A Sequential Explanatory Study Between the Level of Anxiety Towards Sports

Psychological Performance of the Basketball Athletes of the Sisters of Mary

School-Boystown, Inc., Tungkop, Minglanilla, Cebu. School Year 2019-2020

Researchers:

Barroca, Jommel

Centena, Ryan Angelo

Donghit, Edmund

Eligido, Simon Troy

Igrobay, Augustus Caesar R.

Moralde, Jhon Robin

Sumampong, Jims

Sisters of Mary School-Boystown, Inc.

Tungkop, Minglanilla, Cebu

May 2019
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Sports are popular and essential nowadays to youth especially to those who are

athletes. This became part of them and a means of their living that will either

complement or satisfy their life. Their hearts are attached to it and they gradually

discover their talents and for their full potential in the field of sports they feel they belong

with.

In particular area, sports are also necessary in school affairs. These sports have

played a great role in a student – athletes’ life. Thus, sports performance results in such

achievement/s that they may anticipate or portray in their schools. Moreover, students

who played a great role in the area of sports have potentially developed their skills and

improve their sports performance. Commonly, those students- athletes who are more

physically fit and mentally healthy in comparison those who are not, help them to be

more socially healthy through their performance. Furthermore, the sports performance

helps the students- athletes to be more responsible on their academic affairs, as a

proof, students who are involved in sports have been observed to more active and

attentive all throughout the class hours.

In the same way, the Sisters of Mary School-Boystown, Inc., Tungkop,

Minglanilla, Cebu, a non-stock, and a non-profit, free boarding school which is actively

participating in sports, has students who are trained both in academic and non-

academic field of learning. In addition, student-athletes are free to train themselves in

the area of sports which they are part of. They have gained various achievements and

even won some major events. Though with many accomplishments, they have also

encountered some anxiety.

Anxiety, on the other hand, is defined as “the emotional or cognitive dimensions

of physiological arousal” (Ray and Weisebjornstal, n. d). It is the disturbance of

emotions that weakens the ability of the person to perform activity. Hann (2000) stated

the two types of anxiety studied are state and trait anxiety. Trait anxiety is said to be “an

individual’s general tendency to experience elevations in the state anxiety when

exposed to stressors”. Inside the campus, athletes also suffer trait anxiety with some

added up problems and was also exposed to stressors that makes them exhausted and

problematic. The student-athletes are not merely focusing on sports, but they are much

obliged to study and focus on their academic affairs as students. Student-athletes are

also exposed to some duties, namely, doing their household chores and add it up with

solving their family problems they face. These statements were supported by Reilly and

Williams (2003), that there are factors that increase stress namely physical demands,

psychological demands, environmental demands, expectations and pressure to perform

to a high standard, significant other stressor, relationship issues and life direction

concern.

Sports performance anxiety sometimes referred to as “choking” is described as a

decrease in athletic performance due to too much perceived stress (Cuncic, Arlin). (Cite

correctly) Athletes experience decrease on sports performance due to some stress they

have encountered. In the part of the student- athletes of the Sisters of Mary School-

Boystown, their performance may depend on their training allocation, but when
experiencing too much anxiety and stress, their level of sports performance will be

lower. All the psychological factors thought to influence sports performance, anxiety is

often considered important. In student- athletes’ life they must compete with one

another so that they may they test the level of their skills. Anxiety before and/or during

athletic competitions can interfere with the performance of the athletes. Those students

who are confronting and experiencing anxiety would more probably have lower

performance. Those who participated in individual sports are more likely to experience

anxiety than those in team sports (Cuncic, Arlin). Individual sports are more likely to be

pressured than in team sports, for in team sports, they help each other to manage some

of the stressors that the team is experiencing. Its reverse is also true to individual

sports. Sports performance of an athlete may decrease depending on the intensity of

anxiety that the student-athletes experience before or/and during competitions. This

study entitled level of anxiety towards sports and level of sports performance sought to

identify if there is a significant relationship between the level of anxiety and level of

sports performance.

Sports performance anxiety sometimes referred to as “choking” is described as a

decrease in athletic performance due to too much perceived stress (Cuncic, Arlin). (Cite

properly) Athletes experience decrease on sports performance due to some stress they

have encountered. In the part of the student- athletes of the Sisters of Mary School-

Boystown, their performance may depend on their training allocation but with too much

anxiety and stress their level of sports performance will be lower. (add the major

significance of the study)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine and explain if there exists a significant relationship

between the level of sports anxiety and Psychological level of sports performance of the

Basketball players of the Sisters of Mary School -Boystown, Inc. Tungkop, Minglanilla,

Cebu, School Year 2019-2020. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions in

the first phase:

QUANTITATIVE PHASE

1.) What is the level of sports anxiety of the basketball athletes?

