiet state.
leftby a person or thing: a'^ of tran-quil-iize (US also tran-
destruction, eg left by a storm. quil-ize) /'traer)kwilaiz/ vt make
hot on the ^
(of), close calm, quiet, tran-quil-lizer n
behind. 2 path through rough [C] drug that produces a calm
country, n v^// 1 pull, be pulled: mental state.
Her long skirt was '^ing along trans-act /traen'zaekt/ vt (for-
the floor. 2 = track. 3 (of plants) mal) conduct, (business, etc).
grow over or along: roses '>^ing trans-action /traen'zaekjn/ n 1
over the walls, '^er, (a) vehicle [U] transacting: the ~
of busi-
pulled by another one. (b) trail- ness. 2 [C] piece of business: cash
ing plant, (c) short extract from -^s. 3 (pi) written records (esp of
a film to advertise it. a learned society).
train' /trem/ n 1 [C] (locomotive trans-at-lan-tic /jtraenzat-
and) number of railway coaches 'laentik/ adj beyond, crossing.
 401 transcend /trapeze

the Atlantic: a '^ treaty/flight. into French. 2 explain (a per-

tran-scend /traen'send/ vt go be- son's behaviour, etc), trans-la-
yond: '^ hurnan knowledge. tor /-t3(r)/, person who trans-
trans*con-tf*nen-tal /jtraenz- lates. (1)
(konti'nentl/ adj crossing a con- trans-la-tion /j [U]
/.trasnz'leijn/
tinent. translating; [C] something
tran-scribe /trsn'skraib/ vt 1 translated: a '^ into French.
copy in ordinary writing. 2 write trans-lu-cent /traenz'lu:s3nt/
in a special form: 'y^d into adj allowing Ught to pass
phonetic symbols, tran-script through.
/'traensknpt/ n [C] something trans-mis-sion /traenz'mijn/ n
transcibed. tran'scrip-tion 1 [U] transmitting: the '^ of a
/-Jn/n[C,U] TV programme. 2 [C] part of a
trans-fer^ /'traensf3:(r)/ « 1 [C, car which sends power to the
U] (instance oO transferring. 2 wheels.
[C] document that transfers a trans-mit /traenz'mit/ vt (-tt-) 1
person or thing; design trans- pass on: ^
a message by radio. 2
ferred from one surface to an- allow through: Iron ~.s heat.
other. -^ter, person or thing, that
trans-fer^ /traBns'f3:(r)/ vtji transmits.
{-XX-) 1 change position, move. trans-par-ency /traen'spaeransi/
2 hand over the possession of n {pi -ies) 1 [U] state of bemg
(property, etc to): -^ rights to a transparent. 2 [C] framed pic-
son. 3 move (a design, etc) from ture on photographic film.
one surface to another. 4 change trans-par-ent /trsn'spsrsnt/
from one train, bus, etc to an- adj 1 that can be seen through:
other. 5 change occupation, Glass is '^. 2 obvious: a man of
position, company, etc: He 'v honesty. '>.'ly adv
'^red to the Sales Department. trans-plant /traens'pia:nt/ vt/i 1
'>^able /-sbl/ adj that can be take up (plants, etc) and plant in
transferred ( 2 ) '^able tickets
: another place. 2 transfer (eg a
'>^ence /'traensfarans/ n [U] heart or kidney) from one per-
trans-form /traens'fDim/ vt son to another. 3 {fig) (of
change the shape, quality of: people) move to another place.
Success '^ed him. <%^ation n /'traenspla:nt/ n [C] instance of
/(traensfa'meijn/ n (a) [U] trans- transplanting (2).
forming, (b) [C] change. '>-er, trans-port /'tranispo:t/ n 1 [U]
person or thing that transforms, carrying (to another place);
eg apparatus that changes the means of carrying: the of ^
voltage of an electric current. troops by air; London's -^
trans-fuse /trsns'fju:z/ vt (esp) system, a /tram'spoit/ vt carry
transfer the blood of one person from one place to another: ~
to another, trans-fusion /-3n/ goods by lorry. '>.'a-tion /-'teijn/
n[C,U] n [U]. '^^er n [C] person or thing
trans-gress /traenz'gres/ vtji that transports.
{formal) 1 go beyond (a limit). 2 trans-pose /traen'spsuz/ vt 1
break (a law, treaty, agreement). cause (two or more things) to
^ion/-Jn/n[C,U] change places. 2 {music) put into
tran-sis-tor /traen'zist3(r)/ n [C] another key. trans-po-si-tion
1 small electronic device, used in /itraenspa'zijn/ n [C,U]
radios, etc. 2 transistorized trans-verse /'traenzv3:s/ adj ly-
radio. '>^ized /-suzdl adj having ing or placed across, -^ly adv
transistors. trap /traep/ n [C] 1 device for
tran-sit /'traensit/ n [U] carrying catching animals, etc: a
of good from one place to an- ^mouse^. 2 {fig) plan for deceiv-
other: goods damaged in 'v. ing a person. 3 U-shaped section
tran-si-tion /traen'zijn/ n [C,U] of a drainpipe filled with water
change from one condition to which prevents gas from rising.
another. 'N^al /-nl/ adj 4 Ught, two-wheeled carriage, d
tran-si-tive /'traen&ativ/ adj vt (-PP-) 1 catch in a trap. 2 cap-
{gram) (of a verb) used with a ture by a trick, ^'^door. small
direct object. door in a floor. '>^per, person
trans-late /trsnz'leit/ vr 1 put who catches animals.
into another language: '^^ a book tra-peze /tra'piiz/ n [C] horizon-
trash /tremor 402

talbar supported by two ropes, (store of) gold and silver, jewels,
used by acrobats. etc.2 highly valued object or
trash 'tracj/ n [U] worthless person, a vt value highly: He '>-5
material; (US) rubbish, trashy the watch she gave him. '«>--
adj (informal) worthless. trove, treasure found hidden in
traunva 'trDima n [C] 1 wound the earth.
or injury 2 emotional shock. treas-urer 'tre33r3(r)/ n (C) per-
'•^tic tror'maetik / adj son in charge of money, etc of a
travel 'traevl' vtii (-11- ) 1 make club or society.
(esp long) journeys: ~
round the treas-ury 'tresan/ n (pi -ies) 1
world. 2 go from place to place the T'>^, (in GB) department of
as a salesman: He '^s in cotton State controlling public reve-
goods. 3 move; go: Light '^s fas- nue. 2 [C] (place for the) funds,
ter than sound, o n ^ [U] travel- of a society, etc.
Ung: fond of ^. -^ agent. 2 (pi) treat /'trirt/ vt/i 1 act or behave
journeys: write about one's '\^s. towards: He '^s his wife badly. 2
'X/led, adj having made many consider: '^ it as a joke. 3 give
long journeys: a '^led man. medical care to: ~
a patient. 4
-^Xbt, (a) person on a journey, put through a process: ^
wood
(b) = commercial traveller. with creosote. 5 buy (food,
'•tier's cheque, one issued by drink, etc): / shall '>- you to din-
a bank or tourist agency for ner, a n ^ [C] something that
travellers going abroad. gives pleasure: It's a great to^
tra'verse /'traev3s/ v/ {formal) go to the cinema. 2 act of treat-
travel across: Searchlights -^d ing(5): Thisismy^^.
the sky. treat-ise /'tri:tiz/ n [C] long es-
trav-esty /'traevasti/ n [C] (pi say dealing with one subject.
-ies) poor imitation of some- treat-ment /'trirtmant/ n [C,U]
thing: a ofjustice.
'V. (way oQ treating a person or
trawl vra fish (with a large
/trorl/ thing: a new '^for cancer.
net), "^^r, boat, fisherman, that treaty /'tri:ti n (pi -ies) [C,U]
trawls. (formal} agreement made be-
tray /trei/ -n [C] fiat piece of tween nations or persons: a
wood, metal, for carrying light ^
peaces.
articles. treble' /'trebl/ adj. n [C] three
treach-er-ous /'tretjaras/ adj 1 times as much or as many (as):
false or disloyal (to a friend, He earns ~
my salary, a vt/i
cause, etc). 2 unreliable: ~ make or become treble: He has
weather. --K/ly adv. treach-ery '^d his earnings.
'tretjan/ «[€](/?/ -ies). treble^ /'trebl/ n [C] (boy's voice,
treacle /'tri:kl/ n [U] thick, instrument, with the) highest
sticky, liquid produced from part in a piece of music.
sugar, treacly adj tree /tri:/ n [C] 1 plant with a
tread /tred/ vtIi (pt trod /trod/; single trunk of wood and bran-
pp trodden 'trodn/) 1 walk, put ches. 2 = family tree. '>^less
the foot down (on): Don 't on ~ a<^ without trees.
the flowers. 2 stamp or crush: ~ trek /trek/ vi (-kk-) n [C] (make
grapes, when making wine. 3 a) long journey, by ox-wagon,
make (a path) by walking. '^ pony or on foot.
water, keep afloat in water by trel-lis /'trelis/ n [C] light struc-
moving the feet up and down, d ture of strips of wood, etc to
n [C] 1 way or sound of walking: support climbing plants.
with a heavy /loud ~. 2 part of a tremble 'trembl/ vi 1 shake (as
/

stair on which the foot is placed. from fear, anger, cold, etc). 2
3 part of a tyre which touches shake: The bridge ~</ ay the
the ground. heavy lorry crossed it. 3 feel an-
treadle /'tredl/ n [C] pedal that xiety: / ~
for his safety, a n [C]
drives a machine, eg sewing- shaking: a '^ in his voice.
machine, worked by the feet, a tre-men-dous /tn'mendds/ adj
VI work a treadle. 1 very great; enormous: a ^^^ ex-
trea-son 'triizn/ n [U] betrayal plosion. 2 (informal) excellent: a
of one's country; disloyalty. ~ meal, --wly adv extremely: "^ly
'^able /-3bl/ adj grateful.
treas-ure /"tre33(r)/ n 1 [C,U] tremor /'trem3(r)/ n [C] shaking

or trembling: ^earth '^s.
trench /trentf / n [C] ditch dug in
the ground, eg for drainage, to
protect soldiers, a vt/i protect
with a trench.
trend /trend/ n [C] general direc-
tion; tendency: The -^ of prices is
still upwards, set the '^. start a
style. Hence, '--w.-setter n[C\.u
vi have a certain trend, trendy
adj (-ier, -lest) (informal)
fashionable.
tres-pass /'trespas/ vt 1 go on to
private land without permis-
sion.2 make too much use of:
on my time, n n [C,U] trespass-
ing(1). '^er. person who
trespasses (1 ).
tress /tres/ n [C] {poet) 1 {pi)
(esp of a woman). 2
plait of hair.
trestle n [C] wooden sup-
/'tresl/
port with legs for a table top, a
workman's bench, etc. ,'>^-
'table, one made by laying
planks on trestles.
trial /'traial/ n 1 [C,U] testing,
trying: give a new typist O'^. on
'^, for the purpose of testing:
Take the machine on '^. ^"^ and
^error. method of solving a
problem by making tests until
there are no more errors. 2 [C,
U] examination in a law court
before a judge (and jury): The -^
lasted a week, be I go on '^:
stand '^ (for sth). be tried in
a court of law (for an offence). 3
[C] troublesome person or thing.
tri-angle /'traiaeggl/ n [C] 1 flat
figure with three straight sides. 2
group of three, the eternal '>^.
the situation when two persons
love the same person of the op-
posite sex. tri>angu-lar
/trai'aeqgjul3(r) / adj.
tribe /traib/ n [C] racial group,
esp one united by language and
customs: the Indian ^5 of
America, tri-bal adj of a tribe.
'tribes-man, member of a
tribe.
tri-bu-nal /trai'bjuml/ n [C]
board of officials or judges: a
rent^.
tribu-tary /'tnbjutn/ n [C]
adj.
(a river) flowing into another
river.
trib-ute /'tnbju:t/ n [C,U] some-
thing done, said or given to
show respect or admiration: pay
-^ to his courage.
trick /tnk/ n [C] 1 something
done to deceive: He got the
money from me by a 's^. 2 prac-
403 trench /trip
tical joke:The children are al-
ways playing amusing "^s. 3 feat
of skill with the hands, etc: con-
juring '>^s. do the '>^, {si) be
what is necessary.4 (cards
played in) one round (of a
game), a vt deceive: He '^ed the
poor girl out of her money.
'>^ery, deception; cheating.
tricky adj (-ier, -iest) (a) cun-
ning: a '^y politician, (b) diffi-
cult: a '^y problem /job.
trickle /'triki/ vr// (cause to) flow
in a thin stream: The tears '^d
^ down her cheeks, d n [C] weak or
thin flow: '>^ of blood.
tri-cycle /'traisikl/ n [C] three-
wheeled cycle.
hair tried /traid/ c> try\
trifle /'traifl/ n 1 [C] thing, event,
of little importance. 2 [C] small
amount of money. 3 a ^, adv a
little: a -^ too short. 4 [C,U]
sweet dish made of cream, cake,
etc. a vt/i behave insincerely to-
wards: ^ with the girl's affec-
tions, trif-ling adj unimpor-
tant: a rr//7/>i^ error.
trig-ger /'tng9(r)/ n [C] lever for
releasing a spring, esp of a gun,
rifle, a vt ^
sth off. be the
cause of.
trill /tril/ n [C] 1 vibrating sound
of the voice or a bird song. 2
(music) quick alternation of two
notes a tone or a semitone apart.
D vt/i sing or play (a musical
note) with a trill.
tril-ogy /'triladsi/ n [C] (pi -ies)
group of three plays, novels, etc
with a common subject.
trim /trun/ adj (-mer, -mest)
neat and tidy, a n [U] trim state;
readiness: Everything was in
good/proper ^. d vt/i (-mm-) 1
make trim: ~
one's beard. 2 de-
corate (a dress, etc). 3 balance (a
boat, aircraft); set (the sails) to
suit the wind. '>^ming n [C]
(usually pf) something used to
decorate: lace 'amines.
trin-ity /'trmati/ n [C] {pi -ies)
group of three, the T'>-, (in
Christian teaching) union of
three persons, Father, Son and
Holy Ghost, one God.
trin-ket /'trujkit/ n [C] ornament
of small value.
trio /'trirau/ n [C] (pi '^s) 1 group
of three. 2 (music for) three sing-
ers or players.
trip /trip/ vt/i (-pp-) 1 over ^
sth. hit one's foot and fall. -^
(sb) up. (a) (cause to) fall or
tripartitt/ truck 4i

stumble, (b) cause to make

(fig)
an error. 2 move with quick,
light steps:She came -^ping
down the path, d n [C] 1 journey.
2 fall. 3 experience from taking
a hallucinatory drug, '^p^r,
person making a (short) journey
for pleasure.
tri-par-tite /,trai'pa:tait/ adj
having three parts or parties.
tripe /traip/ n [U] 1 part of the
stomach of an ox or cow used as
food. 2 {si) nonsense.
triple /'tnpl/ adj made up of
three (parts or parties), a vtji
make, become, three times as
~
much or many: one 's income.
trip-let /'triplit, n (pi) three chil-
dren born at a single birth.
trip-li-cate /'tnplikat/ adj of
which three copies are made, a n
[C] one of three copies: a letter
typed in ~, one original and two
copies, a vt /'triplikeit/ make
triplicate.
tri-pod /'traipod/ n [C] three-
legged support, eg for a camera.
trip-per/'tnp3(r)//j tt> trip.
trite /trait/ a^ (of remarks) ordi-
nary (and so dull).
tri-umph /'traiAmf/ n [C,U] (joy
oO success or victory: return
tropic /'tropik/ n 1[C] line of lat-
itude IVll' north (T^ of Canc-
er) or south (T'v. of Capricorn)
of the equator. 2 the '>'S, the
parts of the world between these
two latitudes. 'N-al adj of the
tropics.
trot /trot/ vtji (-tt-) 1 (of horses,
etc) go at a pace between a walk
and a gallop. 2 move with short
steps. 3 ^ sth out. say without
feeling: ~
out an excuse, a « 1
trotting pace: go at a steady ~.
on the '^. (si) one after the
other: //ve whiskies on the'^.
trouble /'trAbl/ vtji 1 cause
worry, discomfort, anxiety to:
be '\^d by bad news. 2 (as a re-
quest): May I ~
you for a match?
3 make an effort: Don't '>- to
meet me at
the station. 4 (esp pp)
worry: '\.'d looks, a /i 1 [C,U]
worry; unhappiness; difficulty:
in She's always making -^ for her
friends, ask/took for ^, (in-
formal) behave so as to cause
trouble, get into '>^, do some-
thing deserving punishment, etc.
get a girl into ->-, (informal)
make her pregnant. 2 [U] incon-
venience: Did the work give you
much -s.? 3 [C,U] unrest: indus-

home in '^. a vi win a victory trial ^(s) (eg strikes). 4 [C,U] ill-
(over): '^ over a defeated enemy. ness: Uiver 'v-. '>^-maker, per-
'>i'al /trai'Amfl/ adj. '>-ant son who causes trouble.
/trai'Mnfnt/ adj (celebrating at) ''x^some oi^ causing trouble.
having triumphed. '>^ant-ly adv trough /trof/ n [C] 1 long open
triv-ial /'trivial/ a<^ 1 of little im- box for animals to feed or drink
portance: a '^ offence. 2 ordi- from. 2 hollow between two
nary (and so dull): a ^speech. waves. 3 region of low atmo-
-^-ly adv. '>-ity /-'aebti/ n [U] spheric pressure.
state of being trivial; [C] (pi -ies) troupe /tru:p/ n [C] company,
trivial idea, etc. esp of actors.
trod, trod-den /trod, 'trodn/ O trousers /'trauzaz/ n pi (often a
tread. pair of ~5) two-legged outer
troMey /'troU/ n [C] (pi ^s) 1 clothing reaching from the waist
small cart. 2 small, low truck to the ankles, trouser adj of or
running on rails. 3 small table for trousers: ''v.poc^e/5.
on wheels. trout /traut/ n [C] spotted fresh-
trom«bone /trom'boun/ n [C] water fish.
large brass musical instrument trowel /'traual/ n [C] 1 tool with
with a sliding tube, trom-bon- a flat blade for spreading ce-
ist, trombone player. ment, etc. 2 curved tool for lift-
troop /tru:p/ n [C] 1 company of ing plants, etc.
persons or animals. 2 (pi) sol- tru-ant /'truiant/ n [C] child who
diers. 3 unit of cavalry, a vt/i staysaway from school without
move together in a group: chil- permission: play '^. tru-ancy
dren '\^ing out of school. '>^er, /'tru:3nsi//i[U]
cavalry soldier, swear like a truce /tru»/ n [C] (agreement for
'^er. swear a great deal. the) stopping of fighting for a
trophy /'trsufi/ n [C] (pi -ies) 1 time.
something kept in memory of a truck /trAk/ n [C] 1 (GB) open
victory or success. 2 prize: Hen- railway wagon for heavy goods.
nis trophies. 2 (esp US) lorry.

