Guia de Prácticas

UNIVERSIDAD RICARDO PALMA
FACULTAD DE MEDICINA HUMANA
INGLÉS I
SEMESTRE 2019 – 1
PRACTICE GUIDE
UNIT 1: PARTS OF THE BODY (1)
Unit Unit Competences

Title Grammar Vocabulary Listening & Reading Writing
Speaking
1 Parts Describing Asking about Finding the A medical chart.
of Present the body. personal general idea and
the Simple: details, specific
body -Positive presenting information in a
(1). statements injuries. text about
-Negative injuries.
statements.
-Interrogative
form.
IN THIS UNIT, THE STUDENTS LEARN TO:
 Describe the parts of the body in a General Practice with correct
pronunciation.
I.-GRAMMAR
SIMPLE PRESENT
EL "SIMPLE PRESENT" SE UTILIZA:
 Para expresar hábitos y rutinas, hechos generales, acciones repetidas o
situaciones, emociones y deseos permanentes:
MARÍA SERENA VILLANELO

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I smoke (hábito); I work in London (permanencia); London is a large
city (hecho general)
 Para dar instrucciones o indicaciones:
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
 Para hablar de eventos programados, presentes o futuros:
Your exam starts at 09.00.
 Para referirse al futuro, detrás de algunas conjunciones: after, when,
before, as soon as, until:
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
EJEMPLOS
 Hábitos y rutinas
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
 Eventos y acciones repetidos
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.
 Hechos generales
Water freezes at zero degrees.

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The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.
Afirmativa Interrogativa Negativa
I think Do I think? I do not think
You think Do you think? You do not think
He thinks Does he think? He does not think
She thinks Does she think? She does not think
It thinks Does it think? It does not think
We think Do we think? We do not think.
They think Do they think? They do not think.
 Instrucciones o indicaciones
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

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 Eventos programados
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March
FORMACIÓN DEL "SIMPLE PRESENT": TO THINK
NOTAS SOBRE LA TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR DEL "SIMPLE
PRESENT"
 En la tercera persona del singular, el verbo siempre termina en -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
 Para las formas negativa e interrogativa, se emplea DOES (= tercera
persona del auxiliar 'DO') + el infinitivo del verbo.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want
vanilla.
 Verbos que terminan en -y : en la tercera persona del singular, se
cambia la -y por -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Excepción: cuando una vocal precede a la -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
 Añadimos -es a los verbos que terminan en:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

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EJEMPLOS
 He goes to school every morning.
 She understands English.
 It mixes the sand and the water.
 He tries very hard.
 She enjoys playing the piano
TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Adverbs commonly used with the simple present tense are: always, usually,
often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely and never. Note that the adverbs of
frequency usually go before the verb.
He often visits his grandparents.
I often buy comics.
We usually go to Singapore in April.
I usually get up early.
She always carries an umbrella.
He never gets angry.
I sometimes read foreign periodicals.
They rarely watch TV.
She frequently buys detective stories.
It sometimes gets very hot here.

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Days of the Week and Times of the Day
Days of the week are often used with ‘s’ when we talk about repeated actions.
We don’t eat meat on Fridays.
I play tennis on Saturdays.
Do you mind working on Sundays?
Times of the day
We usually use at with clock times.
The train arrives at 3.30.
We use in with parts of the day.
He plays tennis in the evening.
He gets up early in the morning.
Days of the week
We use on with particular days.
See you on Monday.
EXERCISE: SIMPLE PRESENT
EXERCISE A
Write the correct form of the verb in each sentence
1. John (play/plays) soccer.

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2. They (don’t/doesn’t) study after school.
3. We (take/takes) the metro to the office every day.
4. What (do/does) you want to study?
5. On Tuesdays, I (go/goes) to the mall.
6. Terry (play/plays) soccer; he
(practice/practices) every day.
7. (Do/Does) Lucy ride her bike to school, or
(do/does) she take the bus?
8. On Sunday, he (don’t/doesn’t) read the newspaper.
9. Where (do/does) they work?
10. How (do/does) you spell your name?
Make questions with the word groups, using (do) or (does).
1. (Where/she/live)?
_________________________________________________________
2. (When/you/play/soccer)?
3. (What/he/eat/for/lunch)?
4. (When/they/come/home/from/school) ?
5. (she/want/to/work/in/the/office) ?
6. (your/mother/take/you/to/school) ?
7. (What/time/you/get/up) ?
8. (Where/your/father/work)?
9. (Julia/live/in/Colorado)?
10. (How/Juan/and/David/go/to/school)?

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EXERCISE B
A - Put in the correct verb forms.

1) Andy the family car. 6) His friend to school.
a) wash a) gos
b) washes b) go
c) washs c) goes
2) Every morning my mother at 6 7) Do you milk in your tea?

o'clock. a) like
a) get up b) liks
b) get ups c) likes
c) gets up
8) I correct?
3) Mr. Black e-mails in a) Are
b) Be
the evenings.
c) Am
a) write
d) Is
b) writes
c) writs
9) It a beautiful day today.
a) am
4) The girls the shopping. b) are
a) dos
c) be
b) does
d) is
c) do
10) John often handball.

5)Mandy and Susan films
a) play
every weekend. b) plays
a) watches
c) playes
b) watch
c) watchs
B - Which sentences/questions are correct?
1) Which sentence is in the Simple Present?

a) He can a bike ride.
b) He can ride a bike.
c) He can rides a bike.
d) He cans ride a bike.

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2) Which sentence is in the Simple Present?
a) He has read a book.
b) He is reading a book.
c) He read a book.
d) He reads a book.
e) He will read a book.
3) Which negative sentence is in the Simple Present?

a) He do not reads a book.
b) He does not read a book.
c) He is not reading a book.
d) He not read a book.
4) Which negative sentence is in the Simple Present?

a) We do'nt work in a bank.
b) We does not work in a bank.
c) We don't work in a bank.
5) Which verb forms are used in the Simple Present?

a) Infinitiv
b) Infinitiv + -ed
c) Infinitiv + -ing
d) Infinitiv + s
e) have + Infinitiv + -ed
6) Which verb forms are correct?

a) she are
b) she has
c) she hase
d) she is
e) she plays
f) she plaies
7) Which verb forms are correct?

a) he flies
b) he flys
c) he lives
d) he livees
e) he workes
f) he works

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9) Which sentences/questions are in the Simple Present?
a) He's 15.
b) Do you speak Spanish?
c) I'm in room 201.
d) She didn't help her mother.
e) She doesn't like milk.
f) We are reading a book.
g) She drives a car.
10)What are typical signal words for the Simple Present?

a) always
b) at the moment
c) every day
d) now
e) often
f) sometimes
g) yesterday
11) Which verbs/auxiliaries can be negated by adding >not<?

a) am
b) read
c) can
d) is
e) play
f) are
g) speak
II. VOCABULARY
PARTS OF THE BODY

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III. READING
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