2.) What is the Psychological level of sports performance of the basketball

athletes?

3.) Is there any significant relationship between the level of anxiety and

Psychological level of sports performance of the basketball athletes?

Based on the results obtained from the first phase of the study, the following

questions will be constructed to help explain these results.

QUALITATIVE PHASE

1.) Why do the basketball athletes experience this particular level of sports

anxiety?

2.) Why do the basketball athletes’ Psychological level of sports Performance

belong to this particular category?

3.) How does the level of sports anxiety affect (or not) the psychological sports

performance?

4.) Why does the level of sports anxiety affect (or not) the psychological sports

performance?
 5.) What is the coping mechanism of the basketball athletes with their level of

anxiety affecting level of sports performance psychologically?

(in the final paper, you need to speficy the level of anxiety and performance)

HYPOTHESIS:

The researchers hypothesized that there is no significant relationship between the

level of anxiety towards sports and level of psychological sports performance of the

Basketball athletes.

ASSUMPTIONS:

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1.1 Theoretical and Conceptual framework of the study

Figure 1.1 shows that anxiety is one of the factors that greatly affects level of sports

performance. As stated by Drive Theory that the more arousal and anxiety the individual

experiences, the higher the performance will be, on the other hand Inverted U

Hypothesis takes its side cause as their theory posits that there is a certain amount of

arousal higher and anxiety that causes the athlete to perform higher and to little anxiety

will cause performance to be poorer. The two theories were not different points,

additionally, Multidimensional Anxiety Theory also tends to support Inverted U

Hypothesis because it posits that when one has anxious thoughts, they will have poorer

performance and otherwise if its lesser.

As for Catastrophe Model it states that when one athlete has lower thoughts of

anxiety, then the performance will be best if the physical arousal is at medium level. If

there is a high of anxious thoughts (worry), the performance will be better at a short

period of time but still suddenly drop off and become very poor. If it is called the

“breaking point” wherein the performance decreases tremendously. Another idea is

presented to us by the Reversal Theory it states that arousal affects performance

depends on the athletes’ interpretation of their anxiety. It’s said that it helps when its

interpreted as pleasant and exciting and disrupts if otherwise.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study aims to determine and explain if there exists a significant relationship

between the level of sports anxiety and Psychological level of sports performance of the

Basketball players of the Sisters of Mary School -Boystown, Inc. Tungkop, Minglanilla,

Cebu, School Year 2019-2020. The population will be the Sisters of Mary School
Boystown Basketball Athletes, since they have the greatest number of games and longest

time spent during training

In the quantitative phase of the study, researchers will use stratified random

sampling using their qualification Under 12, 15, and 18 as Strata. In this phase, the
𝑁
researchers will use Slovin ‘s formula (𝑛 = 1+𝑁𝑒 2 ) and have a total sample of thirty –three

(33) respondents. The instrument to be used will be the Sports Anxiety Scale and

Psychological Performance Inventory Sports Anxiety Scale. These questionnaires assess

the competitive trait anxiety experienced by the athletes before or during competition and

Psychological Performance Inventory helps in getting a clear idea on the athlete’s mental

strengths and weaknesses. On the other hand, in the second phase of the study, the

researchers will use purposive random sampling in selecting the 15 participants who will

qualify based on the quantitative results. In this phase, the researchers will use semi-

structured questionnaire to gather the needed data.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
 ANXIETY - emotional or cognitive dimension of physiological arousal

 AROUSAL – emotional change or distress, excitement rather than anxiety

 SPORTS – recreational activity that involves physical activity

 SPORTS PERFORMANCE – manner which sports participation is

measured

 STRESSORS – thing that triggers stress (i.e. family problems, academic

affairs, duties, etc.)

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The following sets of related literatures give you immediate information about the

effect of anxiety to the level of sports performance of the athletes of the different fields.

This section helps you understand more the concepts regarding the said topic.

Sports Anxiety

Anxiety has been a part of a person’s life- it is described as (Psychology

Campus) a negative emotional status wherein the victim experience feeling of worry,

nervousness and apprehension that is associated with the activation of the body. It

could affect the person’s performance in school, office, game field and etc.

According to an anonymous author it is caused by a past or childhood

experience, your current life situations and by undergoing drugs and medication.