trudge /iT\d^l vi walk wearily:
trudging through the deep snow.
a n [C] long, tiring walk.
true /tru:/ adj (-r, -st) 1 accord-
ing to fact: Is the news -^7 come
'>^. (of a hope, dream) really
happen. 2 faithful: be ~ to one's
promise. 3 genuine: T^^ friend-
ship. 4 accurately fitted: Is the
wheel ~.^ 5 exact: a •^ copy, a n
out of '^. not in it? exact posi-
tion: The door is out of'^.
truly /'tru:li/ adv 1 truthfully. 2
sincerely: feel '^ grateful. 3 ge-
nuinely: a -^ brave action.
trump /trAHip/ n [C] (in card-
games) each card of a suit hav-
ing higher value than the other
three suits: Hearts are ^s. turn
up 'v.s, (informal) have a better
result than was expected, a v///1
play a trump(1 ) on. 2 invent (an
excuse, a he, etc): a '^ed-up
charge.
trum-pet /'trAmpit/ n [C] 1 brass
wind instrument. 2 sound (as)
a trumpet. //7<^ ~ of an elephant, n
vt/i (esp ol an elephant) make
loud sounds, '^er, trumpet
player.
trun-cheon /'trAntJan/ n [C]
short thick stick (used by the po-
lice).
trunk n [C] 1 main stem
/trAi]k/
of a tree. 2 body (without the
head, arms or legs). 3 large box
for clothes, etc. 4 long nose of an
elephant. 5 (pf) man's, boy's,
'clothing worn for swimming. 6
(US) = boot(2). ''^ call.
long-distance telephone call. •'>-
line, main line of a railway or
telephone. ''>- road, main road.
truss /trAs/ n [C] 1 (GB) bundle
(of hay, straw). 2 framework
supporting a roof, bridge, etc. 3
padded belt worn by a person
suffering from hernia, d vt tie or
fasten up: ~
up a chicken, tie up
the wings before cooking.
trust^ /trAst/ n 1 [U] confidence,
strong belief, in a person or
thing: A child has '^ in its
mother, on '^. (a) without
proof: He took my statement on
'^. (b) on credit: supply goods
on ^. 2 [U] responsibility: a pos-
ition of great -v. 3 [U] {legal) the
management of property for the
benefit of others; IC] the
property managed. 4 [C] asso-
ciation of business firms to re-
duce competition, control
prices. '>-'ful, 'x.ing adj rc^dy to
5 trudge/tube
have trust in others, -wfully,
'>^ing-lya^v
trust^ /trASt/ vtji 1 believe in;
have faith in: T^ one's friends. 2
have confidence in: '>^ in God. 3
allow (a person) to do or have
something: / ^
you with my new-
car. 4 hope: / '^ you are not hurt.
trustee /trA'sti:/ n [C] person
who has charge of a trust (3)
trust-worthy /'trAStw3:di/ adj
dependable.
truth /trure/ n (pi ~s /tru:dz/) 1
[U] quality or state of being true:
There 's no ~in what he says. 2
[U] that which is true: tell the ^.
3 [C] fact, etc accepted as true:
scientific '^5. --^ful adj (a) (of
persons) telling the truth, (b)
(of statements) true, 'x/fully
adv. ^f ul-ness n [U]
try^ /trai/ vt/i(pt,ppXr\ed) 1 make
an attempt: He tried to escape. 2
use or do something as an ex-
periment: yVhy not ^
this new
of glue. '^ sth on. (a) put on
(clothes, etc) to see whether it
fits, etc.(b) (informal) do some-
thing wrong to discover whether
it will be tolerated. '^ sth out,
test: T'^ out a new car. 3 inquire
into (a case) in a court of law: He
was tried and found guilty of
murder. 4 cause to be tired, ex-
hausted, etc: His courage was
severely tried.
try2 /trai/ n [C] (pi tries) 1 at-
tempt: He had three tries and
failed each time. 2 (rugby) touch-
ing down th€ ball behind the op-
ponents' goal-line.
tsetse /'tsetsi/ n [C] (also ^'^-fly)
blood-sucking fly (in Africa)
carrying disease to cattle,
horses, etc.
tub /tAb/ n [C] 1 large open ves-
sel, used for washing clothes,
holding liquids, etc. 2 = tubful.
3 (informal) bath-tub. '-^-ful
/-ful/, as much as a tub holds.
tuba /'tjuiba/ n [C] (pi -^s) large
musical instrument of brass.
tubby /'tAbi/ adj (-ier, -iest) fat
and round.
tube n [C] 1 long hollow
/tjurb/
cylinder of metal, rubber, esp
for carrying atr, liquids, etc. 2
soft metal container for pastes,
paints, etc: a -», of toothpaste. 3
(in London) underground rail-
way. 4 hollow organ in the
body: the bronchial '^s. tub*ing
n [U] material in the form of a
tube.
tuber/tunr
tu-ber n [C] enlarged
/"tju:b3(r)/
part of an underground stem, eg
a potato.
tu-ber-cu-lo-sis /tju:,b3:kju-
'busis/ n [U] (abbr TB) disease
affecting the body's tissues, esp
the lungs.
tu-bu-lar /'tju:bjub(r)/ adj hav-
ing, consisting of, tubes.
tuck /tAk/ n 1 [C] stitched fold in
cloth. 2 [U] (sf) food. D vt/i 1
draw together into a small
space; put or push into a conve-
nient position: 'v, your shirt in to
your trousers. 2 'V/ in, (dated)
eat a lot quickly.
Tuesday /'tjuizdi/ n third day of
the week.
tuft /tAft/ n [C] bunch of feath-
ers, grass, etc.
tug /tAg/ vt/i (-gg-) pull hard
(at). D n [C] 1 sudden hard pull.
2 (also *'^-boat), small boat for
towing ships.
tu-ition /tjur'ijn/ n [U] (fee for)
teaching: have private'^.
tu-Jip /'tju:hp/ rt [C] bulb plant
with a large bell-shaped flower
on a tall stem.
tumble /'tAmbl/ vt/i 1 fall: tum-
bling down the stairs. 2 move in a
disorderly way: The puppies
were tumbling about. 3 be ready
to fall: The old barn is tumbling
down. 4 cause to fall. 5 ^^ to
sth, (informal) realize: At last
he '^d to what I meant, a n [C]
fall: have a nasty ~. ''x/down,
adj falling to pieces.
tum-bler /'tAmbl9(r)/ n [C] 1
drinking-glass without a handle
or stem. 2 part of a lock turned
by a key.
tummy /'tAmi/ n [C] (pi -ies) (in-
formal) stomach.
tu-mour (US = tu-mor)
/'tju:m3(r)/ n [C]
growth in the body.
tu-mult /'tjurmAlt/ n
great disturbance: the ~ of bat-
tle. 2 confused state: be
'x/U'Ous /tju:'mAltJu9s/ adj (for-
mal) noisy and energetic: a
'^uous welcome. '>^u-ouS'ly adv
tuna /'tjuma/ n [C] large seafish
used as food.
tune /tju:n/ n 1 [C] succession of
notes forming a melody. 2 [U]
quality of having a strong me-
lody. 3 [U] in lout of'y^. at/not
at the correct pitch. 4 [U] (fig)
harmony: be in '>^ with one's
companions, change one's '^.
change one's attitude, behavi-
406
our, etc. tothe 'v. of, to the
amount of: He was fined to the ~
of £30. a vr// 1 adjust to the right
pitch: -^ a guitar. 2 '^ //i (to),
adjust a radio to a station: ^
in
to the BBC. 3 adjust an engine
so that it gives its best perfor-
mance. '>-ful a^' having a pleas-
ing tune, -x^fully adv. 'tuning-
fork, small steel fork which
produces a musical note when
struck.
tuner /'tju:n9(r)/ n person who
tunes musical instruments.
tu-nic /'tjurnik/ n [C] 1 close-
fitting jacket as worn by po-
licemen, soldiers, etc. 2 loose
dress with a belt.
tun-nel /'tAnl/ n [C] under-
ground passage for a road, rail-
way. D vr//(-ll-, C/5also-l-)diga
tunnel.
tunny /'tAni/n[C] = tuna.
tur-ban /'tarban/ n [C] 1 length of
cloth wound round the head (in
some Asian countries). 2 similar
woman's close-fitting hat.
tur-bine /'t3:bam/ n [C] engine
turned by a current of water,
steam or air.
tur-bu-lent /'tarbjubnt/ adj
violent; disorderly: 'v, waves/
passions. '^Xy adv. turbu-
lence n [U]
tu-reen /tju'rirn/ n [C] large dish
for holding soup.
turf /t3:f/ n 1 [U] soil with grass
growing in it. 2 [C] piece of turf,
p vr 1 cover with turf. 2 "^ sbl
sth out, (si) throw out.
tur-key /'tarki/ n [C] (pl'^s) large
bird valued as food.
Turkish bath /|t3:kij 'barO/ n
[C] bath of hot air or steam, fol-
lowed by a shower and massage.
turmoil /'tarmoil/ n [C,U]
diseased trouble, disturbance.
turn' /t3:n/ n [C] 1 act of turning:
[C,U] 1 a few 'V/5 of the handle, done to
a '^, cooked just enough. 2
in a ^. change of direction: sudden ^5
in the road, at every '^, (fig)
very frequently. 3 change in
condition: a ~
for the better/
worse. 4 opportunity for doing
something: It's your '>^ to read
now, John, in '>", one after the
other, out of '^, at the wrong
time, take '^s at sth. do it in
succession. 5 action aflfecting a
person: do her a good'^^. 6 short
performance in a theatre.
turn^ /t3:n/ vtji 1 (cause to) move
round; (cause to) face in a differ-
 \
407 turti /twiddle

ent direction: The earth "^5 (b) expose: He '^ed up some

round the sun. He '^ed to look at buried treasure. Hence, '-^-up,
me. '0^ one 's hand to sth. (be (a) turned fold at the bottom of
able to) do (a task, etc). ^ a trouser-leg. (b) unexpected
one's attention to sth, event.
direct one's mind, etc to. 2 turn-stile /'t3:nstail/ n [C] revol-
(cause to) change in nature, ving gate that allows one person
quality, etc: Frost '^^s water into through at a time.
ice. Caterpillars 'v. into (= be- turner /'t3:n3(r)/ n [C] person
come) butterflies. '^ sb's who works a lathe.
head, make him vain. 3 reach turn-ing /'tarnirj/ n [C] place
and pass: He has 'y.^ed ( = where one road joins another.
reached the age of) fifty. 4 shape ''>--point, (fig) critical mo-
(something) on a lathe, etc: a ^ ment: reach a '^-point in one's
bowl on a potter's wheel, 'y^ (sb) life.
against sb, (cause to) become tur-nip /'tsrnip/ n [C] (plant with
hostile to: '>^ the children against a) large round root used as food.
their mother. -^ (sb) away, re- tur-quoise /'t3:kw3iz/ n [C,U]
fuse to look at; refuse to admit: (colour of a) greenish-blue pre-
She '^edaway in disgust. We had cious stone.
to '^ away hundreds of fans. '>-' tur-ret /'tArit/ n [C] 1 small tow-
fsb/sth) back, (cause to) re- er. 2 [C] steel structure protect-
turn, -w (sth) down, (a) ing gunners.
(cause to) fold down, (b) reduce turtle /'t3:tl/ n [C] sea-animal
(a light, flow of water, etc). '>- like a tortoise.
sb/sth down, refuse (an offer, tusk /tAsk/ n [C] long-pointed
a proposal). '^ in, (informal) go tooth of the elephant, walrus or
to bed. '^ sb in, (informal) sur- wild boar.
render him to the police. 'X/ off, tussle /'tAsl/ n [C], vi (have a)
leave (one road) for another. '^ difficult struggle (with).
sth off, stop the flow of tut /tAt/, tut-tut /,tAt 'tAt/ int
(liquid, gas, current): -^ off the used to express impatience.
TV. '^ (sb) off, (si) (cause him tu-tor /'tju:t9(r)/ n [C] 1 private
to) lose interest, etc. '>^ sth on, teacher of a single pupil. 2 (GB)
start the flow of (liquid, gas, cur- university teacher, a vt teach as
rent): T'^ the radio on. '^ (sb) a tutor. '>^ial /tju:'tD:ri3l/ adjofa.
on, (si) give him great pleasure. tutor: ~/a/ classes, a n [C] teach-
-^ on sb, attack.'>^ out (well, ing period for a small group of
etc), prove to be: Everything students.
'\^ed out well. '^ sth out, (a) twang /twaeg/ ai [C] 1 sound of a
extinguish: Please out the ^ tight string being released: the '>-

lights, (b) empty when looking of a guitar. 2 nasal tone of voice.

for something, etc: '^ out one's D vt/i (cause to) make a twang
pockets. ^
sb out (of/from (1).
sth). expel by force. '>^ sb/sth tweak /twi:k/ vt pinch and twist:
out, produce. '>^ (sb) out, ^ a child's nose, a n [C] sharp
(cause people to) assemble: Not twist.
many men -^ed out to watch the tweed /twi:d/ n 1 [U] thick, soft,
match. Hence, '^v^-out, persons woollen cloth: a ~
coat. 2 (pi)
who have assembled. •-^ (sb/ clothes made of tweed.
sth) over, (cause to) fall over, tweez-ers /'twi:z3z/ n pt (also a
change position: He '^edover in pair of ^) tiny pair of tongs.
bed. '>^ sth/sb over (to sb). twelfth /twelfB/ n [C], adj (abhr
give control of it to: The thief 12th) (of) one of 12 equal parts
was ^edover to the police. '^ or the next after 1 1

sth over, do business: His busi-
ness '^s over £500 a week.
Hence, ''>^over, sales within a
period of time. '>^ to, go to for
help. '^ up, (a) arrive: He ^ed
up late, (b) be found: The book
you've lost may -^ up. '^ (sth)
up, (a) (cause to) be folded up-
wards: 'N^ up one's shirt sleeves.
twelve /twelv/ n [C], adJ(o^ 12.
twenty /'twenti/ n [C], adj (oQ
20. twen-ti-eth n [C], adj (ahhx
20th) (of) one of 20 equal parts
or the next after 1 9.
twice I tv/a.is / adv two times: ~
as much/as many, think ^
about, think carefully about.
twiddle /'twidl/ vl/i twist or turn

twig/ugly
idly: -v.one's thumbs.
twig^ /twig/ n [C] small shoot
a branch.
twig' /twig/ vt/i (-gg-) (infor-
mal) understand: / soon '^ged
what he meant.
twi-light /'twailait/ n [U] 1 faint
light before sunrise or after sun-
set.
twill /twil/ n [U] strong cotton
cloth.
twin /twin/ n 1 [C] either of two
children or animals bom to-
gether of the same mother: |~
'brothers. 2 (as an adj) complete-
ly like another: |~ 'beds, two
identical single beds.
twinge /twmds/ n [C] sudden,
sharp pain: a '^ of toothache, a
vi produce this pain.
twinkle /'twujkl/ vi 1 shine with
an unsteady light: stars twink-
ling in the sky. 2 (of eyes) spark-
le, d « 1 [U] twinkhng light. 2
sparkle.
twirl /tw3:l/ v/// 1 (cause to) turn
round quickly: He sat '^ing his
thumbs. 2 curl: He '^edhis mous-
tache, a n [C] quick circular mo-
tion.
twist /twist/ vt/i 1 wind or turn
(strands, etc): ^
thread into a
rope. 2 turn, esp by force: '^ the
cap off a tube of toothpaste. He
'^ed his ankle. '^ sb's arm.
(Jig)put pressure on him to do
something. 3 change the mean-
ing of: The police tried to 'n^ his
words. 4 turn and curve: The
road '\^s up the mountain, a « 1
[C] turning: Give the rope a ^.2
[C] something made by twisting:
a rope full of '^s. 3 tendency of
character: He has a criminal in
him. '^er, dishonest person.
twit /twit/ n [C] {si) foolish per-
son.
twitch /twitj/ n [C] 1 sudden
movement of a muscle. 2 sudden
quick pull, a v/// (cause to) move
inatwitch(l).
twit-ter /'twit3(r)/ vi 1 (of birds)
chirp. 2 (of persons) talk with
excitement, d n [C] chirping.
two /tu:/ adj, n [C] (of) 2. put ,-»-
and i-x. to'gether, infer some-
thing. I'^-'f aced adj (fig) insin-
cere, ''x/fold adj, adv double,
doubly, '-xz-iway adj allowing
traffic or communication in two
directions.
ty-coon /tai'kum/ n [C] (modern
informal) wealthy and powerful
business man.
.
408
type^ /taip/ n 1 [C] an example of
on a class or group: Pele was a fine
~ of player. 2 [C] class or group:
men of this ^. 3 [U] letters, etc
on blocks of metal for use in
printing; [C] one of these blocks.
''>^script, typewritten docu-
ment, ''v/writer, machine to
print letters on paper, using a
keyboard.
type' /taip/ vt/i 1 use, write with,
a typewriter: ~
a letter. 2 deter-
mine the tvpe(2) of: '^ a virus.
typ-ing n [C] act, job, of using a
typewriter, ty^pist /'taipist/,
person who types ( 1 )
type-cast /'taipka:st/ v^ (pt.pp
'^) cast (a person) for a part in a
play, etc very like his own perso-
nality.
ty-phoid /'taifDid/ n [U] (also ^
fever) infectious disease which
attacks the intestines.
ty-phoon /tai'fu.n/ n [C] violent
hurricane.
ty-phus /'laifas/ n [U] infectious
disease with fever and purple
spots on the body.
typi-cai /-tipikl/ adj representa-
tive or characteristic, 'x/ly adv
typ-if y /'tipifai/ vt (pt,pp -ied) be
a good example of.
ty-pist /'taipist/ n [C] C> type'.
ty-ran-ni-cal /ti'raemkl/ adj of,
like, a tyrant.
tyr-an-nize /'tiranaiz/ vt/i rule
cruelly and unjustly.
tyr-anny /'tirani/ n (pi -ies) 1 [C,
U] cruel or unjust use of power.
2 [C,U] (country with the) rule
of a tyrant.
ty-rant /'tairant/ n [C] cruel or
unjust ruler.
^ tyre /tai9(r)/ n [C] band of rubber
round the wheel of a bicycle or
motor-car.
Uu
U, u /ju:/ (pi U's, u's /ju:2/) the
21st letter of the English al-
phabet.
ud-der /'Ad3(r)/ n [C\ part of a
cow, goat, etc from which milk
comes.
ugly /'Agh/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 un-
pleasant to look at. 2 threaten-
 409 ulcer/under

ing The situation looks ^. ug-li- un-be-com-ing /,Anbi'kAmig/

ness/i[U] adj not appropriate.
ul-cer /'Als3(r)/ n [C] open sore un-bi-as-sed (also -biased)
on the body forming poisonous /(An'baiast/ adj impartial.
matter. '>^ate vtji form into an un-born /An'bom/ adj not yet
uXotx '^ous adj bom.
ul-ti'inate /'Altmiat/ arf/ last, fur- uri'brO'ken /An'braukan/ adj
thest: the '^ deterrent, (nuclear (esp) 1 (of a horse) not tamed. 2
weapons). '^\s adv finally. not interrupted: six hours of ^
ul'ti-ma-tum /,Alti'meit3m/ n [C] sleep. 3 (of records, etc) not
final statement of conditions to beaten.
be agreed without discussion. un-called-for /An'kodd fD:(r)/
ultra-vio-let /,Altrd'vai3ldt/ adj a<^ not justified: '>^ comments.
of the invisible rays of hght be- un-canny /An'kaeni/ adj not
yond violet. natural, mysterious.
um-bili-cal /Am'bilikl/ adj (also uri'Cer-tain /An'sartn/ adj 1 not
-c. cord) cord connecting a foe- reliable: ~weather. 2 not sure;
tus to the placenta. doubtful: bejfeel^ about the fu-
um>brella /Am'breb/ n [C] (pi ture, '-wty n iCU] (/>/-ies).
'y^s)1 folding frame covered un-chari-table /An'tfsritabl/
with cotton, etc for protection a<^(esp) severe; unkind.
from rain. 2 (fig) protection: un- un-checked /,An'tJekt/a^"1 not
der the ^ of the UNO. stopped. 2 not tested.
um-pire /'Arapai3(r)/ n [C] judge un-civil /An'sivl/ at^' impolite.
in a dispute or who sees that the uncle /'Aijkl/ n [C] brother of
rules areobeyed in cricket, and one's father or mother; husband
other games, a vt/i act as an um- of one's aunt.
pire. un-com-fort-able /An'kAmf-
un-able /An'eibl/ adj not able. not comfortable.
tabl/ a<^
un-ac-count-able /,And'kaun- uO'Com-mon /An'komsn/ adj
tabl/ adj that cannot be ex- unusual, -^ly adv (esp) remar-
plained, un-ac-count-ably adv kably: ~/v intelligent.
un-ac-customed /,An3'kAS- un-com-pro-mis-ing //vn-
tamd/ adj not accustomed to:
1 'kompramaizii)/ adj not willing
'^ to speaking in public. 2 not to compromise.
usual: an -^ silence. un-con-cerned /,Ank3n's3:ad/
unani-mous /jui'naenmios/ adj adj not worried: ~ about the fu-
in, showing, complete agree- ture.
ment: a ^decision, una-nim- un-con-di-tional /,Ank9n-
ity / ju.-n3'nmi3ti/ n [U] 'dijanl/ adj absolute; complete:
un-an-swerable /An'amsarsbl/ ^ surrender.
adj (esp) that cannot be ques- un-con-scious /An'konjds/ adj
tioned. not conscious; not aware:
un-armed /An'asnd/ ai^' without knocked ^; 'n, of danger, -^ly
weapons. adv
un-as-sum-ing /,An9'sju:nui)/ un-couple /An'kApl/ vt unfasten:
adj not drawing attention to '^ a locomotive.
oneself; modest. un-couth /An'ku:9/ adj (of per-
un-at-tended /,And'tendid/ adj sons, behaviour) rough, rude.
not looked after; alone: Never un-cover /An'kAV3(r)/ vt 1 re-
leaveababy^. move a cover from. 2 {fig) make
un-avoid-able /(Ana'voidsbl/ adj knoyNn.'^aplct.
that cannot be avoided. undaunted /An'doaiUd/ adj
un*aware /,And'we3(r)/ adj not without fear.
knowing; not aware: of the ^ un-de-cided /,Andi'saidid/ adj
danger, un-awares adv by sur- not yet certain.
prise: taken '^s. un-de-ni-able /,Andi'nai9bl/ adj
un-bal-anced /An'bslanst/ adj undoubtedly true.
not sane or normial. un-der /'And3(r)/ adv in or to a
un«bear-able /An'bedrabl/ adj lower place, etc: The ship went
that cannot be tolerated, un- '>-, sank, o prep 1 in or to a posi-

bear-ably adv tion lower than: The cat was '^

uii-beaten /An'bi:tn/ adj (esp) the table. 2 covered by: He hid'^
not defeated: an ~ record. the bedclothes. 3 less than; lower
 . .

undercarriage /underwear 410

(in rank) than: children -%, four- make a hollow or tunnel under
teen years: no one ~
(the rank of) 2 weaken: His health was '>^dby
captain. ~
'aye, too young. -^ drink
r&pair. being repaired. '>^ dis- under-neath ',Anda'ni:9/ adv.
^cussion. being discussed, be prep beneath; below.
'^ the impression that, have under-pants 'Andapaents n pi
the idea or belief that. male underwear for the lower
undercarriage 'And3kaerid3 part of the body.
n (C) landing gear and wheels of under-pass /'Andapas/ n [C]
an aircraft. road that goes under another
undercharge ,And3'tj"a:d3/ \'t road.
charge too little for. under-privileged /,Anda-
under-clothes 'AndakbuSz/ n 'privalid3d adj not having the
pi clothing worn next to the advantages enjoyed by other
skin. people.
under-cover /|And3'kAV3(r)/ adj underrate /,Anda'reit/ vt place
secret: an ~ agent. too low a value or estimate on.
undercurrent 'AndakAxant n under-signed ,Anda'saind/ /^p.