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Contussions are brain injuries that occur when a person receives a blow to the head,
face, or neck. Although most people who suffer a concussion experience initial bouts
of dizziness, nausea, and drowsiness, these symptoms often disappear after a few
days. The long-term effects of concussions, however, are less understood and far more
severe. Recent studies suggest that people who suffer multiple concussions are at a
significant risk for developing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative
brain disorder that causes a variety of dangerous mental and emotional problems to
arise weeks, months, or even years after the initial injury. These psychological
problems can include depression, anxiety, memory loss, inability to concentrate, and
aggression. In extreme cases, people suffering from CTE have even committed suicide
or homicide. The majority of people who develop these issues are athletes who
participate in popular high-impact sports, especially football. Although both new sports
regulations and improvements in helmet technology can help protect players, the
sports media and fans alike bear some of the responsibility for reducing the incidence
of these devastating injuries. Improvements in diagnostic technology have provided

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substantial evidence to link severe—and often fatal—psychological disorders to the
head injuries players receive while on the field. Recent autopsies performed on the
brains of football players who have committed suicide have shown advanced cases of
CTE in every single victim. In response to the growing understanding of this danger,
the National Football League (NFL) has revised its safety regulations. Players who have
suffered a head injury on the field must undergo a "concussion sideline assessment"—
a series of mental and physical fitness tests—before being allowed back in the game. In
an effort to diminish the amount of head and neck injuries on the field, NFL officials
have begun enforcing stricter penalty calls for helmet-to-helmet contact, leading with
the head, and hitting a defenseless player. Furthermore, as of 2010, if a player’s helmet
is accidentally wrenched from his head during play, the ball is immediately whistled
dead. There is hope that these new regulations, coupled with advances in helmet
design, will reduce the number of concussions player endure, and thus curb the
number of CTE cases. Efforts by the NFL and other professional sports leagues are
certainly laudable; indeed, we should commend every attempt to protect the mental
and physical health of players. However, new regulations at the professional level
cannot protect amateur players, especially young people. Fatal cases of CTE have been
reported in victims as young as 21. With appropriate equipment and form, tackling
need not be dangerous. Proper tackling form—using the arms and shoulders to aim for
a player’s midsection rather than leading with the top of the head—should be taught at
an early age. Youth, high school, and college leagues should also adopt safety rules
even more stringent that the NFL’s. Furthermore, at an early age, athletes should be

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educated about the serious dangers of head injuries. Perhaps the most important
factor in reducing the number of traumatic brain injuries, however, lies not with the
players, the coaches, or the administrators, but with the media and fans. Sports media
producers have become accustomed to showcasing the most aggressive tackles and
the most intense plays. NFL broadcasts often replay especially violent collisions, while
the commentators marvel at the physical prowess of the players involved. Some sports
programs even feature weekly countdowns of the hardest hits. When the media exalts
such hazardous behavior, professionals are rewarded for injuring each other on the
field, and amateurs become more likely to try to imitate their favorite NFL athletes.
Announcers, commentators, television producers, and sportswriters should engage in
a collective effort to cease glorifying brutal plays. In turn, fans should stop expecting
their favorite players to put their lives on the line for the purposes of entertainment.
Players must stop being encouraged to trade their careers, health, happiness, and their
lives for the sake of a game.
EXERCISE
ASKS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS FROM THE READING:
1) The author apparently believes that
A. NFL officials have not thoroughly implemented stricter safety regulations

B. doctors need to do more research about the potential long-term effects of CTE
C. amateur athletes suffer more serious long-term effects of CTE than professional athletes
D. fans share some of the blame for athletes’ injuries
E. young people should not be encouraged to play football due to CTE risks
2) According to the author, each of the following statements are true EXCEPT which one?

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A. Tackling itself is not dangerous; however, players who use improper tackling form may suffer
injury.
B. Scientists have established a link between players who shoot themselves and others and the
onset of CTE.
C. NFL officials have done nothing to address the problem of CTE.
D. Athletes who are praised for exceptionally brutal hits are likely to continue engaging in such
dangerous behavior.
E. Sports programs showcase exceptionally hard hits.
3) According to the author, which of the following contribute(s) to an increase in incidences of CTE
in amateur players?
I. fewer safety regulations than professional players

II. a lack of education geared to youth players about the dangers of head injuries
III. a desire to emulate professionals
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only
E. I, II, and III
4) As used in paragraph 4, which is the best synonym for laudable?
A. praiseworthy
B. ineffective
C. determined
D. blameworthy
E. satisfactory
5) The author’s tone in the final paragraph can best be described as
A. apologetic
B. depressed
C. confused
D. solemn
E. hopeless
6) As used in the final paragraph, which is the best antonym for exalts?
A. ignores
B. misrepresents
C. praises
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D. reports
E. criticizes

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UNIT 2: PARTS OF THE BODY (2, 3)
Unit Unit Competences

Title Grammar Vocabulary Listening & Reading Writing
Speaking
2 Parts of Describing Asking about Finding the A Patient
the body Present the body. personal general idea and assessment.
2 and 3. Simple details, specific
Continuous: presenting information in a
-Positive injuries. text about
statements Jefferson
-Negative General
statements. Hospital.
-Interrogative
form.
 Summarize and present information with correct pronunciation, fluency and accuracy
using visuals and graphs to support the facts.
 Write patient assessment about presenting complaints.
 Learn vocabulary about the topic.
I.-GRAMMAR
PRESENT CONTINOUS
FORMACIÓN DEL "PRESENT CONTINUOUS"

El "present continuous" de cualquier verbo se compone de dos partes: el presente del verbo
to be + el "present participle" del verbo principal.
(Para formar el "present participle": raíz+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

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Afirmativa
Sujeto + to be + raíz + ing
She is talking.
Negativa
Sujeto + to be + not + raíz + ing
She is not (isn't) talking
Interrogativa
to be + sujeto + raíz + ing
Is she talking?
EJEMPLOS: TO GO, "PRESENT CONTINUOUS"
Afirmativa Negativo Interrogativo
I am going I am not going Am I going?

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You are going You aren´t going Are you going?
He, she, it is going He, she, it isn't going Is he, she, it going
We are going We aren't going Are we going?
You are going You aren't going Are you going?
They are going They aren't going Are they going?
Nota: contracciones de las formas negativas: I'm not going, you're not going, he's not going etc.
FUNCIONES DEL "PRESENT CONTINUOUS"

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Como ocurre con todos los tiempos verbales del inglés, la actitud del hablante es tan
importante como el momento en que ocurre la acción o el evento. Al emplear el
"present continuous", nos estamos refiriendo a algo que no ha terminado o está
Incompleto.
EL "PRESENT CONTINUOUS" SE UTILIZA:
 para describir una acción que está teniendo lugar en este momento: You are
using the Internet. You are studying English grammar.
 para describir una tendencia o una acción que está sucediendo en la actualidad: Are
you still working for the same company? More and more people are
becoming vegetarian.
 para describir una acción o evento futuros que ya están programados: We're
going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you
next winter?
 para describir una situación o evento temporales: He usually plays the drums,
but he's playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's
raining at the moment.
 con "always, forever, constantly", para describir y enfatizar una sucesión de acciones
repetidas: Harry and Sally are always arguing! You're constantly
complaining about your mother-in-law!