Difficulties experienced in the childhood triggers anxiety. Stress and trauma plays a

great role if it occurs when the victim is still young because this becomes a part of your

growth and will an imprint in your experience in life this include all psychological abuse,

physical abuse, neglect, death of a relative and being socially excluded. That makes a

person decide to lock himself in his room to be kept away with other comrades. Your

current life situation also affects one’s performance for possible reasons of long working

hours, death of loved ones, pressurized working habit and study habit, financial

problems and etc.

Long working hours affects a person since they may be able to fail meeting their

basic needs or unable to sleep. Financial problems will affect an individual for a reason

that they could think about their expenses and on how high the prizes of goods have
reach them in return were unable to bought their basic needs. Death of a person affects

most especially when the deceased one is so close to you or the victim, and were

unable to recover the loss. These also were the athlete’s reasons to excel and to be

stressed, that in most cases they yield to poor performances.

Sports Performance

Sports performance a factor which affects the performance of sports person in

their understanding challenges in sport it was stated in certain Sports Digest that it was

sort of harm that could worsen the athlete’s performance and can even lead to a

dropout. According to Columbia Encyclopedia, sports performance is the manner in

which sports participation is measured. The performance is said to be composed of

biomechanical function, emotional function, emotional factors, and training techniques.

Sports performance is an athletic sphere wherein the athletes presents their excellence.

But people are classified as to what the role of sports in their life, some says that it

powers gut to be at their competitive state or the so called “elite level” but for others it is

simple participation on broads purposively for just fitness or weight control are most

often recreational athletes who does set their goals. Sports performance is influenced

by endurance, flexibility, agility, balance, coordination, speed, mental control, and

discipline. If the athlete is well equipped, he/she can perform better. But for some

reasons are of external factors like the “environmental factors” which merely pertains to

playing conditions examples are Alpine ski run, a destroyed hoop, a football field

soaked in mud. Same for equipment. that could create a big impact in the athlete’s

performance. Let us put the 2006 Winter Olympics provided a remarkable example of

equipment failure because of ski pole break during an official game. Lastly, the
coaching and external support, it is important factor in sports performance because it is

coach that must keep the current with respect to any advances. One who keeps tracks

in the athlete’s progress. If a coach delivers the athlete wrongly the athlete cannot

achieve the best results (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2019)

According to Columbia Encyclopedia-sports performance is the manner in which

sports participation is measured. Most of the athletes tend to0 be at their best when

they experience anxiety on its maximum level (Human Kinetics Journal, 2014).

Researchers also said that competitive state anxiety is higher than for amateur athletes

in individual athletes compared with athletes in team sports (Simon and Martens, 1977).

It was also reported that athletes in non-contact sports has lower state anxiety than

contact sports (Lowe and McGrath, 1977), most likely basketball players are tending to

experience high levels of anxiety than that of chess players.

Ampofo-Boateng noted that state anxiety can disrupt the attention and lets the

athletes worry about the performance in real-time situation, but anxiety can be

minimizing nor upgraded at certain chances. Athletes can manage anxiety using such

methods like relaxation, hypnotherapy, cognitive behavior therapy and positive thinking

(Human Kinetics Journal, 2014)

Lacking label… lacking relationships of the two variables.. lacking synthesis..

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

RESEARCH METHOD AND DESIGN

In this study on level of sports anxiety and psychological level of sports

performance of the athletes, the researchers will use mixed method research,

combining the qualitative and quantitative methods. Mixed method, as stated by

FoodRis (2016), is a “methodology for conducting research that involves collecting,

analyzing and integrating quantitative (e.g., experiments, surveys) and qualitative (e.g.,

focused groups, interviews) research.” This research will specifically use an explanatory

sequential mixed methods design that will be conducted for a problem which was not

well researched before, demands priorities, generates operational definition and

provides a better researched model. (REVISE.. DEFINE EXPLANATORY, EXPLAIN

THE PROCESS AND GIVE REASON IT IS CHOSEN)

In the first part of the study, the researchers will use correlational study which

aims to determine if there is any significant relationship between the level of sports

anxiety and psychological level of sports performance of the basketball athletes.

Correlational study is a type of research design where a researcher seeks to

understand what kind of naturally occurring variables have with one another

(Cheprasou, n.d.) and allows researchers to determine the strength and direction of a

relationship of two variables (Filipowich). In this phase, the researchers, will use Sports

Anxiety Scale (SAS) in determining the basketball athlete’s level of anxiety and the

Psychological Performance Inventory in determining the psychological level of sports

performance.
 In the second part of the study, Action Research will be employed by the

researchers because the Institute for the study of Inquiry on Education defines Action

Research as “discipline process of Inquiry, conducted by and for those taking the action.