[U] 1 current of water beneath We. the '^ed.... We whose sig-

the surface. 2 (fig) hidden natures appear below. .

thought or feeling: an -»- of hat- under-skirt 'Andaskart/ n [C]

red. thin skirt worn under another
under-cut (Anda'kAt; vt {pt.pp skirt.
~) (-tt-) sell (goods, services) at under-stand /,Anda'st£nd/ vt/i
a lower price than competitors. (pt.pp -stood) 1 know the mean-
underdeveloped ,And3di- ing, nature, explanation, of
'vebpt adj not yet fully deve- (something); -^ him/french/a
loped. problem. 2 learn: / ~
that you
under-dog 'Andadog rj[C](//g) are married. '>^able -abl/ adj
the probable loser in a struggle. that can be understood. '>^ing
under-done (Anda'dAn adj(esp adj (good at) realizing other per-
of meat) not completely cooked. sons' feelings; intelligence, a n
under-esti-mate /,And3r- (a) [U] power of clear thought.
'estimeit -
vt form too low an esti- (b) [C] agreement; reach an
mate of: ~ the enemy 's strength. '^ing with the manager.
under-fed lAnda'fed' adj hav- under-state lAnda'steit, vt fail
ing too little food. to state fully; They '^d the
under-foot lAnda'fut, adv un- enemy 's power. '>^nient « [C,U]
der one's feet: The grass was wet under-study /'AndastAdi/ n [C]
(pi -ies) person able to take the
under-go (Anda'gau/ vt {pt place of another (esp an actor).
-went; pp -gone) experience; D vt (pt.pp -ied) act as an under-
suffer: ^
an operation /repairs. study to (an actor); He is '^ing
undergrad-uate /,Anda- Macbeth.
'graEd3U3t n [C] university under-take /lAnda'teik/ vt (pt
student working for a bachelor's -took; pp -taken) 1 agree, pro-
degree. mise, (to do something); He un-
under-ground /'Andagraund/ dertook to leave by Friday. 2
adj,adv 1 under the ground: ^ start (a piece of work), under-
caves.2 secret (esp a political tak-ing /,Anda'teikii] / n [C] (a)
movement), o n i the U'^, work that one has agreed to do.
London's underground railway. (b) promise.
2 secret political movement. under-taker /'Andateika(r)/ n
under-growth /'AndagrauG/ n [C] person who manages funer-
[U] shrubs, bushes, growing als.
among taller trees. undertook /lAnda'tuk/ pt of
underline /lAnda'lam/ vt 1 undertake.
draw a line under (a word, etc). under-value /|Anda'vaelju:/ vt
2 emphasize, d n "Andalain/
(fig) value at less than the true worth.
[C] linedrawn under a word. under-water /'Andawo:ta(r)/ adj
under-manned /lAnda'maend below the surface of the water;
adj (of a ship, factory, etc) hav- '>- swimming film.

ing not enough staff, workers. under-wear /'Andawea(r)/ n [U]

und«r-mine /pAnda'mam/ vt 1 underclothes
 411 underwent/unison

under-went /(Ands'went/ pt of un-foid /An'fauld/ vt/i 1 open

undergo. out: ^ a newspaper. 2 reveal: as
underworld /'Andawarld/ n [C] the story '^s.
1 (myth) home of the dead. 2 so- un-for-get-table /lAnfa'getabl/
ciety that Hves by crime. adj that cannot be forgotten.
under>write /(Anda'rait/ vt (pt un-for-tu-nate /An'f3:tjun3t/
-wrote /-'raut/; p;? -written adj 1 unlucky: an '^ expedition.
/-'ntn/)promise to pay a loss (by 2 regrettable: an -^ remark.
insuring, esp ships). un-founded /An'faondid/ adj
un-de-sir-able /,Andi'zaidr3bl/ without proof: -^ rumours.
ad/ not welcomed; unwanted, a un-f riend-ly /An'frendli/ adj not
n [C] undesirable person. friendly.
un-de-vel-oped /,Andi'vebpt/ un-furl /An'facl/ vt/i unroll,
adj not developed. spread out: -v. the sails.
un-did /An'did/prof undo. un-fur-nished /An'f3:nijt/ adj
un-dies /'Andiz/ n pi (informal) without furniture.
women's underclothes. un-gain-ly /An'gemli/ adj
undo /An'du:/ vr (pt undid; pp clumsy; awkward.
undone) 1 untie, unfasten, un-god-ly /An'godli/ adj 1 not
(knots, buttons, etc). 2 ruin the religious. 2 (informal) unreason-
effect of: He has undone all my able: at this ~ hour.
good work. '>^ing,(cause of) un-grate-ful /An'greitfi/ adj not
ruin: Drink was his '^ing. showing gratitude.
un-doubted /An'dautid/ adj cer- un-happy /An'haepi/ adj (-ier,
tain; accepted as true, -s^ly adv -iest) not happy.
un-dress /An'dres/ vt/i^ remove un-healthy /An'helGi/ adj 1
the clothes of: Jane '^edher doll. harmful to health. 2 not in good
2 take off one's clothes. health.
un-due /An'dju:/ adj too much: un-heard /An'h3:d/ adj not
with ^
haste, un-duly adv heard, 'x.-of /An'hard 9v/ adj
un-dy-ing /An'daiig/ at^that will without equal; outrageous: 'v-o/
neverend:'^/ove. wealth.
un-earth /An'3:9/ vr discover. uni-corn /'ju:nikD:n/« [C] (myth)
un-earth-ly /An'arOli/ adj 1 animal like a horse with one
mysterious; ghostly: screams. ^ long horn.
2 (informal) unreasonable: at un>iden'ti'fied /,Anai'dentifaid/
this '^ hour. adj which cannot be identified.
un-easy /An'itzi/ adj (-ier, -lest) uni-form /'ju:nifo:m/ adj not
uncomfortable in body or mind. changing; '^ temperature, a n
un-eas-ily adv. un-easi-ness [C,UT (style oO dress worn by
n[\J] members of an organization, eg
un-em-ployed /,Anim'pbid/ adj the police.
1 not able to find work: ^ men. uni-form-ity /jurni'fDrmati/ n
2 not being used: ~ capital, a n [U] condition of being the same
the "s^,who are without
those throughout.
work, un-em-ploy-ment n [U] unify /'jurnifai/ vt (pt.pp -led)
un-equal /An'irkwal/ adj 1 not form into one; unite, uni-f i-ca-
equal: two -<- sides. 2 (esp of tion/-fi'keiJn/«[U]
work) variable in quality. 3 not uni-lat-erai /jurni'laetral/ adj
capable, strong, etc enough: / done by one side or party only: a
feel'^ to the task, ^ly adv ~ declaration of independence.
un-even /An'irvan/ adj not level un-in-hib-ited /,Anm'hibitid/
or smooth; variable in quality. a<^ without inhibitions.
un-fair /An'fe9(r)/ adj unjust: '^ union /'jurnian/ n 1 [C,U] unit-
remarks/competition. '>^ly adv. ing; joining: the '^ of the three
un-faith-ful /An'feiGfl/ adj not towns. 2 [C,U] agreement or
true to a promise; not faithful to harmony: a happy ~, eg a happy
marriage vows. marriage. 3 [C] association. O
un-fam-il-iar /,Anf9'mih9(r)/ adj trade-union, the ,U'>^ 'Jack,
1 not well known: That face is ~ the British national flag.
to me. 2 not acquainted with: He unique /ju:'ni:k/ adj having no
with this district.
is 'V. equal; being the only one. -x.'ly
un-f it /An'ftt/ adj not fit or suit- adv
able: He is '^for the army. uni-son /'ju:nisn/ n [U] in '^,
 .

unit/unsuitable

together; in the same pitch: sing un-noticed /An'naulist/ adj not

iri'^. observed or noticed.
unit /'jurnjl n [C] 1 single per- un-ob-trus-ive /,An3b'tru:siv/
son, thing or group. 2 standard a<(/ not too obvious.
of measurement: The metre is a un-of-fi-cial /lAna'fiJl/ adj not
~ of length. 3 the number 1 official.
unite /ju:'nait/ v/ /I make or be- un-pack /An'pxk/ vtji take cut
come one; join. 2 act or work (things packed): '^ a suitcase.
together. un-pleas-ant An'pleznt/ flf^not
unity /'juinati n (pi -\es) 1 [C,U] pleasant. '>^ness n [C,U]
the state of being united, balanc- un-precedented /An'presi-
ed whole: the ~
of the painting. 2 dentid, adj never done or known
[U] agreement: political'^. before: '^ wealth.
uni-ver-sal /ju:ni'v3:sl/ adj of. un-quali-fied /An'kwolifaid/ adj
affecting, all: War causes -^ 1 not restricted: "<- praise. 2 not
misery, 'v/iy adv qualified: -^ to teach.
uni-verse /'ju:niv3:s n the U^^, unques-tion-able /An'kwes-
everything that exists every- tjanabl/ adj beyond doubt; cer-
where; all the stars, planets, etc. tain.
uni-ver-sity /ju:iii'v3:s3ti/ n [C] un-ravel /An'ravl/ vr// (-II-, fyS
(pl-^es)^ institution for advanc- -I-) 1 separate the threads of
ed teaching and research. 2 The cat has '^led the knitting. 2
members of such an institution. solve: a mystery.
->*

un-kind An'kamd/ adj not un-real /An'nsl/ adj imaginary;

showing kindness. not real.
un-known An'naun/ adj not un-reas-on*abie /An'riizdnsbl/
known or identified. adj not reasonable.
un-leash 'An'li:J/ vt (fig) set free un-re-li-able /,Anri'lai3bl/ adj
(to attack): -^ a dog. not to be trusted.
un-less /an'les/ conj if not: You un-rest /An'rest/ n [U] disturbed
will fail 'v you work harder. condition(5): political '^.
un-like /An'laik adj. prep not un-re-stricted /,Ann'striktid
like; different from. adj without restriction(s).
un-like-ly /An'laikli/ adj not like- un-ruffled /An'rAfld/ adj calm;
ly to happen or be true. not upset.
un-load /An'bud/ v///1 remove a un-ruly /An'ruih/ adj (-ier, -iest)
load, cargo from: ^
a ship. 2 get not easily controlled; naughty.
rid of (somebody, something un-sa-voury (US = -sa-vory)
not wanted). /An'seivan/ adj (esp) nasty; dis-
un*lock /An'lok/ vt use a key to gusting.
open a lock. un-scathed /An'skeidd/ adj un-
un-lucky /An'lAki/ adj (-ier, hurt.
-iest) not lucky, not fortunate. un-scru-pu-lous /An'skru.-p-
un-man*ned /An'mxnd/ o^ julas/ adj not guided by con-
having no crew: an -^ spacecraft. science (not todo wrong).
un-n^ask /An'mask/ vt/i 1 re- un-seat /An'si:t/ vt 1 remove
move a mask (from). 2 (//^) from office: ^ the President. 2
show the true character of -^ a throw (the rider) from a horse.
un-settle /An'setl/ v/ make
un-men-tion-able /An'men- troubled, uncertain: '^d weath-
Jsnabl/ a<^" too bad to be spoken er,changeable weather.
of: -v, crimes. un-sight-ly /An'saith/ adj un-
un-mis-tak-able /,Anini'stei- pleasant to look at.
kabl/ adj about which there is no un-sound /An'saund/ adj 1 un-
doubt. un-mis-tak>ably /-sbli/ satisfactory; an ~ building. 2 of
adv '"^ mind, mentally disturbed.
un-moved /An'mu:vd/ adj (esp) un-speak-able /An'spLksbl/ ot^
not affected: 'v. by her tears. that cannot be expressed: ~
un*natu-ral /An'naetjral/ adj not joy /sadness.
natural or normal. un-stuck /An'stAk/ o^^ 1 not
un-nec-ess-ary /An'nesssn/ adj stuck or fastened. 2 '^. come
not necessary. fail.
un-nerve /An^iaiv/ vr cause to un-suit-able /An'suitsbl/ adj noi
lose courage. suitable.
 413 unswerving /upstream

un-swerv-ing /An'sw3:vii)/ adj up-held /Ap'held/ pt.pp of

not changing: ^ loyalty. uphold.
un-tidy /An'taidi/ adj (-ier, -iest) up-hill /'Aphil/ adj 1 sloping up-
not tidy. ward: an -^ road. 2 (fig) difficult:
un-tie /An'tai/ vt (pres part unty- an 'V. task, n adv up a slope: walk
ing; pt,pp untied) undo a knot,
etc. up-hold /Ap'hsuld/ vt (pt.pp
un-til /sn^til/ O
prep, conj tilP. upheld) 1 support or approve. 2
un-told /An'tauid/ adj (esp) too confirm (a decision).
great to be measured: ~ wealth. up-hol-ster /Ap'h3ulst3(r)/ vt
un'Used^ /An'jurzd/ a<^ never provide (seats, etc) with pad-
having been used. ding, springs, covering material,
un-used^ /An'ju:st/ adj'^ to. not etc. '>^er n [C]. up-hol-stery
accustomed to: '>^ ro cj7>' ///e. /-stri/ n [U] (materials, business
un-usual /An'ju:3l/ adj not usual; oO upholstering.
strange. ^s^lyaJv up-keep /'Apki:p/ n [U] (cost oO
un-veil /An' veil/ vtji 1 remove a keeping something in good ord-
veil (from). 2 reveal. er: the '^
of a house.
un-wieldy /An'wirldi/ a<^ diffi- up-iand /'Apldnd/ n [C] higher
cult to move or control (because part(s)ofaregion.
large or heavy). up-most /'Apmaust/ adj = up-
un*wind /An'wamd/ vtji (pt.pp permost.
-wound) 1 untwist (wool, etc). 2 upon /s'pon/ prep = on.
{informal) relax. up-per /'Ap3(r)/ adj situated
un-wrap /An'raep/ vt/i (-pp-) re- above: the '^ lip; the -^ arm. a n
move the wrapping or cover. [C] part of a shoe over the sole.
up /ap/ adv (contrasted with the ''x. class, top levels of so-
down) 1 to or in a vertical posi- ciety. ''>^most /-maust/ adj
tion: He's already ^, out of bed. highest: thoughts '\^most in their
Stand ^.' 2 to or in a high(er) minds, d adv on the top.
place, position, etc: Lift your up- right /'Aprait/ adj 1 placed
head^. Prices are going -v,. pull vertically to the ground: an ~
one's socks up, C> sockV 3 post. 2 honourable: an '^ judge.
to an important town; to the a n [C] upright support.
north: go ^
to London. 4 to- up-ris-ing /Ap'raizii)/ n [C] re-
wards: He came -^ (to me) and voh; rebellion.
asked the time. 5 completely: up-roar /'AprD:(r)/ n [U] (out-
The stream has dried '^^. 6 with burst oO noise and excitement:
more force: Speak/Sing '^! 7 ^v^ The meeting ended in (an) --v.
against (it), faced with (diffi- "^i-ous /Ap'roaias/ adj
culties, obstacles, etc), i'^^ and up- root /Ap'rurt/ vt pull up with
^down, (a) forward and back: the roots.
walking ^ and down
the station up-set /Ap'set/ vt/i (pt.pp '^)
platform, (b) so as to rise and (-tt-) 1 tip over; overturn: Don't
fall: The boat bobbed 'v. and '^ the boat. 2 trouble; disturb: '>-
down on the water. ^^ for, (a) the enemy's plan; ^
one's sto-
being tried (for an ofTence, etc). mach, a n /'Apset/ [C] 1 upset-
(b) on offer: The house is -^ for ting: have a ^stomach ~. 2 (sport)
sale. -^ to, (a) busy with: unexpected result.
What's he ^
to? (b) capable of: up-shot /'Apjot/ n the '^. out-
/ don't feel 'v. to going to work. come; result.
(c) as far as: '>^ to now. (d) re- up-side-down /,Apsaid 'daun/
quired: It's ^
to us to help, a adv 1 with the top underneath. 2
prep: climb '^ a mountain; walk (fig) in disorder: The house was
'-w the stairs. ,<^-and-'coming turned -«- by the burglars.
ad/ (of a person) likely to suc- up-stairs /Ap'steaz/ adv. adj to
ceed, i-^s and 'downs, (fig) or on a higher floor: go I walk ^;
good and bad fortune. an ~ room.
up-bring-ing /'Apbriqiij/ n [U] up-stand-ing /Ap'stsndu)/ adj^
training during childhood. standing erect; healthy. 2
up-date /Ap'deit/ vt bring up to honest.
date: '>^ sales figures. up-stream /Ap'stri:m/ adv in the
up-heaval /Ap'hirvl/ n [C] violent opposite direction to the cur-
change: political '^s. rent.
up-to-date /vaccinate
up-to-date /,Ap ts 'deit/ adj
the present time; modern: -^
methods.
up-ward /'Apwad/ adj moving or
directed up: an '^ glance, a adv
(often up-wards) towards
higher place, etc.
ura-nium /ju'remiam/ n [U] rad-
ioactive metal (symbol U).
ur-ban /'arban/ adj of or in a
town.
urchin /'3:tfm/ n [C] 1 mischie-
vous small boy. 2 poor child.
urge /3:d3/ vt 1 push or drive on:
The crowd '^d him on to win. 2
request earnestly: / ~
you to go.
D n [C] strong desire.
ur-gent /'atdsant/ adj needing
immediate decision or action.
-^^ly adv.
uri-nate /'judrmeit/ vi
urine.
urine /'juann/ n [U] waste
from the bod V.
urn holding
/3:n/ n [C] 1 vase for
the ashes of a dead person. 2
large metal container for serving
tea or coffee.
us /9S strong form: as/ pr on object
form of we: We hope you will vis-
it 'v soon.
usage n 1 [U] way of
/'ju:zid3/
using something: rough 'v.. 2 [C,
U] use of a language: Such ^s
are not acceptable.
use' /ju:s/ n 1 [U] using or being
used: the '^ of gas for cooking, in
'>^. being used, come into »>'.
begin to be used, out of '-^. not
being used. 2 [C,U] purpose: a
tool with many '^s. 3 [Uj value:
Is this paper of any ^^7 A [U]
power of using: lose the '>^ of
one's legs. 5 [Ufright to use: You
can have the 'v. of my car. 'v/ful
/'juisfl/ adj helpful; serving a
purpose: a 's^ful tool, 'x/fully
adv. '>^less adj (a) of no use;
worthless, (b) without result:
It's '^less to argue with them.
'>^less-ly adv
use' /ju:z/ vt (pt.pp '^6 /jurzd/) 1
cause to act or serve a purpose:
'>^ a pen to 2 consume; fin-
write.
ish: He has '\^d up all his
strength. 3 behave towards: 11'^
others badly, used adj no longer
new: '^d cars, user, person or
thing that uses.
used /ju:st/ v (indicating a fre-
quent action or state in the
past): That's where I '>^ to live
when I was a child.
used to /'ju:st ts before vowels:
41
of tu:/ adj be familiar to by habit:
You will soon be/get '^ the
weather.
usher /'Aj3(r)/ n [C] person who
shows pjeople to their seats in
a theatres, cinemas, etc. n vr 1
lead, conduct: The girl '^ed me
to my seat. 2 produce: Oil'^edin
a period of prosperity. '>^ette
/(Aja'ret/, woman usher.
usual /'ju:3l/ adj as commonly
happens; normal: He arrived lat-
er than 'N^. '^ly /'ju:33li/ adv
usurp /ju:'z3:p/ vt wrongfully
take (power, authority), -^^er n
[C]
uten-sil /ju:'tensl/ n [C] instru-
ment, tool, esp for use in the
house.
uterus /'jurtaras/ n [C] {pi ~es)
pass {anat) = womb.
util-ity /jur'tibti/ n (pl-\es) 1 [U]
liquid quality of being useful: *'>^ van,
with various uses. 2 [C] public
service, eg supply of water.
util-ize /'jurtilaiz/ vt make use of.
util-iz-ation /-'zeijn/ n [U]
ut>most /'Atmaust/ adj most ex-
treme; greatest: with the '^ care.
o n (sing only) the most that is
possible: / shall domy^.
ut>ter' /'At3(r)/ adj complete; to-
tal: '>^ darkness, 'x/ly adv com-
pletely.
ut-ter' /'At9(r)/ vt make (a
sound) with the mouth; say: the
last words he '\^ed. 'X'ance n [C,
U] spoken word or words.
Vv
V, V /vi:/ (pi V's, v's) 1 the 22nd
letter of the English alphabet. 2
the Roman numeral 5.
va-cancy /'veikansi/ n (pi -ies) 1
[U] condition of being empty. 2
[C] unoccupied space or job.
va-cant /'veikant/ adj 1 empty: a
'>^ room, eg in a hotel; a '^ post/
position, eg in an office. 2 with-
out thought or interest: a '^ ex-
pression. 'X/ly adv
va-cate /vei'keit/ vt leave empty:
'>^ a house /'^ one 's seat.
va-ca-tion /va'keijn/ n [C] holi-
day; rest from work.
vac-ci-nate /'vaeksmeit/ vt