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¡CUIDADO! Hay algunos verbos que no suelen emplear la forma progresiva
VERBOS QUE NO SUELEN EMPLEAR LA FORMA PROGRESIVA

Los verbos de la siguiente lista suelen utilizar la forma simple porque hacen referencia
a estados, más que acciones o procesos.
SENSACIÓN / PERCEPCIÓN
 to feel*
 to hear
 to see*
 to smell
 to taste
OPINIÓN
 to assume
 to believe
 to consider
 to doubt
 to feel (= pensar)
 to find (= considerar)
 to suppose
 to think*
ESTADOS MENTALES
 to forget
 to imagine
 to know
 to mean
 to notice
 to recognise
 to remember
 to understand
EMOCIONES / DESEOS

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 to envy
 to fear
 to dislike
 to hate
 to hope
 to like
 to love
 to mind
 to prefer
 to regret
 to want
 to wish
MEDIDAS
 to contain
 to cost
 to hold
 to measure
 to weigh
OTROS
 to look (=parecerse a)
 to seem
 to be (en la mayoría de los casos)
 to have (cuando significa "poseer")*
EXCEPCIONES
Los verbos de sensación y percepción (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) suelen utilizarse
con can: I can see... Pueden tomar la forma progresiva pero, en este caso, su significado
suele variar.
 This coat feels nice and warm. (percepción de las cualidades del abrigo)
 John's feeling much better now (está mejor de salud)
 She has three dogs and a cat. (posesión)
 She's having supper. (está tomando)
 I can see Anthony in the garden (percepción)
 I'm seeing Anthony later (tenemos intención de vernos)

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EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM.
1.- I ...... AN E-MAIL NOW.
A) AM WRITING
B) AM WRITTING
2.-SUSAN ...... IN THE BED AT THE MOMENT.
A) LYING
B) IS LYING
3.-I ..... IN LONDON THIS MONTH.
A) AM STAYING
B) STAY
4.-PETER ..... THIS WEEK.
A) WORKING
B) IS WORKING
5.-MY MUM AND DAD ...... NOW.
A) IS COOKING

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B) ARE COOKING
6.-OH, NO! LOOK!
A) WHAT IS HE WEARING?
B) WHAT DOES HE WEARING?
7.-DON'T TURN OFF THE TV.
A) I AM WATCHING IT.
B) I'M NOT WATCHING IT.
8.-I CAN HEAR JANE.
A) SHE IS COMING.
B) SHE ISN'T COMING.
EXERCISE 2: COMPLETE THE SENTENCES.
EXAMPLE:
BILL .................. TODAY. (WORK)
BILL IS WORKING TODAY.
1.-LOOK. SHE ..................................................... US.
(WATCH)
2.-WE ....................................... IN PARIS THIS WEEK.
(STAY)

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3.-MY SISTER IS NOT HERE. SHE ..................................
THE SHOPPING. (DO)
4.-PLEASE, STOP! YOU ............................. SO LOUDLY!
(SING)
5.-IT'S 9 O'CLOCK AND I ................................. A BOOK.
(READ)
6.-WHERE IS SAM? - HE .............................. HIS CAR.
(MEND)
EXERCISE 3: MAKE SENTENCES IN THE PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE.
EXAMPLE:
(WAIT/HERE/I)
I AM WAITING HERE.
1.-(I/IN HASTINGS/LEARN ENGLISH/THIS SUMMER)
............................................................................
2.-(IN THE STREET/SARAH AND SUE/PLAY/AT THE
MOMENT)
............................................................................

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3-(DECORATE/SHE/IN YORK/THESE DAYS/HER FLAT)
...................................................................................
4.-(JUST/LOOK/WE)
............................................................................
5.-(A SHOWER/LUKE/TAKE/NOW)
............................................................................
6.-(THE SUN/SHINE/AND/SUNBATHE/WE)
............................................................................
II. VOCABULARY
Fill the chart with 10 new words from the unit.

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English Spanish
III.READING
Maria Mutola, Former 800 metres Olympic champion
In 1988, Maria Mutola was playing football as the only girl in an all-boys team in a
local competition in Mozambique. 'We won,' she said. 'At first no one thought it was a
problem that I was a girl. But then the team we beat complained.'
The story appeared in a local newspaper and Jose Craveirinha, who had encouraged
other African athletes, learnt about Maria. He went to meet her and found her kicking
a ball around outside the football club. He realised immediately that she was fast. 'He
talked to me about athletics. I had no idea what he meant. The only sport I knew about
was football. Then he bought me running shoes and took me training. It was such
hard work and my legs really ached.' But Jose visited her parents and persuaded
them she could be successful and this would help end their poverty. They agreed to
let him take her away to train.
In 1991, she finally accepted an invitation to train in the United States. She had
refused previously because she knew she would miss her family. Her background
was unlike those of the girls she met in the US. She explains, 'They were good
athletes but, while I worried about my parents having enough to eat, they worried
about dresses and make-up. They knew very little about me and even less about my

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problems. But I knew I was lucky to be there. The trainers were brilliant and I learnt a
lot.'
Today, Maria still runs and for most of the year she lives happily in South Africa with
her mother.
EXERCISE
ASK THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS FROM THE READING:
1. What is the writer trying to do in the text?

A persuade more Africans to take up athletics.
B describe how Maria became a top athlete.
C give information about moving to America.
2 Jose Craveirinha found out about Maria when

A he went to watch a local football competition.
B people complained about another member of her football team.
C he saw an article about her role in a football match.
3 When Jose first introduced Maria to athletics, she

A didn't know what was involved.
B was worried about being injured.
C was keen to learn everything he knew.
4 What does Maria say about the girls she met in the United States?
A They used too much make- up.
B They did not show enough respect for the trainers.
C Their experiences of life were very different from hers.

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UNIT 3: THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Unit Unit Title Competences
Grammar Vocabulary Listening & Reading Writing
Speaking
3 The Describing Asking about Finding the A prescription

respirator Present the personal general idea and note.
y and Simple vs respiratory details, specific
circulatory Present and presenting information in a
systems. Simple circulatory injuries. text about
Continuo: systems. Illnesses of the
_Difference respiratory and
-How to circulatory
use them systems.
 Describe the respiratory and circulator systems.
 Present the parts of these systems using topic sentences, supporting details and
correct spelling and grammar.
.I.-GRAMMAR
SIMPLE PRESENT VS PRESENT CONTINOUS

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What's the difference between the Present Simple / Present Continuous and how to use
them.
We use the present simple tense when we want to talk about fixed habits or routines –
things that don’t change.
We use the present continuous to talk about actions which are happening at the present
moment, but will soon finish.
Compare these two statements:
 (present simple) I play tennis.
 (present continuous/ progressive) I am playing tennis.
(present simple) ‘I play tennis’ tells us that playing tennis is something the speaker always
does. It is part of a routine or habit. We can call this a permanent situation.
(present continuous/ progressive) ‘I am playing tennis’ tells us that the speaker is playing
tennis right now. Soon the game will be over. We call this a temporary situation.
With the present simple we say:
I play tennis
You play tennis
We play tennis
They play tennis
He/she/ it plays tennis.
With the present continuous we say:
I am playing tennis
You are playing tennis
We are playing tennis
He/she/it is playing tennis