The researchers will use action research for this research since they want to assist the

factor (athletes) in solving the problem concerning their level of anxiety. (REVISE) In

this phase, the semi-structured interview guide questionnaire will be constructed by the

researchers to gather the needed information to explain the results in the quantitative

part.

Add here the general purpose of why you use mixed methods research..

POPULATION AND SAMPLING???

DISCUSS BY PHASE

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS

The researchers use the chosen respondents because they have the most

longer time spent in training also they have a greater experience in the field that they

choose.

Quantitative Phase:

The study involved thirty-three students, eleven basketball athletes form each

qualification namely, under-twelve, fifteen, and eighteen from the Sisters of Mary

School-Boystown, Incorporated, at Tungkop, Minglanilla, Cebu. The basketball athletes

were chosen as respondents for a reason that they have the greatest number of games

and longest training spent among all other athletes in the campus and also because

they are the very first athletes to compete other schools and to other places.
Qualitative Phase:

The respondents of the study were basketball athlethes of the Sisters of Mary

School-Boystown Inc. Tungkop Minglanilla Cebu School Year 2019-2020.In determining

the sample, researchers purposively chose the participants among the basketball

athletes. The researchers employed purposive random sampling in choosing

the respondents.

RESEARCH PROCEDURE

The researchers followed these following processes in gathering the needed data

in the first phase:

Phase 1: Permission Stage

The researchers will ask permission from the school principal (name) through a

constructed letter to give them authority to conduct a survey from their respondents

during their study time period in the evening.

Phase 2: Data Gathering Stage

The researchers will excuse the chosen respondents and distribute the survey

questionnaires to them. After a day, the researchers will personally retrieve the survey

questionnaires from the respondents.

Phase 3: Data Analysis Stage

After retrieving all the instruments, the researchers will tabulate, organize and

analyze the data using appropriate statistical tool and interpret the data.

Give a short intro for the second phase…

Phase 1: Asking Permission

 The researchers asked permission from the school principal through a

constructed letter

to give them authority to conduct a survey from their respondents during their study time

period in the evening. (revise)

Phase 2: Interview Stage

The researchers will find time to conduct the interview on the chosen athletes

and within two to three minutes of interview the researchers will gather all the answers

by manually writing it.

Phase 3: Analysis Stage

After the researchers gathering the needed data, the researchers will organize

and analyze the data.

STATISTICAL DATA TREATMENT

In this inquiry, the various treatment will be utilized in order to interpret and

analyzed the data in the quantitative phase of the study. The following statistical tools

will be used in the study.

 Frequency Count- was used in tallying the number of respondents according to

their demographic profile.

 Percentage- was applied to establish a comparative value of the frequency related

to the demographic profile.

 Weighted Mean- instead of its data point contributing to the final mean.

 Standard Deviation-type of measure that was used to quantify the amount of

variation of dispersion of a set of data points.

 Pearson Product Moment Correlation- was utilized to identify if there is a

significant relationship between the two variables (level of anxiety towards sports

and sports performance).

 Sports Anxiety Scale- a question that asses the competitive trait anxiety

experienced by athletes before or during competition.

 Psychological Performance Inventory- helps to get a clearer idea of the mental

health and weaknesses of the athlete.

(revise.. make it a statement form. Define each with citation. Explain how they

will be used in the study. )

In the second part, the researchers will utilize Thematic Analysis to analyze and

interpret the data that will be gathered. Thematic Analysis is one of the most commonly

forms of analysis in Qualitative Research. It emphasizes pinpointing, examining, and

recording patterns (themes) within the data. (add citation)

Errors:

Tense of the verb (use future tense)

Grammar

Indention

Lacking many parts

Allign Left not justified

Humara M.A, Miguel. “The Relationship Between Anxiety and Performance.” AI Article -
Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives of the Relationship Between Anxiety and Performance,
Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sports Psychology, 1999,
www.athleticinsight.com/Vol1Iss2/Cognitive_Behavioral_Anxiety.htm.

Bali, Ashwani. “Psychological Factors Affecting Sports Performance .” International Journal of

Physical Education, Sports and Health 2015; 1(6): 92-95, 20 July 2015,
pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ef4e/0bbae73fefe7fc7f036c21bbbb23bbddf8b4.pdf.

Rational Part of the Introduction

Our focus is that to determine whether there is a significant relationship between the Sisters of
Mary School Basketball athletes’ sports performance and sports anxiety they experience.