protect (a person) (against dis-
ease) by injecting vaccine, vac-
ci'na-tion /-Jn/w [C,U].
vac-cine /'vaeksim/ n [C,U] sub-
stance used to protect persons
from smallpox by giving them a
weak form of the disease.
vac-uum /'vaekjuam/ n [C] (pi
'y^s or vacuua /-jua/) space com-
pletely empty of substance or
gas(es). ''V- cleaner, apparatus
which takes up dust, dirt, etc by
suction. '->- flask, one having a
vacuum between its inner and
outer walls, keeping the con-
tents at an unchanging temper-
ature.
vaga-bond /'vaegabond/
[C] (person) having no fixed
home.
va-gina /va'dsams/ n
(anat) passage (in
mammal) from the external
genital organs to the womb.
va-grant /'veigrant/ adj,n [C]
(person) leading a wandering
life: 'V, tribes, va-grancy n
U]
vague /veig/ adj (-r, -st) 1 not
clear or distinct: a '^ outline/
idea. 2 (of persons) uncertain.
'x/ly adv. 'N./ness n [U]
vain /vem/ adj (-er, -est) 1
out value or result: a '^ attempt.
2 in '^. (a) without result, (b)
without respect: take a person 's
name i« ~. 3 having too high an
opinion of oneself, 'x/ly ad\
vale /veil/ Aj [C] (//'O
val-en-tine /'vaebntam/ n [C]
(card sent on St Valentine's
Day, 14 Feb, to a) sweetheart.
valet /'vaeht/ n [C] man em-
ployed to clean or press clothes.
D vt act as a valet.
valid /'vaelid/ adj^ (of contracts,
etc) having force in law. 2 (of ar-
guments) well-based; strong:
raise ~ objections.
/va'bdati/ n [U] state of being
valid. '^Bte /'vaelideit/ \t make
valid: ^ a c/flim.
val-ley /'vaeh/ n [C] (pi 'v/s) low
land between hills or mountains,
often with a river.
valu-able /'vaeljuabl/ adj, n [C]
(thing) of great value, worth: a
'>•.' discovery.
valu-ation /,vaBlju'eiJn/ n 1 [U]
deciding the value of something.
2 [C] the value decided on: put a
high '>^ on the house.
value /'vaelju:/ n 1 [U] quality of
being useful: the 'n. of walking as
415 vaccine/ varicose vein
an exercise. 2 [C,U] worth of
something in terms of money or
other goods: the ~
of my house is
£10000. 3 [U] what something is
worth (contrasted with the
price): / offered £350 for the car
but its '^ is higher. 4 (in music)
length of a note. 5 (pi) stan-
dards: moral ~5. d vr 1 estimate
the money value of. 2 have a
high opinion of: / ^
my secre-
tary, 'x/less adj worthless, val-
uer, person who estimates the
value of property, land, etc.
valve l\it\\/ n [C] 1 device to al-
low the fiow of air, liquid, in one
direction only. 2 similar struc-
adj.n ture in the heart. 3 tube allowing
the fiow of electrons in one
direction.
[C] (pi '^s) vam-pire /'vaempai3(r)/ n [C] (in
a female stories, etc) dead person who
sucks the blood of sleeping per-
sons. ''>-' bat, blood-sucking
bat.
van /vaen/ n [C] 1 covered
[C, motor-vehicle or railway car-
riage for carrying goods.
van-dal /'vaendl/ n [C] person
who deliberately destroys
F>roperty, etc. '>^ism /-iz3m/*«
U] behaviour of vandals.
with- vane /vem/ n [C] 1 pointer on the
top of a building, showing the
direction of the wind. 2 blade of
a propeller, etc.
va-nilla /va'nib/ n 1 [C] plant
with sweet-smelling fiowers. 2
= valley. [U] substance from vanilla used
for flavouring.
van-ish /'vaenij/ vi suddenly dis-
appear; fade away gradually.
van-ity /'vaenati/ n (pi -ies) 1 [U]
having too high an opinion of
oneself. 2 [U] quality of being
worthless: the 'v. of pleasure.
van-quish /'vaeqkwij/ vr defeat.
va-por-ize /'veiparaiz/ vt/i
'>.'ity change into vapour.
va-pour /'veip3(r)/ n [U] steam;
mist; gas-like form of a sub-
stance: 'water 'y^.
vari-able /'veanabl/ adj varying;
changeable: 'v. winds, a n [C]
variable thing or quantity.
vari-ably a</v
vari-ant /'veanant/ adj alterna-
tive: -^ spellings of a word, a n
[C] variant form.
vari-ation /jvean'eijn/ n 1 [C,U]
(degree oO varying: ~(5) of tem-
perature. 2 [C,U] change from
what is usual.
vari-cose v^in /,vaenk3us 'vem/
varied /verbal
adj vein that is permanently
swollen.
varied /'veand adj ^ of differ-
ent sorts: ->- scenes. 2 full of
changes: a ~
career.
var-iety /va'raiati/ n (pi -ies) 1
[U] quality of not being the
same: a life full o/ ~. 2 (sing
only) number of different
things: for a '>^ of reasons. 3 [C]
difierent sort: rare varieties of
birds. 4 [U] entertainment with
singing, dancmg, comedy, etc: a
''^act.
vari-ous /'veariai,' adJ different:
for '^ reasons. '>-ly adv
varnish /'va:mj"/ n [C,U] (liquid
used to give a) hard, shiny, sur-
face on wood, etc. a vt put varn-
ish on.
vary /'vean/ vt/i (pt.pp -ied)
(cause to) be different, change;
They^ in weight.
vase /va:z/ n [C] vessel of glass,
pottery, etc for holding flowers.
vast /vaat/ adj immense; exten-
sive: a ^ desert, 'x^ly adv. '^ly
improved, '^ness n [U]
vat /vaet/ n [C] large vessel for
holding liquids, esp in
dyeing.
vault' /vD:lt/ n [Cj 1 arched roof.
2 underground room or cellar: a
'bank '^.
vault^ /v3:lt/ v/// jump using the
hand(sVa pole: 'v, {over) a fence.
D n [C J jump made in this way.
O pole-vault, '^er, person who
vaults: a *pole-^er.
veal /vi:l/ n [U] flesh of a calf
eaten as food.
veer /via(r)/ change direction.
vi
veg-etable /'vedjtabl/ adj of,
from, plants: 'v. oils, a n [C]
plant, esp one used for food, eg
cabbages, carrots.
veg-etar-ian /,ved3i'te3ndn/ n
[CJ person who eats no meat.
veg-etate /'ved3iteit/ vj lead a
dull hfe with little thought.
veg-eta-tion /,ved3i'teijn/ n [U]
plants (in an area).
ve-he-ment /'viidmant/ ad/ (for-
mal) 1 (of feelings) strong, eag-
er.2 (of persons, their speech,)
showing strong feeling: --s^ pas-
sions, 'x/ly adv
ve-hicle n [C] 1 carriage
/'virikl/
(car, lorry, van, bus, etc). 2
means of expressing thought,
etc: Art is a '^^or propaganda.
veil /veil/ n [Cj 1 covering to hide
a woman's face. 2 (fig) some-
thing that hides: a '>^ of mist, a vt
416
put a veil over- (fig) hide.
vein /vem/ n [C] 1 vessel along
which blood flows to the heart.
2 one of the lines in leaves or the
wings of insects. 3 coloured
streak in stone. 4 seam of miner-
al or ore: a '\^ of gold.
vel-oc-ity /va'losati/ n (formal)
= speed
vel-vet /'velvit/ n [U] silk cloth
with a thick soft surface, vel-
vety a<^ like velvet.
y/e-neer /vi'ni3(r)/ n 1 [C,U] lay-
er of wood glued to the surface
of cheaper wood. 2 (fig) surface
appearance: a --^ of kindness, a
vr put a veneer (1 ) on.
ven-er-able /'venarabl/ adj de-
serving respect because of age,
etc:a -^ abbot.
ven-er-ate /'venareit/ vt regard
with deep respect, ven-e'r-
ation /-Jn/ n [U]
ve-nereal /vi'niarial/ adj of,
communicated by, sexual inter-
course: 'v. diseases.
ven^geance /'vendjans/ n [U] 1
revenge: take ~
on an enemy. 2
with a '>^, to a greater degree
brewing, than normal: The rain came
down with a '^.
venge-ful /'vendsfl/ a<^ showing
a desire for revenge.
ven-ispn /'venizn/ n [U] flesh of
a deer eaten as food.
venom /'venam/ n [U] 1 poiso-
nous fiuid of certain snakes. 2
(fig) hate; spite. 'v/ous
/'venamas/ a<^ poisonous.
vent /vent/ n [C] 1 hole for air,
gas, liquid, to pass. 2 outlet for
one's feehngs. give -n^ to, freely
express: He gave <%. to his feel-
ings, a vt provide an outlet for:
He '^edhis anger on his wife.
ven-ti-late /'ventileit/ vt cause
(air) to move in and out freely;
^ a room, ven-ti-la-tor, device
for ventilating, ven-ti'la-tion
/-In/ n [U]
ven-ture /'ventj3(r)/ n [C,UJ un-
dertaking in which there is risk:
a 'business ->-. d v///1 risk danger
or loss: ^ too near a cliff. 2 risk,
dare: 'v. an opinion.
ve-ran-dah, ve«randa
/va'randa/ n [C] roofed space
along the sidefs) of a house.
verb /v3:b/ n [C] word showing
what a person or thing does or
is.
verbal /'varbl/ adj 1 of or in
words. 2 spoken, not written: a
-^ statement, '^ly adv in spoken

words.
ver-bose /var'baus/ adj using
more words than are needed: a
--w speaker. verbos>ity
/v3:'bDS3ti/«[U]
verdict /'v3:dikt/ n [C] 1 deci-
sion reached by a jury in court: a
'^ of guilty /not guilty. 2 decision
or opinion: The popular '^ was
against the strike.
verge /v3:d3/ n 1 [C] edge; bord-
er (eg at the side of a road). 2 be
on the -y^ of. very close to: on
the ^ of war. a vi approach
closely.
ver-ify /'verifai/ vt (pt.pp -led)
test or show the truth or accu-
racy of: ^
a report, veri-f i-ca-
tion/-fi'keiJn/n[U]
veri-tabie /'veritabl/ adj rightly
named: a '^ liar.
vermin /'v3:min/ n [U] 1 ani-
mals or insects harmful to
plants, birds and other animals.
2 (fig) human beings who are
harmful to society.
ver-nacu-lar /v3'naBkjol9(r)/ adj
using the local language: a '^
poet, a n [C] language or dialect
of a country or district.
ver-sa-tile /'v3:s9tail/ adj clever
at many different things: c 'v.
mind/ invent ion.
verse /V3:s/ n 1 [U] writing ar-
ranged in lines, each having a
regular pattern: prose and ~. 2
[Cj unit in a poem, etc.
line of verse. 4 division of a
chapter in the Bible.
versed /v3:st/ adj ^d in. skilled
or experienced in.
ver-sion /'vsijn/ n [C] 1 account
of an event, etc from the point of
view of one person: There were
three ^s of what happened. 2
translation: a new ~ of the Bible.
ver-sus /'v3:s3s/ prep (abbr v in
print) against: England v Brazil.
ver-te-bra /'v3:tibr9/ n [C] (pi '^e
/-bri:/) bone of the backbone.
'>-te /'v3:tibnt/ n [C], adj (ani-
mal, bird, etc) having a back-
bone.
ver-ti-cal /'v3:tikl/ adj {of a. line)
at a right angle to the earth's
surface or to another Une. a n [C]
vertical line. '>^ly adv
very' /'veri/ adj 1 exact; identic-
al: /I / that -s^ moment
the phone
rang. 2 extreme: at the -^ end.
very^ "ven' adv 1 in a high de-
gree: ~ quickly/little. '-^ well.
(showing agreement, obe-
dience): V'^.. well, doctor, ill give
417 verbose/ vicinity
up smoking. 2 in the highest de-
gree: at the -^ latest.
vessel n [C] 1 receptacle,
/'vesl/
esp for a liquid, eg a bowl,
bottle. 2 ship or large boat. O
blood-vessel.
vest' /vest/ n [C] 1 {GB) under-
wear v^om on the upper part of
thebody. 2(6'5^ = waistcoat.
vest^ /vest/ vr give as a fixed
right: ~ a man with authority.
ves-tige /'vestid3/ n [C] trace or
sign; small remaining bit: There
not a '^ of truth in the report.
is
vet' /vet/ n [C] (informal) (abbr
for) veterinary surgeon.
vet' /vet/ vt (-XX-) (informal) ex-
amine carefully, eg a person,
qualifications, etc.
vet-eran /'vetaran/ n [C] 1 per-
son with long experience, eg as a
soldier: a war ~. 2 (of cars)
made before 1916: a ~
Rolls
Royce.
vet-erin-ary /'vetnnn/ adj con-
cerned with the diseases of ani-
mals: a '>-' surgeon.
veto /'vi:t3u/ n [C] (pi ^es) right
to reject or forbid something;
statement that rejects or prohib-
its: exercise a power of ^. a vt
put a veto on: 'v- a proposal.
vex /veks/ vt {formal) annoy; dis-
tress: He was -^ed at his failure.
'>.'ation /-'seiJn/Ai [C,U]
via /'vaia/ prep by way of: travel
3 [C] one -^ Dover.
vi-abie /'vaisbl/ adj capable of
existing and surviving: make a
business ~. vi-abil-ity /-'bilati/
vi-aduct /'vaiadAkt/ n [C] long
bridge carrying a road, etc
across a valley.
vi-brate /vai'bre;t/ v/// (cause to)
shake: The house '^s whenever a
heavy lorry passes. 2 throb;
quiver: The strings of a piano ~.
vi'bra-tion /-Jn/ n (C, U]
vibrating movement.
vicar /'vik?(r)/ n [C] clergyman
in charge of a parish. '>^age n
[C] vicar's residence.
vice' /vais/ n [C,U] evil conduct
or practice: Smoking iso'^.
vice^ /vais/ n [C] apparatus in
which things can be held tightly
while being worked on.
vice- /vais-/ prefix person who is
next in rank to: '^-president.
vice versa |VaiS3 'v3:s3 adj
(Latin) the other way round: IVe
gossip about them and'^.
vi-cin-ity /vi'smati/ n [C.U] (pi
vicious/virtual

-les) neighbourhood: There isn 7 lager, person who lives in a vil-

a good school in the '^. lage.
vi-cious /'vijas/ adj 1 evil: a '^ villain /'vibn/ n [C] wicked per-
life. 2 done with evil intent: a ~ son.
kick, f'^ 'circle, state in which a vindi-cate 'vmdikeit/ vt show
cause produces an efiect which or prove the truth, justice, valid-
produces the original cause. ity, of: ~a claimjone's actions.
'x.ly adv vin-di'ca-tion /-Jn/ n [C, U]
vic-tim /'viktim/ n [C] 1 animal vin-dic-tive vin'diktiv/ adj
killed as a religious sacrifice. 2 showing a desire for revenge.
person, animal, etc sufTering in- '>-ly adv. '>^ness n [U]
jury, pain, loss: the ~.s of the vine /vam/ n [C] 1 climbing
earthquake. '>-ize -maiz/ vt plant, esp one whose fruit is the
treat unfairly; punish, 'x^iz- grape, ^yard 'vinjad/, area of
ation /-'zeijn/ n [U] land planted with grape-vines.
vic-tor /'vikt3(r)/ n [C] person vin-egar /'vinig9(r)/ n [C] acid
who conquers or wins, '^^i-ous liquid (made from malt, wine,
/vik'to:ri3s,/ adj having gained etc) used in fiavouring food.
the victory, '^•ous-ly adv. vin-egary adj like vinegar.
vic-tory /'viktan/ n [C,U] (pi vin-tage /'vintids/ n 1 [C] (rarely
-ies) success (in war, a contest, pi)(season of the) grape harvest.
game, etc). 2 [C,U] (wine from) grapes of a
video /'vidiau/ (C,U] ac// record- particular year: of the ->- of 1973.
ing and reproducing vision: ->- 3 (as an adj) old and of high
cassettes. quality: a car.~
view^ vju:/ n 1 [U] being seen; vi-nyl /'vainil/ n [C,U] (kinds oQ
field of vision: in full of the ~ tough, flexible plastic, used for
crowd, in -x^ of. considering: In coverings, clothing, etc.
*>- of the facts... on '>^. being vi-ola /vi'aub/ n [CJ kind of large
shown: clothes on ~
in the big violin.
shops, come into ^, become vi-ol-ate 'vaialeit/ vt 1 break (a
visible. 2 [C] something seen, esp promise, a treaty, etc). 2 act to-
natural scenery, etc: a house with wards without proper respect:
a fine ~
of the mountains. 3 [C] ~ a person's privacy, vi-o'l-
personal opinion: She had ation /-Jn/ n [C, U]
strong -^5 on the subject. 4 iv/'f/i vi-ol-ence /'vaiabns/ n [U] great
a ->- to. with the intention of. force; violent conduct: robbery
''^/-finder, device in a camera with^.
showing the area, etc that will be vi-ol-ent /'vaiabnt/ adj 1 using,
photographed. ''>^point, = showing, great force: a -^ wind/
point of view. attack. 2 caused by a cruel at-
view^ /vju:/ vt look at; examine; tack: a ~death. 3 severe: ~
consider: The subject may be pain. '^\yadv
'^ed in various ways, '^er, (esp) vi-olet /'vQiiabt/ n 1 [C] small
person watching a television plant with sweet-smelling flow-
programme. ers. 2 [U] bluish-purple colour.
vigil /'vid3il/ n [C,U] staying vi-olin /|Vai3'lin/ n [C] four-
awake to keep watch or to pray. stringed musical instrument
vigi-lant /'vidsibnt/ adj watch- played with a bow. 'v.ist, violin
ful; ready for danger. '>^ly adv. player.
vigi-lc..ceAi[U] vi-per /'vaip3(r)/ n [C] kind of
vig-our(t/S =
vigor) /'vig3(r), poisonous snake.
n [U] mental or physical vir-gin /'v3:d3in/ n [C] girl or
strength; energy, vig-orous woman who has not experienc-
adj stiDng; energetic, vig-or- ed sexual intercourse, a adj 1
ous- y adv
1 pure and untouched: ~
snow. 2
vile j\2ii\l adj (-r, -st) 1 disgust- unused: ~
soil. '>^ity
ing: '^ habits I language. 2 (infor- /V3'd3m9ti/ n [U] state of being a
mal) very bad: ~ weather. "K^ly virgin.
/'vailh/ adv vir-ile /'virail/ adj^ strong; man-
villa /'vib/ n [C] (pi '^s) large ly. 2 (of men) able to have sexual
house with a garden. intercourse, vir-il-ity /vi'ribti/ n
vil-lage /'vilid3/ n [C] group of [U]
houses smaller than a town, vil- virtual /'vartjual/ adj being in
 419 virtue/volcano

fact b.ut not accepted openly: a vit-amin /'vitamm/ n [C] sub-

^ defeat /confession. '^\\ stance found in certain foods
/-t juali/ adv and essential to health.
vir-tue /'v3:tju:/ n 1 [C,U] good- vi-va-cious /vi'veijas/ adj lively;
ness or excellence: Patience is a high-spirited: a ~ girl. '>^ly adv
~. 2 [U] chastity, esp of women. vivid /'vivid/ adj 1 intense;
3 advantage: The great ^
of the bright: a ^ colour. 2 lively; ac-
scheme.. ^ by '^ of, by reason
. tive: a ~
imagination. 3 clear:
of; because of. vir-tu-ous have '^ memories. '>^ly adv
/'vaitjuas/ac//' having virtue(1 ). vivi-sec-tion /,vivi'sekjn/ n [C,
vi-rus /'vaiaras/ n [C] (pi '^es) U] experiments on (living ani-
living thing, smaller than bac- mals) for scientific research.
teria, spreading infectious dis- vixen /'viksn/ n [C] 1 female fox.
ease. 2 bad-tempered woman.
visa /'vi:z9/ n [C] {pi ~s) stamp vo-cabu-lary /va'kaebjubn/ n
put on a passport permitting the [C] {pi -ies) 1 total number of
owner to visit or leave a country. words in a language. 2 [C,U]
vis-count /'vaikaunt/ n [C] nob- words used by a person, a
leman higher in rank than a bar- profession, etc: a writer with a
on. '>^ess /-IS/ n [C] wife of a vis- large 'v-. 3 [C] list of words used
count; female viscount. in a book, etc.
vis-ible /'vizsbl/ adj that can be vo-cal /'vaukl/ adj of, for, the
seen, vis-ibly adv obviously: voice: the ^
organs. '^\y adv.
She was visibly annoyed, vis- '^ist«[C] singer.
ibil-ity /-'bibti/ n [U] (esp) dis- vo-ca-tion /vao'keijn/ n 1 [U]
tance to which one can see. feeling that one is called to a cer-
vi-sion /'vi3n/ n 1 [U] power of tain kind of work: Nursing is a
seeing: the field of '^. 2 imagina- ~. 2 [U] special ability {for). 3
tion: a man of >. 3 [C] some- [C] person's trade or profession.
thing seen or imagined: '^s of '^al adj o^ or for a vocation (3):
great wealth. '^al courses.
vi-sion-ary /'vi33nri/ adj^ exist- vodka /'vodka/ n [C,U] strong
ing only in the imagination: ~ Russian alcoholic drink.
schemes. 2 (of persons) having vogue /v3og/ n [C] current
grand ideas, d n [C] {pi -ies) vi- fashion: Are earrings still the
sionary person.
visit /'vizit/ vtji 1 go to see (a per- voice /vDis/ n 1 [U] sounds made
son or place): ^
a friend/ Rome. when speaking or singing. 2 [C]
2 go to inspect officially, d n [C] ability to make such sounds: He
act, time, of visiting: pay a-^toa has lost his ~, cannot speak. 3
friend. [C,U] quality of such sounds: in
visi-tor /'vizit9(r)/ n [C] person a loud/ soft '^. at the .top of
who visits; tourist. one's '^, loudly. 4 [U] have/
vi-sor /'vaiz3(r)/ n [C] 1 movable demand a '^ in sth, a right to
part of a helmet, covering the express an opinion, a vt put into
face. 2 peak of a cap. words: The spokesman ~<i the
vista /'vista/ n [C] {pi ^s) 1 dis- feelings of the crowd.
tant view. 2 {fig) mental view of void /void/ adj 1 empty; vacant.
events, etc: scientific discoveries 2 '-V' of, without: a subject of ~
give us new ~^ of the future. interest. 3 ,nu// and ''>^, {legal)
vis-ual /'vi3U3l/ adJ concerned without force; invalid, d n [C]
with, used in, seeing: ~
aids, (eg empty space, a vt (legal) make
in teaching) pictures, films, etc. void(3).
'v/ly adv. '>^ize /-laiz/ vt imagine vol-atile /'volatail/ adj 1 (of a
(as a picture). liquid) that easily changes into
vi*tal /'vaitl/ adj 1 of, necessary gas. 2 (of a person, his mood)
for, living. 2 supreme; indis- changingquickly.
pensable: of 'v/ importance, '^ly vol-cano /voPkeinau/ n [C] {pi
adv ~es or ~s) hill or mountain
vi-tal-ity /vai'taebti/ n [U] 1 ca- with openings (C> crater)
pacity to survive. 2 energy, live- through which gases, lava,
liness: the '^ of young children. ashes, etc come up from below
vi-tal-ize /'vaitalaiz/ vt put the earth's crust, vol-canic
energy, strength into. /vol'kaenik/at//'
volley /waft 42