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Frequency Adverbs we use with the Present Simple
With the present simple we use these frequency adverbs:
(Notice that the adverb comes before the main verb in the sentence.)
Always: ‘I always read before I go to bed.’
Often: ‘Her sister often comes shopping with us.’
Frequently:‘Michael frequently visits his family.’
Sometimes:‘You sometimes go to the gym, don’t you?’
Occasionally:‘It occasionally rains in summer.’
Seldom:‘They seldom ask for help.’
Rarely: ‘He rarely goes out without his backpack.’
Hardly ever:‘I hardly ever eat pizza.’
Never: ‘Japanese people never wear shoes inside.’
Time Expressions we use with the Present Continuous
With the present continuous we use these time expressions:
(Notice that the time expression can come at the start or at the end of the sentence.)
At the moment: ‘I’m watching TV, at the moment.’
These days: ‘Paul’s living in Cardiff, these days.’
Now: ‘What are you doing, now?’
Nowadays: ‘I think you are smoking too much, nowadays.’
EXERCISE
Put the verbs into the correct tense (present simple OR present continuous):
The train always ________________(1: leave) on time.

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"What's the matter? Why ________________(2: cry/you)?" That's strange.

They________________(3: not to watch) TV.
He________________(4: not to speak) very good English.
Please be quiet! I________________(5: do) my homework.
Where________________(6: live/they)?
Listen! John ________________ music! (7: play)
I never ________________(8: go) to the swimming pool.
Harold Black's a famous pianist. He________________(9: give) two or three concerts every
week.
He ________________(10: travel) a lot and this week he's in New York.

He________________(11: stay) at an expensive hotel. He's at his hotel now.
He________________(12: have) his breakfast in the dining−room.
He________________(13: drink) a cup of coffee and he________________(14: read) a
newspaper.
Harold's always very busy. He________________(15: play) the piano regularly.

He________________(16: practise) for four hours every day.
He________________(17: go) to bed late and he always ________________(18: get up)

early. But he sometimes________________(19: get) dressed too quickly, and this morning
he________________(20: wear) one blue sock and one red one!
Complete the sentences below using one of the verbs in the box in the correct form. You
may use each verb once only. enjoy prefer play produce work seem know interview wait talk
finish .
1. I always ________ tennis on Fridays. 2. He ________ his report. He will bring it into the
office when it is complete. 3. "My parents phoned me this morning. They _________
themselves in the Seychelles. Champagne every night! In fact, they don't want to leave." 4.
We ________ to entertain our guests in a local restaurant rather than the canteen. Although
it is expensive, we can talk freely there. 5. I ___________ the answer to your problem. Get a
new computer. 6. "Where is John?" "In his office ____________ for an important telephone

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call." 7. I can't make the meeting tomorrow. I _____________ the applicants for the sales
manager's job. 8. My brother _____________ for Shink Inc. which makes bathroom fittings.
9. Who ___________ to Bill? Is it the new secretary? 10. The new contract
________________ fine to me. However, could you just check it through once more?
Choose the correct form for each verb. 1. Marie-Claude isn't a Canadian.
I ________ she comes from France.
A. believe
B. ? am believing
2. Look! Junko ________ into the water.
A. ? jumps
B. ? is jumping
3. I ________ you're crazy!
A. ? think
B. ? am thinking
4. Don't give Jan any cheese. She ________ it!
A. ? hates
B. ? is hating
5. I ________ to Toronto next Thursday. Do you want to come?
A. ? go
B. ? am going
6. Once a week, I ________ to an art class at the college.
A. ? go
B. ? am going

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7. I ________ lunch in the cafeteria every day.
A. ? have
B. ? am having
8. Salman is rich — he ________ a Mercedes.
A. ? drives
B. ? is driving
9. You won't find Jerry at home right now. He ________ in the library.
A. ? studies
B. ? is studying
10. It ________ quite hard — perhaps we shouldn't go out tonight.
A. ? snows
B. ? is snowing
II. VOCABULARY

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English Spanish
III. READING
The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is one of several systems of the human body that work
together to keep a person healthy. The body takes oxygen into the lungs when a
person breathes. This oxygen is then transported throughout the body into all of the
cells of the body by the circulatory system.
The main function of the circulatory system is to carry blood throughout our bodies.
The circulatory system circulates or transports blood to and from the heart, and
carries oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body. The circulatory system is
connected throughout the body by vessels that transport the blood, oxygen, and
nutrients.
There are two main parts of the circulatory system, the heart and blood vessels. The
heart contains a total of four chambers, which are enclosed by walls that are thick

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and muscular. The heart is located between the lungs. It lies just to the left side of the
middle of the chest cavity.
Two of the chambers are called the left and right ventricles, located in the bottom part
of the heart, pump blood out of the heart. The aorta is the largest artery of the heart
and it carries blood away from the heart. Blood with oxygen is pumped into the aorta,
which travels up along a ventricle and down into the front of the spinal column into
the abdomen. The upper part of the heart contains two other chambers, the left and
right atria, receive blood into the heart.
The left and right atria are the chambers of the heart that receive blood into the heart.
The atria are located in the upper part of the heart. The ventricles are located in the
bottom part of the heart and pump blood out of the heart. Heart valves separate the
four chambers of the heart. The chambers of the heart collect and pump blood, as
well as control the blood's direction. The valves open correctly for the blood to empty
from the chambers, and close properly so blood does not flow the wrong way. The
valves assure that the rest of the body get the right amount of blood.
The heart is actually a muscle; the beating is the moving or pumping of blood into the
rest of the body and beats about 60 to 100 times per minute depending on age and
health. It beats faster if necessary when the body is need of oxygen, or slower while a
person sleeps who would need less oxygen.
The blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries which are the paths that
carry the blood throughout the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins
carry blood to the heart, and the capillaries connect the arteries and veins. The
nutrients that come from food is digested in the body is also transported to all of the
cells of the body through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.

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The arteries carry blood away from the heart. The arteries are the thickest of the
blood vessels. The blood is enriched with oxygen as it is sent through a large artery
called the aorta, to the rest of the body. The veins of the circulatory system carry
blood back to the heart. Veins are thin and not as flexible as arteries, but are larger in
diameter. The capillaries are tiny blood vessels that carry blood between the arteries
and the veins. The capillaries deliver nutrients and oxygen to the cells in the body.
Carbon dioxide and other waste products are also removed by the capillaries.
Capillaries are extremely small, only about one cell thick. If the capillaries were laid
end to end they would stretch to about 3000 miles.
In summary, the circulatory system is made up of the heart and thousands of miles of
blood vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries which carry blood, oxygen, and
nutrients throughout the different parts of the body.
EXERCISE
1) The main function of the circulatory system is to do which of the following?
A: Carry blood throughout a person's body
B: Take in oxygen for transport to the body
C: Distribute blood to the heart
D: Keeps a person's heart beating
2) How many chambers does the heart contain?
A: 2
B: 3
C: 4
D: 5
3) The largest artery of the heart and the body is which of the following?

