Functions and Principles of School Administration

School Administration is…

Planning, directing, organizing, and controlling human or material resources in an
educational setting.

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF ADMINISTRATION:

1. Planning of school programs and activities
2. Directing school work and formulating and executing educational policies
3. Coordinating administrative and supervisory activities
4. Providing the necessary leadership.
5. Evaluating the teaching personnel and school program
6. Keeping records and reporting results

SCOPE OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION

1. ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOL PERSONNEL - includes all policies, activities and
practices of the administration and staff designed to increase the effectiveness of
teaching personnel.
2. SCHOOL FINANCE AND BUDGET MANAGEMENT-includes the financing of the
school system, the sources of funds and the estimated expenditures.
3. SCHOOL PLANT MANAGEMENT-These resources cover the planning and
organization of school facilities and buildings to ensure that the school environment is
safe, stimulating and effectively managed.
4. CURRICULUM ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT- includes the process of
selecting curriculum elements from the subject, the current social life and the
students' experience, then designing the selected curriculum elements appropriately
so that they can form the curriculum structure and type.
5. GUIDANCE AND DISCIPLINE- includes the system of rules, punishments and
behavioral strategies appropriate to the regulation of children and the maintenance of
order in schools. Its aim is to control the students actions and behavior.
6. SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY RELATION-The Phil. Education Act of 1982 described
educational community as those persons or group of persons who are associated in
the institutions involved in organized teaching and learning system.

Members and elements of educational community:

 Parents or guardians or the head of the institution
 Students
 Pupils
 School Personnel
A. Teaching or academic staff
b. School administrators
c. Academic non-teaching personnel
d. Non-academic personnel
 School institutions
7. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION- includes organized school-based educational activities
aimed at attaining specific learning objectives for a particular clientele, especially the
illiterate adults and out-of-school youths.
8. EVALUATING RESULTS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION- includes evaluation of
desirable school and teaching personnel performance as outcomes of policies,
activities and practices of administration and staff.

What is Supervision?
Supervision of any school ordinarily refers to the IMPROVEMENT of the TOTAL
TEACHING AND LEARNING SITUATION and the CONDITIONS that affect them.
It is a SOCIALIZED FUNCTION DESIGN to improve instruction by working with
the people who are working with the students/pupils.

Supervision can also be defined in terms of FUNCTION and PURPOSES for which it
shall be used as:
a. Skills in leadership
b. Skills in human relation
c. Skills in group process
d. Skills in Personnel Administration
e. Skills in Evaluation

SCOPE OF SCHOOL SUPERVISION

1. INSPECTION
This is actually a study of :
SCHOOL CONDITION to discover problems or defects of the:
 Students
 Teachers
 Equipment
 School curriculum
 Objectives
 Methods
This could be done via:
 Actual Observation
 Educational test
 Conference
 Questionnaire
 Checklists

2. Research - to remedy the weaknesses of the solution to solve problems discovered.

The supervisor should conduct research to discover means, methods and
procedure fundamental to the success of supervision. The solutions discovered are then
passed on the teachers.

3. Training - acquainting teachers with solutions discovered in research through

training.
Training may be in the form of:
 Demonstration teaching
 Workshops
  Seminars
 Classroom observation
 Individual or group conferences
 Inter visitation
 Professional classes

4. Guidance-involved personal help given by someone.

It is the function of supervision to:
 Stimulate
 Direct
 Guide
 Encourage

5. Evaluation-appraises the outcomes and the factors conditioning the outcomes of

instructions and to improve the products and processes of instructions.

ACTIVITIES OF SUPERVISION:
 Survey of the school system
 Improvement of classroom teaching
 In-service education of teachers
 Selecting and organizing of materials for instructions
 Research the problems of teaching
 Determine the desirable physical conditions of teaching
 Performing semi-administrative duties
INTERRELATION OF ADMINISTRATION & SUPERVISION

ADMINISTRATION
Represents the whole of the educational
system
emphasizes authority
-favourable condition essential to good
teaching and learning; (provides)
- decides, directs and orders the
execution of educational program;
(directs)
SUPERVISION
Represents a portion of it in terms of
improving the total teaching - learning
situation.
-service
- carries out the better operation and
improving it (operates)
- assists, advises, guides and leads the
operation and improving the program
(serves)

TYPES OF SCHOOL SUPERVISION

1. Laissez-faire type
This type of supervision utilizes inspectorial supervisory methods unaided by any
objective control, in which the teachers are observed, but nothing is done to help them
improve the work they are doing. In other words. The teachers are left free; they are not
to be imposed upon or directed.

2. Coercive type
This type of supervision is the opposite of the laissez-faire. The supervisor visits
the teachers in order to observe them. The teachers acquired ready-made-procedure or
standard prescribed by the supervisors.

3. Training and Guidance type

This type of supervision emphasizes the improvements of teachers as well as her
technique through direction, training and guidance.

4. Democratic leadership type

 It consists of the teacher’s cooperation in the formulation of policies, plans and
procedures. Supervisor observes teacher inside the classroom setting with the aim of
improving the teaching-learning situation via cooperation process or group action. The
teachers, supervisors and administrators are regarded as co-workers in a common task.

Exercise 2.

What type of supervision does your school practice? Cite some situations.