vol-ley n [C] 1 shooting of

/'vdIi/ ^marriage ~j. D vt make a vow;
a number of arrows, bullets, etc promise.
together 2 succession of curses, vowel /'vaual/n (C) 1 vocal
questions. 3 (tennis) stroke sound made without stopping of
which returns the ball before it the breath. 2 letter or symbol for
touches the ground, a vt/i 1 (of such a sound (eg the letters a. e,
guns) sound together. 2 hit a i.o.u).
voUeyO) voy-age /'vDiids/ n [C] long jour-
volt vdult/ n [C] (abbr v) unit of
/ ney by water, a vi go on a vo-

electrical force. '>^age n [C,U] yage, voy-ager n [C] person

electrical force measured
volts.
vol-uble /'voljubl/ adj talking
very quickly and easily, vol-
ubly oc/v.
vol-ume /'volju.m n [C] 1 book,
esp one of a set of books. 2 [U]
amount of space occupied by a
substance. 3 [C] large amount: a
large ^
of work. 4 [U] (of sound)
power: Your radio has a '^ con-
trol.
vol-umi-nous /vs'lurminss/ adj
{formal) 1 (of writing) great in
quantity. 2 occupying much
space: ~5^i>/5.
vol-un-tary /'vobntn/ adj 1 do-
ing things willingly: workj^
helpers. 2 (of bodily move-
ments) controlled by the will.
vol-un-tar-ily /'volantrah/ adv
vol-un-teer /|VDbn'ti3(r)/ n [C] 1
person who offers to do some-
thing. 2 soldier who is not con-
scripted. D vt/i do something as a
volunteer: He ^ed some infor-
mation, ^for the army.
vo-lup-tU'Ous /va'lAptJuas/ adj
of, causing, sensuous pleasures:
a '^ girl. '>^ly adv
vomit /'vomit/ vt/i 1 bring back
from the stomach through the
mouth. 2 send out in large quan-
tities: chimneys '^ing smoke, a n
[U] food that has been vomited.
vote /v»ut/ n [C] 1 (right to give
an) expression of opinion or will
by ballot or by putting up of
hands: record/cast my '^; a'^^of
thanks. 2 number of votes given:
Will the Labour '>^ increase? a
vt/i 1 '^ for /against sb/sth,
support/oppose by voting. '^
on sth. express an opinion by
voting. 2 grant money (to): vot-
ing money for Education, voter,
person who votes.
vouch /vautj/ vi'^ for sb/sth,
be responsible for: '\^for him/ his
ability.
voucher /'vautj9(r)/ n [C]
receipt or document showing
payment of money.
vow /vau/ n [C] solenm promise:
in who makes a voyage.
vul-gar /'vAlg3(r)/ adj 1 rude;
showing bad manners: ~ lan-
guage. 2 showing poor
taste^(4): ~ patterns on the car-
pets, '^ity /vAl'gaerati/ n (pi -ies)
(a) [U] vulgar behaviour or
taste' (4). (b) (pi) vulgar acts,
words, '^Xyadv
etc.
vul-ner-able /'vAlnarabl/ adj nol
protected against attack: a --^
position. vul-ner-abil-ity
/-'bil3ti//i[U]
vul-ture /'vAlt;3(r)/ n [C] 1 large
bird that eats the flesh of dead
animals. 2 (fig) greedy person
who profits from the misfor-
tunes of others.
Ww
W, w /'dAblju:/ ipl W's, w's
/'dAblj«i:z/) the 23rd letter of the
English alphabet.
wad /wod/ n [C] 1 pad of soft
material: '>^s of cotton-wool. 2
number of banknotes, etc folded
or rolled together, a vt (-dd-) fill
with a wad.
waddle /'wodsl/ vi walk with
slow steps as a duck does. n [C]
this kind of walk.
wade /weid/ vt/i 1 walk with an
effort (through water). 2 work
through slowly: '>^ through a
long book. '^ into sth. attack it
with force, wader, long-legged
bird that wades.
wa-f er /'weif3(r)/ n [C] 1 thin fiat
biscuit. 2 piece of bread used in
Holy Communion.
waffle' /'wofl/ n [C] small cake
made of batter.
waffle' /'wofl/ vi {informal) talk
vaguely, unnecessarily, d n [U]
meaningless talk or writing.
waft /woft/ vt carry lightly
 421 wag /wane
through air or water: The scent sion, occupation.
'^ed into the room, a n [C] light walk^ /wD:k/ vt/i 1 move on foot,
breeze, smell. not having both feet off the
wag /waeg/ vt/i (-gg-) (cause to) ground at once. 2 cause to walk:
move from side to side: The dog He '^edhis horse up the hill, 3 go
-^ged its tail, a n [C] wagging over on foot: / have '^ed this dis-
movement. trictmany times. 4 -^ away
wage^ /weids/ n [C] payment with sth. win (a competition)
(every week) for work: His ~5 easily. '^ in. enter, wa/k into.
are £50 a week, '^s^-f reeze, offi- meet with: ~
into an ambush, 'x^
cialcontrol of wage increases. off with sth. take: He has ^ed
wage^ /weid3/ vt engage in (war. off with my umbrella, walk
etc). out. go on strike. Hence. ''>^-

wa-ger /'weid33(r)/ n [C], vt/i out n\C]. '^ out on sb. {infor-
bet. mal) desert him (when he ex-
waggle "waegl/ vt/i = wag. pects help, etc). '^ over sb. {in-
wag-gon (US usually wagon) formal) defeat him easily.
/'waegan/ n [C] 1 four-wheeled Hence, ''^-over n [C] easy vic-
vehicle for carrying goods. 2 tory.
open railway truck (eg for coal). wall /wd:1/ n [C] 1 vertical, solid
wail /well/ vt/i 1 cry in a loud structure of stone, brick, etc
voice: a ^ing child. 2 make a forming the side of a building or
similar sound (eg of a siren, room, or used to enclose, go up
wind). D n [C] waiHng cry. the '^. {si) become very angry.
waist /weist/ n [C] 1 part of the go to the ^. be defeated, espe-
body between the ribs and the cially financially. 2 {fig) some-
hips. 2 middle and narrow part: thing like a wall: a ~ of fire: the
the '^ of a violin. ''>^coat abdominal surround
-v-. d vt 1
/'weiskaut/, sleeveless clothing with walls: a '^ed garden. 2 -^
worn under a jacket. ''>^line, sth up/off. fill up with bricks,
part of the body, a dress, etc at etc: ^
up a window. ''>^f lower,
the waist. common garden plant with
\A^ait^ /'weit/ n [C] 1 act or time of sweet-smelling flowers, '-^pap-
waiting. 2 [U] lie in '^ for. hid er, paper with a coloured de-
in order to attack. sign, for covering the walls of
wait^ /'weit/ vt/i 1 stay where rooms.
one is, delay acting, until some- waMet /'wolit/ n [C] folding
thing happens: We are ^ing for leather case for banknotes, etc.
John to come. 2 be ready for: He wal-low /'wobu/ vi 1 roll about
is '^ing his opportunity. 3 '^ on (in mud, etc). 2 {fig) take great
sb. be his/her servant. 4 af, ^ delight in: ->-/>jg in success.
act as a waiter etc: ~
at table. wal-nut /'w3:lnAt/ n 1 [C] (tree
''>^ing list, list of persons who producing a) large nut with a di-
will be served, treated, etc later. vided 2 [UJ its wood, used
shell.
''>^ing room, room in a for making furniture.
railway-station, doctor's sur- wal-rus /'wD:lr3S/ n [C] {pi ~es)
gery, etc used by people who are large sea-animal with two long
waiting. '>^er, man who serves tusks.
food, etc in a restaurant. waltz wd:1s n [C] (music for a)
'>^ress, female waiter. slow ballroom dance, a vt i

wake^ /weik/ vt/i (pt woke dance a waltz.

/w3uk/, pp woken /'wauksn/) 1 wand wond n [C] slender rod
(cause to) stop sleeping: He as used by a magician.
woke up with a start, suddenly. 2 wan-der /'wDnd9(r); vti 1 go
make active, aware, etc: ^ him from place to place with no
up to the danger, wak-ing adj special purpose. 2 leave the right
being awake: his waking hours. path: We -^ed {for) miles in the
wake^ /weik/ n [C] track left by a mist. 3 move away from the sub-
ship on smooth water, in the ->- ject: His mind is ^ing. '>^er, per-
of. after; following. son or animal that wanders.
walk^ /wo:k/ n [C] 1 journey on ^ings n pi (a) long journeys,
foot. 2 manner of walking: a (b) confused speech.
slow '^. 3 path: my favourite -^s wane /wem' vi 1 (of the moon)
in the area. A '>-^ of fife, profes- show a decreasing bright area.
 .

wangle/ wash 4

O wax^. 2 become weaker: Hn building for storing goods, a vt

strength is waning -hauz store in a warehouse.
wangle 'wacQgl' vt (si) get, ar- warm' woim «(// (-er, -est) 1 of
range something, by trickery: ->- medium heal (between coo/ and
an extra week s holiday, a n [C] hot).2 keeping the body warm:
act of \A angling. '^ clothes.3 (of colours) bright;
want' wont n 1 [U] scarcity; suggesting heat Red and yellow
lack; die from ^ of water. 2 [U] are ~
colours. 4 enthusiastic: a
need: in ->- of repair. 3 [C] usual-
( -^ welcome. 5 sympathetic; af-
ly p[) desire for something: JfV fectionate: a ~ heart. ^'^-
can supply all your '>^j. 'blooded, (a) (of animals)
want^ wont vt /I be in need of: having warm blood, (b) (of a
That man -^s help. 2 wsh for: person) sho\\ing feelings, pas-
She ~5 to go home. 3 hunt: He is sion, ('^-'hearted, kind. '>^ly
'^ed by the police 4 need: Your ad\
hair -^s cutting, be found warm^ make or be-
worm, vtji
's^ing. be inadequate 5 for ^ come warm: ~
one's hands by
nothing, have all one needs. the fire. up. (a) make warm,
'>-'

war v.y.(T) n [C,U] 1 (state oO (b) practise before a game, a n

armed fighting between coun- act of warming.
tries, at '^, in a state of war warmth wD:m0/ n [U] state of
have been in the '^s, (infor- being warm."
mal) have sulTered injury, mis- warn worn vt inform (a person)
fortune, etc. 2 (Jig) any struggle in advance of F>ossible danger,
or conflict: the -^ against misfortune, ^^^ing adj that
poverty: a ^
of nerves, a vi (-rr-) warns, a n [C] that which warns:
fight; make war. ^wfare He didn t listen to my -^ing.
/'wD:fe3(r) making war; fight-
. warp W3:p/ vt i 1 (cause to) be-
ing. ''>^head, (of a torpedo, come bent or twisted: Some
shell, etc) explosive part. '>^like wood ~5 in hot weather. 2 (fig)
adj (a) ready for war: '^like pre- make evil; twist: His judgement
parations, (b) fond of war: a IS ^ed by suffering, a n [C] ^

'^like people. ''>^path, (only in) twisted condition in timber, etc.

on the '^path. ready for a 2 threads through which other
fight or quarrel, '-^ship, ship threads (the weft) are passed
for use in war. '^*^time, period when cloth is woven.
of war. war-rant 'worant/ n [C] written
warble 'woibl vti sing with a order giving authority, d vt
gentle trembling note, war- (usually pp) justified: His anger
bler, bird that warbles. is not ^ed. war-ranty, (written

ward wo:d n 1 [C] separate or printed) guarantee.

room in a building, esp a hospi- war-ren 'woran; n [C] 1 area
tal. 2 [C] division of a local where rabbits live and breed. 2
government area. 3 [C] person (fig) building or district in which
under the guardianship of an It is easy to lose one"s way.

older F>erson. a v/ '^ sth off. war-rior /'wDri3(r)/ n [C] (lit)

keep away, avoid: '^ off a blow soldier; fighter.
danger. wart wD:t n [C] small, hard,
war-den /'wD:dn/' n [C] person lump on the skin.
having control or authority: the wary 'wean/ adj (-ier, -iest)
'^ of a youth hostel. C> traffic careful: be '^ of strangers, yvar-
warden. Uyadv
war-der /'wD:d3(r)/ n [C] guard was / W3Z strong form: woz/ C>
in a prison, ward-ress, beV
woman warder. wash' /woj n [C.U] 1 act of
ward-robe 'woidraub n [C] 1 washing; being washed: give the
cupboard with pegs, shelves, etc car a ~. 2 clothing, sheets, etc
for clothes. 2 a persons clothes. (to be) washed. 3 movement or
3 costumes of a theatre com- flow of water: the ^^^ of the
pany. waves.
ware /weaCr) n 1 manufactured wash^ /wdJ/ vt/i 1 make clean
goods: 'silver'^. 2 (pi) articles of- with water or other liquid: ->-
fered for sale: sell one's '-^s. one 's hands clothes. wash
'>^house 'weahaus, n [C] one's hands of, hand'(l). O
 423 washable/ water

2 (of materials) be washed with- (4 or 2 hours), keep -v., be on

out damage: Does this material watch or watching. ''>>/-dog,
^ well? 3 (fig) be acceptable: dog kept to protect property.
That argument /excuse will not ''>>'man, man employed to
->-. 4 flow past or against: The guard a building esp at night.
sea '^es the base of the cliffs. 5 '>^ful adj (esp) wide-awake
(of moving liquid) carry away: -s^word -W3:d, password..

He was ^ed overboard by a huge watch^ wDtJ' vtf look at; keep
wave, --v/ sth away, remove by the eyes on: H'^ me carefully. '^
washing: ~
away stains, be one 's step, be careful not
(fig)
'^ed away, be removed by the to make an error.'>^ out. be

movement of the sea, etc. '>^ sth careful, alert, -^er, person who
down, (a) clean by washing: ~ watches.
down a car. (b) swallow (liquid) watch^ /WDtJ/ n [C] small clock
with: bread and cheese '^ed down carried in the pocket or on the
with beer. ^
sth out. clean by wrist.
washing, '^ed out. (a) ifig)e\- water' 'wD:t3(r) n 1 [U] liquid
hausted. (b) (of games) (H,0) found in rivers, lakes,
cancelled because of heavy rain. seas, by '^, by boat. ship. etc.
^ sth up. wash plates, cutlery, under '^. flooded, be in I get
etc. Hence, the |'>^ing-'up n. into hot '^. have get into
''>^-basin, basin in which to trouble, ho/d ^. (of a theory)
wash one's face and hands. '"*-'- be sound when tested, keep
out n (informal) complete fai- one's head above ^, avoid
lure, ''^room, (US) toilet. '->^- (esp financial) troubles, throw
tub, large wooden bowl in cold '^ on (a plan, etc), dis-
which to wash clothes. courage (it), tread water. O
wash-able /'wojabl/ adj that tread v(3). 2 [U] the state of the
can be washed. tide: at high/ low ^. 3 (pi) seas:
washer /'wDj"3(r)/ n [C] 1 ma- enemy ^s, the seas controlled by
chine for washing clothes, or the enemy. 4 (usually/?/) mass of
dishes. 2 small flat ring of metal, water: the '^s of the Nile. ''>^-
rubber, etc for making a joint or closet, (abbr WC)small room
screw tight. with a lavatory, '-vz-colour (65
wash-ing /'wojir)/ n [U] 1 act of = -color), (a) (pf) paints
washing. 2 clothes (to be) wash- mixed with water, not oil. (b)
ed. ''>^ing-machine, machine picture painted with water-
for washing clothes. colours, '"^cress, plant that
wasp /WDsp/ n [C] flying insect grows in running water, used in
with a sting m
the tail. salads, '-^fall, fall of water over
wast-age /'weistids/ " t^^ rocks or a cliff, '-^f ront, land,
amount wasted; loss by waste. part of a town, lacing the sea.
waste^ /weist, adj 1 (of land) the harbour, etc. '--^-level,
that cannot be used, /ay sth height of water in a reservoir,
waste, O lay^(3). 2 useless: etc. ''>^logged, adj (of wood,
i~ ^paper. a n^ [U] wasting or ships, land) full of water. ^'^-
being wasted: It's a ^of time. main, main pipe in a system of
ffo/run to '-W, not be used. 2 water-supply. '~mill, mill
U] waste material; refuse. 3 powered by water, ''-^^-polo,
area of waste land, etc: the 'y^s of ballgame played by two teams
the Sahara. ,'>^-'paper- of swimmers. ''>^proof adj
basket, basket for scraps of which does not let water
paper, etc. ''^^-pipe, pipe for through: -^proof material an
carrying off (used) water. '>^f ul [C] waterproof coat, a vi make
adj causing waste: ^ful waterproof. ''>^shed, (a) high
processes, --s^f ully adv land separating river systems,
waste^ /weist; vt/i 1 make no (b) (fig) division between events
use of; use more than is neces- which take different courses. '-^
sary: ^
one's time and money. 2 ski n [C] .VI (ski used to) ski on
make (land) waste. 3 (cause to) water while being towed b\ a
lose strength: ^dby illness. motor-boat. Hence. '->- skiing
watch' /wotj/ n 1 [U] act of n [U] '-^-supply, system of
watching, esp to see that all is providing and storing water for
well. 2 (in ships) period of duty a town. etc. '~ table, level be-
water /weak

low which the ground is filled way /wci/ n 1 [C] road, street,
with water, '^.tight adj (a) so path, etc: a '^ across the fields.
that water cannot get in or ouc: pave the -»^ for, (fig) prepare

'flight hoots (b) {fig) (of an ag- for 2 [C] route: IVhich is the
reement, etc) allowing no escape quickest ^
there^ go out of
or misunderstanding. ''>^way, one's '^ (to do sth), make a
navigable channel (eg a canal) special effort, tead the '>^, (a)
''x^-wheel, one turned by a go in front as leader (b) show
flow of water '^^/orks, by example pay one's ^. (a)
system of reservoirs, etc, for keep out of debt (b) pay one's
supplying water. share of expenses, by '^ of,
water* "wD:t3(r) v7 / 1 put wat- through: He came by ->- of Dov-
er on: -<^ the lawn. 2 give water er. 3 on the /one 's '^, going or
to: --^ the horses. 3 (of the eyes or coming by the '^, (fig) in-
mouth) fill with water: The cidentally (introducing a remark
smoke made my eyes ^
4 '\^ sf /i
. not connected with the subject).
down, (a) add water to: This 4 [C] method or plan: 'he right -^
whisky has been -^edidown). (b) to do something, have/get
(Jig) weaken: The story -as '^ed one's o^/n '^, get /do what
down. '<-^ing-can, container one wants, go one's own ^,
with a long spout, used for act independently. 5 (sing only)
watering plants. distance: It 's a long '^ from here.
\A/at-ery '»vD:t3ri adj (-ier, -lest) 6 [C] direction: He went the
1 of or like water: -^ soup. 2 (of other ^. 7 [U] progress, be/get
colour) pale. 3 (of the eyes or under way, be/begin moving.
lips) covered with water. 8 [U] freedom to go forward:
watt wot n [C] unit of electrical Don 7 stand in the my '^. out of
j

power. harm's ^, in a safe place, give

wave /'weiv/ vt i 1 move from ~ (to sth/sb), O give'(6)
side to side, up and down: bran- make -^ (for), allow space or
ches waving in the wind. 2 signal a passage. 9 [C] custom;
free
(to a f>erson) by waving: He '^d manner: Chinese '^ of life: I
us away. ^ sth aside, (Jig) dis- don 't like the ~ he looks at me.
miss: My objections were '>^d mend one's '^s, improve
aside. 3 (cause to) be in a series one's manners. 10 [C] respect;
of curves: She 's had her hair per- point or detail: He's a clever man
manently ~J. G n [C] 1 long in some ^s. 11 [C] condition,
ridge of water, esp on the sea. 2 state: She 's in a bad '^.by^^ of,
waving movement: with a '^ of as a sort of: say something by ~
his hand. 3 curve like a wave: the of an introduction. ,^s^-a'head
'^s in her hair. 4 steady increase adj (informal) ahead of current
and spread: a '^ of hatred. O fashion. ,'>^-'out adj (informal)
heatwave. 5 motion like a wave = way-ahead: ^^-out ^clothes.
by which heat, light, sound or way-lay wei'lei/ v; (pt,pp -laid)
electricity are carried. attack, rob (a person); approach
''^length, distance between (a person) (with a request).
the highest point of one way- ward "weiwad' adj not
wave (5) and the next, wavy adj easily controlled: a ~ child.
(-ier, -iest) having curves: a we pron (O us) (used by a
'wi:/
wavy line; wavy hair. speaker or writer referring to
wa-ver /'weiv3(r)/ vi 1 move un- himself and another or others):
steadily: '^ing flames. 2 begin to Can -v. all come to visit you?
fail:His courage '^ed. 3 hesitate: weak adj (-er, -est) 1
/wi:k'
~ between two opinions, -^er, lacking strength;
in easily
person who wavers. broken: too ~
to walk, a ~
wax' wicks n [U] soft yellow team argument. 2 (of health, etc)
substance produced by bees below the usual standard: a ->-
('hees'^); similar substance used heart 3 (of liquids) having too
for making candles, etc. O much water: --^ tea^beer. 4 not
sealing-wax. n vt cover, polish good: ^ in spelling. ,^-'kneed
or treat with wax: ^furniture. adj (fig) weak in character.
wax* wsks (of the moon)
vi ^ling, weak person or animal.
show a larger bright area. C> 's^ly adv in a weak manner, a adj
wane. delicate in health: a ^/v child.
 425 weaken /Wednesday
-^ness n (a) [U] state of being wea-sel /'wi:zl/ n [C] small,
weak, (b) [C] fault or defect: We fierce animal with red-brown
all have our little '^nesses. (c) fur.
liking for: a ^^nessfor ice-cream. weather^ /-wed^ir)/ n [C] condi-
weaken /'witksn/ vt/i make, be- tions of sun, wind, temperature,
come, weak(er). etc at a particular area and time.
wealth /welG/ n [U] 1 (posses- under the '^, {informal) un-
sion of a) great amount of well, make heavy '>^ of sth.
property, money, etc; a man of find it difficult. ''>>/-beaten adj
~. 2 great amount or number showing marks from exposure
of: a book with a '^ of illustra- to the weather. ''>^ fore-
tions, wealthy adj (-ier, -iest) cast, c> forecast. ''>^proof adj
rich. able to withstand exposure to all
wean /wi:n/ vt 1 accustom (a types of weather. ''>^-station,
baby, a young animal) to food building from which the weather
other than milk. 2 -^ from, is observed. ''>^-vane, =
(fig) cause (a person) to give up vane(1 ).