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A: Vein
B: Aorta
C: Capillary
D: Ventricle
4) Which of the following is a correct statement?
A: Arteries carry blood to the heart, veins away from the heart
B: Arteries and veins carry blood to the heart
C: Arteries and veins carry blood away from the heart
D: Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins to the heart
5) Which of the following blood vessels carry nutrients and oxygen to the cells in the
body?
A: Capillaries
B: Veins
C: Arteries
D: Ventricles
6) Which of the following separate the four chambers of the heart?
A: Ventricles
B: Atria
C: Valves
D: Aorta

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UNIT 4: THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Speaking
4 Digestive Describing Asking about Finding the Describing the

and bone Present the digestive personal general idea and patient problem.
systems. Simple vs and bone details, specific
Present systems. presenting information in a
Simple injuries. text about
Continuo: digestive
_Difference system.
-How to
use them
 Describe the digestive and bone systems
 .Present the parts of these systems using topic sentences, supporting details and
.I.-GRAMMAR
SIMPLE PRESENT VS PRESENT CONTINOUS

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EXERCISE
Choose the present simple or present continuous:
1. (You / come) _________________________________ tonight?
2. (He / eat) _________________________________ rice every day?
3. I (work) _________________________________ at the moment.
4. (He / come) _________________________________ to London often?
5. He (play) _________________________________ tennis now.
6. (You / come) _________________________________ to the cinema later?
7. They (not / come) _________________________________ to the party
tomorrow.
8. He (not / play) _________________________________ golf now.
9. (You / play) _________________________________ tennis this Sunday?
10. They (go) _________________________________ to a restaurant every
Saturday.
11. She (not / go) _________________________________ to the cinema very
often.
12. You usually (arrive) _________________________________ late.
13. He normally (eat) _________________________________ dinner at home.
14. (You / study) _________________________________ every night?
15. (They / work) _________________________________ late usually?

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16. You (not / go) _________________________________ out later.
17. I (not / work) _________________________________ tonight.
18. (She / work) _________________________________ at the moment?
19. I (not / drink) _________________________________ coffee very often.
20. Julie (sleep) _________________________________ now.
II. VOCABULARY
English Spanish
III. READING
The Digestive System
When a person begins to eat food, the body's digestive system begins to work.
The digestive system is the system of the body that is responsible for breaking down
the food a person eats. The process of food being broken down is called digestion.
Digestion allows the body to receive the nutrients and the energy from the food that

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is eaten. During digestion, all of the food a person eats is eventually turned into the
building blocks and fuel a person needs.
The system actually begins to work when a person sees or smells the food.
Saliva, or spit, begins to form in the mouth. When the food is eaten, the saliva will
begin to break down the chemicals in the food making it mushy and easy to swallow.
With the help of a person's tongue the mushy food then moves to the back of
the mouth into the opening of the esophagus. The esophagus is about a 10-inch pipe
that moves the food from the back of the throat to the stomach. There is also a small
flap blocking the windpipe to make sure the food goes down the correct tube. The
special flap is called the epiglottis. If a person begins to cough or choke, it is
sometimes caused by food or drink going down the windpipe instead of the
esophagus. There are muscles in the esophagus that help push the food into the
stomach.
The stomach, another part of the digestive system, is the next stop for the food.
It has three responsibilities: First, it stores the food, then breaks it down into a liquid
mixture, and finally, it slowly empties the mixture into the small intestine. Inside the
stomach, there are gastric juices which help break down the food, as well as kill any
bacteria that may be in the food.
The next stop on the journey is the small intestine. The small intestine is
located beneath the stomach, and if stretched out would be about 22 feet long. Its job
is to break down the food some more, so that the body can absorb all of the vitamins,
minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and the fats found in food.
Helping the small intestine do its job is the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.
The pancreas makes juices that help the body digest the fats and proteins from the

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food. The liver has a juice in it called bile that helps to absorb fats into a person's
bloodstream. The gall bladder stores the bile from the liver until the body needs it
again. The liver also filters out anything that may be harmful to the body, as well as
stores vitamins and sugars for the body.
Finally, the large intestine is another part of the digestive system. The large
intestine is thicker than the small intestine but not as long. Its role is to receive all of
the waste products that a person's body does not need. The waste goes through the
colon, which is a part of the large intestine. This is the last chance the body has to
absorb any nutrients or minerals before the waste leaves the body.
Once the waste leaves the colon becomes a solid again and pushed out
through the rectum. This step ends the journey of the food through the body and the
digestive system. Drinking lots of water helps with the digestion of food in the body.
In summary the digestive system consists of saliva in the mouth, the

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine,
colon, and rectum. The digestive system breaks down the food of the body so the
nutrients and vitamins can help a person receive energy and nourishment.
EXERCISE
1) The process of food being broken down is called:
A: Saliva
B: Ingestion
C: Intention
D: Digestion

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2) Which of the following is the role of saliva in the digestive system?
A: Breaks down chemicals in the food.
B: Helps food become easy to swallow.
C: Causes food to become mushy.
D: All of the above
3) The special flap that prevents food from entering the windpipe is called the:
A: Esophagus
B: Trachea
C: Epiglottis
D: Pancreas
4) The 10-inch pipe that moves food from the mouth to the stomach is called the:
A: Esophagus
B: Trachea
C: Epiglottis
D: Pancreas
5) Which of the following parts of the digestive system has three important roles?
A: Pancreas
B: Liver
C: Stomach
D: Gall bladder
6) Which of the following parts of the digestive system produces bile which helps
absorb fast into the bloodstream?

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A: Pancreas
B: Liver
C: Gall bladder
D: Large intestine

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UNIT 5: NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
Speaking
5 Nervous Describin Conversatio Finding the Medical student’s

and Past Simple: g the n between a general idea and note.
endocrine -Positive nervous doctor and a specific
medical
systems. statements. and information in a
student.
-Negative endocrine text about
statements. systems. nervous and
Interrogative form. endocrine
-Regular and system.
Irregular Verbs.
-Time
Expressions.
- List of verbs
(past)
 Describe the nervous and endocrine systems.
 Present the parts of these systems using topic sentences, supporting details and
.I.-GRAMMAR

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PAST SIMPLE
FUNCIONES DEL "SIMPLE PAST"
El "simple past" se utiliza para hablar de una acción que concluyó en un tiempo
anterior al actual. La duración no es relevante. El tiempo en que se sitúa la acción
puede ser el pasado reciente o un pasado lejano.
EJEMPLOS
John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
My father died last year.
He lived in Fiji in 1976.
We crossed the Channel yesterday.
Siempre se utiliza el "simple past" para referirse a cuándo ocurrió algo, de modo que
va asociado a ciertas expresiones temporales que indican:
Frecuencia: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
Un tiempo determinado: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night

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Un tiempo indeterminado: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in
caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.
Nota: el término ago es útil para expresar distancia temporal en el pasado. Se coloca
después del periodo de tiempo de que se trate: a week ago, three years ago, a minute
ago.
Cuidado: el "simple past" del inglés puede parecerse a un tiempo verbal de tu propio
idioma y, sin embargo, su significado puede ser distinto.
FORMACIÓN DEL "SIMPLE PAST"
FORMACIÓN DEL "SIMPLE PAST" CON VERBOS REGULARES
Afirmativa
Sujeto + raíz + ed
I skipped.
Negativa
Sujeto + did not + infinitivo sin to
They didn't go.
Interrogativa
Did + sujeto + infinitivo sin to?
Did she arrive?
Interrogativa negativa
Did not + sujeto + infinitivo sin to?
Didn't you play?
TO WALK

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Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I walked I didn't walk Did I walk?
You walked You didn't walk Did you walk?
He walked He didn't walk Did he walk?
We walked We didn't walk Did we walk?
They walked They didn't walk Did they walk?
"SIMPLE PAST" DE LOS VERBOS TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO
Sujeto Verbo
Be Have Do
I was had did
You were had did
He/She/It was had did
We were had did
You were had did
They were had did
NOTAS SOBRE LAS CONSTRUCCIONES AFIRMATIVA, NEGATIVA E

INTERROGATIVA
AFIRMATIVA
La forma afirmativa del "simple past" es sencilla.
I was in Japan last year
She had a headache yesterday.