(a habit, etc). weather^ /'wed3(r)/ vtji 1 sur-

weapon /'wepsn/ n [C] some- vive successfully: ~
a storm/
thing used in fighting (eg crisis.2 expose to the weather:
swords, guns). '>^ry n [Uj -^ wood before use. 3 (cause to)
weapons. become worn by the weather:
wear^ /we3(r)/ n [U] 1 wearing or rocks '^edby wind and rain.
being worn: This coat looks the weave /wi:v/ vtii {pt wove
worse for ~. 2 damage or loss of /wauv/, pp woven /'w3:uvn/) 1
quality from use: The carpet is make (threads) into cloth, etc;
showing signs of ^. .-s^ and make (cloth, etc) from threads.
^tear. damage, loss in value, be- 2 make by twisting: ~ flowers
cause used. 3 capacity for keep- into a wreath. 3 {fig) compose (a
ing in good condition: There's story, etc): -v o plot. 4 twist and
not much ~
left in these shoes. 4 turn: ~
through the traffic, a n
clothes: ^under'^; Uadies'^. [C] style of weaving: a loose/
weaH /we3(r)/ vt/i (pt wore tight ^. weaver, person who
/wo:r/; pp worn /wo:n/) 1 have weaves cloth.
on the body: He was •^ing heavy web /web/ n [C] 1 something
shoes/a ring. 2 (of expressions) made of threads by a spider, etc.
have on the face: ^
a smile. 3 2 (usually//^) mass: a -^ of lies.
(cause to) become less useful by 3 skin joining the toes of ducks,
being used: I have worn my socks frogs, etc. Hence, |'>-'-'footed
intd holes. 4 make by rubbing: ~ adj. --^bed /webd/ adj having
holes in a rug. The river wore the the toes joined by webs.
rocks smooth. 5 remain m
good wed /wed/ vtIi {pt -^^ded; pp
condition (after use): Good -^ded or rare ~) 1 marry. 2
leather will ~
for years, 'v- unite: simplicity '^dedto beauty.
ay^ay, (a) become thin, weak, we'd/wi:d/ = we had: we would.
by constant use. (b) (of time) wed-ding /'wedir)/ n [C] mar-
pass slowly: as the evening wore riage ceremony. ''>^-ring, ring
away. "^ down, become gradu- placed on the bride's or groom's
ally smaller, weaker, etc: These finger at d wedding.
shoes are '^ing down. '^ sb/sth wedge ;wed3/ n [C] 1 V-shaped
do}^n, weaken by constant at- piece of wood or metal, used to
tack, nervous strain, etc. '\^ off, split wood or rock, or to keep
pass away: The pain soon -^5 off. two things separate, the thin
's^ on, (of time) pass: Evening end of the -^, {Jig) a small
wore on. -^ (sth) out, (cause change likely to lead to big
to) become useless, worn thin: changes 2 something shap>ed
Cheap shoes soon ~
out. '^ sb wedge:
like a ~
heels {on shoes).
out, exhaust. Hence, |Worn- a tightly (as) with a wedge:
vt fix

'out adj: a ^worn-out ^coat. '^ a door open: '^d between two
weary /'wiari/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 fat women on the bus.
tired. 2 causing tiredness: a ~ wed-lock 'wedlok A? [U] condi-
journey, a vt'i make or become tion of being married.
weary, wear-ily /-all, adv Wednesday 'wenzdi n
weari-ness/i[Uj fourth day of the week.
wee /well
wee wi:/ adj vcrv small.
,
weed /wi:d/ n [C] 1 unwanted
wild plant. 2 (Jig) thin, tall per-
son. D vr / 1 take weeds from: -^
the garden. 2 remove, get rid of:
~ out (he lazy students, weedy
adj (-ier, -iest) (a) full of weeds,
(b) thm, weak.
week /wi:k/ n [C] 1any period of
seven days, esp from Sunday to
Saturday: the working ->-, (usu-
ally) Monday to Friday in.
'%' out, for weeks in succession.
2 the working days of the week.
''>^dav, any day except Sunday.
,0^'end n [C] Saturday and Sun-
day. D v; spend a weekend: I'm
'^ending in London. '>^ly adj. adv
(happenme) once a week: ~/i
visits, a n[C]{pl -ies) periodical
published once a week.
weep /wi:p/ vt/i {pt.pp
cry. '>^ing adj (of trees)
drooping branches.
weft /weft/ n [C] cross-threads
taken over and under the warp
in weaving. , weld /weld/ vt/i join (pieces of
weigh wei/ vt/i 1 measure how
heavy something is: He
himself on the scales. '^ sth
out, measure in defined quanti-
ties. '^ in (with), produce (ar-
guments, facts, etc) in a discus-
sion. 2 have a certain weight:
JO kilos/a ton. 3 (of a machine,
etc) be capable of weighing: This
machine will ~
up to 10 kilos. 4
compare: ~
one plan against an-
other. '>^ sth (up), consider
carefully: ~
{up) the conse-
quences. 5 '^ anchor, raise the
anchor and start a voyage. '^
sth down, pulldown: The fruit
'^ed the branches down. '^
down, make tired, depressed,
'^ on sb/sth.
etc. cause con-
cern, anxiety.
weight /weit/ n 1 [U] how heavy
a thing is: My -^ is 70 kilos.
over/under '^. weighing too
much/too little, pull one's
weight. pulP(2). put on
C>
'^, (of a person) become heavi-
er, throve one's '^ about.
(informal) bully or frighten
pjeople. 2 load to be supported:
The pillars have a great to
bear. That's a great '>^ {= prob-
lem) off my mind. 3 [U] impor-
tance or influence: opinions that
carry '^. 4 [C] piece of metal of
known weight: an ouncejlOO
grammes '^. 5 [C] heavy object:
a papers, d v/ 1 put a
^
42
weight(5) on; make heavy: 'v- a
pendulum in a clock. 2 {jig) give
advantage: Circumstances are
'^ed in his favour. 3 '>^ sb
dow/n. burden with: '^ed down
with suitcases, ''^-lifting, sport
of lifting great weights. '>^less
adj having no weight, weighty
adj (-ler, -lest) (a) very heavy,
(b) (//;?) important.
weir /wi3(r)/ n [C] barrier across
^ a river to control the flow of
water.
weird /wiad/ adj 1 unnatural: '>^
shrieks. 2 {informal) strange: ~
ideas. '^\y adv. <-v/ness n [U]
wel-come /'welkam/ adj 1 giv-
ing pleasure: a ~
visitor/rest. 2
^ to. allowed with pleasure to:
You are ~
to borrow my bicycle.
3 (as an interjection): Jf'^ home'
wept) H^~ to England! a n [C] greeting
having when somebody arrives etc:
They gave us a warm ~. a vt
show pleasure at the arrival of:
~ a friend: ~
a suggestion.
metal) by pressure (when the
'^ed metal is hot), a n [C] welded
joint. '>^er, workman who
welds.
wel-f are /'welfe9(r)/ n [U] condi-
tion of having good health,
~ comfortable living, etc. the
iW'>^ 'State, country with
State-financed social services,
eg health, insurance, pensions.
weir /wel/ n [C] 1 shaft in the
ground for obtaining water or
oil. 2 space in a building for a
staircase or lift, a vi fiow, like
water from a well. '>^ over.
overOow. 'v- up (in), rise: Tears
sb '^ed up in her eyes.
welP /wel/ adj (better, best) 1 in
good health: feeljget '->^. 2 in a
satisfactory condition: All's '^
that ends ~. 3 advisable: It
would be -^ to start early.
welP /wel/ (better, best) adv 1
in a good, right or satisfactory
manner: The children behaved
^. W'^ done! do '^. succeed;
make progress, do '>^ out of.
make a profit from. 2 with
praise: think/speak '^ of a per-
~ son. 3 fortunately, i'^^ 'off. rich;
fortunate, come
off '^. have
good fortune; be lucky. 4 with
good reason, justice: You may ->-
may as '^, O
be surprised. 5
may (3) be just as '^, with no
.
loss of advantage: It'sjustas^ I
didn't lend him the money. 6

thoroughly: Examine the ac-
count ^ before you pay it. 7 to a
considerable extent: His name is
-^ up in the list, near the top. 8
as '^ (as), in addition (to). 9
pretty well, C> pretty aJv.
well* /wel/ int (expressing asto-
nishment, relief, agreement,
etc): W'>^. ~.' W'^^, here we are at
last! W'^ you may be righ t
, through, soaked. 2 rainy: -<^
well- /wel-/ prefix fortunately,
properly, thoroughly. i^-w-
ad'vised adj wise: You'd be ~-
advised to apologize. ''>^-being,
welfare; health, prosperity: the
'^-being of the nation. ,'>--'bred
adj having good manners, i--*^-
con'nected adj of a family of
good social position. ,'>^-
'earned adj fully deserved: a
,'^-earned ^rest. j-^-in'tormed
adj (a) having wide knowledge,
(b) having reliable information.
,'>^-in'tentioned adj showing
good intentions. I'-^-'known
adj famous. ,'>^-'nieaning adj
= well-intentioned. ,'>^-'read
adj having read many books.
I'-v-'spoken adj speaking well,
politely. I'^-'timed adj done at
the right time, j-^-to-'do adj
wealthy, '-"•^-wisher, person
who wishes (a person) good
luck.
we'll/wi:l/ = we shall; we will.
weMing-ton /'wehr)t3n/ n [C]
(also 1-^ ^boot) waterproof boot
reaching to the knee,
went /went/ pr of goV
wept /wept/ pt,pp of weep.
we re /w3:(r)/ pt of be\
we're /wi9(r)/ = we are.
were-wolf /'warwulf/ n [C] {pi
-wolves /-wulvz/) (myth) hu-
man being turned into a wolf.
weren't /w3:nt/ = were not.
west /west/ n 1 the '^, point of
the horizon where the sun sets;
part of the world, of a country,
etc in this direction. 2 (as an adj)
situated in, coming from, the
west: the ^
wind, a adv towards
the west, go '^, die; be des-
7 well/wheat
ing with early life in the west of
the US. '>^er, native of the
West, esp of the west US. 'x/ize
/-naiz/ vt introduce western civi-
lization into.
wet /wet/ adj (-^ter, -^test) 1
covered or soaked with water or
other liquid: ~
clothes/roads.
Did you get ~, eg in the rain? -w
weather, a « 1 the '>", rain. 2 [U]
moisture, a vt [pt.pp ~
or ~ted)
(-tt-) make wet. ^'^ 'blanket,
{informal) person who prevents
others from enjoying them-
selves.
we've /wi:v/ — we have.
whack /waek/ vt hit with a hard
blow, object, a m [C] 1 (sound of
hard blow. 2 {si) share: Have
a)
you all had a fair ~'' '^ed adj
{informal) exhausted; tired.
^v/ing n [C] beating: give a child
a '^ing. D adj {informal) very big:
a '^ ing lie.
whale /well/ n [C] 1 very large
sea-animal hunted for its oil and
flesh. 2 have a -^ of a (good)
time, enjoy oneself, d vi hunt
whaler, man, ship,
whales,
that hunts whales.
wharf /wo:f/ n [C] {pi ~s or
wharves /wd:vz/) structure at
which ships are moored for
(un)loading cargo.
what /wot/ adj 1 (asking for a
selection from an
indefinite
number or amount): W'\. books
have you read on this subject?
W'^ time is it? 2 (used in excla-
~
mations): ff a good idea! 3 all;
any: Give me ~
books {= any
books that) you have, a pron 1
what thing(s): Tell me hap- ~
pened. ^
for, for what purpose:
W'^ is this tool used for? W-^ did
you do that for? Why did you do
that? -^ if, what will be the
result it: M''-^ // it rains tomor-
row? '^ about /of, (a) what
news is there about, (b) O
about^(3). 2 that which: H''~ he
savs not important.
is

troyed, the W'-v/, (a) Western what-ever /wDt'ev3(r)/ adj 1

Europe and America, (b) (emphatic for what) of any sort,

western part of a country, -^er- degree, etc: W^
he says you be-
ly adj. adv in a western position lieve it. 2 (giving emphasis):
or direction; (of the wind) com- There can be no doubt mahout it.
ing from the west. '>^ward adj a pron 1 no matter what: Keep
towards the west. '>^ward(s) calm. ~
happens. 2 anything: Do
adv ^ you like.
west-ern /'westan/ adj of, from, wheat /wi:t/ n [U] (plant pro-
living in, the west part of the ducing) grain from which fiour
world, a n [C] film or novel deal- is made.
 .

wheel/^rhip 428

wheel /wi:I/ n (C) 1 circular whet 'wet/ vt (-tt-) 1 sharpen (a

frame or disc which turns on an
on cars, bicycles, etc), at
axle (as
the in control put one's
'>-',
shoulder to the ^, work
hard. 2 [C] turning motion like a
wheel, esp of soldiers: a right 'left
--. D \'t i\ push or pull (a vehicle
with wheels): ->- a bike up a hill. 2
(cause to) turn in a curve or
circle. ''>^barrow, small cart
with one wheel and two handles.
''N^chair, chair with large
wheels for the use of invalids
wheeze 'wi:z/ vt i 1 breathe
noisily, esp with a whistling
knife, axe, etc). 2 (fig) excite (the
appetite, a desire).
whether 'wed3(r)/ conj (ex-
pressing choice) if: / don't know
^
to accept or refuse.
which witj adj^ (used in ques-
tions when there is a choice): 1
H^~ way shall we go- up the hill
or along the road? 2 and this; and
these: Don't call at I o'clock, at
^ time I'm busy, a pron which
thing(s), person(s): IV'\. of the
boys is the tallest? a relative pron
(of things only, not of persons) 1
that: the book ~
is lying on that

sound in the chest. 2 say with table. 2 (referring to a clause or

such sounds: The man out a ^d sentence): He said he had lost the
few words, d n [C] sound of hook , ~
was untrue.
wheezing, wheezy adj (-ler, which-ever /witj'ev3(r)/ adj,
-iest). pron 1 the one which: Take ~
whelk welk/ n [C] kinds of sea- you like best. 2 no matter which:
animal like a snail. W'^ way you travel, it is expen-
when wen' adv^ at what time; sive.
on what occasion: can youW~ whiff /wif/ n [C] slight smell (of):
come^ Jf~ did that happen 2 j^ the -^ofa cigar.
what time: Since -^ has he been while /wail/ n [C] (period oO
missing? a adv at or on which: time: Stay a ~. once in a '^.
Sunday is the day '^ I am least occasionally, worth (one's)
busy, a conj 1 at the time that: // '^, worth the time spent in do-
was raining ~ we arrived. 2 al- ing it. etc. n vt '>^ away, pass
though: He walks he might ~ the time in a leisurely way. d conj
take a taxi. 3 since; considering 1 during the time that: He fell
that: How can J help -^ they asleep ~
{he was) reading his
won't listen^ book. 2 but: Jane is tall ->-- Mary
^A^hen-ever wen'ev3(r)/ adv 1 is short. 3 although: W^~ / want

no matter when: I'll discuss it -<- to help I don 't thirik I can.
you like. 2 every time that: / go whilst wailst/fOAy = while.
'^ lean. whim wmi/ n [C] sudden desire
where /we9(r)/ adv in or to what or idea.
place or position; in what direc- v\/him-per /'wimp3(r)/ vtji 1 cry
tion: / wonder ^
he lives. IV^ in a frightened or complaining
does he come from? a adv 1 (with way. 2 say in this voice, d n [Cj
place, etc) in or at which; That's sobbing sound.
the place ~
the accident oc- whine warn/ n [C] long com-
curred. 2 at or to the place in plaining cry or high-pitched
which: I found my books / had ~ sound. D vtii 1 make such cries:
left them. That's ~
you are mis- The dog was whining to come in.
taken. I'V/a'bouts adv in or near 2 complain: a child that never
what place: W^^abouts did you stops whining.
find it? a n C'^abouts) place whinny /'wmi/ n [C] (pi -ies)
where a person or thing is: Her gentle cry of a horse, a vi (pt.pp
'^abouts is/are unknown. I'v^'as -ied) make such a sound.
conj (a) considering that, (b) whip^ /wip/ n [C] 1 strip (of cord,
but in contrast: / like meat. ->>^as leather, etc) fastened to a han-
others hate it. I'^'by adv by dle, used for urging a horse on,
which: He devised a plan '^by he or for punishing. 2 member of a
might escape. political party responsible for
wher-ever /,we3r'ev3(r)/ adv in, discipline; order to members of
to, whatever place: Sit ^ you a party to attend a debate and
like. vote. 3 dish of eggs, cream, etc
where-withal /'wearwi^o:!/ n beaten or whipped ( 2 )
the '^, (informal) money need- whip^ /wip/ vt/i (-pp-) 1 beat
ed for a purpose. with a whip: '^ a horse a child. 2
 429 whirl /wholesome

beat (eggs, cream, etc): '^ped clerical (2): f'^-collar 'workers.

cream. 3 {informal) defeat (in a t'^ 'coffee, with milk. ,'>^ 'ele-

competition). 4 move suddenly: phant, useless possession, j-^

He '^ped out a knife, "wping, 'heat, temp)erature at which
beating with a whip. ''>^ping- metals become white, the 'W'>^
boy, person punished for an- House, residence of the Pre-
other's offence. sident of the US. (-^ 'lie, small,
whirl /W3:l/ vt/i 1 (cause to) harmless lie. '-^^ man, member
move quickly round and round: of a European race, '^wash,
The wind '^ed the dead leaves (a) mixture of lime or chalk and
about. 2 spin; be confused: his water, used for coating walls,
head '^ed. d n {sing only) 1 whir- etc (b) {fig) means used to hide
ling movement: a '^ of dust. 2 errors, a vt (a) put whitewash
great etc: the
activity, of ^ on (a wall, etc), (b) {fig) try to
modern life, ''^pool, strong cir- hide errors. '>-ness ^? [U]
cular current in the sea. whittle /'witl/ vt/i cut thin slices
''N^wind, swift circling current or strips off, eg wood. '^ sth
of air. dowfn, (a) make smaller by
whirr /w3:(r)/ n {sing only) cutting away slices, etc. (b) {fig)
sound of something moving reduce gradually: Our member-
quickly through the the -^ of
air: ship is being slowly ^ddown.
a helicopter's propellers, a vi whiz /wiz/ vi (-ZZ-). n [U] (make
(-rr-) make such sounds. the) sound of somethmg rushing
whisk /wisk/ n [C] 1 device for through the air: The bullets
whipping eggs, cream, etc. 2 ^zedpast.
lightbrushing movement, a vt/i whizz-kid /'wiz kid/ n [C] {si)
1 brush quickly and lightly: ~ young person who achieves rap-
the flies off. 2 move with a id success.
whisk (2): The cow ^ed her tail. who hu:/ pron 1 which person:
3 take quickly and suddenly: IV'^ is that man/are those men? 2
They ^^edhim off to prison. 4 = (replaceable by whom): Jf-^ did
whip(2):'^egg5. you give it to? a relative pron 1
whisker /'wisk9(r)/ n 1 {pi) hair {that, sometimes replaces who):
on the sides of a man's face. 2 This is the man ~
wanted to see
long, stiff hair near the mouth of you. 2 {that never replaces who):
a cat, etc. My wife, ^ has been ill. hopes to
whisky (US = whiskey) see you soon.
/'wiski/ n ICU] {pi -ies) strong who-ever /hu:'ev3(r)/ pron any
alcoholic drink distilled from person who: W'^ says that is

grain. wrong.
whis-per /'wisp9(r)/ vt/i 1 whole /haul/ adj^ not injured or
speak, say (something), using damaged; unbroken: She swal-
the breath but no sound. 2 tell lowed the sweet '^. 2 entire; com-
secretly: // is '^ed that he is ill. 3 plete: / waited for her a ~
half
(of the wind, etc) make soft hour: the ~ truth, o n {sing) thing
sounds. D n [C] 1 whispering that is complete: Four quarters
sound: answer in a '^. 2 whis- make a ^ on the ^, taking
pered remark. everything into consideration.
whistle /'wisl/ n [C] 1 tuneful ,'^-'hearted(ly) adj. adv with
note made by forcing air complete attention, energy, etc.
through a small opening; tune- (-^ 'number, undivided quan-
fulsound made by some birds. 2 tity; number without fractions.
instrument for producing such wholly /'haulli/ adv complete-
sounds: the referee's -*-. a vt/i 1 ly: / wholly agree with you.
make a whistle (1 ): whistling at whole-sale /'haulseil/ n [U] sel-
the girls. 2 pass swiftly with a ling of goods (in large quanti-
whistling sound: The bullets '^d ties) toshopkeepers, a adj. adv 1
past our ears. by wholesale. 2 (fig) on a large
white /wait/ adj (-r, -st) of the scale: a -^ slaughter of animals.
colour of fresh snow: as as a ~ 'whole-saler, person who sells
sheet. D /1 1 [U] white colour. 2 by wholesale.
[C] white person. 3 [C,U] white whole-some 'haulsom/ adj
part, eg of an egg, the eyeball. healthy; suggesting good health:
''^ ant, termite. ,'>^-'collar adj ^food/exercise.
 .

who'll/will

who'll hu:l/ = who shall: who move with quick, side-to-sidc

will. movements: The baby was wig-
whom hu:m/ C> who. glingits toes, a n [C] wiggling

whoop hu:p n [C] 1 loud cry: movement.

'^^s ofjoy. 2 gasping cough, a vt/i wild /waild/ adj (-er, -est) 1 (of
make a loud cry or yell: -v, with animals) not tamed; (of plants)
joy. '''^^ing-cough, children's growing in natural conditions:
disease with gasping coughs. ~ flowers birds. 2 (of persons)
i

who're /'hu:3(r) = whoare. uncivilized; savage. 3 (of land,

whore 'ho:(r>f n [C] prostitute. etc) desolate; waste. 4 stormy: a
who's , hu:z/ -= who is: who has. ^ night. B excited; passionate:
whose /hu:z; possessive proniO ~ laughter: ~ with anger, drive
who, which) of whom; of sb 'v., make him mad. 6 /»e 'v^

which: W-^ house is that? about, be enthusiastic about. 7

why wai, adv for what reason; out of control: a ~ party, run
with what purpose: H^~ was he '^. be without control. 8 done
late^ This is '^ Heft. without thought: a guess, a ^
wick /wik; n [C,U] (length oQ adv in a wild manner: shoot ~.
string in a candle, an oil-lamp. ''>^cat, (a) wild European cat.
wicked /'wikid/ adj 1 bad; (b) (Jig) person with a violent
wrong. 2 intended to injure: a ~ temper, d adj sudden and unof-
blow. 3 mischievous: a look. ~ ficial: a f'^-cat ^strike. ''>^life,
--wly adv. ^ness n [U] wild animals, birds, insects. '>^lv
wicker /'wik3(r) adj of canes adv in a wild manner: rush about
woven together: a ^
chair. '^ly: a ^ly ( = greatly) exagger-
wicket /'wikit n [C] (cricket) set ated story, 'v.ness n fU]
of three sticks {stumps) at which wil-der-ness /'wildams/ n [C]
the ball is bowled; area of grass wild uncultivated land.
between two wickets. wile /wail/ n [C] (usually pf)
wide /waid/ adj (-r, -st) 1 trick: the '^s of the Devil.
measuring much from side to wil-ful (US also will-) /'wiin,
side: a ~ river: twelve metres.'^. adj^ (of a person) obstinate; de-
2 (fig) of great extent; com- termined to do as one wants. 2
prehensive: ~
interests; a ^ intentional; done on purpxjse: ~
selection. 3 fully opened: Open murder, -x/ly adv
your mouth ~. 4 far from what is wiir /wil/ aux verb (often 'II in
aimed at: a ~
shot, o adv 1 far speech; negative not orwill
from the point aimed at: The ar- won't; pt would
often 'd in
row fell '^. 2 fully: He was 'v- speech; negative would not or
awake: ~
open. 3 over a large wouldn't) 1 (to make the fu-
area: travel far and ~. I'v-- ture tense): He -^1 He'll be here
a'v\/ake a*^ (//g) alert. tomorrow. 2 (to express willing-
''>^spread adj (esp) found over ness, an ofTer or a promise): ]Ve
a large area, --^^ly adv (a) at dis- won't do it again. 3 (used in
tant intervals: '^ly distributed questions, requests, etc): W'^
(b) to a large extent: ~/>' J///er- you come in? 4 (to show insis-
ent. tence or inevitability): He '~
widen /'waidn/ vr// make or be- have his own way, insists on this.
come wide(r). Accidents '^ happen. 5 (to show
widow /'widau/ n [Cj woman that something happens often):
whose husband is dead. '>^er, He 'il sit there hour after hour. 6
man whose wife is dead. (to show probabiUty): This will
width /witG/ n 1 [U] stateof be- be the book you wanted.
ing wide. 2 [C] measurement 'would-be adj (used to show
from side to side: a '^ of 10 what is desired): ^would-be
metres. ^authors.
wield /wi:ld/ vt have and use: ~ wilP /wil/ vtji (pt.pp '^ed) 1 use
an axe Ipower. one's mental powers to do or get
wife /waif/ n [C] (j)l wives something: We cannot achieve
/waivz/) married woman: A// success merely by '^ing it. 2 in-
Smith and his '^: my '^. tend: God'^s that man should be
wig /wig/ « [C] covering of false happy. 3 leave (property, etc) (to
hair for the head. a person) by means of a wilP(5)
wiggle /'wigl/ v/// (cause to) wilP /wil/ n [U] 1 mental power
 431 willing/wink

by which a person can direct his to the lungs, ''-•^screen {US =

thoughts and actions. 2 [C] con- ''>^shield), screen of glass in
trol over oneself, one's desires, front of a motor-vehicle, etc.
etc: He has a strong! weak 'v-. 3 ''>^swept a^ exposed to strong
{sing only) determination: The winds, windy adj (-ier, -iest)
'^ to live, of one's free own with a lot of wind: a '^y day.
'^. without being compelled. 4 wind^ /wmd/ vt {pt.pp ^^ed) take
{sing with a. an) energy; enthu- the breath from: ^^edby the long
siasm: work with a '>^. 5 [C] (also climb.
lastW'^ and Testament) state- wind^ /waind/ vt/i {pt.pp wound
ment of how a person's property /waund/) 1 (cause to) move in a
is to be owned after death, 'x/f ul curving, twisting manner: The
adj{US) = wilful. river ~.s {its way) to the sea. 2
will-ing adj 1 ready,
/'wilig/ twist (string, thread, etc) into a
agreeing, to help: '^ workers. 2 ball or coil. 3 fold or wrap close-
done without hesitation: '^ obe- ly (round): ~ a shawl round a
dience, --s^ly adv. '-v/ness n [C] baby. 4 tighten the spring of (a
wiMow /'wibu/ n [C] kinds of watch or clock). 5 be wound
tree with thin, easily bent bran- up (to), be (emotionally)excit-
ches; [U] its wood. ed. C> unwind. 6 come or bring
wilt /wilt/ (of plants)
vt/i 1 to an end: '^ up a speech, o n IC]
(cause to) droop, lose freshness. single turn or twist.
2 {fig) (of persons) lose energy. win-dow /'wmdsu/ n [C] open-
wily /'waili/ adj (-ier, -iest) cun- mg (usually covered with glass)
ning. in a wall, vehicle, etc to let in
win /wm/ vt/i /wAn/)
{pt.pp won light and ''^-box, box fixed
air.
(-nn-) 1 get by means of hard to a window-sill for plants. ''>^-
work, struggle, in competition, dressing, art of arranging
etc:. '^ a race/a battle/. -^ goods attractively in shop-
hands down, {informal) suc- windows. ''x/-pane, glass in a
ceed easily. 2 gain the favour of: window, 'window-sill, c> sill.

We won him over to our view, a n windy /'wmdi/ c> windV

[C] success; victory. '>^ner, per- wine /warn/ n [C,U] drink made
son, thing, that wins. '>^ning adj from the fermented juice of
(a) that wins: the '^ning horse. grapes (and other fruit), a vt
(b) producing confidence: a (esp) '^ and dine sb, entertain
'>^ning smile, ^nings n pi to a meal.
money won in gambling. wing /wiq/ n [C] 1 either of the
wince /wms/ vt show pain or two organs of a bird, insect by
distress (by sudden move-
a which it flies; similar part by
ment): He ^d at the insult, a n which an aircraft files, take sb
[C] wincing movement. under one's '^. give him
winch /wmtj/ n [C] machine for protection and guidance. 2 part
lifting or pulling heavy objects. of a building which extends
D vt move by using a winch. from one side: add a new '^ to a
wind^ /wmd/ n 1 [C,U] current hospital. 3 fiank of an army or
of air as the result of natural fleet. 4 members of a political
forces: a north '^, blowing from party holding more extreme
the north, put the -^ up sb. views than the majority: the
{si) frighten him. 2 [U] breath left/right ~. 5 {pi) area to the
needed for exercise. 3 [U] scent side of the stage of a theatre. 6
carried by the wind, get ->^ of. on the '^, in flight, take '^,
{fig)hear a rumour of. 4 [U] gas start flymg. 7 (also winger)
formed in the bowels and caus- {football, hockey) forward at
ing discomfort, break '^, expe either side of the centre, a vt/i 1
wind from the bowels. 5 orches- fly: The planes '^ed over the
tral wind-instruments: the Alps. 2 injure (a bird) in flight. 3
^wood'^. eg flutes, oboes {informal) injure (a person) in
''>^fall,(a) fruit (eg an apple) the arm '-^-spanZ-spread,
blown off a tree by the wind, (b) measurement across wings when
{fig) unexpected piece of good extended.
fortune. ''>^niill, mill worked by wink /wigk vl;i^ ^
(at), close
the action of the wind. ''>^pipe, and open (an eye): She ~eJ at
passage for air from the throat me. 2 (of a star, light, etc) shine
 1

winkle /wither 432

or flash quickly, a n [C] 1 act of true because one wishes it.

winking, esp as a signal or hint '^fully a^v
2 very short time: / didn '( sleep a wisp /wisp/ n [C] r.mall bunch,
'^. have forty -^s, a short amount: a ^
of hair/smoke.
sleep (esp during the day). wispy adj (-ier, -iest) small,
winkle /'wir)kl/ n [C] sea-snail slight. .

used as food, a vt force or pull wit /wit/ n 1 [C] intelligence; un-

out. derstanding: He hadn 't the ^5 to
win-ner, winning c> win realize what to do. at one's
win-ter /'wint3(r)/ n \C] season '^'s end, not knowing what to
between autumn and spring, q vi do have /keep one's ^s
pass the winter: ~ in the south about one, be alert and ready
win-tery, win-try /'wmtri/ adj 2 [U] clever and humo-
to act.
wipe^ /waip/ n [C] act of wiping. rous expression: writings full of
wipe' /waip/ vt/i clean or dry '^. 3 [C] person noted for his
(something) by rubbing with a wit(2). '>^tily adv in a witty
cloth, paper, the hands, etc. '^ manner. '>^ti-cism /'witisizam/
sth ayvay, remove by wiping, n [C] witty remark. 'X/ty adj
-w sth off. (a) remove by wip- (-ier, -iest) funny.
ing, (b) get rid of: ~ off a debt. witch /witj/ n [C] woman said to
'^ sb out, (sf) murder him. -^ use magic, '-x-craft, use of mag-
sth out. (a) clean the inside of: ic, '--w-doctor man believed to
-^ out a Jug. (b) destroy com- be able to cure disease by magic.
pletely:war -^'dout the whole vil- ''>^-hunt, {informal) persecu-
lage. -^ sth up. (a) dry crock- tion (eg of f>ersons said to be dis-
ery, cutlery, etc by wiping, (b) loyal).
take up (liquid, etc) by wiping. with /wid/ prep 1 having; carry-
^rire /'waii(r)/ n 1 [C,UJ (piece ing: a coat -^ two pockets: a girl
or length of) metal in the form of ~ blue eyes. 2 (to show the
a thread: 'telephone ~(5). 2 [C] means or method): write a ~
(US) = telegram: send off a ^. pen: see it ~
your own eyes. 3 in
a vt|i^ fasten with wire. 2 install the company of: live one's~
electrical wires, etc (in a build- parents, in with, friendly with:
ing). 3 (US) = telegraph, wir- She 's in ^
the wrong people. 4
ing, (esp) system of wires for against: fight/argue ~
them. 5
electric current, wiry adj (-ier, because of: trembling fear/^
-iest) (a) like wire, (b) (of per- cold. 6 (to show manner): fight
sons) lean and strong. ~ courage. 7 in the same direc-
wire'less /'waialis/ adj, n [C] tion; at the same time: A tree's
(old use) = radio. shadow moves ~
the sun. 8 in the
wis-dom /'wizdam/ n [U] 1 qual- care of: Leave the child '>- its
ity ofbeing wise. 2 wise aunt. 9 in regard to; concerning:
thoughts, sayings, etc. ''>^- be patient ~
fhem: sympathize '^
tooth, back tooth, usually ap- her. 1 (to show separation): He
pearing after 20 years of age. has broken ^his best friend. 1
wise /waiz/ adj (-r, -st) having in favour of: vote ~
the majority.
or showing experience, know- ''>^ it, (si) up to date: '^-i7
ledge, good judgement, etc: -^ clothes. 12 in spite of: IV^-^ all
men/acts, be none the 'v.r, be her faults he still liked her.
no better informed: After the with-draw /wiS'dro:/ vt/i (pt
lecture he was none the '^r. '>^ly -drew /-'dru:/; pp -drawn
adv /-'drD:n/) 1 draw back; take out:
wish /wij/ vt/i 1 have or express '^ money from the bank: '^ one's
a desire: / -^ / knew what was labour, go on strike. 2 take back
happening. 2 say that one hopes (a statement): He refused to ~
for: '^ her a pleasant journey. 3 {the remark). 3 move away: '^
express as a greeting: him ~ troops from the battle. '>^al n [C,
good morning. 4 '>^ for. want U] act of withdrawing, with-
very much, a « 1 [C,U] desire; drawn adj (of persons, their
longing: He ignored his father 's looks) unsociable.
'•^es. 2 [C] that which is wished wither /'wid9(r)/ vt/i^ (cause to)
for: She got her '^. '^ful /-fl/ ex- become dry, faded: The hot sum-
pressing a wish, '^fu/ think- mer '^ed {up) the grass. 2 cause
ing, believing that something is (a person) to feel shame or con-
 433 withhold /wool

fusion: a '^ing look. woman: reach 'y^hood. i^-s^'kind,

with-hold /Wid'hauld/ vt (pt.pp women in general, women-
-held /-'held/) refuse to give: / folk /'wiminfsuk' n pi women,
shall '^ my consent. esp of one's own family.
with-in /\^i6*i:n/ prep inside; not womb ; wu:m n [C] (anat) organ
beyond: '^ nearby.
call /reach, in a female mamma! in which
with-out /wid'aut/ prep 1 not the young is carried before birth.
having: You can't buy things ^ won /w \n/ /)/, pp of
money, 'w doubt, admittedly: won-der /'wAnd3(r)/ n 1 [U] feel-
certainly. -^ faif. certainly, do ing of surprise combined with
'^, Odo^(9). 2 not: He can't admiration, etc. nollittlel
speak German -«- making small wonder, it is not sur-
mistakes, go '^ saying, be too prising. 2 [C] thing or event that
obvious to need saying. causes such feeling: space travel
with-stand /wid'staend/ vt is the ^
of our times, work '^s,
(pt.pp -stood -'stud/) resist: ~a have remarkable results, a vt/:^
siege: ~
hard wear. be filled with wonder(1 ); feel
wit-ness 'witnis/ n [C] 1 (often surprised. 2 feel curiosity: / ~
^eye-^) person who was present who he is. '>-ful adj excellent:
at an event and is able to des- '^ful weather, -^/fully adv
cribe it; person who gives won't W3unt/ = will not.
evidence in a law court, bear 'v, woo wu:, vt (pt.pp ~ed) try to
to sth. be evidence of: acts that win: -^ voters.
bear ^
to her courage. 2 person wood ;wud/ n 1 [U] hard sub-
who signs a document to testify stance of a tree below the bark:
that another person's signature Tables are usually made of -^.
is genuine. 3 evidence; proof: Teak is a hard^. 2 [C] (often pi)
My clothes are a '^ to my area of land covered with trees.
poverty, a vtji 1 be present at: ~ out of the -^s, (fig) free from
an accident. 2 give evidence (in a troubles or difficulties, be un-
law court). 3 be a witness(2): '^ able to see the i^ for the
a signature, '-^-box, place from ^
trees, (fig) be unable to under-
which a witness gives evidence. stand the whole because of too
wit-ti-cism 'witisizam/ c> wit. many details, ''-wland, land
wives /waivz/ n pi of wife. covered with trees. ''>^pecker,
wiz-ard /'wizad/ n [C] 1 magi- kinds of bird that tap or peck
cian. 2 person with amazing abi- trees to find insects. ''>^wind,
lities: a//>ja«c/a/'^. wind-instruments made of
wiz-ened /'wiznd; adj dried up: wood, ''-wwork, (a) things
a ~ tree/apple. made of wood, (b) carpentry.
wobble /'wobl/ vt/i (cause to) ''>^worm, (damage from)
move unsteadily: The old table wood-eating larva. '>^ed adj
'^d as he touched it. wob-bly covered with trees: a thickly ^ed
/'wobah/ adj (-ier, -iest) not firm country, '^en "wudn, adj (a)
or steady: a wobbly chair. made of wood, (b) clumsy,
woe /v/au, n (poet) 1 [U] sorrow; awkward: a '^en smile, woody
grief: a tale of^. 2 (pi) troubles: adj (-ler, -iest) (a) wooded: a
poverty and other ^s. '>^f ul adj -^v hillside, (b) of or like wood.
woke, woken pt. pp of wakeV woof /wuf/ n [C] cry made by a
wolf /wolf/ n [C] (pi wolves dog.
/wulvz/) wild animal of the dog wool n [II] 1 soft hair of
;wul
family, cry ^. raise false sheep, goats, etc; thread, cloth,
alarms, d vt eat quickly and made from this, pull the '->-

greedily: ^^^ down one 's dinner. over sb's eyes, deceive or
woman /'wuman/ n (pi women trickhim, 2 material similar co
/'wmim/) 1 adult female human wool: cotton-^, '^len (US =
being. 2 (as an adjy. a ~ driver woolen) /'wubn, adj made of
doctor. 3 the female sex; any wool, -^lens (US = wool-
woman: W^~ is as capable as ens) n pi woollen cloth, clothes,
man. 4 feminine emotions: etc. -^ly (US also wooly)
There is something of the in ^ /'woli/ adj (-ier, -iest) (a) made
him. 5 [C] weak, indecisive man. of, looking like, wool: a ^ly
''>^hood /-hud/, (a) women in coat, (b) (fig) (of the mind,
general, (b) the state of being a ideas) confused; not clear. un(pl
word/vxnorld 434

-\es)(mformaf) woollen sweater adj noi liking to work; lazy.