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We did our homework last night.
NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA
Para las formas negativa e interrogativa del "simple past" del verbo "do" como verbo
ordinario, se emplea como auxiliar "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.
La forma negativa del verbo "have" en "simple past" suele construirse utilizando el
auxiliar "do", aunque en ocasiones solo se añade not o la contracción "n't".
La forma interrogativa del verbo "have" en "simple past" suele emplear el auxiliar
"do".
EJEMPLOS
They weren't in Rio last summer.
We didn't have any money.
We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
We didn't do our exercises this morning.
Were they in Iceland last January?
Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Nota: para construir las formas negativa e interrogativa de todos los verbos en
"simple past", se utiliza siempre el auxiliar 'did''.
"SIMPLE PAST": VERBOS IRREGULARES
Algunos verbos hacen el "simple past" de forma irregular. Estos son los más
comunes.

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TO GO
He went to a club last night.
Did he go to the cinema last night?
He didn't go to bed early last night.
TO GIVE
We gave her a doll for her birthday.
They didn't give John their new address.
Did Barry give you my passport?
TO COME
My parents came to visit me last July.
We didn't come because it was raining.
Did he come to your party last week?
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Spanish
be was / were been ser, estar
become became become convertirse en, hacerse
begin began begun empezar, comenzar
bite bit bitten morder
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper

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bring brought brought llevar, traer
build built built construir
buy bought bought comprar
can could been able poder
catch caught caught coger, atrapar, tomar
choose chose chosen elegir, escoger
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
cut cut cut cortar
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn dibujar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought pelear, luchar
find found found encontrar
fly flew flown volar
EXERCISE

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1) Complete the sentences with the SIMPLE PAST of the verbs in parentheses:
a) They ____________________ (watch) TV last night.
b) Priscila ____________________ (talk) to her friends all day.
c) I ___________________ (have) a terrible headache yesterday.
d) Bob _____________________ (come) home from school late.
e) They ____________________ (arrive) late and ___________________ (miss) the

bus.
f) She ____________________ (study) hard and ___________________(pass) the

exam.
g) He ____________________ (call) the office to tell them he was sick.
h) I ___________________ (speak) to the director as he was leaving the room.
i) Dr. Johnson ______________________ (get up) early this morning.
j) Mary _____________________ (do) her homework and ________________ (go) to
school.
k) Chris ____________________ (find) a ten-dollar bill.
l) The dog ______________________ (follow) us down the road.
m) Those students _____________________ (work) hard last semester.
n) Lucio ___________________ (stop) at the corner and __________________ (call)

us.
o) I ___________________ (try) to talk to Helen last night.
p) I ___________________ (pay) the phone bill yesterday.
q) My dad ____________________ (catch) a cold when he ________________ (be)

in

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Canada.
r) She _____________________ (leave) home early yesterday.
s) They ____________________ (know) each other very well when they
________________ (be) kids.
t) The teacher _____________________ (bring) the exams corrected.
u) She was cleaning the vase when she ____________________ (drop) it.
v) We ___________________ (jog) in the park yesterday.
w) The fire ____________________ (occur) while we ___________________ (be) out.
x) I __________________ (meet) some nice people at the party last weekend.
y) Carol _____________________ (sleep) until late on the weekend. Then, she
_______________ (go) out to lunch.
z) We ______________________ (fly) to the USA on a great airplane.
2) Write questions or negatives sentences:
a) She visited her parents last weekend.
Question: __________________________________________________________?
b) He cleaned his room before school.
Question:___________________________________________________________?
c) The teacher found the missing exams.
Negative:____________________________________________________________
d) Tom wanted to go to the movies alone.
Question:___________________________________________________________?

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e) Helena offered Henrique a piece of cake.
Negative: ___________________________________________________________
f) I knew what to do.
Negative:____________________________________________________________
g) Alexandre helped Anita with her homework.
Question:___________________________________________________________?
h) You ate cookies after dinner.
Negative:____________________________________________________________
i) You talked to her earlier.
Question:___________________________________________________________?
j) We turned off the TV after the news.
Negative:____________________________________________________________
k) He drank only a coke at the party.
Question:___________________________________________________________?
l) Mom made breakfast early.
Negative: __________________________________________________________
II. VOCABULARY

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English Spanish
III. READING
Nervous System
The nervous system is made up of special cells called neurons and a network
of nerves. They transmit messages all over the body. The two parts of the nervous
system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The
central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The peripheral
nervous system is made up of sensory neurons, ganglia which are groups of
neurons, and nerves connecting to other nerves and the central nervous system.
Neurons are bundles of fibers. They branch out to every part of the body from
the brain and the spinal cord. The fibers are called axons. These axons cause
chemicals or neurotransmitters to be released at a synapse or junction. There are
over one hundred neural connections in the human brain. People who are more
creative have more connections over three distinct parts of the brain.
The nervous system makes provision for a rapid response to stimuli in the
environment. The purpose of this response is to counteract any adverse effects, as
when a person quickly withdraws his hand from a hot stove to prevent a burn.

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Responses can include secretions from glands or contraction of muscle cells to

provide protection from danger.
A synapse gives a signal to the neuron or cell. The fastest signal in the body
occurs at 276 mph. It travels along an alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord. Sensory
neurons, as in touching and smelling, transmit feedback to the central nervous
system about what is going on in a person's environment. Motor neurons send
signals to get muscles and glands working. The nerve cells themselves are taken
care of by glial cells. Glial comes from the Greek word for glue.
Tests can be done to diagnose conditions in the nervous system. A

fluoroscopy is a special x-ray which can see motion in the body, such as blood
flowing. An EEG measures the brain's electrical activity. An MRI and CAT scan are
other tests which can diagnose problems with the nervous system. A needle can be
inserted into the spinal cord to draw out fluid for testing for infections or other
conditions. This is called a spinal tap.
The most common problem involving the nervous system is chronic pain.
Seizures occur from epilepsy because of abnormal electrical discharges from the
brain. Movement is affected by a progressive nerve disease called Parkinson's
disease. The body's own immune system attacks the lining of the nerves and causes
Multiple Sclerosis. A motor neuron disease called ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
weakens muscles and slowly continues to decrease motor function. Nerve cells in the
brain degenerate due to an inherited condition called Huntington's disease.
Alzheimer's disease impairs mental functions, especially memory.
Other disorders can affect the nervous system. In a stroke, blood flow to the
brain is blocked or there is bleeding on the brain. TIAs are mini-strokes which do not
last very long but have the same symptoms as a stroke. A subarachnoid hemorrhage
involves bleeding in the brain in the space between the brain and the membrane

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which surrounds it. Infections like encephalitis, meningitis, and polio also can have
an impact on the nervous system.
A neurologist studies the nervous system. His branch of medicine is called

neurology. Physiatrists work to help restore function in patients whose nervous
system has been injured or has experienced disease. A person who performs surgery
involving the nervous system is a neurosurgeon.
Invertebrates have a type of nervous system described as diffuse. Invertebrates

have no brain. The nerves form a big net throughout the body. Organisms without a
nervous system are not capable of complex behavior.
EXRECISE
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS FROM THE READING:
1) Which of the following creates a progressive loss of memory?
A: Huntington's disease
B: Alzheimer's disease
C: Encephalitis
D: Polio
2) Which of the following can see motion in the body?
A: Fluoroscopy
B: MRI
C: CAT scan
D: Spinal tap

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3) Which of the following protects the nerve cells?
A: Glial cells
B: Neurons
C: Fibers
D: Synapses
4) Which of the following is a true statement?
A: Axons are bundles of fibers.
B: Neurons are bundles of fibers.
C: The peripheral nervous system includes the brain.
D: A spinal tap occurs when a needle is inserted into the front of the brain.
5) Which of the following is the most common problem involving the nervous system?
A: Meningitis
B: Stroke
C: Chronic pain
D: Polio
6) Which of the following is a false statement?
A: Invertebrates generally have no brain.
B: Organisms with a nervous system can display complex behavior.
C: Blood flow to the brain may be blocked by a stroke.
D: Alzheimer's disease causes seizures.

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UNIT 6: REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY SYSTEMS
Speaking
6 Reproductiv Describing Personal Finding the Doctor’s notes.

e and urinary Past Simple vs the details general idea and
systems. Present Perfect : nervous about specific
- Difference
and urinary information in a
- How to use
endocrine conditions. text about urinary
them.
systems. system
 . Identify medical words to gain fluency in the target vocabulary.
.I.-GRAMMAR

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PAST SIMPLE VS PRESENT PERFECT
Ambos tiempos describen acciones que tuvieron lugar en el pasado, si bien presentan ciertas
diferencias:
a) Past Simple
- Acción que se desarrolló y finalizó en el pasado, sin que se de ninguna información

sobre cual ha sido su repercusión en el tiempo presente.
 When I was young I played tennis (no nos da ninguna información sobre si en la
actualidad sigo jugando al tenis o no)
- Acción que se desarrolló y completó en un periodo de tiempo ya finalizado.
 This morning I had a very tense meeting with my boss (ya es por la tarde, la
mañana ha finalizado)
b) Presente Perfect
- Acción que se inició en el pasado y que aún continúa desarrollándose.
 I have worked in this bank for ten years (todavía continúo en el banco)
- Acción que acaba de finalizar.
 I have missed my train (lo acabo de perder)
- Acción que se ha desarrollado en un periodo de tiempo que aún no ha terminado.
 This morning I have had a very tense meeting with my boss (aún es por la
mañana) Today I have visited my parents (el día todavía no ha finalizado)
- Acción desarrollada en el pasado pero cuya repercusión aún se manifiesta en el tiempo

presente.

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 My brother has broken his glasses (las gafas se han roto recientemente y siguen
rotas)
Comparar con la siguiente oración:
 My brother broke his glasses (no sabemos si las gafas ya están arregladas o no)
Para terminar, señalar que en ocasiones las diferencias entre estos dos tiempos no son muy
nítidas, y de hecho en algunos casos cabría utilizar cualquiera de ellos.
EXERCISE
Choose the present perfect or past simple:
1. I _________________ (see) three police cars this morning (it’s still morning).
2. After he _________________ (arrive) home, he _________________
(unpack) and _________________ (go) to bed early.
3. A: What’s wrong?
B: I _________________ (break) a glass!
4. My grandparents only _________________ (know) each other for a few
months before they _________________ (get) married.
5. I _________________ (be) in London for three years. I love it here.
6. We _________________ (see) Julie last night.
7. He _________________ (be) a teacher before he _________________
(become) a musician.
8. When the boss _________________ (walk) into the room, we
_________________ (know) someone was going to get fired.
9. The children _________________ (break) a window in the school last week.

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10. He _________________ (see) that film last year.
II. VOCABULARY
English Spanish
III. READING
Human Reproduction
Every human on Earth has been created through human sexual reproduction as
the offspring of two parents. A male and a female must engage sexually for human
reproduction to take place. The biological process is important for the continuation of
human life on Earth. Once a male and a female fall in love and choose to have
children, there are several steps that must take place to produce a child.
First, a boy and girl must first reach puberty, the time when bodies begin to
change and become more mature. The male and female can now produce special
cells for human reproduction. It is at this time when a young man and woman can
have sexual relations to produce new offspring, a baby.

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Next, the male and female must then have sexual relations; the man's penis will
enter the female's vagina. Many of the sperm (sex cells) produced by the man swim
and seek to enter the female egg cell. Each sperm cell and egg cell contain 23
chromosomes, which are the instructions for the new human. Only one of the sperm
cells will fertilize the egg cell. Fertilization leads to the development of a new
individual.
Following fertilization, the new human begins to grow and develop inside the
mother's stomach. A nine-month term of pregnancy begins as the new baby
immediately begins to develop. A 1-day baby is called a zygote, and during the first 2
months, the baby is called an embryo. From the 3rd month to birth, the baby is
referred to as a fetus. During pregnancy, the baby continues to grow and develop,
receiving air and nutrients from the mother. After about 9 months, the baby is born
and ready to enter the world.
Human sexual reproduction is not a complicated process, but it is much

different than asexual reproduction, which involves just one parent. Each parent
during human reproduction passed along 23 chromosomes to make a new person.
The hair color and eye color may be passed on by the mother and the shape of a chin
and height from a father. Though everyone is human, offspring are not exact copies.
If humans were born using asexual reproduction, everyone might look alike.
However, remember, as people grow and develop, the cells in the body are
reproducing using asexual reproduction. For example, a new skin cell will look like
dying skins cells, new blood cells will appear the same as dying blood cells, and this
takes place with all the cells of the body.
Finally, once a person reaches puberty the body will begin to change. As a
female, the body will have the potential to produce egg cells, and if a male, the body

INGLÉS I
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will begin to produce sperm cells. Whether they are used or not, they will die off and
new ones will be produced by the body to replace them.
When parents have children, they must be ready to look after the child until the
child becomes an adult. It is an important decision that all people must make when
they choose to have sexual relations with another person.
In summary, there are two kinds of reproduction, asexual and sexual. Asexual
includes just one parent and identical offspring, sexual involves two parents and the
offspring will be similar but not identical. Human reproduction includes several steps
beginning with sexual relations between a male and female leading to the growth and
development of a new baby born approximately 9 months later.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS FROM THE READING:
1) Which of the following is the special sex cells produced by a man during
human reproduction?
A: Egg cells
B: Chromosomes
C: Sperm
D: Zygotes
2) Which of the following is the special sex cells produced by a woman during
human reproduction?
A: Egg cells
B: Chromosomes
C: Sperm