word W3:d/ n [C] 1 written or work^ w3:k vtli'(pt,pp ~ed) O
spoken unit of a language. ,'^ wrought 1 do work: I've been
for '-s^, in the exact words; ^ing hard all day. 'v. to rule. O
translate ->- for '^. in a '^. hx\c^- rule(1). 2 function properly;
\y . by ^'^ of ^mouth. in spoken have the desired result: The lift is
words. 2 [C] remark or state- not '^ing. Will your plan ~.^ 3
ment: He didn 't say a about it. ~ cause to work: The machine ~.v
eat one's ^s, admit that one by 4 produce by ef-
electricity.
was wrong /la ve a '>^ with sb. fort: ~ wonders/a cure. 5 oper-
speak to him. have the last ate; manage: ~ a mine. 6 (cause
'^, make the final remark in an to) move by small movements:
argument, the last '^ (in One of the screws has ^ed loose.
sth). the most up-to-date, etc. 7 make or shap>e by hammering,
3 news; information: Please kneading, etc: ~
clay/dough. ^
send me ~
of your safe arrival. 4 away (at sth). continue to
pronyse; assurance, take sb's work. '>^ sth off. remove by
-^ for it, believe what he says. 5 hard work: ^
off a debt /excess
command; order: The officer weight. '^ out. (a) result: The
gave the -^ the
to fire. 6 (in situation '^ed out quite well, (b)
Christian religion) the Scrip- exercise, train (for a contest).
tures, esp the Gospel, n vt ex- Hence, ''>^-out n [C] period,
press in words: a well-^ed letter. form, of training. sth out.^
i^*>'-'perfect adj knowing, able (a) calculate: ~ out the new-
to repeat, a part in a play, etc price, (b) devise; invent:
without reading. '>^ing n (sing They 've '^ed out a new plan, (c)
only) way in which something is solve: He was '^ing out a prob-
expressed, wordy adj (-ier, lem, (d) exhaust by using: That
-iest) using too many words. silver-mine is now '^ed out. '>^
wore !wo:(r) pt of wear^.
' up to sth. advance steadily:
work^ w3.k'n^ [U] use of bodi- The orchestra was '^ing up to a
ly or mental powers to make crescendo, work sth up. ex-
something: Are you fond of hard cite; stir up.
'^? set I get to ^, begin all in work-able /'wsikabl/ adj that
thC'day's ^, normal; what is Can be worked; that work.
will
usual. 2 [U] occupation; em- worker person
/'w3:k3(r)/ n [C]
ployment: The men were on their who works. '>^ ant/bee, un-
way to ~. in/out of ^, developed female kind. C>
having/not having employment. drone.
at '^, at one's place of employ- work-ing /'w3:kir)/ n 1 [C] mine,
mept. 3 [U] something to be quarry, etc or part of it. 2 [C] the
done; task: / have plenty of in ~ way something works: the ~5 of
my garden. 4 [Uj product of the human mind. 3 (as an adj): ^
work: The ~
of famous sculp- majority, one that is sufficient.
tors. 5 (p[) product of the intel- the '^ day. number of hours
lect: the ~5 of Shakespeare. 6 worked in a day. in 'v. order.
ip[) moving parts of a machine. able to function properly, a adj
9 ipl) building(s) where engaged in work, the '>^
industrial work is done: an Hron- classes, those engaged in
'N.5. ,'>^ of 'art, (excellent) manual work. Hence, ''^-class
painting, sculp- adj. ''>^ party, (esp) committee
ture, etc. ''-^bench, a table appointed to study and report
at which a mechanic does his on a question.
work. '>^day, day which is world /w3:ld/ n [C] 1 the earth,
not a Sunday or a holiday. ''>^ its countries and people;
force, total number of men heavenly body like the earth:
working in a factory, etc. make ajourney round the -^z a ~
'^w-man, man who earns a living language. 2 time, state of exis-
by physical labour, '-^man- tence: this ~ and the next, onlife
like adj characteristic of a good earth and after death. 3 think
workman. ''>^man-ship, qual- the ~
of sb. think very highly
ity of something well-made: of him. be/ feel on ^top of the
poor/exceflent '^manship. ''>^- '~, very happy (because of suc-
shop, room or building in cess, good health, etc), cut of
which things are made, '--^^-shv
 5 worm /wrench
this -^, magnificent, a '^ of worst possible news, get the ^
sth, a great number or quan- of, suffer most.
tity: My holiday did me a '^ of worth /W3:9/ adj 1 having a cer-
good. 4 human affairs; active tain value: It's not more than ~
life: a man of the ^, person with two pounds. -^ (one's)
great experience of hfe. 5 area of while, O
while. 2 possessing;
interest: the ~
of sport /art. |'>^- having property to the value of:
'famous adj known through- What's the old man -^7 for all
out the world. |'>^-'power, na- one is ^, {informal) making
tion inlluencing international every effort: He was running for
politics. ''>^-wide, affecting, all he was ^. 3 giving satisfac-
throughout, the world, -^^ly adj tion:The book is well reading. ~
<
(a) material: my ~/v' goods, my D n [U] 1 value: know a friend's
property, (b) of this life, not ^. 2 quantity: a ^pound's ~ of
spiritual, -^li-ness n [U] apples, '^less adj having no
worm /w3:m/ n [C] 1 kinds of value, ,'^^'while adj that is

small creeping creature without worth the time, etc needed.

bones or limbs. C> earthworm. worthy /'w3:6i/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1
2 name for some larvae, insects, deserving: a cause '^ of support.
etc: ^silk'^: 'glow'^. 3 (fig) insig- 2 having merit; deserving re-
move slow-
nificant person, d vt spect: a ^
gentleman.
or with difficulty: He '^ed his
ly would C> wilM.
way through
the undergrowth. wound^ /wu:nd/ n [C] 1 injury to
worn /wD:n//7/7ofwear^. the body: a ^bullet ~. 2 injury to
worry /'wAri/ vtji {pt.pp -ied) 1 a pQfson's feelings, a vt give a
trouble; cause anxiety to: The wound to: ^edin battle.
traffic worried her. 2 be anxious, wound^ /waund/ ptpp of wind^.
troubled: You have no cause to wove, wo-ven c> weave.
-v.. 3 seize with the teeth and wrangle /'raeqgl/ v;. n [C] (take
shake: The dog was '^ing the rat. part in a) noisy argument.
u n {pi -ies) 1 [U] condition of wrap raep/ vt:i (-pp-) put
being troubled: show signs of '^. round; cover up (in): ^
a child in
2 [C] cause of anxiety: Money a shawl/a shawl round a child, be
has alvv'ays been a -^. wor-ried '-^ped up in, (a) {Jig) be hid-
ai^' troubled; anxious. '>-ing adj den in: The affair is ^ped {up) in
full of, causing, worry: have a mystery, (b) be deeply involved
'^ing time. in: He is ^pedup in his work, a n
worse /w3:s/ adj{C> bad, worst) [C] outer clothing or covering
1 more bad; more evil: Your (eg a scarf, cloak), '^per, (esp)
work is bad but mine is much '^. piece of paper wrapped round a
the '^ for wear, badly worn. newspaper, a sweet, etc.
2 in(to) less good health: The ^ping, [C,U] something used
doctor says she is much ~ today, for covering or packing.
a adv (C> badly, worst) 1 more wreath /n:Q/ n [C] {pl^s /ri:dz/)
badly: He behaving
is ~
than ev- circle of flowers or leaves (as
er, none the ^. not less: / like placed on a coffin, etc).
him none the '^. -^ off. in worse wreathe ri:d; v/i cover, encir-
circumstances; poorer. 2 more: cle: hills ^d in mist.
It's raining ^
than ever, a n wreck /rek/ n 1 [C.U] ruin or
worse thing(s): I have ~
to tell. destruction, esp of a ship by
worsen /'w3:sn/ vt\i make or be- storms: save a ship from ^. 2 [C]
come worse. ship, vehicle, etc that has suf-
wor-ship /'w3:Jip/ n [U] 1 rever- fered wreck (1 ). 3 [U] (fig) ruin
ence and respect paid to God. 2 (of hopes, etc). 4 [C] person
admiration and respect: *hero^. whose health has been des-
o vtji (-PP-; US -p-) give wor- troyed. D vt cause the wreck of:
ship to: ~ God. ->^per {US = The ship/ train was '^ed. -^age
--v/er), person who worships. /'rekid3/ n [U] wrecked object,
worst /w3:st/ adj (C> bad, material.
worse) the most bad: the ^ wren /ren n [C] kinds of small
storm for five years, u adv { songbird.
badly, worse) most badlv. a n wrench /rentj/ n [C] 1 sudden
the '>^, worst part, etc: You and 2 (sad-
violent twist or pull.
must be prepared for the -^, the ness caused by a) separation. 3
wrestle /X 436

tool for gripping and turning car. damage it beyond repair

nuts; spannei a v/ 1 twist or pull
. Hence, 'write-off n: The car
violently: •^ the door open. 2 in- was a complete '^-off. 'w sth
jure (eg one's ankle) by twisting. out, write in full: '^^ out a copy
wrestle 'resl vi 1 struggle with of an agreement. '^ sth up.
a person and try to throw him to complete: 'v up one's diary, ''v^-
the ground. 2 (Jig) struggle: •^ up, written account of an event.
with a problem, wrestler, writer 'rait3(r) n [C] 1 person
/'resl3(r),, person who wrest- who writes: the '^ of this letter. 2
les(1). author.
wretch retj; /i [C] unfortunate writhe raid/ vi twist or roll
and miserable person. about (in pain).
wretched 'retjid/ adj 1 miser- writ-ing n 1 [U] act of
'raitir)/

able: -N, poverty. 2 causing writing; something written: put

misery: ~houses. 3 {informal} something down m 2 = hand-~
poor: '^ weather Ifood. 'X/ly adv. writing 3 (pi) literary work: the
'v-nessn{U) -^s of Swift, '^-^-paper, (esp)
wriggle rigl/ vin move with papier for writmg letters.
quick, short, twists: The snake writ-ten 'ritn/ C> write.
'^d out of my fingers, a n [C] wrong ror) adj (contrasted
wrigghng movement. with right) 1 not morally right:
wring /riq/ vi {pt.pp wrung // is ~
to steal. 2 mistaken; in-
/rAg/) 1 twist; squeeze: a hen 's ^ correct: He has six '^ answers.
neck; ^ out wet clothes, 'v- We caught the ~
train. 3 out of
one's hands, squeeze them order; in a bad condition:
together (to show sorrow, etc). There's nothing ~
with the en-
'>^ing ivef, very wet. 2 (fig) gine, a adv in a wrong manner:
force (money, a confession from You've spelt my name ~. go '^,
a person) by persuasion, threats, (a) take the wrong path, (b)
etc. '^er machine for wringing have a bad result: fail: All our
wet clothes. plans went ~. (c) (informal) (of
wrinkle 'riijkl n [C] small fold a machine, etc) break down, a n
or line in the skin or on a sur- 1 [U] what is morally wrong; [C]
face: ~5 round her eyes, o vt i wrong action: know the differ-
make, have, wrinkles in: up ~ ence between right and ~, do '^
one's forehead, eg when worry- to her. 2 in the '^, responsible
ing; ~J with age. wrinkly for an er ror; guilty, a vt treat un-
/'rir)kli/ adj justly. '>^ful adj unjust; unlaw-
wrist /rist/ n [C] joint between ful: ~/u/ dismissal (from em-
the hand and the arm. ''>^- ployment). '>-fully adv. '>^ly
band, band of cloth worn adv: '^ly accused.
round the wrist, eg by tennis- wrong-doer /'roqduraCr)/ n [C]
players. ''>^watch, one worn person who does wrong.
on the wrist. wrote /raut/ O write.
writ /rit/ n [C]
1 written order is- wrought /r3:t/ pt.pp of work^;
sued by a court of law. 2 Holy beaten into shape: 'v- iron.
W^, the Bible. wrung /t\t)i O wring.
write /rait/ vt/i {pt wrote /rsut/; wry /rai/ adj (wrier, wriest)
pp written /'ntn/0 1 make letters twisted out of shape: a smile, ~
or other symbols on a surface: a forced smile of disappoint-
learn to read and ^. 2 put down ment, '-^ly adv
(on paper) in words, etc: one 's ~
name; ~
a cheque. 3 do the work
of an author: ^
a novel. 4 write
and send a letter: He promised to
-^ {to) me every week. 5 (usually
passive) show clear signs of: He
had pain written on his face. '^
sth down, put down (on pap-
er) in words. -^ off (for sth).
Xx
order by post: ~
off for an appli-
cation form. -^ sth off, cancel; X, X /eks/ (pi X's, x's /'eksiz/) 1
recognize that something is a the 24th letter of the English al-
loss: '^offa debt; writt off anew phabet. 2 the Roman numeral
 437 xenophobia/yoke

10. 3 (algebra) first unknown 31 December (also called the

quantity. calendar ^). '^ Jn '^ ^out. year
xeno-phobia /(Zens'faubia/ n after year. ,a// the ,-»^ round.
^

[U] great hatred or fear of 3 period

at all times of the year.
foreigners. of one year associated with
Xmas /'krismas/ n (abbr for) something: the academic ~. for
Christmas. schools, universities. '>^ly adj.
X-ray 'eks rei/ n [C] form of ray adv (taking place) every year;
that penetrates soHds and makes once a year.
it possible to see into or through yearn /J3:n, vi want very much:
them; photograph taken by this He ^ed for home. '>^ing n [U]
means, d vi treat, photograph. (also pi) strong desire.
with X-rays. yeast /ji:st/ n fC] substance used

xylo-phone /'zaibfaun; n [C] in fermenting beer, wine and in

musical instrument of parallel making bread rise.
wooden bars struck with small yell /jel vtii 1make a loud sharp
wooden hammers. cry: '>- with fright I laughter. 2
shout: ^ (out) an order, u n [C]
loud, sharp cry.
yel-low /'jebu/ n [U], adj 1 (oO
the colour of gold. 2 (si) coward-
ly. D vt/i (cause to) become yel-
low: The pages had '^ed with

Yy age. ^ish adj s\\%h\\s yellow.

yelp /jelp/ vi. n [C] (make a)
sharp cry (of pain, anger, etc).
yes /JesparnWe (contrasted with
Y, y /wai/ (j)l Y's, y's /waiz/) the no) expressing agreement, affir-
25ih letter of the English al- mation, consent, etc: 'Can you
phabet. read this?' T'>-. a n [C]: Answer '

yacht jot,h [C] 1 light sailing- '

Y^ ' or 'No '.

boat. 2 (usually motor-driven) yes-ter-day /'jestadi/ adv. n [C]

vessel kept by a wealthy person (on) the day before today: He
for pleasure. vi travel in a arrived'^.
yacht, ^ing, the art, sport, of yet /jet/ adv 1 up to now; up to
sailing yachts. then: They are not here '>^. 2 in
yank /jaerjk/ vt give a sudden pull addition: -^ more accidents. 3
to: '^ out a tooth. still: There is ^ time to do it. 4 at
yap. /jaep, v/ (-pp-) 1 (esp of some future time: He may sur-
dogs) make short barks. 2 (j/) prise us all '-^.S as ^, up to now
talk noisily or foolishly, a n [C] or then: As ~
we do not know, a
short, shrill bark. conj but at the same time: He
yard^ /ja:d/ n [C] 1 enclosed worked hard and -^ he failed.
space round a building: a yew /ju:; n [C] (also ^'^-tree) tree
^farrri'^. 2 enclosed area for a with dark-green leaves and red
special purpose: the ^railway -^ berries; [U] its wood.
yard^/ja:d/>i[C]1 unit of length. yield jirld vi i 1 give a natural
3 feet or 36 inches. 2 long pole product or profit: trees that ^
fastened to a mast for support- fruit. 2 give way (to): He ^ed to
ing a sail. ''>^stick, (fig) stan- temptation, a n [C.U] amount
dard of comparison. produced: a good of wheat. ~
yarrt /ja:n/ n 1 [U] fibres soun for -^ing adj (a) easily bending.
knitting, weaving, etc. 2 [C] (in- (b) (/»;?) not obstinate.
formal) story, spin a '>'. tell a yoga 'pogd rt[U] Hindu system
story (often untrue), a v/ tell of meditation and self-control.
yams. yogurt, yoghurt, yoghourt
yawn join/ vi 1 open the mouth n [V] semi-solid food
'jogat
wide and inhale as when sleepy made from fermented milk.
or bored. 2 be wide open: a -^mg yoke j9uk n [C]1 piece of vs cod
hole. Dn[C]actofyawning(1 placed across the necks of oxen
year t\ [C] 1 time taken b>
/J3:(r) pulling a can. plough, etc. 2 {fig)
the earth in making one revolu- svmbol of defeat, etc: fhro\\ off
tion round the sun. about 365i the ^. refuse to obey 3 piece of
days. 2 period from 1 January to wood to fit a person's shoulders
 yolk/zoom 4

and support a pail at each end. 4 phabet.

part of a dress, etc fitting round zeal /zi:l/ n [H] enthusiasm.
the shoulders, d vt/i put a yoke '>^ous /'zebs/ a<i/ enthusiastic.
on (oxen). zebra /'zi:br3/ n \C] wild African
yolk !poki n [C,U] yellow part of horse, with dark stripes on its
an egg. body. I'x. 'crossing, street-
yon-der 'jDnd9(r)/ adj, adv (lit) crossing marked with broad
over there. white stripes.
you /ju: pron 1 the person(s) zen-ith /'zeniG/ n [C] 1 part of the
addressed: y~ are my friend. 2 sky directly overhead. 2 (Jig)
(informal) one; anyone: y~ highest point (of one's fame,
can 't live without food. fortunes, etc).
you'd /ju:d/ = you had: you zero /'ziarau/ n [C] 1 the figure 0.
would. 2 the point between the positive
you'll /ju:l = you will. ( + ) and negative ( — ) on a scale,

young /jai]/ adj (-er, -est) 1 esp on a thermometer. ''>^ hour,

(contrasted with old) not far ad-
vanced in life, growth, develop-
ment, etc: a ~
woman I nation.
The evening is still ~. 2 (as a
form of address): Now listen to
me. ~ man! 3 having little ex-
perience: '^ in crime, a n ^ the
->-/, young people; children. 2
[U] offspring; young animals,
birds: The cat fought to defend its
~. '>^ish adj quite young.
-^ster /'JAr)st3(r)/. child, youth,
espaboy.
your /jo:(r)/ adj belonging to, rel-
ating to, you: Show me ~ hands.
you're /jo:(r)/ = you are.
yours /jd:z/ adj, pron 1 of you: Is
that book ~.^ 2 (at the
letter): ~ faithfully/ truly/
sincerely.
your-self /jo-.'selt/
-selves /-'selvz/') 1 (reflexive):
Did you hurt ~.^ 2 (used for em-
phasis): You said so ^. (all) by
yourself, (a) alone, (b) with-
out help.
youth /ju:9/ n (pi -x.s /ju:dz/) 1
[U] state or time of being young:
in my '^.2 [C] young man: Half
a dozen ~5. 3 [U] young people:
a '~ dub: the -^ of today. '>^f ul
adj young; of young people: a
'yful appearance. '>-fu|ly adv.
'-«^ful-ness«[U]
you've /ju:v/ = you have.
yule /ju:l/ n (dated) Christmas.
time at which (military) opera-
tions are to begin.
zest /zest/ n [U] 1 interest; enjoy-
ment. 2 stimulating flavour:
Garlic adds ^
toa stew.
zig-zag "zigzaeg/ n [C] line or
path which turns right and left
at sharp angles: a -^ path up the
hillside, a adv in a zigzag, d vi
(-gg-) go in a zigzag.
zinc /zir)k/ n [U] hard, bluish-
white metal (symbol Zn).
^ip /zip/ n [C] 1 sound as of a bul-
let going through the air. 2 =
zip-fastener, n vt (-pp-) open or
close with a zip-fastener. '>^-
fastener /'zip fa:sn3(r)/ n [C]
end of a device for locking together two
rows of metal or plastic teeth by
means of a sliding tab, used for
pron (pi fastening clothing, bags, etc.
zither /'zid9(r)/ n\C] flat musical
instrument with many strings.
zo-diac /'zaudiaek/ n part of the
heavens containing the path of
the planets, divided into 12
equal parts (the signs of the ~).
zone /zaun/ n [C] 1 band or
stripe going round something. 2
one of the five parts into which
the earth's surface is divided by
imaginary lines parallel to the
equator. 3 area with particular
features: the war ~, the 'danger
~. 4 (US) area in which certain
postal, telephone, etc rates are
charged, q vt divide into zones.
zoo /zu:/ n [C] (pi '^s) zoological
gardens.
zo-ol-ogy /z3u'ol9d3i/ n [U]
science of the structure, forms
and distribution of animals, zo-

Zz ologi-cal /izaua'lodsikl/ adj of

2, z /zed/ (pi Z's, z's /zeds/) the
26th letter of the English al-
zoology: ~
gardens., place where
animals are kept for exhibition.
zo-ol-ogist /zau'Dl3d3ist/ n [C]
student of, expert in, zoology.
zoom /zunu/ n [U] deep hxim-

ky^
 439 zoom /zoom
ming sound, d v/ 1 (of aircraft)'
move upwards at high speed. 2
(of a camera with a zoom lens):*
~ cause the object being
injout,
photographed to appear*
nearer/further. '->>' lens, (on a
camera), one which can make an
object appear gradually nearer.

-iJ

t
 3-

^ -ST

ft '
4^
li
3

:-#
 Symbols and
abbreviations used

;ibbr abbreviation (P) Proprietary name

adj adjective Pl plural
adv adverb PP past parlici pie
{anal) anatomy prep preposition
aux verb auxiliary verb pres pari present par iciple
(C) countable noun pron pronoun
(chem) chemistry Pl past tense
ionj conjunction rel pron relative pronoun
^ g For example sb somebody
{elcc) electricity (S(ol) ,Scotlknd «f

esp especially \m^ singular

<i*^) figuratrve {^l) slang
(A» French sth something
{(>B) British U'l. uncountable noun
ifiram) grammar ((••V) American
ihnf) historical \l verb intransitive
1 c in other words VI verb transitive
(///) literary o look at (cross-
{maths) mathematics reference)
(nutf) medicine A\ taboo
(mil) military u shows a change in

(mMh) mythology the part of speech

n noun in an entry

"PP opposite
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