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D: Zygotes
3) Which of the following terms is used for a baby that is just one day old?
A: Fetus
B: Zygote
C: Embryo
D: Baby
4) How many total chromosomes are passed on to a newborn from the mother
and father?
A: 23
B: 46
C: 69
D: 12
5) During the first two months of pregnancy, the baby is called which of the
following?
A: Embryo
B: Zygote
C: Fetus
D: Baby
6) Which of the following is a TRUE statement?
A: During asexual reproduction, an offspring will not look like the parent
B: During sexual reproduction, offspring look exactly like the parent
C: Asexual and sexual reproduction is basically the same

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D: During sexual reproduction, the offspring will not look exactly like the
parents

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UNIT 7: TAKING A HISTORY AND ABOUT SYMPTOMS

Speaking
7 Reproductiv Taking a A conversation Finding the Patient medical

e and urinary Past Simple vs history and between a general idea history.
systems. Present Perfect : symptoms. patient and a and specific
- Difference
doctor. information in a
- How to use
text .
them.
 Give a fluent presentation based on the usage of target vocabulary, correct pronunciation
and grammar on a medical topic: a medical history.

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.I.-GRAMMAR
EXERCISE
Fill the gaps with either the present perfect or the past simple.
1. Renee _______________ (catch) the plane to Mexico at 10 o'clock this morning.
2. Who _______________ (invent) the Internet?
3. Steve _______________(be) very low since he ______________ (lose) his job a

month ago.
4. When ________________ (they/get) here?
5. George lives in California. He _______________ (live) there for almost twenty
years.
6. Pam used to work for the United Nations. She _______________ (work) there for
twenty years.
7. Where _______________(you/be born)?
8. _________________ (you/ever/see) the Rolling Stones in concert?
9. I _________________ (not/go) to the gym much lately. I don't have the time!
10. Kelly and her family _______________ (move) to Scotland when she
______________ (be) six.
Exercise 2.
Fill the gaps with either the present perfect or the past simple.
1. _______________ (you/ever/go) to Australia?
2. Sonia _______________ (go) to Cannes last weekend.

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3. Martha _______________ (study) Medicine when she _______________ (be) at

university.
4. I _______________ (leave) university last year.
5. Terence _______________ (be) much happier since he _______________ (meet)

Charlotte.
6. Mike and Katie had only known each other for three months when they
_______________ (decide) to get married.
7. He _______________ (not/take) his English exam yet.
8. Can we see another film? I _______________ (already/see) that one.
9. When ________________ (he/phone)?
10. Madonna _______________ (give) a concert last month in London
II. VOCABULARY
English Spanish

INGLÉS I
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III. READING
What are Diseases?
Diseases are one of the factors threatening us from having a properly

functional life. Throughout our history, epidemics have caused the extinction of
whole populations. Over the last century, man has discovered many
microorganisms that cause diseases in humans and animals, and has learned
how to protect himself from them, by either prevention or treatment.
A disease is an illness that affects the body or mind. When you have a disease,
you do not feel as healthy. Some diseases, like the common cold, come and go
quickly. Others last longer.
Some diseases can lead to death.
Some diseases can be passed on from one person to another. These are called
infectious diseases. One way to stop the spread of these diseases is to fight
the germs that cause them. Another way is to stop contact between people
during the time that the disease can be spread.
Other illnesses are caused by how people live, by conditions they are born
with, or by hazards around them. Those are called non-infectious diseases.
Heart disease, asthma, and diabetes are examples of non-infectious diseases.
In order to reduce the risk of getting these diseases, they must try to change
how they live or decrease the hazards around them. For example, people can
reduce their risk of lung cancer by not smoking. Heart disease can be
prevented by eating a healthy diet and staying at a healthy weight.
Death due to disease is called death by natural causes. There are four main
types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease,
and physiological disease. Diseases can also be classified as communicable
and non-communicable disease.

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1. Diseases that are passed on from one person to another are called :
a) Infectious disease
b) Non- infectious disease
c) Viral disease
d) None of the above
2. Which of the following is the right way to stop infectious diseases?
a) Fight the germs that causes them
b) Stop contact between people during the time that the disease can be
spread.
c) Both a and b option
d) None of the above
3. Asthma is an example of :
a) Infectious disease
b) Non-Infectious disease
c) Viral Disease
d) All of the above
4. Death due to disease is called :
a) Death by disease
b) Death by natural causes
c) Death by chance
d) Death on bed

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UNIVERSIDAD RICARDO PALMA

FACULTAD DE MEDICINA HUMANA

UNIT 1: PARTS OF THE BODY (1)

Unit Unit Competences

IN THIS UNIT, THE STUDENTS LEARN TO:

 Describe the parts of the body in a General Practice with correct

EL "SIMPLE PRESENT" SE UTILIZA:

 Para expresar hábitos y rutinas, hechos generales, acciones repetidas o

situaciones, emociones y deseos permanentes:

MARÍA SERENA VILLANELO

city (hecho general)

 Para dar instrucciones o indicaciones:

 Para hablar de eventos programados, presentes o futuros:

Your exam starts at 09.00.

 Para referirse al futuro, detrás de algunas conjunciones: after, when,

before, as soon as, until:

He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

He drinks tea at breakfast.

She only eats fish.

They watch television regularly.

 Eventos y acciones repetidos

We catch the bus every morning.

It rains every afternoon in the hot season.

They drive to Monaco every summer.

Water freezes at zero degrees.

MARÍA SERENA VILLANELO

Her mother is Peruvian.

Afirmativa Interrogativa Negativa

I think Do I think? I do not think

You think Do you think? You do not think

He thinks Does he think? He does not think

She thinks Does she think? She does not think

It thinks Does it think? It does not think

We think Do we think? We do not think.

They think Do they think? They do not think.

MARÍA SERENA VILLANELO

His mother arrives tomorrow.

Our holiday starts on the 26th March

FORMACIÓN DEL "SIMPLE PRESENT": TO THINK

NOTAS SOBRE LA TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR DEL "SIMPLE

 En la tercera persona del singular, el verbo siempre termina en -s:

he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

 Para las formas negativa e interrogativa, se emplea DOES (= tercera

persona del auxiliar 'DO') + el infinitivo del verbo.

He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want

 Verbos que terminan en -y : en la tercera persona del singular, se

cambia la -y por -ies:

fly --> flies, cry --> cries

Excepción: cuando una vocal precede a la -y:

play --> plays, pray --> prays

he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

MARÍA SERENA VILLANELO

 He goes to school every morning.

 She understands English.

 It mixes the sand and the water.

 He tries very hard.

 She enjoys playing the piano

TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

He often visits his grandparents.

I often buy comics.

We usually go to Singapore in April.

I usually get up early.

She always carries an umbrella.